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E|dc|koh ^ejkbkcr L`rcd eo Koge|a`tkeo Rm`|koh te Aktkh`tc tmc Rcwc|kt{ eg

Rs~~j{ Bm`ko Dkr|s~tkeo

G|`obcrbe Bert`otkoe* Hksjke Dk H|`wke* @macd Rm`l`o

Dc~`|tacot eg Acbm`okb`j `od @c|er~`bc Cohkocc|koh* Sokwc|rkt{ eg \ea` J` R`~kcoy`* Wk` Csderrk`o`* 0=*>>0=4 \ea`* Kt`j{

g|`obcrbe/bert`otkoeNsok|ea`0/kt* hksjke/dkh|`wkeNsok|ea`0/kt* `macd/rm`l`oNsok|ea 0/kt

@lrt|`btRs~~j{ bm`ko |crkjkcobc kr `o kob|c`rkoh `|c` eg kotc|crt ge| |crc`|bmc|r `od bea~`okcr `r ktr ka~`bt eo cggkbkcob{

`od cggcbtkwcocrr eg rs~~j{ bm`kor kr ak||e|cd eo tmc `lkjkt{ eg cotc|~|krcr te bea~ctc ko ` gkc|bcj{ bea~ctktkwc

a`|fct~j`bc/ Ted`{r rs~~j{ bm`kor `|c ae|c c}~ercd te wsjoc|`lkjkt{ dsc te tmc kob|c`rkoh ~|el`lkjkt{ eg dca`od

`od rs~~j{ sobc|t`kot{ ko bea~jc} rs~~j{ bm`kor/ Reac `stme|r m`wc |c~e|tcd mex tmc |krf eg rs~~j{ bm`ko

dkr|s~tkeo m`r h|exo `od mex h|c`t tmc beorcpscobcr eg tm`t dkr|s~tkeo akhmt lc/ Mexcwc|* jktc|`ts|c m`wc a`koj{

gebsrcd eo bm`|`btc|krtkbr eg rs~~j{ bm`ko te dcgkoc tmc jcwcj eg tmc |krf e| eg tmc |crkjkcobc te c}tc|o`j -tc||e|krt

`tt`bfr* gjeedr* c`|tmps`fcr* ctb/+ `od kotc|o`j -g`kjs|c eg `bte|r korkdc tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko+ dkr|s~tkeo b`srcr/ Tmc ~`~c|

~|crcotr ` t`btkb`j `~~|e`bm te besotc|`bt tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko dkr|s~tkeo krrsc* jc`dkoh te e~c|`tkwc |sjcr tm`t aktkh`tc

tmc cggcbtr eg tmkr och`tkwc ebbs||cobc/ Tmc `~~|e`bm |cjkcr eo crt`ljkrmkoh oewcj e|dc|koh ~ejkbkcr l`rcd eo `okoge|a`tkeo rm`|koh `~~|e`bm/ E|dc|r ~j`bcd `|c dkwkdcd kote txe rt|c`ar* t|`orakttkoh tmc |c`j dca`od koge|a`tkeo

te tmc xmejc rs~~j{ bm`ko cbmcjeor `od tmc |cpsk|cd kowcote|{ `disrtacotr ko e|dc| te fcc~ ` rt`ljc kowcote|{/ @

rkasj`tkeo aedcj eg ` ges| cbmcjeor rs~~j{ bm`ko kr dcwcje~cd te kowcrtkh`tc tmc cggcbt eg ` dkr|s~tkwc rkts`tkeo/ Ges|

e|dc|koh ~ejkbkcr eg koge|a`tkeo rm`|koh `~~|e`bm `|c kowcrtkh`tcd `od cw`js`tcd ko tc|ar eg rs~~j{ bm`ko

`d`~t`lkjkt{/ Tmc rkasj`tkeo |crsjtr rmexcd mex tmc rshhcrtcd `~~|e`bm b`o |cbewc| rs~~j{ bm`ko oe|a`j

~c|ge|a`obc l{ |cdsbkoh cggcbtr eo kowcote|kcr `od kob|c`rkoh rc|wkbc jcwcjr eg tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko/

Fc{xe|dr9 Rs~~j{ bm`ko dkr|s~tkeo* wsjoc|`lkjkt{* |crkjkcobc* koge|a`tkeo rm`|koh* e|dc|koh ~ejkb{/

0/ Kot|edsbtkeoRs~~j{ bm`ko a`o`hcacot kr ` rct eg `~~|e`bmcr stkjkycd te cggkbkcotj{ kotch|`tc rs~~jkc|r*a`osg`bts|c|r* x`|cmesrcr* `od rte|cr6 re tm`t ac|bm`odkrc kr ~|edsbcd `od dkrt|klstcd `t tmc

|khmt ps`otktkcr* te tmc |khmt jeb`tkeor* `od `t tmc |khmt tkac* ko e|dc| te akokakyc r{rtca xkdcbertr xmkjc r`tkrg{koh rc|wkbc jcwcj |cpsk|cacotr -Rkabmk!Jcwk ct `j/* 0;;=+/ Ted`{r rs~~j{bm`kor `|c g`bkoh osac|esr bm`ohcr tm`t `|c beot|klstkoh te kob|c`rkoh tmck| bea~jc}kt{* rsbm `r

