organic chemistry chapter 22.2-22.3. part 1: alkane, alkene, and alkyne part 2: isomers
TRANSCRIPT
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ORGANIC C
HEMISTR
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Part 1: Alkane, Alkene, and Alkyne
Part 2: Isomers
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REVIEW
What is an alkane?
The most basic hydrocarbons containing all single bonds.
What are some examples?
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SATURATED VS UNSATURATED
Organic compounds that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom are called saturated compounds.
Organic compounds that contain double or triple carbon-carbon bonds are called unsaturated compounds.
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ALKENES AND ALKYNES
1) Alkane: All carbon-carbon bonds are single covalent bonds. (Saturated Compounds)
2) Alkene: At least one carbon-carbon bond in an alkene is a double covalent bond. (Unsaturated Compounds)
3) Alkyne: At least one carbon-carbon bond in an alkyne is a triple covalent bond. (Unsaturated Compounds)
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EXAMPLES OF ALKENES
Compare to Alkane derivative
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EXAMPLE OF ALKYNES
If you see at least triple bond like the one above in the hydrocarbon, it is an alkyne.
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NAME CHANGES…
What is the alkane, alkene, and alkyne versions of a hydrocarbon containing 4 carbons?
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PART 2: ISOMERS
The retinal molecule in the rod and cone cells of your eye has a hydrocarbon skeleton. When light strikes a cell containing retinal, it causes a change in the three-dimensional structure of the retinal molecule. The structures before and after the light strikes are examples of isomers. You will study different types of isomers.
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ISOMER? WHAT IS IT?
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different molecular structures are called isomers.
Two types of isomers:
1) Structural Isomers
2) Stereoisomers
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ISOMER 1: STRUCTURAL ISOMERS
Structural isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula, but the atoms are joined together in a different order.
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Both butane and 2-methylpropane have the molecular formula C4H10. The atoms in their molecules are arranged in a different order, so they are structural isomers.
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ISOMER 2: STEREOISOMERS
Stereoisomers are molecules in which the atoms are joined in the same order, but the positions of the atoms in space are different.
Two types of stereoisomers:
1) Geometric Isomers
2) Optical Isomers:
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GEOMETRIC ISOMER:
Geometric isomers have atoms joined in the same order, but differ in the orientation of groups around a double bond.
Trans: alkyl groups on opposite sides with double bond between
Cis: alkyl groups on same side with double bond between.
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PRACTICE:
Which is the the trans and cis configuration for butene….
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OPTICAL ISOMER:
Pairs of molecules that differ only in the way that four different groups are arranged around a central carbon atom are called optical isomers.
They are “mirror’ images of each other that cannot be superimposed.
These carbons are assymetric carbons: Have four DIFFERENT groups bonded to the carbon.
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CHALLENGE
What are some objects that CAN be superimposed after being reflected in a mirror?
These examples would NOT be optical isomers.
Now superimpose CH3CH2CH3
What are some objects that CANNOT be superimposed after being reflected in a mirror?
These examples would be optical isomers.
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