organism reactivity. role of reactivity in human pathology

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Organism reactivity. Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity Role of reactivity in human pathology in human pathology Ph. D., M D. Ph. D., M D. Nataliya Potikha Nataliya Potikha

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Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology. Ph. D., M D. Nataliya Potikha. DEFINITION OF THE NOTION “ REACTIVITY ”. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

Organism reactivity. Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in Role of reactivity in human pathologyhuman pathology

Ph. D., M D. Ph. D., M D. Nataliya PotikhaNataliya Potikha

Page 2: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

DEFINITION OF THE NOTIONDEFINITION OF THE NOTION ““REACTIVITYREACTIVITY””

ReactivityReactivity is the organism ability to is the organism ability to change functional activity of the change functional activity of the systems and organs for the organism systems and organs for the organism adaptation in new vital conditions of adaptation in new vital conditions of the environment and, finally, for the the environment and, finally, for the survival. survival.

The concept “reactivityThe concept “reactivity”” is common to is common to the concept the concept “resistance”“resistance”..

Page 3: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

DEFINITION OF THE NOTION DEFINITION OF THE NOTION “RESISTANCE”“RESISTANCE”

ResistanceResistance is a stability state of an is a stability state of an organism in the condition of organism in the condition of

pathogenicpathogenic factors influence. factors influence.

Page 4: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION of THE of THE RESISTANCERESISTANCE

- - ACTIVEACTIVE ((appears inappears in the result of the result of organismorganism adaptation to damage factoradaptation to damage factor)) - - PASSIVEPASSIVE ((caused bycaused by anatomyanatomy--physiological physiological peculiarities of every organismpeculiarities of every organism)) - - PRIMARYPRIMARY ((congenitalcongenital)) - - SECONDARYSECONDARY (acquired(acquired, , which occurs during which occurs during the whole life, is changed the whole life, is changed )) - - UNSPECIFICUNSPECIFIC ((is the is the oppositionopposition to the influence to the influence of many pathological agentsof many pathological agents)) - - SPECIFICSPECIFIC ((is the is the oppositionopposition to the influence of to the influence of the recognised agent (microorganism), the recognised agent (microorganism), results from the immune system activation results from the immune system activation ))

Page 5: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

CLASSIFICATION of THE CLASSIFICATION of THE ““REACTIVITYREACTIVITY””

BiologicalBiological result s from the result s from the morphological and morphological and physiological physiological peculiarities of all individuals, which are peculiarities of all individuals, which are origined from some speciesorigined from some species

IndividualIndividual sexsexageage

constitutionconstitution

heredityheredity regulativeregulativesystemssystems

environmentenvironment

SPECIFICSPECIFIC UNSPECIFICUNSPECIFIC

physiologicalphysiological pathologicalpathological physiologicalphysiological pathologicalpathological

- immunodepressive - immunodepressive conditionsconditions

- - allergyallergy

shockshock collapsecollapse narcosisnarcosis

Page 6: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

Individual reactivityIndividual reactivity Individual reactivity is determined by Individual reactivity is determined by age, sex, age, sex,

heredity, constitution, and functional conditions heredity, constitution, and functional conditions of of organism’sorganism’s regulatory regulatory systems, external systems, external environmental influences. environmental influences.

For example: some diseases arise only in infant For example: some diseases arise only in infant organism (measles, roseola, small pox,organism (measles, roseola, small pox, rachitis rachitis, , scarlet-feverscarlet-fever) but not in adult’s one. Children are ) but not in adult’s one. Children are less adapted to sharp changes of air temperature, less adapted to sharp changes of air temperature, but infant organism is more resistant to the but infant organism is more resistant to the hypoxiahypoxia (oxygen deficiency), than adults. (oxygen deficiency), than adults.

RResistance of the old organism to the infection esistance of the old organism to the infection reduces, but the number of cancer-ill adults and reduces, but the number of cancer-ill adults and atherosclerotic-ill increases. Old people have very atherosclerotic-ill increases. Old people have very slowly developing inflammatory reaction. slowly developing inflammatory reaction.