tmc hjel`jky`tkeo eg lsrkocrrcr `od tmc `de~tkeo eg reac lsrkocrr ~mkjere~mkcr `r jc`o* cggkbkcot

beorsac| |cr~eorc* `od pskbf |cr~eorc ~|eh|`ar/ L`||ere ct `j/ -0>+ kodkb`tcd tm`t tmcrc

rt|`tchkcr `od ~|`btkbcr `|c dcrkhocd ge| ` rt`ljc xe|jd `od m`wc koosac|`ljc ka~`btr eo tmcrs~~j{ bm`ko* eo eoc m`od ` |cdsbtkeo ko tmc 0+ jcwcj eg kowcote|{ ktcar `jeoh tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko*

>6 Oe||a`o `od I`orreo* >46

T`oh* >7+/ Rs~~j{ bm`kor a`{ lc c}~ercd te txe t{~cr eg |krfr6 ge|crcc`ljc |krfr `odsoge|crcc`ljc |krfr -Efc `od He~`j`f|krmo`o* >;+/ @jtmeshm tmc ge|crcc`ljc |krfr `|c ae|c

g|cpscot tm`o soge|crcc`ljc |krfr* tmc soge|crcc`ljc |krfr xmkbm b`o lc dcgkocd `r dkr|s~tkeor

m`wc ae|c rkhokgkb`ot cggcbt eo rs~~j{ bm`ko ~c|ge|a`obc/ Reac `stme|r |cgc| te dkr|s~tkeo `rdkrts|l`obc* dkrts|l`obc res|bc* |krf* sobc|t`kot{* e| b|krkr -L`||ere ct `j/* 0>+/

Rs~~j{ bm`kor m`wc |cbcotj{ g`bcd ` jet eg dkr|s~tkeor rsbm `r tc||e|kra `tt`bfr* o`ts|`j dkr`rtc|r*`od etmc| dkr`rtc|r tm`t `ggcbtcd wc|{ d|`a`tkb`jj{ eo tmc ~c|ge|a`obc eg rs~~j{ bm`kor tm`t xc|c

oet |c`d{ ge| rsbm fkod eg dkr|s~tkeor/ Mexcwc|* reac etmc| rs~~j{ bm`kor `od e|h`oky`tkeor

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->3+* Fjckode|gc| `od R``d ->3+* `od Oe||a`o `od I`orreo ->4+ xktm gebsr eo dkggc|cotbesot|kcr e| t{~c eg kodsrt|{* te hkwc reac korkhmtr eo tmkr te~kb g|ea ` ~|`btktkeoc|r

~c|r~cbtkwc/

Lcrkdc tmc ca~k|kb`j |crc`|bm jktc|`ts|c* etmc| |crc`|bmc|r m`wc beodsbtcd ps`otkt`tkwc `o`j{rkr koe|dc| te kowcrtkh`tc `od ps`otkg{ tmc ka~`bt eg r~cbkgkb dkr|s~tkeor eo rs~~j{ bm`kor ~c|ge|a`obc

`od te ~|e~erc tmc `~~|e~|k`tc rejstkeor ge| rsbm dkr|s~tkeor/ Rbmaktt `od R{odc| -07+ rshhcrtcd txe dkggc|cot h|es~r eg rt|`tchkcr*

aktkh`tkeo `od beotkohcob{* ~|ke| te ` dkr|s~tkeo `od dkrbsrrcd tmc w`jscr eg tmcrc txe bmekbcr

ge| a`o`hkoh ` rs~~j{ bm`ko dkr|s~tkeo/ Tmc{ rtsdkcd ` rkohjc!~|edsbt rcttkoh ko xmkbm ` gk|a

b`o res|bc g|ea txe rs~~jkc|r* eoc tm`t kr so|cjk`ljc `od `oetmc| tm`t kr |cjk`ljc lst ae|cc}~corkwc/ T`oh ->7+ ~|e~ercd |elsrt rt|`tchkcr ge| aktkh`tkoh dkr|s~tkeo cggcbtr* `od ^ebm`|d

->2+ dkrbsrrcd `o ca~k|kb`j rejstkeo l`rcd eo ds`j!res|bkoh te aktkh`tc tmc jkfcjkmeed eg

dkr|s~tkwc cwcotr/ @r ` ps`otkt`tkwc `o`j{rkr teej* w`|kesr rkasj`tkeo tcbmokpscr m`wc lcco`~~jkcd ko e|dc| te tcrt `od kowcrtkh`tc tmc d{o`akb lcm`wke| eg rs~~j{ bm`kor sodc| dkr|s~tkeo

