oriental fruit moth guide

8/17/2019 Oriental Fruit Moth Guide

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Technical GuideOriental fruit moth control

(Grapholita molesta )

Exosect Limited. Leylands Business Park, Colden Common, Winchester, Hampshire, SO21 1TH. United KingdomT +44 (0) 23 8060 3939 F +44 (0) 23 8060 3969 E [email protected] W www.exosect.com

Distributor details:

Toxicological informationExosex ® OFM contains1 mg Technical GradePheromone per gram of foodgrade wax powder and posesvirtually no hazard to health.

EcotoxicologicalinformationNot hazardous to theenvironment.

Regulatory informationBased on toxicological studiesin the published literature,there are no risk and safetyphrases to assign to thisproduct.

© Exosect Limited 09/2007 ROW


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“Active” Mating Disruption

Male moths are attracted to the ExosexOFM dispenser, which containsEntostat powder formulated withsynthetic female pheromone.

Male moths pick up Entostat powderand female pheromone.

The male’s pheromone receptorsbecome overloaded and so the munable to locate females.

Entostat TM is a food grade powder refined from a naturalwax, which is harvested from a particular species of palm tree.

The active ingredient is a species-specific pheromone,which is impregnated into the Entostat powder.

How it works

Entostat powder isnatural technology

An electrostatic chargebuilds up on an insectcuticle and is generatedthrough the insect’smovement (tribo-charging), e.g. the insectwalking on a surface or

flying through the air. The charge is dependentupon the surface whichcan be either positive ornegative. The entostatpowder being bipolar willbe attracted strongly tothe charged insectcuticle.

A male carrying Entostat powder willform a mobile pheromone dispenser,producing “false” pheromone trails,which attract additional males.

Contact between the males ensuresthat the Entostat powder and theconfusion effect is automaticallypassed on, this process is called Auto-Confusion. The result is a stateof sexual confusion amongst the malemoth population leading to effectivemating disruption.

The Auto-Confusion effect dramreduces the chances of the femalmoth to mate. In the unlikely evemating does occur, delays beyonoptimum period of fertility of thmoth will reduce the number andviability of the eggs.

Antenna(before contact withEntostat powder)

Antenna(after contact withEntostat powder)

Exosex ® OFM is an “Active” MD system using the male oriental fruit mothto distribute the pheromone impregnated Entostat powder.

Unlike “conventional” MD systems, Exosex OFM employs “Active” Mating Disruption. UsingExosect’s patented Entostat powder technology, Exosex OFM uniquely produces an automatictransfer of the confusion effect in male moths. This spreads sexual confusion throughout the malemoth population (Auto-Confusion TM ) thereby requiring a lower number of dispensers per orchard.

Palm

Wax

Entostat powder


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Pheromone productsincluding Exosex ® OFMshould not be treated asstand alone controltreatments. They shouldbe viewed as part of anIPM system.

Under the IPM approach,Exosex OFM should bedeployed at the first mothcatch to form the basis of the control programmethroughout the season.

When required, it shouldbe supported byappropriate, well timed,approved insecticidetreatments targeted atthe correct growth stageof the insect and appliedaccording tomanufacturers

recommendations.Some treatments such asvirus or IGR productstargeted at extended egglays, may require multipleapplications.

The use of Exosex OFMhelps to reduce lateseason insecticidetreatments which couldleave residues in the crop.When Exosex OFM isused over a number of years the population of codling moth can besuccessfully reduced tovery low levels and mayno longer needsupplementary insecticidetreatments.

Minimising insecticide treatments

Dispensers are highlyvisible and easy tolocate in the orchard.This ensures proper deployment, avoidsloss during pruningand assists withenvironmental audits

No harvest intervalsor restrictions onorchard entry

Anti-resistance strategyfor valuable insecticidesas moth life cycle isdisrupted prior to egglaying

Naturally occurring,

solvent and propellantfree, Entostat powder is safe to the publicand the environment

Monitoring pestmanagement

Oriental fruit mothmonitoring traps shouldbe placed with a minimumof 1 per acre. Trapsshould be visited at leastweekly. In an Exosex OFMtreated orchard themonitoring traps providean indication of thenumber of moths visitingthe Exosex OFMdispensers and this canbe used to roughlyestimate the oriental fruitmoth population pressureand the likely degree of control. Unlike

conventional MD systems“Trap shutdown” does notnecessarily occur withExosex OFM.

