ch. 3: biological molecules

Ch. 3: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0

3-1: Why is Carbon So Important in Biological Molecules? 3-2: How are Organic Molecules Synthesized? 3-3: What are Carbohydrates? 3-4: What are Lipids? 3-5: What are Proteins? 3.6: What are Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids? Ch. 3 Biological Molecules

CSI: Puzzling Proteins Mad cow disease emerged as a result of feeding cows chow made with protein from sheep, some of whom were infected with scrapie? 1.What are proteins? How do they differ from DNA and RNA? 2.How can a protein with no hereditary material infect another organism, increase in number, and produce a fatal disease? 3.Is vCJD still a threat? http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=vcjd%20scrapie&qs=n&form=QBVR&pq=vcjd%20scrapie&sc=0-7&sp=- 1&sk=#view=detail&mid=5411AB07933554CD52F55411AB07933554CD52F5

Chemical Compounds -carbon backbone bonded to H atoms ________________ -can be very complex -more organic cmpds than inorganic -common in living __________________ -______ carbon (H 2 O / NaCl) or hydrogen atoms (CO 2 ) -________ complex -________ diverse

3.1: Why is Carbon So Important..? unique _________ properties of carbon are key to the complexity of organic molecules 1. _______ __valence (outer) electrons (room for 8) can form up to 4 bonds with _____________________ capable of making _____________________________

Figure 3-1: Carbons Versatility in Bonding patterns hydrogen C carbon nitrogen oxygen CCC N OO NN H

2. can assume complex shapes (________________ chains, ___________, __________, and __________)

3. can attach to ___________ groups - determine characteristics and reactivity of molecule functional groups _______________& more likely to reacte with others carboxyl amine phosphate

______________________ = large polymers Ex.carbohydrates lipids, proteins nucleotides/nucleic acids 3.2: How Are Organic Molecules _________________?

Biomolecules are _______________ through a) ________________________(condensation reaction) - joins monomers together (site where H & OH are removed) by ___________________________molecule

b) __________________________ - breaks apart polymers by _____________ (H & OH between the monomers) Biomolecules are _________________through

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

3.3: What Are Carbohydrates?

A.Carbohydrate Structure _ _____________atoms in the ratio of 1:2:1 m ost small carbs are water soluble (_________________ = water loving) due to OH functional group (i.e sugar cube in H 2 0) water hydroxyl group hydrogen bond Figure 3-4 Sugar dissolving in water

B.Function of Carbohydrates 1. provide ___________ to cells a. cellular respiration 2.____________ energy 3.___________ plant, fungi, bacteria cell walls 4._________ armor (chitin) in insects, crabs etc

1. ______________________________ C 6 H 12 O 6 1 simple _____________ (1:2:1 ratio of C,H,O) most end in ____ and named by # of Carbons (CH 2 O) n is the general formula (n = 3-7 C) Examples: * = isomers 1) *_____________ (6-C)-most common in organisms 2) *______________ - fruit sugar (corn syrup, honey) 3) *_________________ - milk sugar found in lactose 4) ______________ (5-C)/deoxyribose (RNA and DNA) Types of Carbohydrates

_______ molecules w/ same number of atoms but different arrangement (____________________ formula with a _________________________formula) 3.1: Why is Carbon So Important..? C 6 H 12 O 6

Numbered carbons C CC C C C 1' 2'3' 4' 5' 6' O energy stored in C-C bonds harvested in cellular respiration These will become important!

Examples: 1) __________ (table sugar) =glucose+fructose 2) ___________ (malt sugar)=glucose+glucose 3) __________(milk sugar)=galactose+glucose 2.________________________ _ monosaccharides bonded via ____________synthesis general formula is ________________________ used for short-term energy storage broken into monosaccharides by ________ for energy

Disaccharide Structure _________________

_______________ synthesis Formation of a Disaccharide ___________ (monomer) _____________________ (disaccharide ) ___________ (monomer) H2OH2O

3.______________________________ chains of monosaccharides (_____________________) costs little to build; easily reversible = _____________ Examples: 1)_____________: plant energy-storage 2) _________________: animal energy-storage 3)__________: most imp. structural polysaccharide (cell walls of plants) 4) _______________: armour of crabs, spiders, fungi

Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function in starchin cellulose

Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest only bacteria can digest enzyme

Cellulose=____________ roughage most abundant organic cmpd on Earth ___________ have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose most ___________have not thats why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients But it tastes like hay! Who can live on this stuff?!