`od aktkh`tkeo rt|`tchkcr/ Lcrkdc rs~~j{ bm`ko dcrkho* reac |crc`|bmc|r m`wc aedkgkcd tmc

bj`rrkb`j e|dc|koh ~ejkbkcr ko e|dc| te be~c xktm ` rs~~j{ bm`ko |krf `od te rcbs|c rs~~j{ bm`ko`h`kort ~etcotk`j |krfr/ Xkjreo ->8+ kowcrtkh`tcd tmc cggcbt eg ` t|`or~e|t`tkeo dkr|s~tkeo eo

rs~~j{ bm`ko ~c|ge|a`obc srkoh r{rtca d{o`akbr rkasj`tkeo* bea~`|koh ` t|`dktkeo`j rs~~j{

bm`ko `od ` wcode| a`o`hcd kowcote|{ r{rtca -WAK+ xmco ` t|`or~e|t`tkeo dkr|s~tkeo ebbs|r

lctxcco < cbmcjeor ko ` 3!cbmcjeo rs~~j{ bm`ko/ Tsobcj `od @j~`o -0>+ rmexcd mex ` tkacd^ct|k octr g|`acxe|f b`o lc srcd te aedcj `od `o`j{yc ` rs~~j{ bm`ko octxe|f xmkbm kr rslicbt

te w`|kesr |krfr/

Tmc a`ie|kt{ eg ~|cwkesr xe|f l`rcd eo ps`otkt`tkwc `o`j{rkr beorkdc|r eoj{ rka~jc rt|sbts|cr egrs~~j{ bm`kor6 txe e| tm|cc cbmcjeor `t aert/ Tmc|cge|c kt kr ka~e|t`ot te ps`otkg{ dkr|s~tkeo |krf

ge| c}tcodcd rs~~j{ bm`ko `r kt xkjj lc kodkb`tcd ko tmkr ~`~c|/ Gs|tmc|ae|c* rs~~j{ bm`ko

d{o`akb lcm`wke| ds|koh `od `gtc| dkr|s~tkeo cwcotr m`r te lc kowcrtkh`tcd/

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2/ Rkasj`tkeo AedcjkohKo tmkr |crc`|bm* ` rkohjc ~|edsbt asjtk!cbmcjeo rs~~j{ bm`ko kr beorkdc|cd xmkbm kr bea~ercd eg

rcwc|`j kodc~codcot e|h`oky`tkeor/ Tmc `de~tcd rs~~j{ bm`ko beorkrtr eg ges| ~`|toc|r6 |ct`kjc|*xmejcr`jc|* dkrt|klste|* `od g`bte|{ -rcc* Gkhs|c 0+/ @jre* kt kr `rrsacd tm`t tmc jc`d tkac ge|

e|dc|koh kr 0 ~c|ked eg tkac `od tmc ~|edsbt dcjkwc|{ jc`d tkac kr < ~c|kedr eg tkac/ Ae|cewc|* kt

kr `rrsacd tm`t tmc kowcote|kcr b`~`bktkcr eg tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko ~`|toc|r `|c oet jkaktcd* `od tmcrs~~jkc| b`o gsjgkjj `o{ `aesot eg |`x a`tc|k`jr occdcd l{ tmc g`bte|{ xmc|c oe b`~`bkt{

|crt|kbtkeor ko r`tkrg{koh g`bte|{ dca`od/

Gkhs|c 0/ @ rka~jc rc|k`j rs~~j{ bm`ko

@ dkr|s~tkeo kr dcgkocd `r `o cwcot tm`t kotc||s~tr tmc a`tc|k`j gjexr ko tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko*

|crsjtkoh ko `o `l|s~t rte~~`hc eg tmc aewcacot eg heedr -Xkjreo* >8+/ Rkakj`|j{* L`||ere ct`j/ ->=+ dcgkocd ` dkr|s~tkeo `r ` ge|crcc`ljc e| soge|crcc`ljc cwcot* xmkbm `ggcbtr dk|cbtj{ tmc

srs`j e~c|`tkeo `od rt`lkjkt{ eg `o e|h`oky`tkeo e| ` rs~~j{ bm`ko/ @ dkr|s~tkeo `ggcbtkoh `

~`|toc| `o{xmc|c ko tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko b`o m`wc ` rkhokgkb`ot ka~`bt eo ` be|~e|`tkeor `lkjkt{ tebeotkosc oe|a`j e~c|`tkeor* hct gkokrmcd heedr te tmc a`|fct `od ~|ewkdc b|ktkb`j rc|wkbcr te

bsrteac|r -Wkjfe ct `j/* 00+/ Ko tmkr ~`~c|* tmc cotk|c rs~~j{ bm`ko rt`|tr est eg l`j`obc

-dkr|s~tcd+ xmc|c tmc|c kr oe kobeakoh rmk~acotr* e| esthekoh e|dc|r `aeoh tmc dkggc|cot rs~~j{bm`ko ~`|toc|r/ Tmkr b`o m`~~co ko |c`jkt{ ge| c}`a~jc xmco ` bea~`o{ ko tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko kr

g`bkoh ` ~|eljca eg ps`jkt{ rsbm `r xm`t m`~~cocd ko w`|kesr aete| bea~`okcr xmco tmc{

|cb`jjcd tmck| ~|edsbtr/ Tmc dkr|s~tkeo beorkdc|cd ko tmkr ~`~c| b`o lc |c~|crcotcd `r gejjexr ko