Spray thresholds

If an average of 5 or moremale moths are caughtover a 2 week period in amonitoring trap, the cropshould be treated with anappropriate insecticideapplied according to themanufacturer’srecommendations.

Crop assessment isessential

Crops should bemonitored for shootstrikes from between 600-900 degree days after thefirst trap catch for thesecond and subsequentgenerations. Inspect aminimum of 5 trees perblock of 5-10 acres of thesame variety.

In addition, a routineweekly check for eggdeposits and young larvaeon/in the fruits should becarried out. Assess up to500 fruits or more,

especially from “hotspots” such as areasaround fruit boxes andpack houses, areasexposed to the longestperiods of daylight or litby streetlights or vehicleheadlights, elevatedareas, borders withuntreated or infestedorchards.

In addition, check directlyabove Exosex OFMdispensers and highcanopy areas centredbetween any fourdispensers.

If an area shows anaverage of more than 3shoot strikes per tree or, if larvae are found in thefruit, then the subsequentgeneration should betreated with an approvedinsecticide.

Crops should bemonitored until after thecrop is harvested todetect late season peaksor migration from otherorchards.

Tray replacement

Trays should be replacedto match the flight of thenext generation of moths,with a maximum of 70 to90 days after setting outthe previous tray. Thisensures that maximumactivity is available whenmoths are flying.


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Exosex OFM consists of aprotective outer and areplaceable traycontaining Entostatpowder and oriental fruitmoth pheromone.

Exosex OFM is supplied inboxes containing eitherouters or trays:

Outers: 50 x outerdispensers + 100 x cableties to treat 5 acres.

Trays: Box contains 5 foilsachets each containing10 x trays to treat 5 acres.

Also included areinstructions for use anda spacing calculator.

Open outer andwhere possible fitboth plastic ties inholes at the top of thedispenser to providegreater stability andsecurity in areasexposed to strongwinds. Push one endof outer up intoposition.

Attach the outer to ahorizontal branch orsupport wire using thecable ties ensuringthat the ties are pulledtight. Align thedispenser along therows at a right angleto the airblast fromsprayers.

Open the foil sachetand remove one of the trays with the liduppermost.

Gently tap the lid tofree any trappedpowder as youremove it, ensuringthat it is the correctway up beforehand.Fit the tray ensuring itis fully inserted intothe outer. Clip thelower ends of theouter in place tosecure the tray inposition.

Exosex ® OFM product and assembly

Entostat powder is unaffected byhigh winds. Evenwhere powder islost from the tray,most is retainedwithin the outer

Entostat powder is unaffected byrainfall

The outer is made from UV resistant polypropylenematerial and is designed tolast for at least 2 seasons.Held securely in place by2 ties, it has been shown towithstand winds in excessof 60 mph

Place dispensers in every 7th row


Exosex ® OFM dispenser basic orchard layoutDispensers should be set out uniformly in a grid formation of 25/ha (10/acre).See illustration below:

Treespacing

withinrows inmetres

Place the first dispenser at half the number of trees and then each subsequent dispenser at the number of trees indicated below

0.5 46 42 38 41 38 43 40 3 8 44 42 40 380.75 30 28 25 27 25 28 27 25 30 28 27 25

1 23 21 19 21 19 21 2 0 1 9 22 21 20 191.25 18 17 15 16 15 17 16 15 18 17 16 15

1.5 15 14 13 14 13 14 13 1 3 15 14 13 131.75 13 12 11 12 11 12 11 11 13 12 11 11

2 11 10 1 0 10 10 11 10 9 11 11 10 102.25 10 9 8 9 8 9 9 8 10 9 9 8

2.5 9 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 9 8 8 2.75 8 8 7 7 7 8 7 7 8 8 7 7

3 8 7 6 7 6 7 7 6 7 7 7 3.25 7 6 6 6 6 7 6 6 7 6 6 6

3.5 7 6 5 6 5 6 6 5 6 6 6 3.75 6 6 5 5 5 6 5 5 6 6 5 5

4 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 4.25 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 4

4.5 5 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 5 5 4 4.75 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4

5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4 4.25 4.5 4.75 5 5.25

Row spacing in metres

Place dispensers in ev4th row


Dispensers shoulplaced 20 m aparthroughout the orStart at the corneorchard with the dispenser 10 m ithat corner. Alterwhere the settingthe dispensers ismechanised the scalculators can b

Additional dispeshould be placedareas likely toexperience highepressure - see pa

5 m

10 m

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

T r e e s p a c i n g

Rows

Pheromones are most effective when used in orchards of2 ha (5 acres) and above. If the orchard is less than 5 ha (12acres), guard barriers should be put in place e.g. add asecond row of dispensers on the external perimeter.

