organic compounds the big four before we talk about the “big 4”, let’s define a few terms…...
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Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
The BIG FourThe BIG Four
Before we talk about the Before we talk about the “Big 4”, let’s define a few “Big 4”, let’s define a few
terms… terms… MacroMacroPolymerPolymerMonomerMonomer
What do these words mean?
So What Is A Macromolecule? A BIG molecule!
What does What does “Mono” “Mono” mean?mean?
Polygons(many sides)
Polygamy(many wives)
Next Word…POLYMER
Polymers & Polymers & MonomersMonomers
Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and
monomers are….
EXAMPLE of EXAMPLE of POLYMERPOLYMER
MONOMERMONOMER
A TRAINA TRAIN ??
A PEARL A PEARL NECKLACENECKLACE
??
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?that make up the necklace?
A A PolymerPolymer
Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and
monomers are….EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER
A TRAIN THE CARS
A PEARL NECKLACE EACH PEARL
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?that make up the necklace?
There are FOUR important biochemical molecules
When studying these When studying these biochemical molecules, biochemical molecules,
we are interested in we are interested in finding out…..finding out…..
what they do for living things.what they do for living things. what they generally look like.what they generally look like. what their monomers are.what their monomers are. and how they may help the body and how they may help the body
gaingainenergy to sustain life. energy to sustain life.
CARBOHYDRATECARBOHYDRATESS
CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES
They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel!
They function in short-term energy storage for animals and plants
•In plant In plant foods - in the foods - in the cell walls of cell walls of plants - plants - fruits, fruits, vegetablesvegetables
•In animal In animal products - in products - in milkmilk
CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES
Cookies, candy, fruits, sugar, breads, potatoes, vegetables
CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES
Each carbohydrate is made up Each carbohydrate is made up of…of…
THINK: “CHO”THINK: “CHO”
CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are chains Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of (polymers) made of
monomers. The most common monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates monomer of carbohydrates
is…is…
Glucose is called a Glucose is called a monosaccharidemonosaccharide
LIPIDSLIPIDS
LIPIDSLIPIDS
Source of STORED ENERGY
INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature
CUSHION the internal organs for protection.
Produce hormones for the body called STERIODS
Waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes! (Yes, beeswax and your earwax too!)
LIPIDSLIPIDS
•In plants- in the seedsIn plants- in the seeds
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•In animals- in adipose In animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissuetissue, connective tissue
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•Lipids make up the cell Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells. membrane of all cells.
Oils, butter, margarine
LIPIDSLIPIDS
Each lipid is made up of…Each lipid is made up of…
THINK: “CHO”THINK: “CHO”
LIPIDSLIPIDS
Lipids are chains (polymers) Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most made of monomers. The most
common monomer of lipids common monomer of lipids is…is…
Lipids are shaped like the Lipids are shaped like the letter “E”letter “E”
PROTEINSPROTEINS
PROTEINSPROTEINS
Major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair: muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails
Present in all cell membranes
Make antibodies in the immune system
Make enzymes for helping chemical reactions
Make non-steroid hormones (ex: insulin that breaks down sugar in your bloodstream)
Make hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in your blood
PROTEINSPROTEINS
•In plant foods - In plant foods - in the cell in the cell membranes membranes
•In animal In animal products - in products - in the cell the cell membranes- in membranes- in the muscles of the muscles of living things- living things- cows, chicken, cows, chicken, fish…fish…
Eggs, fish, chicken, meats, milk, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains
PROTEINSPROTEINS
Each protein is made up of…Each protein is made up of…
THINK: “CHONS”THINK: “CHONS”
PROTEINSPROTEINS
Proteins are made of long Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are monomers. All proteins are
made of the monomer…made of the monomer…
The shapes of proteins are like a The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of stringballed up piece of string
Amino Acid chain
All wound up
How the amino acid folds and its How the amino acid folds and its resulting shape determine the specific resulting shape determine the specific
function of the proteinfunction of the protein
Enzymes…a special protein Enzymes…a special protein exampleexample
Enzymes speed up chemical Enzymes speed up chemical reactions (catalysts)reactions (catalysts)
They are required for all biochemical They are required for all biochemical reactionsreactions
Stay tuned…We will learn more Stay tuned…We will learn more about enzymes later in this week!about enzymes later in this week!
NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCELIC ACIDSNUCELIC ACIDS
DNADNA Is our genetic material. Is our genetic material.
Chromosomes are made of DNA.Chromosomes are made of DNA. Chromosomes contain the Chromosomes contain the
“recipes” to make proteins for “recipes” to make proteins for your body.your body.
RNARNA Reads the DNA “protein Reads the DNA “protein
recipes” and recipes” and makesmakes the proteins the proteins for your body.for your body.
““DNA” is short for DNA” is short for DDeoxyriboeoxyriboNNucleic ucleic AAcidcid
Now you know why they just call it DNA! Now you know why they just call it DNA!
Another common type is Another common type is RNA (RiboRNA (RiboNucleic AcidNucleic Acid))
You may have heard of…You may have heard of…
NUCELIC ACIDSNUCELIC ACIDS
•In every living cell, often in In every living cell, often in the nucleusthe nucleus
NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS
Each nucleic acid is made up Each nucleic acid is made up of…of…
THINK: “CHONP”THINK: “CHONP”
NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic Acids are chains Nucleic Acids are chains (polymers) made of (polymers) made of
monomers. Nucleic acids are monomers. Nucleic acids are made up of made up of
Something we will learn more Something we will learn more about when we study DNAabout when we study DNA
In interesting point…In interesting point…three out of the 4 types three out of the 4 types
of biochemical of biochemical macromolecules macromolecules
can be found on food can be found on food nutrition labels…nutrition labels…
Look at the label to Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 the left. 3 of the 4
macromolecules can macromolecules can be found in foods. be found in foods. The 3 biochemical The 3 biochemical moleculesmolecules
found on a nutrition label found on a nutrition label are:are:1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
(13 grams in this product)
(9 grams in this product)
ResourcesResources
www.bio.kimunity.comwww.bio.kimunity.com www.slideshare.net/guest13161d/big-4-www.slideshare.net/guest13161d/big-4-
macromoleculesmacromolecules Repacholi, Stephen. Repacholi, Stephen.
www.slideshare.net/chalkie28/biological-www.slideshare.net/chalkie28/biological-moleculesmolecules
Mr. J. Willis, science teacher, Hibriten High Mr. J. Willis, science teacher, Hibriten High SchoolSchool
Miller, Ken and Joe Levine. Miller, Ken and Joe Levine. Prentice hall Prentice hall BiologyBiology. Pearson Education Inc. New Jersey, . Pearson Education Inc. New Jersey, 2005.2005.