Page 7: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

The dependence of the reactivity on The dependence of the reactivity on sexsex can be can be explained byexplained by the the morphological morphological and physiological peculiarities ofand physiological peculiarities of men men and women. and women.

Reactivity of a female organism varies Reactivity of a female organism varies during the during the menstrualmenstrual cycle time, cycle time, pregnancy, climax. Resistance of a pregnancy, climax. Resistance of a women to the hypoxia, women to the hypoxia, hungerhunger, and , and bleeding is betterbleeding is better, than men’s. , than men’s.

Women live longer, than men. But men Women live longer, than men. But men are physically are physically strongerstronger..

Page 8: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

Individual reactivity of an organism is realized by Individual reactivity of an organism is realized by specific and unspecific mechanismsspecific and unspecific mechanisms. .

The specific mechanismsThe specific mechanisms are formed by are formed by immuneimmune system. system.

There are There are physiologicalphysiological specific mechanisms and specific mechanisms and pathologicalpathological ones. ones.

The The specific physiologicalspecific physiological mechanisms of the individual mechanisms of the individual reactivity are the immune reactions, which form the reactivity are the immune reactions, which form the specific resistance to some antigens (bacteries, specific resistance to some antigens (bacteries, viruses, fungus, tumours cells). viruses, fungus, tumours cells).

The The pathological specificpathological specific mechanisms of the individual mechanisms of the individual reactivity can cause development of the reactivity can cause development of the immunodeficiencyimmunodeficiency or or immunodepressive conditions of immunodepressive conditions of an organism oran organism or the allergic reactions and diseases. the allergic reactions and diseases.

Page 9: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

TheThe unspecific mechanismsunspecific mechanisms of the of the reactivity are reactivity are physiological and physiological and pathological. pathological.

Physiological unspecificPhysiological unspecific reactivity is reactivity is the the vital reactions complexvital reactions complex of the healthy of the healthy organism in normal life conditions. organism in normal life conditions.

Pathological unspecificPathological unspecific reactivity reactivity is the is the complex of an organism’s reactions in complex of an organism’s reactions in abnormal life conditions as a result of the abnormal life conditions as a result of the decrease of the decrease of the adaptive potential of an adaptive potential of an organism (for example: shock, collapse, organism (for example: shock, collapse, narcosis).narcosis).

Page 10: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

Mechanisms of the Mechanisms of the unspecific reactivity unspecific reactivity are realized by means ofare realized by means of

nervous system reactions (central nervous system reactions (central nervous system, vegetative nervous nervous system, vegetative nervous system), system),

endocrine system reactions;endocrine system reactions; barrier systems; barrier systems; cell’s reactions; cell’s reactions; humoral reactions. humoral reactions.

Page 11: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

The nervous and The nervous and endocrineendocrine system system are the main systems, which form are the main systems, which form the organism’s reactions on the various factors. the organism’s reactions on the various factors.

The nervous system changes activity The nervous system changes activity of receptorsof receptors, neurons, nervous , neurons, nervous fibres, spinal cord and brain in the new vital conditions. The alteration fibres, spinal cord and brain in the new vital conditions. The alteration of the nervous system activity changes the organism resistance. For of the nervous system activity changes the organism resistance. For example, the extreme stimulation of the central nervous system example, the extreme stimulation of the central nervous system by by coffeinecoffeine reduces the resistance of an organism to hypoxia. The psychic reduces the resistance of an organism to hypoxia. The psychic trauma complicates the disease course. trauma complicates the disease course.

Reactivity of an organism depends on the Reactivity of an organism depends on the vegetativevegetative nervous system nervous system conditions. Changes ofconditions. Changes of adrenergic adrenergic and and cholinergic link of the vegetative cholinergic link of the vegetative nervous nervous system activity, which always is counterbalanced in normal system activity, which always is counterbalanced in normal conditions, characterize the organism’s adaptation to some influences conditions, characterize the organism’s adaptation to some influences of environment. The stimulation of environment. The stimulation of the sympathoadrenalof the sympathoadrenal system on the system on the first stages of adaptation is a protective reaction. In pathological first stages of adaptation is a protective reaction. In pathological conditions (for example, continuous hypoxia) the cholinergicconditions (for example, continuous hypoxia) the cholinergic link of the link of the vegetativevegetative nervous system activation increases of an organism nervous system activation increases of an organism resistance to hypoxia.resistance to hypoxia.

