Download - Organic molecules Biochemistry part 2. Acids and Bases Hydroxide Ion: OH⁻ Hydronium Ion: H₃O⁺
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Organic molecules Biochemistry part 2
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Acids and Bases
• Hydroxide Ion: OH⁻• Hydronium Ion: H₃O⁺
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Acids
• Acids: the number of hydronium ions is greater than the number of hydroxide ions• Net + charge• Hydrochloric Acid• Citric acid• Stomach acid• Lemon juice
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Bases
• Bases: the number of hydroxide ions is greater than the number of hydronium ions• Net negative charge• Ammonia• Baking soda• Milk of magnesia• Soap
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Why are acids and bases important to living things?
• Organisms cannot live in acidic or basic environments• They need to regulate acids and bases in their bodies
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Carbon Compounds• Organic Compounds: molecules that
contain carbon• Inorganic Compounds: molecules that usually do not contain carbon• organic compounds
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• biological molecules• 10:44 proteins • Lipids:
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Carbohydrates• Carbohydrates: organic compounds made of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen that provides energy for cells• Food examples: bread, candy, pasta, popcorn,
vegetables
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Monosaccharide: one sugar• Monosaccharide: one sugar molecule = C₆H₁₂O₆• Examples: Fructose (fruit sugar), glucose, galactose
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Disaccharide: 2 sugars
• Disaccharide: two monosaccharides joined together C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁• Examples: Sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk
sugar)
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Polysaccharide: many sugars• Polysaccharide: complex sugar: many sugars in a
long chain• Examples: Glycogen, cellulose and starch
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Proteins• Proteins: organic compounds that provide structure
and make enzymes• Meat, eggs, beans, fish, cheese
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Amino Acids
• The building blocks of proteins • 20 are essential for life
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Enzymes• Enzymes: proteins that act as biological catalysts• Catalysts: substances that speed up chemical
reactions• Enzymes only work in normal living conditions
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Enzymesenzymes2
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Lipids • Lipids: hydrophobic organic compounds that store
energy and build cell membranes• Oil, butter, cream, cheese
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Fatty Acids• Fatty Acids: long hydro-carbon chains that can be
saturated with hydrogen atoms or not saturated with hydrogen atoms
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Fatty Acids Cont…• Saturated: straight hydrocarbon chains usually found
in solid form • butter, cheese, meat, eggs, milk, coconut oil
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Fatty Acids Cont…• Unsaturated: bent hydrocarbon chains usually found
in liquid form• oils, olives, avocados, fish oil
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Lipids• Triglycerides (FATS): 3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol• Food Examples: Butter, meat, cheese, oil
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Phospholipids• Phospholipids: two fatty acids attached to a glycerol• Makes up cell membranes
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Waxes • Waxes: long fatty acid chain that protect and provide
structure• Examples: Plant leaves, ear wax
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Steroids• Steroids: lipids that make up hormones and
cholesterol that helps in nerve function• obesity•
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Nucleic Acids• Nucleic Acids: organic molecules that store and
transfer information in cells• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): stores information• Ribonucleic acid (RNA): transfers information from
DNA to the cell• Nucleotide: building blocks of DNA
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