Basic gridlayout dispensers

Wherecircumstancesdemand, anextra row ofreinforcementdispensers shouldbe placed in theoutside row

Re-inforcementdispensers 10 m


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Q. Is the systemexpensive comparedto insecticides?

A. Mating disruption isvery effective againstoriental fruit moth,especially againstthe first to thirdgenerations. Underlow to moderate pest

pressure you maynot need to usesupplementaryinsecticide treatments.Under high pressure,the system will needthe support of a sprayprogram, but willgreatly assist thesprays in their control,as long as resistancehas not built up to thesprays, and sprayapplication timing iscorrect.

Q. Why do“conventional” MDsystems use many more dispensers perunit area thanExosex ® OFM?

A. Exosex OFM is an“Active” MatingDisruption system;the pheromone in the

Entostat powder iscarried around theorchard by the maleoriental fruit moth itself,therefore in practicethere are a very highnumber of “dispensers”.Each male moth ispotentially an extradispenser.

Q. Is Exosex OFMaffected by highwinds?

A. Due to the un iquedesign of the tray andouter, even whenEntostat powder isdislodged from the tray,most is retained withinthe outer. Wind tunnel

experiments haveshown that even at50mph, only 6% of powder was removedfrom the tray. However,to minimise any loss,the dispenser shouldbe aligned along therows, sideways to theair blast from sprayersand positioned on thedownwind side of treesin exposed areas.

Q. Is Exosex OFMaffected by rainlanding in the trays?

A. Entostat powder doesnot absorb water andwill return to its normalstate as soon as anysurface water hasevaporated. Simulatedlaboratory studies of

heavy rain have shownthat the powder returnsto its original state inunder 12 hrs.

Q. Why does theoperator need a dust mask anprotection if thproduct is so s

A. Any dust can harm if ingestcause eye irritafter direct cowith the eye.

Q. What should I be

aware of when usingExosex OFM in anorchard with ahistory of highoriental fruit mothpressure?

A. As with any MatingDisruption system,Exosex OFM is notdesigned as a stand-alone product inorchards with high pestpressure. In situationsof high pest pressure, itis essential to havegood monitoringdiscipline and to treatwith appropriateinsecticides whenthresholds areexceeded.

Q. Why can’t the systembe used for areas ofless than 5 acres?

A. As with all MatingDisruption systems,Exosex OFM requires aminimum surface areato be effective. Toolarge a border area,compared to total

surface area, could

easily allow femalemoths to enter and layeggs when they havealready mated in thesurrounding blocks. A larger surface areacompared to bordersize reduces this risk.

Q. Why could I find “hotspots” of orientalfruit moth damagedespite measures tocombat the effects ofslopes, neighbouringorchards and winddirection?

A. Some varieties are moresusceptible to orientalfruit moth than others,

which can lead to‘hotspots’. This canoccur with any controlprogram. Usingmonitoring trap dataand damage assess-ments throughout theseason as well as pastexperience should helpto identify ‘hotspots’that may requiretargeted spot sprays.

Q. Why does the tray

only last 70-90 dayswhen some varietiesmay mature beyond210 days?

A. After 70-90 days thetray should bereplaced. Designing thesystem in this waymeans that traychanges can be timedto suit different varietieswithin one orchard,enabling the growerto take account of varieties that matureat different timesthroughout the season.

Q. Do I need to changethe tray even if there

is still powderpresent?

A. Pheromone needs tobe released at anoptimal level to attractmale oriental fruitmoths. Too much, ortoo little pheromone candetrimentally affect theperformance of anypheromone system. The Exosex OFM tray

releases the optimum

amount of pheromonefor 70-90 days. Afterthis point, the tray mustbe replaced to maintainthe correct level of control, even if there isplenty of powder left inthe tray. Consult theproduct label for yourcountry to see thestated number of daysthe tray should bedeployed before trayreplacement isrecommended for yourmarket conditions. If indoubt please contactExosect directly.