Page 12: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

EndocrineEndocrine system system takes the certain part in forming of takes the certain part in forming of the individual reactive mechanisms, so its alteration the individual reactive mechanisms, so its alteration can complicate life of the human. can complicate life of the human.

The The suprarenal glandsuprarenal gland function lessening reduces the function lessening reduces the resistance to hypoxia, resistance to hypoxia, hypofunction of the thyroid glandhypofunction of the thyroid gland increases the resistance of an organism to hypoxiaincreases the resistance of an organism to hypoxia too too, , and the decrease of insulin excretion and the decrease of insulin excretion by pancreasby pancreas elongates maim incarnation. elongates maim incarnation.

The role The role of endocrineof endocrine system and nervous systems, system and nervous systems, that operate that operate synergicallysynergically, is possible , is possible to explainto explain on the on the example of stress-reaction. example of stress-reaction.

Canadian Canadian pathologist Selyepathologist Selye was the first who has was the first who has worked out the concept about worked out the concept about stress.stress. Stress is the Stress is the unspecific reaction of an organism to different unspecific reaction of an organism to different influences. influences. Hypothalamus-hypophisis-suprarenalHypothalamus-hypophisis-suprarenal system plays the main role. This system carries out a system plays the main role. This system carries out a general adaptive syndrome. general adaptive syndrome.

Page 13: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

The barrier systemsThe barrier systems preserve an preserve an organism against the pathological factors organism against the pathological factors of the external environment. of the external environment.

There are There are external and internal barriersexternal and internal barriers. .

Page 14: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

The external barriersThe external barriers are skin, mucous membranes, liver, are skin, mucous membranes, liver, spleenspleen, , lymphaticlymphatic nodes and other organs, which have the cells of the system nodes and other organs, which have the cells of the system of mononuclear phagocytesof mononuclear phagocytes..

The The skinskin is covered with multilayer is covered with multilayer epitheliumepithelium. It is a barrier for the . It is a barrier for the majority of microorganisms. The clean skin has majority of microorganisms. The clean skin has bactericidalbactericidal activity, activity, which depends on the which depends on the рНрН of the sweat, on the structure of a secret of of the sweat, on the structure of a secret of grease grease glandsglands, on the excretion , on the excretion of antisepticof antiseptic products. products.

The mucous membranesThe mucous membranes, which , which cover conjunctivacover conjunctiva, , throatthroat, respiratory, , respiratory, digestive and digestive and urogeninal tractsurogeninal tracts, prevent the penetration of , prevent the penetration of microorganisms, due to the insignificant permeability. The secret microorganisms, due to the insignificant permeability. The secret of the of the mucous coat mucous coat glandsglands and active function and active function of glimmer epitheliumof glimmer epithelium promotes the mechanical deleting of dust, microorganisms. The promotes the mechanical deleting of dust, microorganisms. The bactericidal substance bactericidal substance lysocimlysocim, which destroys some microorganism’s , which destroys some microorganism’s species, and the species, and the immunoglobulinesimmunoglobulines are in the mucous coats secret. are in the mucous coats secret. Protective reflexes, such as cough, Protective reflexes, such as cough, sternutationsternutation, and delay of breath , and delay of breath have the large value too. The gastric juice has have the large value too. The gastric juice has bactericidal activity toobactericidal activity too, , for example, kills of the cholera vibrion. for example, kills of the cholera vibrion. Vomiting reflex also has Vomiting reflex also has protective functionprotective function. .

Page 15: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

There are There are internal barriersinternal barriers in the organism, which in the organism, which are named are named histohematic barriershistohematic barriers. Wall of a . Wall of a capillary has the function of a barrier. The wall of a capillary has the function of a barrier. The wall of a capillary lets in only the nutritious substances and capillary lets in only the nutritious substances and does not let indoes not let in the toxins the toxins, medicines. , medicines.

