RESULTSTESTETHANEETHENEETYNE

Set 1ATube left in the darknessNo reaction produced. Bromine orange colours still stay the same.Bubble is produced. Bromine orange colours turn colourless. Ethene reacts with bromine to produce saturated dibromoethane.Bubble is produced. Bromine orange colours turn colourless. Ethyne react with bromine to produce saturated dibromoethene

SET 1BTubes left in bright lightsBromine orange colours turn colourless. The ethane reacted with bromine when the light was present.Bromine orange colours turn colourless. Ethene reacts with bromine to produce saturated dibromoethane.Bromine orange colours turn colourless. Ethyne react with bromine to produce saturated tribromoethyne

SET 1A and 1BBlowing across the mouth of each test tubesBoth solutions turn into water droplets. It is because of the presence of HBr.No reaction occurs. It is because there is absent of HBr.No reaction occurs. HBr does not present.

SET 2A2ml of 0.3% potassium permanganate solutionPurple coloured potassium permanganate solution turns into light purple because it is saturated hydrocarbon.Purple coloured potassium permanganate solution turns into brown coloured precipitate. It is because of MnO2 formed The appearance of the brown precipitate indicates a positive test for unsaturationPurple coloured potassium permanganate solution turns into brown coloured precipitate. Mn02 is formed. The appearance of the brown precipitate indicates a positive test for unsaturation

SET 2B1ml alkaline potassium permanganatePurple coloured potassium permanganate solution turns into light purple because it is unsaturated hydrocarbon.Purple coloured alkaline potassium permanganate turn into dark brown precipitate. There is presence of MnO2.Purple coloured alkaline potassium permanganate turn into dark brown precipitate. MnO2 is presence.

SET 2C2ml Acidified potassium permanganate solutionPurple coloured potassium permanganate solution turns into light purple because it is saturated hydrocarbon.Light brownish solution was produced.Solution changed from purple turns to light purple.

DISCUSSIONSThe purpose of the experiment Synthesis and Characterization of Alkane, Alkene and Alkyne is to synthesis ethane, ethene and ethyne. Besides that, the experiment is also to characterize the prepare ethane, ethene and ethyne. The brief theory used in the experiment is Hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbon based on the notes in Organic Chemistry Subject Lecture Notes, it is the simplest organic compounds. It contains only carbon and hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are separated into three classifications which are Aliphatic, Aromatic and Alicyclic. For this experiment, the classification involved is Aliphatic which is Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes. Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which all of the bonds are single bonds. While alkenes are the hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond. Alkynes are the hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon triple bond. This experiment first began with the preparation of ethane by reduction of chloroform. It involved the zinc solid, ethanol solution, distilled water, chloroform and 10% of copper sulphate. Then the experiment continues with the preparation of ethene which involved the rocksil wool, ethanol, aluminium oxide and 5 test tube of ethene gas was collected. Then the preparation ethyne was continued with the involvement with the calcium carbide and water. The characterization test was divided into 5 parts which are set 1A that involved the tube to leave in the dark; set 1B was put in the presence of light, set 1A and 1B which involved the bromine in carbon tetrachloride and it air was blow at the test tube. Then the set 2A was set up to test with potassium permanganate solution, set 2B with alkaline potassium permanganate and set 2C with acidified potassium permanganate solution. Based on the observation of test recorded, for the set 1A for ethene and ethyne, the bubble was produced. Bromine orange colours turn colourless. It was because ethene and ethyne react with bromine to produce saturated dibromoalkanes. When an alkene is reacted with bromine, the orange colour of the bromine is immediately lost due to the reaction of the bromine. While for ethane, there was no reaction occurred as bromine does not react with an alkane because the alkane contains only single C-C bonds which cannot add the bromine. The bromine orange colour still remains unchanged. Meanwhile for the set 1B, the alkane manages to react with the bromine which it turns colourless due to the presence of sunlight that acting as catalyst. Both of alkene and alkyne also reacted with the bromine as it turns colourless because it was reacted and saturated dibromoalkanes was produced. For set 1A and Set 1B, the both alkane solutions turn into water droplets. It is because of the presence of HBr. But then alkene and alkyne solution does not change as there was absence of Bromide Acid (HBr). For the set 2A, for ethane gas, purple coloured potassium permanganate solution does not change because ethane is saturated hydrocarbon. There are no reactions occur. Meanwhile, both ethene and ethyne observation purple coloured potassium permanganate solution turns into brown coloured precipitate. It is because MnO2 formed as the appearance of the brown precipitate indicates a positive test for unsaturation. For the set 2B, which is ethane gas, purple coloured potassium permanganate solution does not change. There is no reaction occur. For ethene and ethyne, purple coloured, alkaline potassium permanganate turns into dark brown precipitate. There is presence of MnO2. For set 2C, ethane gas in purple coloured potassium permanganate solution does not change. There is no reaction occur. For ethene, light brownish solution was produced and for ethyne, solution changed from purple turns to light purple.Through the results obtained, it can conclude that the reaction with bromine, each of hydrocarbon will reacted with a bromine solution. But then, bromine only reacts with ethene and ethyne by addition across the bond. Disappearance of the orange bromine colour indicates that it has reacted with a double or triple bond of a hydrocarbon. Bromine will only react with carbon single bonds in ethane by replacing a H with Br by substitution, however, the reaction only reacted when the presence of light to act as a catalyst.