Q. Why is the “o

part of the disalways white?

A. The “outer” pdispenser is wreflect light an The Exosex Odispenser has stabilisers builensure it can lseasons withouneeding to be This means thper acre is redthe grower insubsequent yethey need onlypurchase replatrays.

Adjacent untreatedorchards

Areas adjacent to inf estedorchards even up to 300feet away where orientalfruit moth is not controlledare likely to suffer from ahigher infestation level.

Prevailing wind at dusk

Orchard boundariesexposed to prevailingwind at dusk will sufferhigh pressure and mayneed reinforcement.

Higher land

Oriental fruit moths tendto orientate to higher

ground, so orchards onsloping land will see agradient of infestationlevel from low ground tohigh ground.

Daylight exposure

Boundaries of orchardsexposed to the longestperiod of daylight tend toget a higher infestationlevel. This is the section of the orchard that faces thesunset.

Lighting

Orchards adjacent tostreet lighting or even

busy roads with constantlighting from vehicleheadlights can experiencesignificantly higher andprolonged oriental fruitmoth pressure.

Fruit boxes andpack houses

Areas close to where fruit

has been previouslystored or dumped willattract higher mothpressure.

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Sunset

Untreated orchardless than 300 feet away

Optimising Exosex ® OFM performance

Place high in the treecanopy

Oriental fruit moth activityand mating areconcentrated in the topthird of the tree canopy,so dispensers should beplaced in the middle of the top third of the treecanopy, at or above the

level of any fruit and not atthe outer edge of thecanopy.

Dispenser placement

Trials have shown theoptimum number of dispensers to be 10/acre.

Dispensers should beplaced uniformlythroughout the treatedorchard (see suggestedplacement grid over leaf).

Where there are gaps orareas with young smalltrees present, extradispensers should beplaced in the surroundinghigher trees.

Orchard size

Pheromones are mosteffective when used in

orchards of 5 acres andabove. If the orchard isbetween 5 acres and 12

acres, guard barriersshould be put in placee.g. add a second row of dispensers on the externalperimeter.

Early deploymentis essential

The Exosex OFMdispensers must be in

place in the orchardbefore oriental fruit mothflight occurs (biofix). It is

better to place thedispensers 2 weeks tooearly than 1 day too late.Local advisory servicesshould be able to provideinformation on theexpected date of biofix.

Trays should be replacedafter 70-90 days to matchmoth generations.

Local environmental factors thatinfluence dispenser placementLocal conditions will affect the distribution of oriental fruit moth, hence the density of oriental fruit moth throughout the crop will vary and may necessitate reinforcement of areas of high activity with additional dispensers.

Fruit boxes andpack houses

Prevailingwind at dusk

Higher groundLower ground

Avoid productcontamination

Do not handle other typesof insect lures or

pheromone productsbefore or after placementof product withoutthoroughly washinghands.

Maintaining productintegrity

Product storedcontinuously below 5˚Cfrom receipt of deliveryfrom Exosect may beused up to 12 monthsfrom date of manufacture.Product stored above 5˚Cbut below 20˚C should beused within 5 months of date of manufacture.


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ExosexOFoffer a saalternativbroad speinsecticid

Exosex OFM can match spray programmes

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ExosexOFM has beenshown to be at least asgood as the marketleading MD system for fruit quality

In conventional orchards

Exosex OFM hasmatched theperformance ofinsecticide programsand exceeded them indifficult spray seasons

Treatment % Fruit Damage % Fruit Damage % Fruit Damage % Fruit Damage30 May 15 July 23 Aug 14 Oct

Exosex 0.37 0.27 0.73 1.27OFM

Grower 0.37 0.27 0.80 0.87StandardChemical

Untreated 0.6 1.5 12.3 49.5

Tardibelle

Beartrice

Orecchiuti

Monia

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Exosex (Aug 25) “Conventional” MD (Aug 25)

Intrachem Bio, Faenza, Italy 2005.Four varieties

0 0 .2 0 .4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 . 0 1 . 2 1 . 4 1 . 6 1 . 8

Guirierra

Exosex OFM “Conventional” MD

Intrachem Bio, Osteria di Ravenna, Italy, 2005

Exosex OFM matched“Conventional” MDfor OFM controlEarly picked varieties of stone fruit