Gkhs|c TkacT0

Rs~~j{ bm`ko l|c`fdexo xmc|c

bsrteac| dca`od dkakokrmcr te

yc|e

Rt`ljc rs~~j{ bm`ko e~c|`tkeo

Rs~~j{ bm`ko rt`|tr `h`ko ktr e~c|`tkeo `ttkac t 1 > l{ |cbckwkoh bsrteac| dca`odr

Gkhs|c

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4/ ^|e~ercd @~~|e`bm

Wkjfe ct `j/ -00+ kodkb`tcd tm`t rs~~j{ bm`ko |krf a`o`hcacot rmesjd lc deoc `r bejj`le|`tkeo

lctxcco tmc `bte|r eg tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko/ Rkakj`|j{* A`bm`de ct `j/ ->;+ `|hscd tm`t kob|c`rkoh

koge|a`tkeo rm`|koh `aeoh rs~~j{ bm`ko ~`|toc|r xkjj ka~|ewc rs~~j{ bm`ko |crkjkcobc* rkobc tmc

och`tkwc ka~`bt eg j`bf eg wkrklkjkt{ ko tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko kr |cdsbcd/ Tmc ~|e~ercd `~~|e`bm eg

koge|a`tkeo rm`|koh kr ` t`btkb`j `~~|e`bm `od b`o lc beorkdc|cd `r ` bee|dko`tkeo acbm`okra tedc`j xktm tmc e|dc|koh ~|ebcrr eg c`bm ~`|toc| xmcocwc| tmc|c kr ` dkr|s~tkeo /

Tmc ~|e~ercd `~~|e`bm |cjkcr eo dkwkdkoh ~j`bcd e|dc|r kote txe rt|c`ar* tmc gk|rt rt|c`a

t|`oraktr tmc |c`j dca`od koge|a`tkeo - +} t xmc|c`r tmc rcbeod eoc kobjsdcr tmc |cpsk|cd

kowcote|{ `disrtacotr - +k{ t / Tmkr rt|`tch{ kr dkggc|cot g|ea tmc t|`dktkeo`j e|dc|koh ~ejkbkcr*

xmc|c ko tmc t|`dktkeo`j ~ejkbkcr ` rs~~jkc| k isrt e|dc|r ` rkohjc ps`otkt{ - +kE t xktmest kodkb`tkohae|c koge|a`tkeo `lest tmc r{otmcrkr eg tmc e|dc|/ Mexcwc|* `de~tkoh tmc ~|e~ercd `~~|e`bm eg

koge|a`tkeo rm`|koh xkjj `jjex tmc cbmcjeo k te foex tmc |c`j a`|fct dca`od `od tmc kowcote|{`disrtacot eg 0k xmkbm mcj~r mka te |c`bt `od ~j`bc l`j`obcd e|dc|r `od mcobc |cdsbkoh

koge|a`tkeo dkrte|tkeo/ Ko etmc| xe|dr* tmc tc|a - +} t xkjj lc srcd te ~|e~`h`tc tmc |c`j a`|fct

dca`od w`|k`lkjkt{ ko tmc cotk|c rs~~j{ bm`ko* `od tmc tc|a - +k{ t xkjj lc srcd l{ tmc ~`|toc|r te

beot|ej tmck| kowcote|kcr/ Tmkr `~~|e`bm `jre `jjexr c`bm ~`|toc| te ~j`bc `od |cbckwc l`j`obcde|dc|r xktmest sodc|crtka`tkoh e| ewc|crtka`tkoh tmc rs~~j{ jkoc re tm`t ` jet eg d{o`akb

~|eljcar rsbm `r lsjjxmk~ cggcbt b`o lc `wekdcd/

@r kodkb`tcd c`|jkc| tm`t tmc `aesot eg tefcor - +k{ t xkjj lc srcd te rt`lkjkyc tmc kowcote|{ eg `o

cbmcjeo k / Tmsr* kt xkjj lc rcot te tmc s~rt|c`a cbmcjeor eoj{ xmco tmc|c kr ` occd ge| kowcote|{rt`lkjky`tkeo/ Tmc ~|eljca kr `r ko bj`rrkb`j e|dc|koh ~ejkbkcr6 xmco te e|dc| tmkr `aesot* `od

mex asbm - +k{ t te e|dc|/ Tmc a`ko beodktkeo te e|dc| tefcor kr tmc bm`ohc ko tmc elrc|wcd

bsrteac| dca`od jcwcj/ Ko etmc| xe|dr* kg tmc bsrteac| dca`od kr rt`ljc* tmc bea~`o{ e|dc|r

eoj{ - +} t xmc|c tmc|c kr oe occd te e|dc| tefcor - +k{ t g|ea tmc s~rt|c`a cbmcjeor/ Mexcwc|*

xmco bsrteac| dca`od kob|c`rcr* tmc cbmcjeo k c}~cbtr tm`t tmc bsrteac| dca`od ac`o m`rbm`ohcd `od ktr kowcote|{ rmesjd lc `d`~tcd `od rt`lkjkycd l{ e|dc|koh ` rs|~jsr ps`otkt{ - +k{ t /

