organic molecules l.e.q. what are the four main biological molecules?
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Organic Molecules
L.E.Q. What are the four main biological molecules?
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The Chemistry of Living Things
Organic compounds – contain CarbonAnd Hydrogen
Inorganic compounds – do not
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Carbon is an ideal Building Block
Carbon is able to bond to itself and other elements to form large molecules.
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Importance of Carbon
It has one electron in each valence shellMakes it very good for bondingIt can form large stable moleculesForm single, double and triple bonds
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Organic molecules are usually large. How are they made?
Monomer – a small, repeating unit (molecule)
Polymer – many monomers bonded together.
Macromolecule.A large molecule
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How do Monomers form Polymers?
Dehydration SynthesisDehydration means to take water outWhen monomers bond together they
lose a water molecule
Since many organic molecules have the elements oxygen and hydrogen in them, this isn’t hard to do.
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How do you break down Macromolecules?
HydrolysisHydro – water lysis – breakBreaking of a bond in a molecule using water
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsYTime 4:30
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Functional Groups the 6 main ones for Bio
Attach themselves to this long carbon chainGives the molecule its “function”Act as the active part of the molecule
Examples
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The 4 Types of Biological (Organic) Molecules
CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic AcidsProteins
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CarbohydratesStructure (contain what elements?) C, H, and O
They are found in a ratio of 1C : 2H : 1O
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Carbohydrate – Functional Group
Many Hydroxyl with a carbonyl
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Monosaccharide Single sugars (one molecule)
Examples are glucose, galactose and fructose (C6H12O6)
Monomer of Carbohydrates (or the Building Blocks)
glucose
Found in plants and animals
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Carbohydrates- What is their Function?
Primary Energy Source (mono and di-saccharides)
Glucose is a simple sugar that our body uses as its main source of fuel
Easily absorbed in blood stream
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Double SugarMade of two monosaccharides
Most common disaccharide is sucrose (glucose+fructose) Found in plant sapWe use it to make table sugar Sucrose and maltose
Lactose is the sugar present in milk.
Carbohydrates – DisaccharidesComplex sugars
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Carbohydrates- What is their Function?Storage of Energy-Polysaccharides Made up of many monosaccharides or disaccharides.
Example: StarchoBroken down throughout the dayoPlants store food in the form of starch
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Carbohydrates- What is their Function?Storage of Energy-Polysaccharides Another Example
GlycogenoHumans store glycogen in their liver. oThis can be converted to energy when
needed
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Carbohydrates- What is their Function?Structural - Polysaccharides – serves as building material in plants and other organisms. - EXAMPLESCellulose
building material of plant cell walls
ChitinForms cell walls in
fungi (mushrooms) and the exoskeleton of arthropods
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LipidsOften known as FatsProvide energy and the surrounding to cell
membranesImportant component of the molecule is
the hydrocarbon tailsMakes up the “fatty acid” portion of the
moleculeWhen bonds are broken, it releases energy
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LipidsMany Lipids are NOT soluble in water. Meaning – they do not dissolve in water
Oil and water don’t mix
They are non-polar molecules.
•Remember water is polar, so other polar molecules will dissolve in water
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Groups of Lipids- Triglycerides Function -Store Energy
Made up of a glycerol attached to three fatty acid chains
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Triglcerides Energy reserves
carbohydrates give short term energy storage (carbs can be turned into fats)
Triglycerides give LONG term energy storage
Source of energy in hibernating animals
Protective cushion and insulator
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Types of TriglyceridesSaturated Lipids:
every carbon atom contains the most # of hydrogens that it can.
Contained in animal products.
Solid at room temp.
Unsaturated Lipids: there is at least 1 double bond bet. carbon atoms.
Plant oils.Liquid at room
temp.
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FYI – Trans Fats
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Groups of Lipids - PhospholipidsStructure
Two fatty acid chainsA “head” with a phosphate group
The head is polar, so it is hydrophilic
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Groups of Lipids - PhospholipidsFunction as parts of cell membranes form the bilayer that make up cell membranes.
Serves as a boundary between the cell and the environmentAre soluble in water
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Groups of Lipids - SteroidsStructure
Ringed hydrocarbons with a methyl group
This example is Cholesterol (the one you should be most familiar with)
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Groups of Lipids - SteroidsInclude Cholesterol and Sex Hormones
Cholesterol is a component of cell membranes and helps keep them fluid
Sex hormones include testosterone and estrogen
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WaxesIn nature can be waxes produced by plants
as a barrier to waterAlso beeswaxAll are hydrophobic
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Nucleic Acids- Function Carries Genetic informationExamples are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Gene expression and regulation
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Made up of NucleotidesThese monomers are repeated many times
Each Nucleotide consists of 5-Carbon sugar Phosphate GroupNitrogen containing Base
Nucleic Acid –Structure
ContainsC, H, N, O, and P
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Nucleic Acid –Structure The SugarPentose SugarsNotice the Hydroxyl GroupsDeoxyribose has one less hydroxyl group,
hence the name
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Nucleic Acid –Structure-The BaseThe nitrogen bases each contain an amino
group (NH2)Adenine and Guanine are known as Purines
They are double ringed structuresCytosine and Thymine and Uracil are known as
PyrimidinesThey are single ringed structures
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Proteins a.k.a. Polypeptides
StructureMonomers (Building Blocks)
Amino AcidsFunctional groups
Amino groupCarboxyl group
Consists of C, H, O, and N
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Proteins- Structure (side chains, the “R” group)
There are 20 different amino acids
Each contains a carboxyl group and an amino group
Each side chain is different.(colored)
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Protein Structure a) Primary – the sequence
of the amino acids
b) Secondary- the forming of hydrogen bonds
a) NOTE: secondary structure involves the hydrogen bonding. That is what creates the alpha helix. Which forms coils or the beta pleated sheet (which are “flat”)
c) Tertiary – the three dimensional structure
d) Quaternary – three dimensional structure when the protein has multiple units
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Protein - FunctionsDo most of the work in cells and
are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs
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Protein - Functions Structural proteins – for support
Making webs. Keratin is the protein of hair, horns and feathers
Storage proteinsEgg white is the amino acid source for the developing
embryoPlants have storage proteins in their seeds
Transport ProteinsHemoglobin, transports oxygen in the blood.
Hormonal proteinsInsulin helps regulate the concentration of sugar in the
blood Defensive proteins
Antibodies combat bacteria and viruses Enzymatic Proteins are probably the most important type
of proteinEnzymes regulate metabolism by speeding up chemical
reactions.
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Protein -Function
ENZYMES proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions
Catalyst – a substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate.
The enzyme is not consumed in the reaction and can be used over and over.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4
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Protein - EnzymesHow Enzymes FunctionSubstrate – the “reactants” . These bind to the
enzymeActive Site – where the “reactants” bind to the enzymeProducts – what is formed during the reactionThere are many different enzymes, but each one will only fit one substrate. Like a lock and key.
The enzyme speeds up the reaction and forms the Products.
Active site
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Protein – Enzyme FunctionsEnzymes require specific conditions to
function normallyFactors that affect enzyme function
HeatpH
If it gets too hot, or the pH changes, then the structure of the enzyme is affected and the reaction can’t take place.
The enzyme is DenaturedThe shape of the enzyme is changed