Examples of internal barriersExamples of internal barriers: : hematoencephalichematoencephalic (blood-brain), (blood-brain), hematoophtalmichematoophtalmic (blood-eye tissue), (blood-eye tissue), hematolabirintichematolabirintic (blood- (blood-lymphlymph of a labyrinth), of a labyrinth), hematoovarialhematoovarial (blood-ovarium tissue), (blood-ovarium tissue), hematotesticalhematotestical (blood-(blood-testiculartesticular tissue), tissue), placentaplacenta (mother’s blood-foetus blood). (mother’s blood-foetus blood).

Page 16: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

Connective tissue, which surrounds the vessels and Connective tissue, which surrounds the vessels and penetrates into a tissue, executes the protective function too. penetrates into a tissue, executes the protective function too.

The most powerful and complex barrier surrounds the The most powerful and complex barrier surrounds the nervous system and organs of reproduction. The nervous nervous system and organs of reproduction. The nervous cells are the most sensitive to the internal environment cells are the most sensitive to the internal environment changes. changes.

The The hematoencephalichematoencephalic barrier permeability is various in barrier permeability is various in different sites of the central nervous system. different sites of the central nervous system.

For example, For example, hematoencephalichematoencephalic barrier in the area barrier in the area of of hypothalamushypothalamus lets pass all substances, which are in the lets pass all substances, which are in the blood. The information about the chemical structure of blood blood. The information about the chemical structure of blood is necessary for the is necessary for the hypothalamushypothalamus functions correction. The functions correction. The delay of the information can be dangerous for life. delay of the information can be dangerous for life.

Page 17: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

HematoencephalicHematoencephalic barrier barrier includes the endotelium includes the endotelium of the brain capillaries, their of the brain capillaries, their basalbasal membrane, the membrane, the gliaglia and the brain coats. and the brain coats.

HematoencephalicHematoencephalic barrier structure: slots between barrier structure: slots between endothelialendothelial cells of the capillaries are absent; glial cells of the capillaries are absent; glial cells cover all surface of the capillary; basal cells cover all surface of the capillary; basal membrane is very dense. membrane is very dense.

The peculiarity of the The peculiarity of the hematoencephalichematoencephalic barrier barrier structure promotes protection of the brain against structure promotes protection of the brain against the influence the influence of toxicof toxic substances. But in some substances. But in some cases this property complicates the treatment of cases this property complicates the treatment of some diseases of the nervous system. The some diseases of the nervous system. The permeability of barrier amplifies when the permeability of barrier amplifies when the temperature of body increases. Doctors use this temperature of body increases. Doctors use this property for the treatment of infectious diseases of property for the treatment of infectious diseases of the nervous system. the nervous system.

Page 18: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

The protective function of barriers is dependend The protective function of barriers is dependend on nervous and on nervous and humoralhumoral influences, on a state of influences, on a state of the external and internal environment. the external and internal environment.

The alcohol has specific influence up The alcohol has specific influence up hematoencephalichematoencephalic barrier. The permeability of this barrier. The permeability of this barrier increases during initial stage barrier increases during initial stage of alcoholismof alcoholism, , so various so various toxictoxic substances influence up the brain. substances influence up the brain. Then permeability of the barrier decreases, that Then permeability of the barrier decreases, that provokes violation of nutrition of the brain. provokes violation of nutrition of the brain. Alcoholic Alcoholic psychosespsychoses, , degradationdegradation of the person, of the person, premature aging develop in such patients. The premature aging develop in such patients. The alcohol easily damages alcohol easily damages reproductivereproductive system, system, poisons a foetus. poisons a foetus.

Page 19: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

CellularCellular mechanisms mechanisms of reactivity of reactivity are manifested by the change of a are manifested by the change of a functional state of a separate cell. functional state of a separate cell.

The main effect of various cells reactions is adaptation to the conditions The main effect of various cells reactions is adaptation to the conditions of the life, which permanently change. of the life, which permanently change.

There are 2 types of adaptive cells reactions: There are 2 types of adaptive cells reactions: immediate and immediate and continuouscontinuous. .