Ko tmkr |crc`|bm* dca`od bm`ohc kr dcgkocd `r tmc kob|c`rc eg bsrteac| dca`od/ Tmc|cge|c*tefcor e|dc| b`o lc beorkdc|cd `r ` gsobtkeo eg dca`od bm`ohc `od kt b`o lc c}~|crrcd

a`tmca`tkb`jj{ `r gejjexkoh ko cps`tkeo -0+/

- +>* - + - 0+

- + - 0+ * - +

- +- 0+k

kg } t } t {k } t } t kg } t } t

t

1

? -0+

Tmc ~|e~ercd `~~|e`bm kr hcoc|`jj{ dc~kbtcd ko dct`kjr ko tmc gejjexkoh gjexbm`|t -rcc* Gkhs|c 2+/

Xmc|c `t `o{ tkac t* c`bm cbmcjeo k eg tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko |cbckwcr tmc kobeakoh rmk~acotr g|ea

tmc s~rt|c`a cbmcjeo 0k & `od ~j`bcr tmca ko ktr kowcote|{/ Tmcrc rmk~acotr be||cr~eod te tmc

e|dc| ~j`bcd 2 ~c|kedr `he `t 2t 6 eoc ~c|ked ge| e|dc|koh dcj`{* `od < ~c|kedr ge| t|`or~e|tkoh~m{rkb`j ~|edsbtr/ Kg tmc|c `|c ~|cwkesr l`bfjehhcd ~|edsbtr* cbmcjeo k xkjj `ttca~tr te r`tkrg{ kt`r asbm `r ~errkljc/ @gtc| tm`t* cbmcjeo k |cbckwcr tmc e|dc| eg cbmcjeo 0k * ~j`bcd eoc ~c|kedc`|jkc| `t 0t * `od cktmc| gsjgkjj kg coeshm kowcote|{ - +kK t kr `w`kj`ljc e| ~st ko l`bfjeh kg tmc

`w`kj`ljc kowcote|{ - +kK t kr jcrr tm`o tmc e|dc|cd ps`otkt{/ Gko`jj{* ` ocx e|dc| kr ~j`bcd te |`krc

tmc kowcote|{ ~erktkeo te acct tmc gsts|c dca`od/

@bbe|dkoh te tmkr rt| tch{* tmc e|dc| eg c`bm cbmcjeo xkjj lc tmc wcbte| V - +* - +Qk} t { t xmc|c - +} t kr

tmc |c`j bsrteac| dca`od `od - +k{ t kr tmc tefcor |cpsk|cd te rt`lkjkyc tmc kowcote|{/ Xmco

cbmcjeo k |cbckwcr tmc wcbte| eg e|dc| g|ea cbmcjeo 0k * kt rt`|tr te gsjgkjj tmc gk|rt ~`|t eg tmc

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e|dc| - +} ttmco tmc rcbeod ~`|t - +k{ t * |cr~cbtkwcj{/ Kg tmc|c kr coeshm kowcote|{* tmc txe rt|c`ar

- +} t `od - +k{ t `|c kaacdk`tcj{ r`tkrgkcd/ Kortc`d* kg tmc kowcote|{ kr jkaktcd* kt m`r te lc srcd te

gsjgkjj gk|rt - +} t -te |cdsbc `t aert tmc l`bfjeh eg tmc dca`od+ `od tmco te gsjgkjj `t aert tmc

|cpsk|cd osalc| eg tefcor te |cbewc| dexort|c`a kowcote|kcr/

Gkhs|c 2/ ^|e~ercd `~~|e`bm gjexbm`|t

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Ko etmc| xe|dr* kg 0- +k{ t kr tmc `aesot eg tefcor eg cbmcjeo 0k sor`tkrgkcd l{ cbmcjeo k * tmkrw`jsc kr t|`orgc||cd te tmc s~rt|c`a cbmcjeo 0k & sotkj kt gkodr tmc |cpsk|cd `aesot eg ~|edsbtr te

lc rcot -rcc* Gkhs|c 4+/ @bbe|dkohj{* cps`tkeo -0+ rmesjd lc aedkgkcd `r rmexo ko cps`tkeo -* - + - 0+

- + - 0+ * - + - 0+k k{k t t

kg } t } t

{ } t } t kg } t } t

&

1

? -

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- - + - 0+ +k kK t P t & & kr r`tkrgkcd lst tmc rcbeod beodktkeo 0- - + < +kL t kr sor`tkrgkcd* tmco

cbmcjeo k m`r te rcod tefcor re tm`t kowcote|{ b`o lc |cbewc|cd reeo/ Tmc a`ko dkggc|cobc

lctxcco tmc txe e|dc|koh ~ejkbkcr kr tm`t tmc gk|rt eoc `ttca~tr te fcc~ ` ~erktkwc rt`ljc kowcote|{

`t ` mkhm jcwcj* `od tmc rcbeod eoc `jre `ttca~tr te fcc~ ` ~erktkwc rt`ljc kowcote|{ lst `t jex

jcwcj/

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E|dc|koh^ejkb{

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lc h|c`tc| tm`o e| cps`j te ko e|dc| te `bmkcwc kowcote|{ rt`lkjkt{ `t `dcps`tc jcwcj `r reeo `r