Meanwhile for each hydrocarbon which reacted with potassium permanganate solution is called as Baeyer Test. This test only reacted on ethene and ethyne because the bonds are oxidized to form alcohols or glycerol. The reaction occurs was shown by rapid disappearance of purple potassium permanganate solution and alkaline potassium permanganate that turns into dark brown precipitate because the presence of MnO2.Dark Brown PrecipitatePurple

For the test with acidified potassium permanganate solution, ethane does not react with the solution and the other both ethene and ethyne did change to light brownish and light purple. It is because acidic MnO4-is oxidized ethyne further. It should be decolourise but then it does not reacted completely.From the observation and discussion of the results, the objectives of this experiment have been achieved based on theory. In addition to that, the experience gained from the experiment will definitely proof beneficial in the future as it will be frequently used in chemical engineering technologist.

CONCLUSIONThe purpose of the experiment Synthesis and Characterization of Alkane, Alkene and Alkyne is to synthesis ethane, ethene and ethyne. Besides that, the experiment is also to characterize the prepare ethane, ethene and ethyne. Through this experiment, we can conclude that the reaction with bromine, each of hydrocarbon will reacted with a bromine solution. Alkane will only reacted when there are presence of light meanwhile alkene and alkyne can reacted in both presence and absence of light. Meanwhile when each hydrocarbon which reacted with potassium permanganate solution. This test only reacted on ethene and ethyne because the bonds are oxidized to form alcohols or glycerol. The reaction occurs was shown by rapid disappearance of purple potassium permanganate solution and alkaline potassium permanganate that turns into dark brown precipitate because the presence of MnO2. For the test with acidified potassium permanganate solution, ethane does not react with the solution and the other both ethene and ethyne did change to light brownish and light purple. It is because the ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon meanwhile ethene and ethyne was oxidised by acidified potassium permanganate. There are few possible errors that can occur from the experiment. Firstly, the gas collected in the test tube can expelled to the air. Besides that, the water from the basin when collecting the gas can enter into the test tube and mixed with the gas collected. Then, the parallax errors can occur during the measurement and calibration of the chemicals used in the experiment. The test tube could also explode when the water was sucked into the delivery tube and mixed with the ethyne gas. After the observation and the discussion, the purpose of the experiment has achieved based on the theory Hydrocarbon.

RECOMMENDATIONIn order to avoid the possible errors, there are a few recommendation that should be taken when the process of this experiment. Firstly, the rubber stopper should be fit maximum so that the gas does not mix and expelled to the air. Besides that, the collecting of gas should be carried out in the water and it should be done quickly so that the water does not mix with the gas. Other than that, the eyes should be perpendicular to the measurement and calibration of measuring cylinder so that parallax errors could be avoided. Then, the water level in the delivery tube should be observed so that it would not mix with ethyne gas otherwise explosion will happen. Most importantly in the experiment, the laboratory manual should be read and understand beforehand to grab a brief idea on the experiment so that no time will be wasted during the experimentation process.