Standard

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Exosex OFM

% E nt ri es % S ti ngs

Crop: Apples, Cornell University,New York State, USA, 2006

Exosex OFM matched grower’sstandard spray programme

Moderate to high pressure orchard, OFM & PTB

% Fruit damageat harvest


% Fruit damage atharvest, OFM & PTB

National Apple Experiment Station , Korea, 2005

Untreated

Exosex OFM

0 0. 5 1 1 .5 2 2 . 5 3 3. 5 4 4 .5 5

% Total fruit damage % Fruit with living larvae% Fruit with deep entries

Crop: Pears cv Abate, Fetel,Borgo Faina Itlay 2006

Exosex OFM treatmentsignificantly reduced fruitdamage at harvest


In conventionalorchards Exosex OFMwill out perform whereinsecticide resistancehas built-up

Dispensers/ties

Orchard set up

Replacement of trays

Total hours

Estimatedplacementcost ($/ac)

Exosex OFM “Conventional” MD Chemical

200 /ac

1.6 hrs/ac

-

1.6 hrs/ac

€11.75

-

-

-

2.0 hrs/ac

€44**

Labour cost comparison

* Only two trays required.** 5 applications.

Independent trials in New Zealand and Netherlands 2006Estimated labour cost €7.35/hr. Spray application cost €8.80/ac

Tests in apple andpeach orchards in GreenForest, Arkansas, USA achieved near total trapshutdown and no larvaefound in 11,000 fruitsampled

Exosex OFM matched“Conventional” MD for fruitdamage in peaches and nectarinesModerate to high pressure orchard, OFM & PTB

12 /ac

0.3 hrs/ac

0.2 hrs/ac

0.5 hrs/ac*

€3.70


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Exosect is actively focussed on the development and sales ofIntelligent Pest Management solutions. Our innovative andcost-effective products help growers, food producers andprocessors actively reduce their use of insecticides. Our goalis to assist growers achieve zero residues in their crops andproduce high quality food for the consumer.

Our products are used globally in a wide range of sectors

including crop protection, (agriculture, horticulture and storedproducts), apiculture, amenity and public health.

For more information on Exosect and its products visit:

www.exosect.com

Accepted by AssuredCrops Schemes,IFOAM affiliatedOrganic Certification Associationsincluding OMRI

USA South AmericaEuropeMiddle East

Far EastSouth Africa AustraliaNew Zealand

Effectiveness

Employs “Active” Mating Disruption, causing male moths todistribute the product around the orchard

Moths act as mobile pheromone dispensers providing huge increaseof “free” dispensers and creating an “Auto-Confusion ™” effectamongst the oriental fruit moth population

Control targets the mating process prior to egg laying No risk of resistance developing

Pest specific Does not affect activity of beneficial insects in the orchard

Robust design enhances reliability No risk of loss of persistence from undetected damage to dispenserduring application. Activity is unaffected by wind or rainfall

Proven in over 20 countries under wide ranging climaticconditions

Provides confidence to grower that Exosex ® OFM will perform well

Cost saving

“Active” system allows less units per orchard to be deployedthan “conventional” MD systems

Independent trials prove up to 70% reduction in labour costs

Dispenser outers are re-useable Savings in labour and costs in subsequent seasons

Trays are specifically designed to provide up to 70 – 90 dayscoverage

Can be matched to pest life cycle allowing grower to spread coststhroughout the season

Convenience

Exosex OFM provides continuous activity Avoids problems of maintaining spray timings during difficult weather

Dispensers visible, easily located in the orchard Avoids loss of dispenser during pruning.Provides visual reassurance to grower that dispenser has beendeployed correctly and the tray has been removed at the end of the season

Product stored continuously below 5°C can be used thefollowing season, above 5°C and below 20°C can be storedfor up to 5 months

Ease of storage and stocking also reduces costs

Environmental benefits

Pest life cycle disrupted prior to egg laying Ideal for IPM programs – provides anti-resistance measure forinsecticides

Species specific Assists biodiversity and supports natural predators

Entostat powder is naturally occurring, solvent andpropellant free

Can be safely used close to homes, schools, hospitals andwater courses

No harvest intervals Protection provided right up to harvest with no residues

No restrictions on orchard entry Orchard operations unaffected, no restrictions on public rightsof way

oriental fruit moth guide

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