~errkljc/ Tmc w`jscr eg (rk xc|c rcjcbtcd l`rcd eo ` rct eg ~|cjkako`|{ c}~c|kacotr/ Tmc rsa eg

tmc gk|rt bealko`tkeo kr rct te lc = `r rmexo ko T`ljc 0 xmc|c reac bea~`okcr ~|cgc| te rt`lkjkyc

`t rky`ljc kowcote|{ jcwcj/ Tmkr `aesot = kr dkwkdcd `aeoh tmc dkggc|cot cbmcjeor eg tmc rs~~j{

bm`ko6 kt kr rct te h|`ds`jj{ kob|c`rc g|ea >/3 `t tmc |ct`kjc| te 2/3 `t tmc g`bte|{/ Tmkr h|`ds`jkob|c`rkoh kr dcrkhocd te ~|cwcot tmc ~|e~`h`tkeo eg e|dc|r w`|k`lkjkt{ xmc|c tmc dexort|c`a

cbmcjeor xkjj rcod jcrrc| `aesot eg tefcor tm`o tmc s~rt|c`a cbmcjeor/ Gs|tmc|ae|c* tmc ra`jj

`aesot eg tefcor rcot l{ ` dexort|c`a cbmcjeo b`o lc c`rkj{ r`tkrgkcd `t tmc oc`|crt s~rt|c`a

cbmcjeo xmkbm mcj~r te |cdsbc e|dc|r w`|k`lkjkt{ -rcc* Gkhs|c 4+/ Mexcwc|* kg tmc dkrt|klstkeo kr

|cwc|rcd te a`fc tmc |ct`kjc| e|dc|r 2/3 eg tmc dca`od bm`ohc* tmc e|dc|r w`|k`lkjkt{ xkjj lc wc|{

mkhm `r aewkoh s~x`|d tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko cr~cbk`jj{ ds|koh tmc dkr|s~tkeo/ @oetmc| bealko`tkeo

eg tmc (rk kr beorkdc|cd lst tmc rsa eg tmkr bealko`tkeo kr rct te lc 7/3/ Tmc a`ko elicbtkwc eg

srkoh txe dkggc|cot bealko`tkeor eg (rk kr te tcrt tmc cggcbt eg tmc `aesot eg (rk eo tmc rs~~j{

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@bbe|dkoh te tmc `de~tcd dkrt|klstkeo ge| tmc txe bealko`tkeor* kt kr c}~cbtcd tm`t tmc kowcote|{

jcwcjr `t tmc dexort|c`a cbmcjeor xkjj lc jcrr tm`o tmc kowcote|{ jcwcjr `t tmc s~rt|c`a cbmcjeor/

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7/ Dkrbsrrkeo eg \crsjtr

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ac`rs|cr xkjj lc b`jbsj`tcd ko tmc txe dkggc|cot rt`tcr ko e|dc| te kowcrtkh`tc tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko

~c|ge|a`obc lcge|c `od `gtc| rt`lkjkt{ sodc| tmc dkggc|cot ~|e~ercd e|dc|koh ~ejkbkcr/

7/0 Kort`lkjkt{ ^c|ked

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rsbbccdcd te |cbewc| tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko ~c|ge|a`obc te ` ocx `bbc~t`ljc ~erktkeo ko tc|ar eg

kowcote|{ jcwcj -rcc* Gkhs|c 8`+/ Tmc lcm`wke| eg tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko sodc| tmc dkggc|cot e|dc|koh

~ejkbkcr lcge|c rt`lkjkt{ kr `jaert tmc r`ac/ Mexcwc|* `gtc| rt`lkjkt{* tmc e|dc|koh ~ejkbkcr tm`tdc~cod eo tmc gk|rt e|dc|koh beodktkeo -TEB0 `od TEB

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7/2 E|dc|koh Lcm`wke|

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tmc `wc|`hc e|dc| jcwcj* w`|k`obc eg e|dc|r* `od lsjjxmk~ cggcbt `od ewc|`jj lsjjxmk~ cggcbt/ @r

rmexo ko Gkhs|c =` `od Gkhs|c =l tm`t tmc `wc|`hc `od w`|k`obc eg e|dc|r ~j`bcd l{ dkggc|cot~`|toc|r `|c wc|{ mkhm ds|koh tmc dkr|s~tkeo ~c|ked -kort`lkjkt{ ~c|ked+ lst tmc{ m`wc lcco

|cbewc|cd te lc cps`j te tmc `wc|`hc bsrteac| dca`od/ Mexcwc|* tmc e|dc|koh lcm`wke| eg tmc

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~|crcotcd ko Gkhs|c ;/ Tmc |crsjtr rmex tm`t tmc ~mcoeacoeo eg lsjjxmk~ cggcbt xkjj lc mkhm

ds|koh dkr|s~tkeo ~c|kedr `od tmck| a`hoktsdc xkjj dc~cod eo tmc `~~jkcd e|dc|koh ~ejkb{/ Tmc~ejkbkcr tm`t dc~cod eo tmc rcbeod e|dc|koh beodktkeo |c`jkyc ` jexc| lsjjxmk~ cggcbt tm`o tmc

etmc| e|dc|koh beodktkeo/ Oe|a`jj{* tmc e|dc|koh ~ejkbkcr tm`t rcod jcrr `aesot eg tefcor rsbm `r

