Organization of the Human Body
Major features of human body include: cavities, membranes, and organ systems
Silhouette: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vInQ2jzUmXI
Body CavitiesA body is divided into:
Appendicular skeleton
upper & lower limbs Axial skeleton
head, neck, & trunk
Team Iluminate: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u280HBGMSQU&feature=related
Dorsal cavity is divided into cranial (head) & vertebral canal (backbone)
Ventral cavity is made of thoracic (chest) & abdominopelvic cavity (stomach), separated by your diaphragm
Head cavities:
CranialOral
NasalOrbital
Sinuses Middle ear cavities
Membranes
Thoracic cavity is surrounded by pleura
-Parietal pleura lines cavities
-Visceral pleura covers lungs
A thin layer of fluid separates both layers
FYI: What is Pleurisy or Pleuritis?
Inflammation of lung’s visceral pleural lining causing pain when you breath or cough.
Pericardium surrounds the heart-Parietal pericardium lines heart
-Visceral pericardium covers heart
Peritoneum surrounds abdominopelvic cavity -Parietal peritoneum lines abdomen
-Visceral peritoneum covers abdomen
Organ Systems
Integumentary system includes skin, hair, nails and glandsIt covers body, senses environmental changes, and regulates body temperature.
Support & Movement:
Skeletal system includes bones and ligaments. It supports, protects, provides framework, and stores inorganic salts.
Muscular system includes muscles. It provides body movement, posture, and body heat.
Integration & Coordination:
Nervous system includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It receives information from receptors and sends impulses to muscles and glands.
Endocrine system includes all hormone secreting glands. It helps metabolism.
Transport:
Cardiovascular system includes heart and blood vessels. It distributes oxygen and nutrients and removes cellular wastes.
Lymphatic system includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, immune cells, thymus, and spleen. It drains excess tissue fluid.
Absorption & Excretion:
Digestive system includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and accessory organs. It absorbs and breaks down nutrients.
Respiratory system includes our lungs. It exchanges gas between blood and air.
Urinary system includes kidneys, bladder, and urethra. It removes wastes from blood and maintains water & electrolyte balance.
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical position terms are used to describe the location of a body part relative to another part
Anatomical Position
The body is assumed to be standing, feet together, arms to the side, and head and eyes and palms of hands facing forwards
Planes of the Body
A. Frontal/Coronal 1. divides body into anterior and posterior regions; front & back
B. Median/Sagittal 2. divides body evenly into right and left halves
C. Transverse/Horizontal 3. divides body into superior & inferior portions; “cross section”
D. Midsagittal 4. separates body into right and left halves that are not even
Language of Anatomy
5. Superior or Cranial
toward head end of body;
upper
Ex. shoulders are superior to
the wrists
6. Inferior or Caudal away from head; lower
Ex. Feet are inferior to
knees
Language of Anatomy8. Ventral
front Ex. Kneecaps are located on ventral
side of legs
7. Dorsalback
Ex. Shoulder blades are located on dorsal
side of body
Posteriorrear
Anteriorfront
Language of Anatomy
9. Medialtoward
midline of body
Ex. Big toe is located on
medial side of foot
10. Lateralaway from
midline of body
Ex. Baby toe is located on
lateral side of foot
Language of Anatomy
11. Proximaltowards torso
Ex. Proximal end of femur
joins with pelvis
12. Distal away from torso
Ex. Toes are at distal end of foot
Language of Anatomy13. Superficial
toward surface of body
Ex. Ribs are superficial to the lungs
14. Deepaway from body
surface
Ex. Alveoli are deep in the lungs
Language of Anatomy
15. Centralnear center of body
or middle of an organ
Ex. Heart is central to the body
16. Peripheralaway from center of
body or organ
Ex. Capillaries are peripheral to the
heart
17. Intermediatebetween two other structures
Ex. Red Blood Cells are intermediate to blood vessels
Language of Anatomy18. Externalbeing outside
Ex. Pinna is external to eustachian tube
19. Internalbeing inside
Ex. Cochlea is internal to the ear lobe
Language of Anatomy
20. Supinelying on the back,
face up
21. Pronelying on the
stomachface down
Language of Anatomy
22. Caudal/PlantarNear or towards the feet
Terms of Movement
23. Flexiondecreases joint angle
24. Extensionmakes angle larger
25. Hyperextensionoccurs when you
move past a straight line
Terms of Movement
26. Abductionmoves body part away from middle
of body
27. Adductionmoves body part toward middle of
body
Terms of Movement
28. Elevationraising a structure
29. Depressionlowering a structure
Terms of Movement
30. Rotationmovement of a body
part around its own axis
Medial-toward middleLateral- away from
middle
Terms of Movement
31. Pronationplacing backward
from anatomical position
32. Supinationplacing palm forward
in anatomical position
Terms of Movement
33. Circumductionmovement of a body
part in circles
Terms of Movement
34. Oppositionbringing tips of
fingers and thumb together as in
picking something up
Terms of Movement
35. Protractionmoving body part
forward from anatomical position
36. Retractionmoving body part
backward from anatomical position
Body Regions
The abdominal area can be divided into 9 regions
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