Organization of the Human Body

Major features of human body include: cavities, membranes, and organ systems

Silhouette: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vInQ2jzUmXI

Body CavitiesA body is divided into:

Appendicular skeleton

upper & lower limbs Axial skeleton

head, neck, & trunk

Team Iluminate: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u280HBGMSQU&feature=related

Dorsal cavity is divided into cranial (head) & vertebral canal (backbone)

Ventral cavity is made of thoracic (chest) & abdominopelvic cavity (stomach), separated by your diaphragm

Head cavities:

CranialOral

NasalOrbital

Sinuses Middle ear cavities

Membranes

Thoracic cavity is surrounded by pleura

-Parietal pleura lines cavities

-Visceral pleura covers lungs

A thin layer of fluid separates both layers

FYI: What is Pleurisy or Pleuritis?

Inflammation of lung’s visceral pleural lining causing pain when you breath or cough.

Pericardium surrounds the heart-Parietal pericardium lines heart

-Visceral pericardium covers heart

Peritoneum surrounds abdominopelvic cavity -Parietal peritoneum lines abdomen

-Visceral peritoneum covers abdomen

Organ Systems

Integumentary system includes skin, hair, nails and glandsIt covers body, senses environmental changes, and regulates body temperature.

Support & Movement:

Skeletal system includes bones and ligaments. It supports, protects, provides framework, and stores inorganic salts.

Muscular system includes muscles. It provides body movement, posture, and body heat.

Integration & Coordination:

Nervous system includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It receives information from receptors and sends impulses to muscles and glands.

Endocrine system includes all hormone secreting glands. It helps metabolism.

Transport:

Cardiovascular system includes heart and blood vessels. It distributes oxygen and nutrients and removes cellular wastes.

Lymphatic system includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, immune cells, thymus, and spleen. It drains excess tissue fluid.

Absorption & Excretion:

Digestive system includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and accessory organs. It absorbs and breaks down nutrients.

Respiratory system includes our lungs. It exchanges gas between blood and air.

Urinary system includes kidneys, bladder, and urethra. It removes wastes from blood and maintains water & electrolyte balance.

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical position terms are used to describe the location of a body part relative to another part

Anatomical Position

The body is assumed to be standing, feet together, arms to the side, and head and eyes and palms of hands facing forwards

Planes of the Body

A. Frontal/Coronal 1. divides body into anterior and posterior regions; front & back

B. Median/Sagittal 2. divides body evenly into right and left halves

C. Transverse/Horizontal 3. divides body into superior & inferior portions; “cross section”

D. Midsagittal 4. separates body into right and left halves that are not even

Language of Anatomy

5. Superior or Cranial

toward head end of body;

upper

Ex. shoulders are superior to

the wrists

6. Inferior or Caudal away from head; lower

Ex. Feet are inferior to

knees

Language of Anatomy8. Ventral

front Ex. Kneecaps are located on ventral

side of legs

7. Dorsalback

Ex. Shoulder blades are located on dorsal

side of body

Posteriorrear

Anteriorfront

Language of Anatomy

9. Medialtoward

midline of body

Ex. Big toe is located on

medial side of foot

10. Lateralaway from

midline of body

Ex. Baby toe is located on

lateral side of foot

Language of Anatomy

11. Proximaltowards torso

Ex. Proximal end of femur

joins with pelvis

12. Distal away from torso

Ex. Toes are at distal end of foot

Language of Anatomy13. Superficial

toward surface of body

Ex. Ribs are superficial to the lungs

14. Deepaway from body

surface

Ex. Alveoli are deep in the lungs

Language of Anatomy

15. Centralnear center of body

or middle of an organ

Ex. Heart is central to the body

16. Peripheralaway from center of

body or organ

Ex. Capillaries are peripheral to the

heart

17. Intermediatebetween two other structures

Ex. Red Blood Cells are intermediate to blood vessels

Language of Anatomy18. Externalbeing outside

Ex. Pinna is external to eustachian tube

19. Internalbeing inside

Ex. Cochlea is internal to the ear lobe

Language of Anatomy

20. Supinelying on the back,

face up

21. Pronelying on the

stomachface down

Language of Anatomy

22. Caudal/PlantarNear or towards the feet

Terms of Movement

23. Flexiondecreases joint angle

24. Extensionmakes angle larger

25. Hyperextensionoccurs when you

move past a straight line

Terms of Movement

26. Abductionmoves body part away from middle

of body

27. Adductionmoves body part toward middle of

body

Terms of Movement

28. Elevationraising a structure

29. Depressionlowering a structure

Terms of Movement

30. Rotationmovement of a body

part around its own axis

Medial-toward middleLateral- away from

middle

Terms of Movement

31. Pronationplacing backward

from anatomical position

32. Supinationplacing palm forward

in anatomical position

Terms of Movement

33. Circumductionmovement of a body

part in circles

Terms of Movement

34. Oppositionbringing tips of

fingers and thumb together as in

picking something up

Terms of Movement

35. Protractionmoving body part

forward from anatomical position

36. Retractionmoving body part

backward from anatomical position

Body Regions

The abdominal area can be divided into 9 regions

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