SUMMARYThe purpose of the experiment Synthesis and Characterization of Alkane, Alkene and Alkyne is to synthesis ethane, ethene and ethyne. Besides that, the experiment is also to characterize the prepare ethane, ethene and ethyne. Hydrocarbon is the simplest organic compounds. It contains only carbon and hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are separated into three classifications which are Aliphatic, Aromatic and Alicyclic. For this experiment, the classification involved is Aliphatic which is Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes. Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which all of the bonds are single bonds. While alkenes are the hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond. Alkynes are the hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon triple bond. The experiment started with the preparation and collection of ethane, ethene and ethyne gas. Then it was divided into 5 parts to test the characterization of the aliphatic hydrocarbon. From the observation recorded, it can conclude that the reaction with bromine, each of hydrocarbon will reacted with a bromine solution. Alkane will only reacted when there are presence of light meanwhile alkene and alkyne can reacted in both presence and absence of light. Meanwhile when each hydrocarbon which reacted with potassium permanganate solution. This test only reacted on ethene and ethyne because the bonds are oxidized to form alcohols or glycerol. The reaction occurs was shown by rapid disappearance of purple potassium permanganate solution and alkaline potassium permanganate that turns into dark brown precipitate because the presence of MnO2. For the test with acidified potassium permanganate solution, ethane does not react with the solution and the other both ethene and ethyne did change to light brownish and light purple. It is because the ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon while ethene and ethyne is unsaturated carbon which is oxidised when reacted with acidified potassium permanganate. There are several possible errors and a few recommendations to avoid it. Firstly, the rubber stopper should be fit maximum so that the gas does not mix and expelled to the air. Besides that, the collecting of gas should be carried out in the water and it should be done quickly so that the water does not mix with the gas. Other than that, the eyes should be perpendicular to the measurement and calibration of measuring cylinder so that parallax errors could be avoided. Then, the water level in the delivery tube should be observed so that it would not mix with ethyne gas otherwise explosion will happen.

INTRODUCTIONThe main objective of the experiment Synthesis and Characterization of Alkane, Alkene and Alkyne is to synthesis ethane, ethene and ethyne. Besides that, the experiment is also to characterize the prepare ethane, ethene and ethyne. Hydrocarbons are the compounds containing only the hydrogen and the carbon elements. The vast number of hydrocarbons is indicative of the number of different ways the carbons skeleton can be arranged. The major uses of hydrocarbons are as fuels and solvents. The bonding patterns vary with each hydrocarbon family. Because of the number and variety of hydrocarbons that can exist, means the classification of each type of hydrocarbon is necessary. One means of classification depends on the way in which carbon atoms are connected. Chain aliphatic hydrocarbons are compounds consisting of carbons linked either in a single chain or in branched chain. Alicyclic and Aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbon compounds that have carbon atoms linked in a closed polygon or benzene ring. Another means of classification depends on the type of bonding that exists between carbons. Based on Organic Chemistry Lecture Notes, hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-to-carbon single bonds are called alkanes. These are also referred as saturated molecules. Hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond are called alkenes, and compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon triple bond are called alkynes. These compounds are referred to as unsaturated molecules. In general, hydrocarbons do not mix with the polar solvent water. On the other hand, hydrocarbons mix with relatively nonpolar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), or dichloromethane. Because the density of most hydrocarbons is less than that of water, they will float. The chemical reactivity of hydrocarbons is determined by the type of bond in the compound. Example Reactions are1. Combustion. 2. Reaction with Bromine. Unsaturated hydrocarbons react rapidly with bromine in a solution of carbon tetrachloride or cyclohexane. 3. Reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid. 4. Baeyers Test: Reaction with Aqueous Potassium Permanganate. Potassium Permanganate is an oxidizing agent that reacts with unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons but does not react with alkanes or aromatic hydrocarbons. MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES Chemicals

10gZinc dust

60mlethanol

5 mlchloroform

1 ml10% copper sulphate solution

1 g Aluminium oxide

3Small pieces of calcium dicarbide

6 mlTetrachloride

12ml0.3% solution of potassium permanganate

1 mlAcidified potassium permanganate

6 mlAlkaline potassium permanganate

Rocksil wool

PROCEDURES Preparation of Ethane by reduction of chloroform1. 10g of zinc dust were added into a 50ml bottomed flask mounted in a ring stand.2. 10ml of ethanol and 10ml of water were added.3. Flask, rubber stopper and delivery tube were fitted to collect the gas over water (see Figure 1.1)4. 5ml of chloroform and 1ml of 10% copper sulphate solution were added to the mixture. 5. 5 test tubes of ethane were collected after the air in the flask has been displaced by keeping the bottles inverted over water.