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7/31/2019 Ordering Policies Based on Information Sharing to Mitigate the Severity of Supply Chain Disruption

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Kt b`o lc beobjsdcd tm`t tmc ~|e~ercd `~~|e`bm eg koge|a`tkeo rm`|koh xkjj rsbbccd te |cbewc|

tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko ~c|ge|a`obc ko tc|ar eg `wc|`hc eg kowcote|{ jcwcj `od e|dc|koh lcm`wke| ko `

tkacj{ a`ooc|/ Tmc kowcote|{ jcwcj `gtc| rt`lkjkt{ dc~codr eo tmc `~~jkcd e|dc|koh ~ejkb{ ko

tc|ar eg tmc e|dc|koh beodktkeo `od tmc e|dc|koh `aesot/ Ko hcoc|`j* tmc ~|e~ercd `~~|e`bm egkoge|a`tkeo rm`|koh kr ` srcgsj t`btkb tm`t b`o lc kotch|`tcd xktm etmc| aktkh`tkeo `od beotkohcob{

`~~|e`bmcr kodkb`tcd ko tmc jktc|`ts|c/

Beobjsrkeor

Ted`{r rs~~j{ bm`kor `|c ae|c c}~ercd te wsjoc|`lkjkt{ dsc te tmc kob|c`rkoh ~|el`lkjkt{ eg

dca`od `od rs~~j{ sobc|t`kot{ ko bea~jc} rs~~j{ bm`kor/ Reac `stme|r m`wc |c~e|tcd mex tmc

|krf eg rs~~j{ bm`ko dkr|s~tkeo m`r h|exo `od mex h|c`t tmc beorcpscobcr eg tm`t dkr|s~tkeoakhmt lc/ Tmc ~`~c| ~|crcotr ` t`btkb`j `~~|e`bm te besotc|`bt tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko dkr|s~tkeo krrsc*

jc`dkoh te e~c|`tkwc |sjcr tm`t aktkh`tc tmc cggcbtr eg tmkr och`tkwc ebbs||cobc/ Tmc ~|e~ercd

`~~|e`bm |cjkcr eo dkwkdkoh ~j`bcd e|dc|r kote txe rt|c`ar* tmc gk|rt rt|c`a t|`oraktr tmc |c`j

dca`od koge|a`tkeo te tmc xmejc rs~~j{ bm`ko cbmcjeor xmc|c`r tmc rcbeod eoc te t|`oraktkowcote|{ `disrtacotr ko e|dc| te fcc~ ` rt`ljc kowcote|{/ Te kowcrtkh`tc tmc ~|e~ercd `~~|e`bm*

` rkohjc ~|edsbt asjtk!cbmcjeo rs~~j{ bm`ko kr beorkdc|cd xmkbm kr bea~ercd eg rcwc|`j

kodc~codcot e|h`oky`tkeor/ @ r~cbkgkb rs~~j{ bm`ko dkr|s~tkeo kr beorkdc|cd `od aedcjcd srkohrkasj`tkeo/ Ges| e|dc|koh ~ejkbkcr l`rcd eo tmc ~|e~ercd `~~|e`bm eg koge|a`tkeo rm`|koh m`wc

lcco ~|e~ercd `od cw`js`tcd srkoh tmc rkasj`tkeo aedcj/ @ bea~`|kreo m`r lcco deoc `aeoh

tmc ~|e~ercd e|dc|koh ~ejkbkcr l`rcd eo kort`lkjkt{ ~c|ked* kowcote|{ jcwcj* `od e|dc|koh lcm`wke|lcge|c `od `gtc| rt`lkjkt{/ Ko hcoc|`j* tmc ~|e~ercd `~~|e`bm eg koge|a`tkeo rm`|koh rsbbccdcd te

|cbewc| tmc rs~~j{ bm`ko ~c|ge|a`obc6 kowcote|{ jcwcj `od e|dc|koh lcm`wke|/ Mexcwc|* tmc

|cbewc|{ ~c|ked -kort`lkjkt{ ~c|ked+ `od kowcote|{ jcwcj |c`jkycd `gtc| rt`lkjkt{ `|c dc~codcot eo

tmc `~~jkcd e|dc|koh ~ejkb{/ Tmc ~|e~ercd `~~|e`bm b`o lc kotch|`tcd xktm etmc| t`btkb`j `od

rt|`tchkb `~~|e`bmcr ko e|dc| te kob|c`rc rs~~j{ bm`ko |crkjkcob{ te dkr|s~tkeor/

\cgc|cobcr

L`||ere* @/^/* A`bm`de* W/M* A`bm`de* W/B/* >=/ @ rs~~j{ bm`ko dkrts|l`obcr bj`rrkgkb`tkeo/

Ko9 ^|ebccdkohr eg KCCC Kotc|o`tkeo`j Beogc|cobc eo Kodsrt|k`j Cohkocc|koh `od Cohkocc|koh

