organic molecules biochemistry part 2. acids and bases hydroxide ion: oh⁻ hydronium ion: h₃o⁺
TRANSCRIPT
Organic molecules Biochemistry part 2
Acids and Bases
• Hydroxide Ion: OH⁻• Hydronium Ion: H₃O⁺
Acids
• Acids: the number of hydronium ions is greater than the number of hydroxide ions• Net + charge• Hydrochloric Acid• Citric acid• Stomach acid• Lemon juice
Bases
• Bases: the number of hydroxide ions is greater than the number of hydronium ions• Net negative charge• Ammonia• Baking soda• Milk of magnesia• Soap
Why are acids and bases important to living things?
• Organisms cannot live in acidic or basic environments• They need to regulate acids and bases in their bodies
Carbon Compounds• Organic Compounds: molecules that
contain carbon• Inorganic Compounds: molecules that usually do not contain carbon• organic compounds
• biological molecules• 10:44 proteins • Lipids:
Carbohydrates• Carbohydrates: organic compounds made of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen that provides energy for cells• Food examples: bread, candy, pasta, popcorn,
vegetables
Monosaccharide: one sugar• Monosaccharide: one sugar molecule = C₆H₁₂O₆• Examples: Fructose (fruit sugar), glucose, galactose
Disaccharide: 2 sugars
• Disaccharide: two monosaccharides joined together C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁• Examples: Sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk
sugar)
Polysaccharide: many sugars• Polysaccharide: complex sugar: many sugars in a
long chain• Examples: Glycogen, cellulose and starch
Proteins• Proteins: organic compounds that provide structure
and make enzymes• Meat, eggs, beans, fish, cheese
Amino Acids
• The building blocks of proteins • 20 are essential for life
Enzymes• Enzymes: proteins that act as biological catalysts• Catalysts: substances that speed up chemical
reactions• Enzymes only work in normal living conditions
Enzymesenzymes2
Lipids • Lipids: hydrophobic organic compounds that store
energy and build cell membranes• Oil, butter, cream, cheese
Fatty Acids• Fatty Acids: long hydro-carbon chains that can be
saturated with hydrogen atoms or not saturated with hydrogen atoms
Fatty Acids Cont…• Saturated: straight hydrocarbon chains usually found
in solid form • butter, cheese, meat, eggs, milk, coconut oil
Fatty Acids Cont…• Unsaturated: bent hydrocarbon chains usually found
in liquid form• oils, olives, avocados, fish oil
Lipids• Triglycerides (FATS): 3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol• Food Examples: Butter, meat, cheese, oil
Phospholipids• Phospholipids: two fatty acids attached to a glycerol• Makes up cell membranes
Waxes • Waxes: long fatty acid chain that protect and provide
structure• Examples: Plant leaves, ear wax
Steroids• Steroids: lipids that make up hormones and
cholesterol that helps in nerve function• obesity•
Nucleic Acids• Nucleic Acids: organic molecules that store and
transfer information in cells• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): stores information• Ribonucleic acid (RNA): transfers information from
DNA to the cell• Nucleotide: building blocks of DNA