The immediate mechanisms of The immediate mechanisms of cellularcellular adaptation arise at once after adaptation arise at once after the influence of stimulator and are realized due to present mechanisms. the influence of stimulator and are realized due to present mechanisms. The continuous mechanisms of The continuous mechanisms of cellularcellular adaptation arise gradually after adaptation arise gradually after durablis or multiplis influences of stimulator. The durablis influence of durablis or multiplis influences of stimulator. The durablis influence of any factor promotes accumulation of the defined information in a cell any factor promotes accumulation of the defined information in a cell and inclusion of mechanisms of selfregulation. In a cell there is an and inclusion of mechanisms of selfregulation. In a cell there is an interrelation of their function with the genetic apparatus. The increasing interrelation of their function with the genetic apparatus. The increasing of influence functional load of cell strengthens activity of the genetic of influence functional load of cell strengthens activity of the genetic apparatus and promotes accumulation of some proteins, which must apparatus and promotes accumulation of some proteins, which must promote increasing of the function. promote increasing of the function.

The example of durablis adaptation is The example of durablis adaptation is hypertrophyhypertrophy of a body, of a body, hyperplasiahyperplasia of a body. of a body.

Page 20: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

HumoralHumoral mechanisms mechanisms of the reactivity are very of the reactivity are very important for the organism too. important for the organism too.

The system of the plasma blood proteins, which is The system of the plasma blood proteins, which is named system named system of complementof complement, has the protective , has the protective function. The system function. The system of complementof complement and system and system of of phagocytesphagocytes have functional connection with have functional connection with immuneimmune system. system.

HumoralHumoral factors are start mechanisms of the reactivity factors are start mechanisms of the reactivity due to their operation on organs-effectors.due to their operation on organs-effectors.

The strongest substances are The strongest substances are mediatorsmediators and and hormoneshormones. For example, the stress-reaction occurs due . For example, the stress-reaction occurs due to the amplified excretion of norepinephrine (to the amplified excretion of norepinephrine (mediatormediator), ), epinephrineepinephrine ( (neurohormoneneurohormone), ), adrenotropicadrenotropic ( (hormonhormon), ), glucocorticoidsglucocorticoids ( (hormoneshormones) and other substances. ) and other substances.

Page 21: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

Individual reactivity can be changed as a Individual reactivity can be changed as a result of influence of the factors of the result of influence of the factors of the external environment. Reactivity of an external environment. Reactivity of an organism depends on ecology. Some organism depends on ecology. Some changes of an ecological situation can changes of an ecological situation can prevent development of disease; others on prevent development of disease; others on the contrary provoke development of the contrary provoke development of disease. For example: the small doze of a disease. For example: the small doze of a ultra-violet irradiation increases resistance ultra-violet irradiation increases resistance of an organism to the infectious diseases, of an organism to the infectious diseases, promotes synthesis of vitamin promotes synthesis of vitamin DD in the in the organism, and the large doze promotes organism, and the large doze promotes development of skin burn. development of skin burn.

Page 22: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

The durablis operation The durablis operation of ionizingof ionizing rays lowers resistance of an rays lowers resistance of an organism to infection. organism to infection.

The intensive physical load is accompanied by significant The intensive physical load is accompanied by significant psychoemotional overloadpsychoemotional overload and can provoke development of and can provoke development of cardiovascular pathologies. cardiovascular pathologies.

The nonrational nutrition, The nonrational nutrition, hypovitaminosishypovitaminosis lower resistance of an lower resistance of an organism to an infection, promotes development of various organism to an infection, promotes development of various violations of metabolism. violations of metabolism.

Reactivity of the person can be changed as the result of the Reactivity of the person can be changed as the result of the influence of alcohol, influence of alcohol, nicotinenicotine, automobile gases, which contain , automobile gases, which contain CO, Hg, Pb, industrial wastes. CO, Hg, Pb, industrial wastes.

Sharp changes of weather, season of year and climate influence Sharp changes of weather, season of year and climate influence on reactivity and resistance too. Low temperature of air influences on reactivity and resistance too. Low temperature of air influences on organism variously. on organism variously.

