Organic Chemistry and Polymers Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a2 Computer model of a globular protein Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a3 Figure 22.1: C-H bonds in methane Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a4 Figure 22.2: (a) Lewis stucture of ethane (C2H6). (b) molecular structure of ethane Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a5 Figure 22.3: Structures of (a) propane (b) butane Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a6 Figure 22.4: (a) normal butane (b) branched isomer Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a7 Pentane Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a8 Isopentane Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a9 Neopentane Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a10 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a11 Figure 22.5: (a) molecular structure of cyclopropane (b) overlap of sp 3 orbitals Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a12 Figure 22.6: (a) chair (b) boat forms Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a13 Fractional Distillation Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a14 Petroleum Fractional Distillation Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a15 p.547a Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a16 Octane Number rating of gasolines ability to smoothly burn in an inertnal combustion engine Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a17 Combustion of Gasoline Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Internal Combustion Engine C 9 H 20(l) + 14O 2(g) 9CO 2(g) + 10H 2 O (g) CH 3 CH 3 | | CH 3 - C - CH 2 - CH - CH 3 | CH 3 isooctane Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a19 Table 12-1, p.547 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a20 Octane Enhancers tetraethyl lead - (C 2 H 5 ) 4 Pb - antiknock additive to gasoline from , ~3g of lead per gallon of gasoline ethyl bromide was added to help precipitate lead from the air replaced by toluene, tert-butyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol, etc. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a21 Figure 22.8: Bonding in ethane Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a22 Average Emissions per Vehicles Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a23 Natural Gas & Oil Production Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Coal most coal is burned to produce electricity over 300 million tons of coal per year all coal contains some sulfur burning coal produces SO 2 and SO 3 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a25 Figure 22.7: Bonding in ethylene Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a26 Figure 22.9: The two stereoisomers of 2-butene Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a27 Figure 22.10: Bonding in acetylene Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a28 p.548 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a29 Fig. 12-3, p.548 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a30 Figure 22.11: The structure of benzene Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a31 Figure 22.12: Some selected substituted benzenes and their names Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a32 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a33 Compounds containing aromatic rings are often used in dyes, such as these for sale in a market in Nepal Source: Getty Images Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a34 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a35 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a36 Average Emissions per Vehicles Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a37 Natural Gas & Oil Production Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Coal most coal is burned to produce electricity over 300 million tons of coal per year all coal contains some sulfur burning coal produces SO 2 and SO 3 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a39 Blood Alcohol Level Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a40 Alcohols and Water alcohols are monosubstituted water, ROH, hydrocarbon radical, R, substituted for one of the hydrogen atoms in water, HOH alcohols form hydrogen bonds to other alcohol molecules, increasing boiling point, and to water, making them very soluble in water Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a41 Classes of Alcohols Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a42 Oxidation of Alcohols primary alcohol aldehyde carboxylic acids RCH 2 OH RCHO RCOOH secondary alcohols ketones RCHOHR RC=OR tertiary alcohols No Reaction Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a43 Large Molecules Containing Alcohol Groups Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a44 More Large Molecules Containing Alcohol Groups Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a45 Ethanol is being tested in selected areas as a fuel for automobiles Source: AP/Wide World Photos Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a46 Cinnamaldehyde produces the characteristic odor of cinnamon Source: Visuals Unlimited Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a47 Figure 22.13: Some common ketones and akdehydes Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a48 Figure 22.14: Some carboxylic acids Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a49 Computer-generated space-filling model of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) Source: Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22a50