Organization of the Human Body

BMS 231: 2015/2016

DR SOBIA IKRAMDR AQEELA BANODR SADIA FARHAN

Table of Contents1. Objectives for this lesson2. Definition of Anatomy, basic Anatomical

position and terminology.3. Directional and Regional terms4. Body Planes and cavities5. Abdominal Quadrants and Regions

OBJECTIVES

When you finish this lesson, you should be able to

1. Define Anatomy , know the Anatomical position & basic anatomical terminology.

2. Explain the Directional and Regional terms along with their relation to body planes.

3. Identify the body cavities and membranes. 4. Identify the abdominal quadrants and

regions to know the exact location of the internal organs.

ANATOMY1. Anatomy is the study of structure

of the human body and the relationship of its part to each other.

2. This is actually WHAT and WHERE of the body.

ANATOMICAL POSITION

• Body erect

• Feet slightly apart

• Palms facing forward

• Thumbs point away from body

Figure 1.7a

• Directional terms Regional terms Anterior

Posterior

Superior

Inferior

Medial

Lateral

Proximal

Distal

Superficial

Deep

Cephalic

Vertebral

Thoracic

Appendicular

Brachial

Lumbar

Basic Anatomical Terminology

Directional Terms

Superior and inferior toward and away from

the head, respectivelySuperior or Cranial

Inferior or Caudal

cranial

caudal

The eyes are SUPERIOR to the mouth.

The mouth is INFERIOR to the eyes.

Directional Terms

ANTERIOR(Ventral)

AT THE BACK IN THE FRONT

POSTERIOR(Dorsal)

Anterior and posterior toward the front and

back of the body

Directional Terms

Medial, toward the midline

lateral away from the midline,

Body Midline

Medial

Lateral

EYES

EARS

The Extremities have a different set of terms

The upper arm is

PROXIMAL

The arm is

DISTAL

Proximal– closer to the origin of the body

Distal - far from the origin of the body

SKIN

SUPERFICIAL – toward the surface

DEEP – away from the surface

Superficial and deep – toward and away from the

body surface

REGIONAL TERMS NAMES OF SPECIFIC BODY AREA

1. Axial region

(main axis): refers to Head, neck and trunk

Trunk further divided - Thorax - Abdomen - Pelvis - Perineum

2. Appendicular region

Appendages/extremities

Regional terms

Regional terms

Body sections - 4 main planes of reference:

• Sagittal plane – Midsagittal / Parasagittal

• Coronal (frontal) plane

• Transverse plane

• Oblique section

BODY PLANES

BODY PLANES

1. Sagittal Plane– divides the body into right and left parts

• Midsagittal – sagittal plane that lies parallel to the midline

Midsagittal plane

BODY PLANES

2. Coronal Plane ( Frontal) – divides the body into

anterior and posterior parts

BODY PLANES

3.Transverse Plane (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

BODY PLANES

4.Oblique plane - divides the body into superior and

inferior parts cuts made diagonally

Summary of the body planes

Figure 1.8Summary of the body planes

Body Cavities and Membranes

• Dorsal Body Cavity - cranial cavity - vertebral cavity

• Ventral Body Cavity - contains the viscera

1. thoracic cavity a. Pleural cavity b. Mediastinal cavity c. Pericardial cavity

2. abdominopelvic cavity a. Abdominal cavity b. Pelvic cavity

Summary (body cavities)BODY CAVITIES

DORSAL VENTRAL

CRANIAL VERTEBRAL

THORACIC

ABDOMINOPELVIC

RT AND LT PLEURAL CAVITY

MEDIASTINAL

PERICARDIAL

ABDOMINALPELVIC

Other Body Cavities

• Oral cavity

• Nasal cavity

• Orbital cavities

• Middle ear cavities

• Synovial cavities

Body Cavities and Membranes

SEROUS CAVITIES - the cavities that are lined by serous membranes Parietal layer - Lines the body walls .

Visceral layer - lines the organs

Serous fluid - fluid between the parietal and visceral layers is called serous fluid

Body Cavity Membranes

Figure 1.10a

The pleura surround the lungs

The pericardium surrounds the heart

The peritoneum surrounds the abdominal organs

Abdominal Quadrants

Abdominal quadrants an abdomen is divided by an imaginary lines into four quadrants

– Right upper and left upper quadrants

– Right lower and left lower quadrants

Abdominal Regions

Abdomen can also be divided by imaginary lines into 9 regions

• Umbilical• Epigastric• Hypogastric• Right and left iliac or inguinal• Right and left lumbar• Right and left hypochondriac

Figure 1.11a

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