The overcooling lowers resistance to the infection, so in such The overcooling lowers resistance to the infection, so in such conditions influenza and pneumonia may occur. The short-term conditions influenza and pneumonia may occur. The short-term contact of a human body with the cold environment, which contact of a human body with the cold environment, which periodically repeats, increases resistance of an organism to the periodically repeats, increases resistance of an organism to the infection. infection.

Low temperature (Low temperature (hypothermiahypothermia) is used in medicine during ) is used in medicine during complex continual operations on the heart and brain.complex continual operations on the heart and brain.

Page 23: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

Habitués of a childHabitués of a child 2,5 years old2,5 years old

Influence of the ageInfluence of the age on on individualindividual reactivityreactivity Progeria Progeria ((rapid ageingrapid ageing))

Page 24: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

Verner’s Verner’s syndromesyndrome(26 years old (26 years old men)men)

Influence of the ageInfluence of the age on on individualindividual reactivityreactivity

Progeria Progeria ((rapid ageingrapid ageing))

Page 25: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

PROGERIA PROGERIA ((rapid ageingrapid ageing)) Hutchinson-Gilford’s syndromeHutchinson-Gilford’s syndrome

Page 26: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

PROGERIA PROGERIA ((rapid rapid ageingageing))

Hutchinson-Hutchinson-Gilford’s Gilford’s syndromesyndromeYou see girl 13 You see girl 13 years old (her years old (her weight – 10 kg)weight – 10 kg)

Page 27: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

ConstitutionConstitution It is a complex of functional and It is a complex of functional and morphological peculiarities of an morphological peculiarities of an

organism, which were derivated by the organism, which were derivated by the heredity, and which were formed during heredity, and which were formed during

all life under the influences of the all life under the influences of the environment.environment.

It determines reactivityIt determines reactivity of every of every individual.individual.

Page 28: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

CONSTITUTIONAL TYPESCONSTITUTIONAL TYPES BY BY SIGOSIGO

respiratory digestive muscular brain

Page 29: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

Constitutional typesConstitutional types by by KRECHMERKRECHMER astenicastenic

digestive

athleticathletic

Page 30: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

Constitutional Constitutional typestypes by by

HyppocrateHyppocrate CholericCholeric SanguinicSanguinic PhlegmaticPhlegmatic MelancholicMelancholic

Constitutional Constitutional typestypes byby

АА..АА.. BOGOMOLETZBOGOMOLETZ

AsthenicAsthenic FibrosisFibrosis PastosisPastosis LipomatosisLipomatosis

Page 31: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

Constitutional typesConstitutional types by by ChornoruzkiyChornoruzkiy

It is determined due to the size of It is determined due to the size of costal arcs angle of a personcostal arcs angle of a person

Normosthenic Normosthenic (90(90 degree)degree) Hypersthenic Hypersthenic (more than 90(more than 90 degree)degree) Asthenic Asthenic (less than 90(less than 90 degree)degree)

Page 32: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

DIATHESISDIATHESIS manifestation of the abnormal constitutionmanifestation of the abnormal constitution, , which is characterised by which is characterised by

the the abnormal reaction of an organism to the physiological and abnormal reaction of an organism to the physiological and pathological influencespathological influences

1. 1. EXUDATIVE-CATARALEXUDATIVE-CATARAL ((very intensive exudative very intensive exudative processes, allergy reactions and long disease courseprocesses, allergy reactions and long disease course))

2. 2. LYMPHOHYPOPLASTICLYMPHOHYPOPLASTIC ((muscularmuscular tissue is tissue is developed deficiently, the lymphatic nodes size is developed deficiently, the lymphatic nodes size is increasedincreased aytoallergic aytoallergic diseases arise in these diseases arise in these patients very oftenpatients very often))

3. 3. NERVOUS-ARTHRITICNERVOUS-ARTHRITIC ((obesity intensification,obesity intensification, nervous system irritability, diseases of joints, skin nervous system irritability, diseases of joints, skin diseases, psychological disorders in some patientsdiseases, psychological disorders in some patients))

4. 4. ASTHENICASTHENIC ((adynamiaadynamia; ; lability of vascular reactions lability of vascular reactions and gastroptosisand gastroptosis