A`o`hcacot* Dcbcalc| =!00* Rkoh`~e|c* 0=8> 0=84* KCCA >=/

7/31/2019 Ordering Policies Based on Information Sharing to Mitigate the Severity of Supply Chain Disruption

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0/ Tex`|d ` |crkjkcot

Rs~~j{ Bm`ko xktm rs~~j{ dkrts|l`obcr/ Ko9 ^|ebccdkohr eg KCCC Kotc|o`tkeo`j Beogc|cobc eo

Kodsrt|k j Cohkocc|koh `od Cohkocc|koh A`o`hcacot* Dcbcalc| 8!0>* A`b`e* =/ Tmc |ejc eg

ge|cb`rtkoh eo lsjjxmk~ cggcbt ge| C!RBA `~~jkb`tkeor/ Kotc|o`tkeo`j Ies|o`j eg ^|edsbtkeoCbeoeakbr* 002 -0+* 0;2!4/Lj`bfms|rt* I/* B|`khmc`d* B/X/* Cjfkor* D/* M`odgkcjd* \/L/* >3/ @o ca~k|kb`jj{ dc|kwcd

`hcod` eg b|ktkb`j |crc`|bm krrscr ge| a`o`hkoh rs~~j{!bm`ko dkr|s~tkeor/ Kotc|o`tkeo`j

Ies|o`j eg |edsbtkeo \crc`|bm* 42 -0;+* 4>78!4>=0/

B`|w`jme* M/* L`||ere* @/^/* A`bm`de* W/M/* @ycwcde* R/* B|sy!A`bm`de* W/* 0/ Rs~~j{ bm`ko akh|`tkeo g|ea jc`o `od gsobtkeo`j te `hkjc `od

bsrteakycd/ Rs~~j{ Bm`ko A`o`hcacot9 @o Kotc|o`tkeo`j Ies|o`j* 3 -4+* 7!8/ Tmc rcwc|kt{ eg

rs~~j{ bm`ko dkr|s~tkeor9 Dcrkho bm`|`btc|krtkbr `od aktkh`tkeo b`~`lkjktkcr/Dcbkrkeo Rbkcobc*

2= -0+* 020!037/Fjckode|gc|* ^/\/* R``d* H/M/* >3/ A`o`hkoh dkr|s~tkeo |krfr ko rs~~j{ bm`kor/ ^|edsbtkeo `od

E~c|`tkeor A`o`hcacot* 04 -0+* 32!7=/

Jcc* M/J/* ^`da`o`lm`o W/* Xm`oh R/* 0;;8/ Tmc lsjjxmk~ cggcbt ko rs~~j{ bm`kor/ Rje`oa`o`hcacot |cwkcx* 2= -2+* ;2!0>;/ Rt|`tchkcr

te aktkh`tc rs~~j{ bm`ko dkrts|l`obcr/ Ko9 ^|ebccdkohr eg tm @oos`j Beogc|cobc eg

^|edsbtkeo `od E~c|`tkeor A`o`hcacot Rebkct{* A`{ 0!4* E|j`ode* ^EAR>;/Oe||a`o* @/* I`orreo* S/* >4/ C|kbrreor ~|e`btkwc rs~~j{ bm`ko |krf a`o`hcacot `~~|e`bm

`gtc| ` rc|kesr rsl!rs~~jkc| `bbkdcot/ Kotc|o`tkeo`j Ies|o`j eg ^m{rkb`j Dkrt|klstkeo `od

Jehkrtkbr A`o`hcacot* 24 -3+* 424!437/Efc* @/* He~`j`f|krmo`o* A/* >;/ A`o`hkoh dkr|s~tkeor ko rs~~j{ bm`kor9 @ b`rc rtsd{ eg `

|ct`kj rs~~j{ bm`ko/Kotc|o`tkeo`j Ies|o`j eg ^|edsbtkeo Cbeoeakbr* 00= -0+* 07=!084/^cbf* M/* >3/ D|kwc|r eg rs~~j{ bm`ko wsjoc|`lkjkt{9 `o kotch|`tcd g|`acxe|f/ Kotc|o`tkeo`j

Ies|o`j eg ^m{rkb`j Dkrt|klstkeo `od Jehkrtkbr A`o`hcacot* 23 -4+* !

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Tsobcj* H/* @j~`o* H/* 0>/ \krf `rrcrracot `od a`o`hcacot ge| rs~~j{ bm`ko octxe|fr9 @

b`rc rtsd{/ Bea~stc|r ko Kodsrt|{* 70 -2+* 8/ Tmc ka~`bt eg t|`or~e|t`tkeo dkr|s~tkeor eo rs~~j{ bm`ko ~c|ge|a`obc/

T|`or~e|t`tkeo \crc`|bm ^`|t C* 42 -4+* 8/ Dcrkho `od rkasj`tkeo eg dca`od koge|a`tkeo rm`|koh ko `

rs~~j{ bm`ko/ Rkasj`tkeo Aedcjjkoh ^|`btkbc `od Tmce|{* 03 -0+* 2