Figure 1.1 Apparatus for the Synthesis of Methane by the Reduction of Chloroform Preparation of Ethene1. Rocksil wool was placed at the bottom of the test tube. 8-10 drops of ethanol were added until the Rocksil has been soaked up with ethanol.2. 1g of aluminium oxide was placed about halfway along the tube.3. Cork and delivery tubes were fitted to the test tube to heat the aluminium oxide with a gentle flame.4. 5 test tubes of ethene were collected by displacement of water.

Figure 1.2: Apparatus for the Synthesis of Ethene

Preparation of Ethyne1. 2 or 3 small pieces of calcium dicarbide were placed in a test tube and the apparatus were arranged for collection of ethyne.2. 2 or 3 drops of water were added at a time.3. 5 test tubes of ethyne were collected by displacement of water

Figure 1.3 Apparatus for the Synthesis of Ethyne Characterization Tests for Ethane, Ethene and Ethyne1. Five sets of tubes were prepared, each set consist of 3 test tubes containing ethane, ethene, and ethyne2. To set 1A and 1B, 1 ml of a 4% solution of bromine were added in carbon tetrachloride. All the test tube was fitted by stopper. One set of tubes (set 1A) containing methane, ethene and ethyne were placed in drawer for 15 minutes. The other set (set 1B) was left in bright light (preferably sunlight). The results were observed after 15 minutes. The stopper was opened, a student was asked to blow across the tube. Differences were noted and recorded.3. To set 2A, 2ml of a 0.3% solution of potassium permanganate were swirled in test tubes containing methane, ethene and ethyne. Observations were recorded.4. To set 2B, the tubes containing methane, ethene and ethyne were shaking with alkaline potassium permanganate solution (made by dissolving about 0.1 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate in 1 cm3 of 1 % potassium permanganate solution). Observations were recorded.5. Set 2C, 1 cm3 of acidified potassium permanganate were added about (by adding 1 cm3 of sulphuric acid to 0.5 ml of 1% potassium permanganate solution). Observations were recorded.

POST LABORATORY QUESTIONS1. What do 'saturated' and 'unsaturated' mean when applied to hydrocarbons? Give examples of a saturated hydrocarbon and an unsaturated hydrocarbon.[5 marks]

Saturated hydrocarbon is a carbon compound that contains single bond and they are bonded with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms which is four and it is called alkanes. Meanwhile unsaturated hydrocarbon is a carbon compound that contains double or triple bond. Unsaturated hydrocarbon is called alkenes, alkynes, aromatic and alicyclic which are in form of polygons. They are also having less hydrogen atoms than alkane. An example of alkane is glucose meanwhile examples of alkene is ethene.

2. Give Five (5) sources of methane. [5 marks] Agriculture (animal waste management) Coal miningaccounts Landfillsaccount. Natural gas and oil systems. Wastewater

3. Describe reactions that are characteristics of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes[5 marks]Characteristic reactions of alkanes are "substitution reactions" meanwhile characteristic reactions of alkenes are addition reaction. The characteristic reaction of alkynes is addition reactions.

4. Write a balanced equation for the reaction which methane was obtained by the reduction of chloroform. [5 marks]CH3Cl+ H2 CH4+ HClChloroform reacted with hydrogen gas to produce methane and hydrochloric acid5. Provide 2 other methods of collecting gas that can be used in this experiment. [5marks]

Collection by downward delivery

This method is used for gases which aresolublein waterbutmore dense than air

Collection by upward delivery

This method is used for gases which aresoluble in waterbutlessdense than air

REFERENCES

Chemistry Eleventh Edition by Raymond Chang and Kenneth A. Goldsby Organic Chemistry Lecture Notes http://www.whatsyourimpact.org/methane-sources.php http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1organic/reaction.html Hydrocarbons : http://www.citycollegiate.com/organic8.htm

OBJECIVESThe objectives of the experiment Synthesis and Characterization of Alkane, Alkene and Alkyne are; To synthesis ethane, ethene and ethyne. To characterize the prepare ethane, ethene and ethyne. To study more on types of hydrocarbons To study the reaction between potassium permanganate with the hydrocarbons To study the reaction between bromine water and hydrocarbons