organic chemistry week 2

8/20/2019 Organic Chemistry Week 2

1/18

Dr Jega

03-7967 7691

[email protected]

Organic Chemi!ry""#"$1136

%ee& 227!h 'e( 2014


2/18

Cla O)er)ie*

+nder!and !he rela!i,nhi (e!*een !ruc!ureand r,er!ie in ,rganic c,m,und

e*i ar,ach !, m,lecular !ruc!ure (,nding

/ec,gnie !a(le !ruc!ural a!!ern

(le !, c,mmunica!e !he !ruc!uralin,rma!i,n-jarg,n

id-(ae chemi!ry r,m a !ruc!uralerec!i)e


3/18

!ruc!ure De!ermine r,er!y

r,er!ie

!,mc,n!ained

in i!

5he *ay!hey are

c,nnec!ed


4/18


5/18


6/18

Atomic Structure

The atomic theory states that elements are made of tiny particles

called atoms.

The name of an atom is represented by its atomic symbol.

Hydrogen = H Sodium = Na Chlorine = Cl

Atoms are composed of three smaller particles.

Protons, which hae a positie charge and great mass. Thenumber of protons determines what element it is.

Neutrons, which hae no electrical charge but great mass.

An atom!s protons and neutrons will be found in its nucleus.

"lectrons, which hae a negatie charge and e#tremely small

massThe mass of an atom $atomic mass% is calculated by adding the

number of protons and neutrons. The mass of electrons is so small

that they aren!t included.


7/18

!,mic um(er#ach elemen! i charac!eried (y a uniue

a!,mic num(er 8 *hich i eual !, !henum(er , r,!,n in i! nucleu

neu!ral a!,m ha eual num(er ,

r,!,n and elec!r,n


8/18


9/18


10/18

+e , /adi,ac!i)e ,!,e

/adi,ac!i)e i,!,e can (e ued a!racer !, ,ll,* !he m,)emen! ,!ha! elemen!.

/adi,ac!i)e i,!,e can (e ued !,!erilie medical and den!al

in!rumen!.

/adi,ac!i)e i,!,e can al, (eued !, &ill cancer cell.


11/18

#lec!r,n

& Ae!*een 1=97 !, 1924$ elec!r,n *ere(elie)ed !, (e ar!icle

& ',und !, ha)e *a)e li&e energy

& %a)e unc!i,n :B.; i

"lectrons encircle the nucleus of an atom at specific energy leels called

electron shells.

The innermost shell can hold a ma#imum of ' electrons, the ne#t seeral

shells are considered stable when they hae ( electrons.

)n atoms with two or more shells, the outer shell follows the octet rule $(

electrons%

The number of electrons in the outer shell $alence shell% determine the

chemical reactiity of atoms.

Atoms are only *happy* if they hae a full outer electron shell and they will try

to gain or lose electrons in order to hae a full outer shell.

rrangemen! , elec!r,n inan a!,m


12/18


13/18

Or(i!al

%a)e unc!i,n ,r(i!al%e can! !ell *here exac!ly an elec!r,n i

(u! *e can !ell *here i! i m,! li&ely !, (e


14/18

Decri(ed (y ie hae and direc!i,nalr,er!ie

herically ymme!rical i s ,r(i!al

rincial uan!um num(er n recede !he,r(i!al EeciFe !he hell and i rela!ed !,!he energy , !he ,r(i!al

n elec!r,n in 1 ,r(i!al i li&ely !, (e ,und

cl,er !, nucleu l,*er in energy and im,re !r,ngly held !han an elec!r,n in a 2,r(i!al.

Only !*, elec!r,n can ,ccuy ,ne ,r(i!al

5ha! !,, ,nly *hen !hey ha)e ,,i!e


15/18

1 2 2x 2y 2 3 3x 3y 3

5he p-,r(i!al are called dum((ell-hae#ach ,r(i!al c,ni! , 2 l,(e


16/18

Ialence elec!r,n E ,u!erm,! elec!r,nm,! li&ely !, (e in),l)ed in chemical(,nding and reac!i,n

',ur ,r(i!al ,r r,* 2 ,n*ard gi)ing a

max , = elec!r,n ,n )alence hell

5hee ,rm !he eri,d in !he eri,dic !a(le

igh! exercie


17/18

What is electricity?

Electricity is a form of energy that startswith atoms. You can't see atoms becausethey're too small, but they make upeverything around us. There are three

parts to an atom: protons, neutrons andelectrons. Electricity is created whenelectrons move from atom to atom. Thereare a number of ways to make electrons

move, but most electricity is produced atpower plants.

,urce$ h!!$***.yu&,nenergy.cain-y,ur-c,mmuni!yeduca!i,nh,*-elec!rici! -i- r,duced


18/18

How fast isan electron&

electricity

organic chemistry week 2

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