Cows digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorillas cant digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

How can herbivores digest cellulose so well? helpful _________________ live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

_____________________ __________________ Polysaccharide + H 2 O Disaccharide/Monosaccharides Starch + H 2 O Glucose + Glucose + Glucose + Glucose hydrolysi s Breakdown of Polysaccharides

Ch. 3.4

AStructure of a ________________ _____________ ratio of H to C atoms contain large chains of non-polar hydrocarbons (hydrophobic/H 2 O insoluble) B. Functions of Lipids 1. _____________________(btwn C-H bonds) 2._________________ coverings on plant/animal bodies 3.primary component in _______________________ 4.help make ________________________ 5._________ & aid in ____________in multicellular org 3.4: What Are Lipids?

1.Oils, fats, and lipids only contain C, H, & O each contain 1 or more ______________ (long chain of C & H with a ___________ group on 1 end hydrophillic hydrophobic Types of Lipids

Formation of Lipids via Dehydration Synthesis 3H2O3H2O

Triglyceride

all __________bonds btwn C-atoms - ________ fats (solid ) at least __________bond btwn C-atoms - _________ oils (liquid) _ double bond ________ than 1 double bond

Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Functions of fats and Oils - used primarily as energy-storage molecules - contain _________________as many calories/gram than carbohydrates & proteins

Fats (____________) (butter/lard) -produced by animals - ______________ FA -___________ of H Oils (______________) corn/canola oil -found in seeds of plants -_______________ FA -____________ H Good Fats vs. Bad Fats?

_________________________ and Trans Fats? commercial process where some double bonds in unsaturated FA are broken and ______________________ to the carbons - converts liquid oils to solid fats (_______________) http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=hydrogenation+process&FORM=HDRSC3#vie w=detail&mid=A40B1F51A242B07BE871A40B1F51A242B07BE871

saturated fats (red meat/whole milk), obesity, smoking & trans fats ________________ production of more __________ unsaturated fats (fish, nuts, veg oil) help _______________ heart ________________

Types of Lipids 2.___________ chemically similar to fats (1 _________+ 1 long __________) humans & most animals lack appropriate enzymes to break them down highly saturated (solid @ room temp.)

Waterproofing coating Structural component Waterproofing for exoskeletons & furs

Types of Lipids 3. ___________________________ chemically similar to oil (1 ___________, 2 fatty acids + 1 ________________________ group) crucial _________ component of cell membranes

Phospholipid structure Glycerol Phosphate Fatty acids

Types of Lipids 3. ____________________ __ carbon ____________ (nonpolar) _____________ saturated fatty acids that synthesize estrogen & testosterone animal _________________ ________human brain (insulate/nerve cells) too much of the wrong form=bad news

Good Cholesterol vs. Bad Cholesterol? nonpolar_ transported in blood by carrier molecules made-up of phospholipids & proteins(___________=lipid+protein) 1.HDL (high density lipoproteins)=______________ & and ___________ ________________ 2. LDL (low density lipoproteins) = more cholesterol & and _________________

______ transports excess cholesterol from cells liver to be metabolized or produce steroid hormones _____ - carried from liver cells for storage or to produce cell membranes; excess builds in artery walls Good Cholesterol vs. Bad Cholesterol?

3.5: What Are Proteins?

A. ___________________ Structure consist of C, H, O, ____ chains of amino acids bonded by __________ bonds via dehydration synthesis B. Protein Function act as ____________ to promote rxns _________(keratin) to form hair, nails, scales & feathers

structural (silk proteins) in cocoons & webs ____________ (albumin in eggs & casein in milk) ______________protein transports oxygen _________(actin & myosin are contractile proteins)

Protein Functions some are _________________ (insulin & GH) some are_____________that fight infection few are _____ (snake venom )

Amino Acids Build Proteins

tryptophan What makes them different ? can make disulfide bonds

How Are Amino Acids Joined? ______________________ _______________ dehydration synthesis

Formation of Proteins / Polypeptides? 1a.a. + 1 a.a. + 1 a.a. + 1 a.a = = _____________________________ Dehydration synthesis

Levels of Protein Organization interactions btwn the ____ groups of A.A. cause twists, folds, and interconnections that give proteins ___structure Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure

1.Primary Structure sequence of amino acids depends on 1) _______, 2) ___________ and 3) _______________________of amino acids

2. Seconday Structure simple repeating units a)_______________ or b) _______________ maintained by ____-bonds btwn polar portion of A.A. Silk Keratin (hair) Hemoglobin subunits (blood) H-bonds

3.Tertiary Structure - 2 o structure folds on itself forming H- bonds w/ H2O & ___________________w/ cysteine A.A. include enzymes and antibodies disruption of 2 o and 3 o bonds = ________________________(loss of function)

4.Quaternary Structure when multiple proteins are linked together ____________-4 protein chains of 150 amino acids some enzymes