Page 33: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

Exudative-catharal diathesisExudative-catharal diathesis

Page 34: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

Mechanisms of the Mechanisms of the unspecific unspecific reactivityreactivity

1.1. REGULATIVE SYSTEMSREGULATIVE SYSTEMS а) а) nervous system reactionsnervous system reactions ( (central nervous system, autonomic central nervous system, autonomic

nervous system- nervous system- adrenergicadrenergic and and cholinergic linkcholinergic link))б) б) endocrine system reactionsendocrine system reactions ( (pituitary glandpituitary gland, , thyroid glandthyroid gland, ,

suprarenal glandssuprarenal glands ))2. 2. BARRIER SYSTEMSBARRIER SYSTEMS а) а) externalexternal ( (skin, mucous membranes, liver, skin, mucous membranes, liver, spleenspleen, , lymphaticlymphatic

nodes, SMPnodes, SMP))б) б) internalinternal ((Wall of a capillary has the function of a barrier:Wall of a capillary has the function of a barrier:

hematoencephalichematoencephalic , , hematoophtalmichematoophtalmic, , hematolabirintichematolabirintic, , hematoovarial,hematoovarial, hematotesticalhematotestical, , placentaplacenta))

3. 3. CELL’S REACTIONSCELL’S REACTIONS ((change of a functional state of a separate change of a functional state of a separate cell)cell)

4. 4. HUMORAL REACTIONS (HUMORAL REACTIONS (neurohormones, hormons, neurohormones, hormons, biologocal active substanciesbiologocal active substancies))

Page 35: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

System System of mononuclear of mononuclear phagocytesphagocytes (S (SММPP))

IS THE SYSTEM OF CELLS, WHICH ARE IS THE SYSTEM OF CELLS, WHICH ARE UNITED DUE TO 3 FEATURES:UNITED DUE TO 3 FEATURES:

1. 1. mutual derivation (all these cells derive mutual derivation (all these cells derive from the from the stem cell of red bone marrowstem cell of red bone marrow););

2.2. mutual function (all cells are mutual function (all cells are phagocytesphagocytes););

3. 3. mutual structure (all these cells have one mutual structure (all these cells have one nuclear).nuclear).

Page 36: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

System System of mononuclear phagocytesof mononuclear phagocytes (S(SММPP))

CELLS LOCALIZATIONCELL PRECURSORSCELL PRECURSORS Bone marrowBone marrow

PROMONOCYTESPROMONOCYTES Bone marrowBone marrow

MONOCYTESMONOCYTES Bone marrowBone marrow

MONOCYTESMONOCYTES Peripheral bloodPeripheral blood

MACROPHAGES HISTIOCYTESHISTIOCYTES Connective tissueConnective tissueKUPFFER’S CELLSKUPFFER’S CELLS LiverLiverALVEOLAR MACROPHAGESALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES LungsLungs

FREE and FIXED FREE and FIXED MACROPHAGESMACROPHAGES SpleenSpleen

MACROPHAGESMACROPHAGES Bone marrow Bone marrow PLEURAL PLEURAL andand PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES Serose cavitiesSerose cavitiesOSTEOCLASTESOSTEOCLASTES BonesBones MICROGLIAL CELLSMICROGLIAL CELLS Nervous systemNervous systemLANGERHANS’ CELLSLANGERHANS’ CELLS SkinSkin

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macrophagemacrophage

lymphocytelymphocyte

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HUMORALHUMORAL MECHANISMS of the MECHANISMS of the REACTIVITYREACTIVITY

1.1. SYSTEM SYSTEM of COMPLEMENT (of COMPLEMENT (has the has the protective function)protective function)

2.2. MEDIATORSMEDIATORS of the HUMORAL of the HUMORAL SYSTEMS (biological active SYSTEMS (biological active substances)substances)

3.3. HORMONESHORMONES

Page 39: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

REACTIVITYREACTIVITY DEPENDENCEDEPENDENCE from from ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

Page 40: Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human pathology

THANK YOU for ATTANTION!THANK YOU for ATTANTION!