Tertiary structure: Folding of the helix results from hydrogen bonds with surrounding water molecules and disulfide bridges between cysteine amino acids hydrogen bond heme group Secondary structure: Usually maintained by hydrogen bonds, which shape this helix Primary structure: The sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds Quaternary structure: Individual polypeptides are linked to one another by hydrogen bonds or disulfide bridges

Protein Function Related to Structure http://on.aol.com/video/learn-about-protein-denaturation-83227098 _________________ mutation in hemoglobin egg frying denaturation in albumin perms denaturation of keratin in hair bacteria and viruses killed by denaturing their proteins

What Makes Hair Curl? Hydrogen bonds give keratin its __________, spring-like 2 O structure. when hair is stretched or wet H- bonds break & hair __________________________ bonds reform when tension releases or hair dries

What Makes Hair Curl? Keratin- lots of cysteine A. A. (form covalent disulfide bonds w/ other cysteines) ________ of cysteines (depends on genes) determines curly or straight hair Curling hair: -hair is wet (bonds break) -wrap wet hair around rollers -H-bonds form different places -rain/humidity break new bonds & goes back to straight

Case Study: Puzzling Proteins Infectious _______________ mis-folded versions of a normal protein found in body 2 O structure of normal prion is primarily helical infectious prions fold into ____________________ very stable and cant be destroyed very difficult to sterilize equipment contaminated by prions accumulate destructively in brain http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=misfolded+prions&FORM=HDRSC3#view =detail&mid=DE9021C70AF6628DB96CDE9021C70AF6628DB96C

3.6: What Are Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids?

Nucleotides A. Structure _ __________________ _ ____________________________ n itrogen-containing ________________ a denine g uanine c ytosine t hymine u racil

1.______________________________ (A, G, C, ____) 2. ________________________ (A, G, C, _____) Nucleotides: Deoxyribose and Ribose

________________________molecules subunits of polymers called nucleic acids intracellular _________________ molecules

Nucleotides Act as Energy Carriers ____ adenosine triphosphate ribose ___________________ ____ phosphate groups stores _______ in bonds btwn phosphate groups energy released when last _______________________ available energy is then used to drive other rxns (linking amino acids)

1. ________ + Energy + _____________ -----> ____ (stores energy) dehydration synthesis 2._______ ------> ADP + ___________ + _________ (releases energy) hydrolysis How is ATP made and broken down?

Nucleotides Act as Intracellular Messengers ________________ ribose nucleotide cyclic adenosine monophosphate messenger molecule in cells hormones stimulate cAMP to form within cells where it initiates biochemical reactions _________________ electron carriers transport energy in form of high- energy electrons used in ATP synthesis FAD NAD

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA the Molecules of Heredity ___________: polymers containing nulceotides (monomers) - linked together via dehydrations synthesis found in ___________________ in cells

Case Study: Puzzling Proteins ______ cells use ________ as a blueprint for making more cells; Viruses use DNA or RNA Before discovery of prions no infectious agent had been discovered that completely lacked genetic material made of nucleic acids. Scientists didnt believe proteins could reproduce themselves until repeated studies found _____ trace of genetic material in prions.

Case Study: Puzzling Proteins Stanley Prusiner discovered the prion as the culprit in scrapie, BSE, and vCJD. infectious prions get normal helical prion proteins to transform into pleated sheet of infectious form continues until enough proteins have transformed to cause disease symptoms (sometimes 10 yrs) actions taken to prevent new infections were successful no surviving vCJD victims and no new confirmed cases since mid 2012. http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=bse+adn+proteins&FORM=HDRSC3#view=detail&mid=01BFFA6720 61BDDA27DE01BFFA672061BDDA27DE

Making and Breaking Down Macromolecules Polymer or Monomer Macromolecule (Building Blocks) ______________________________________ monosaccharides ___________________________________ Lipids(triglycerides) ______________________________________ amino acids ______________________________________ Nucleic Acids ______________________________________

Dehydration Synthesis / Condensation Reaction Monomer ---------------> Polymer/ or + H 2 O Macromolecule _______________________________________ monosaccharides ____________________________________ triglycerides _______________________________________ amino acids _______________________________________ DNA or RNA _______________________________________

HYDROLYSIS POLYMER + H 2 O -----------> MONOMER ___________________________________ Polysaccharide glycerol + 3 fatty acids Polypeptide nucleotides

Study Ch. 3 Vocab notecards or Key Terms (pg. 51) Read summary of key concepts (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6)(pg 51) Read learning outcomes LO1 LO7 (pg. 51) Be able to answer all the Check Your Learning questions and check answers (pg. 932) Complete Thinking through the Concepts and Applying the Concepts Go to MasteringBiology for practice, quizzes, activities, etc.

ch. 3: biological molecules

Documents

water slide

molecule slide

hydrolysis slide

diverse slide

carbon h

h atoms

carboxyl amine phosphate

biological molecules