or in the scheduling of the chilean football league · - didn’t avoide bad trips neither took...

OR

in the Scheduling of the Chilean Football League

Guillermo Durán, Mario Guajardo, Jaime Miranda, Denis Sauré, Sebastián Souyris, Andrés Weintraub, Rodrigo Wolf

OR in the Scheduling of the Chilean Football LeagueDurán G, Guajardo M, Miranda J, Sauré D, Souyris S, Weintraub A, Wolf R

ELAVIO- El Fuerte – 10 de Agosto de 2009

University of Chile

• Background

• The Chilean Football League

• OR in Practice

• Results and Impact

OUTLINE



University of ChileBACKGROUND

SPORTS SCHEDULING

• How to schedule a tournament properly when many considerations must be taken into account?

• Real problems are hard: combinatorial structure, large-scale, many criteria.

• Theoretical testing solution methods (TTP: Easton et al. 2001).




• Holland (Schreuder 1992)

• Germany and Austria (Bartsch et al. 2006)

• Chile (Durán et al. 2007)

• Denmark (Rasmussen 2008)

• Last years: Belgium (Goossens and Spieksma 2009); Norway (Flatberg 2009); Brazil (Ribeiro and Urrutia 2010); Honduras (Fiallos 2010).

USE IN FOOTBALL LEAGUES



University of Chile

CHILE: HOW DID THE PROJECT START?

BACKGROUND

• 2004: An interview with George Nemhauser in a Chilean newspaper encouraged the ANFP to ask the Operations Management Center of University of Chile for developing a model to schedule the Chilean Football League.

“By using a mathematical model, scientist generates

successful sport schedules”




DISADVANTAGES OF PAST SCHEDULES

• Randomly generated: High costs, not totally atrractive for fans, unfairness.

- Classic games on inappropriate dates.

- Didn’t avoide bad trips neither took advantage of good trips.

- “Weak” teams playing against “Strong” teams in consecutives rounds.

- …




WHY IS IT WORTH TO IMPROVE THE SCHEDULES?

• ECONOMIC REASONS

- Rising attendance to stadiums.

- Reducing operational costs (trips-hotels, stadium’s rates, TV).

• SPORT REASONS

- Sport fairness.

- Flexibility and objectivity for all.

• CONTRIBUTION TO SPECTACLE

- Important games on appropriate dates.

- More attractive tournaments to the fans.



University of Chile

• Background


• OR in Practice


OUTLINE



University of Chile

FIRST DIVISION

THE CHILEAN FOOTBALL LEAGUE

• 20 teams, 19 rounds, 4 groups of 5 teams each one.

• 2 tournaments per year: Opening and Closing.

• Regular season: All teams play against each other one game (single round robin).

• Playoffs: 2 best teams of each group advance to the the playoffs where a champion is decided.



University of Chile

THE PROBLEMDeciding which games will be played in each one of the 19 dates of the

tournament and the respective home teams.


• MAIN GOAL: AN ATTRACTIVE SCHEDULE OF GAMES, FOR TEAMS AS WELL AS FANS.

• OTHER GOALS: Sport fairness, contributing to the financial benefit of teams and TV.

• LIMITATIONS: Fulfilling several conditions required by the ANFP, teams and TV, which are related to different issues and some of them imply a trade-off.



University of Chile

HARDNESS

• A “hard” problem: Many alternatives.

• Chilean case: 20 teams... The number of possible schedules is unimaginable...

• Finding a good schedule satisfying all conditions is almost impossible to be accomplished “by hand” or using a random system as in past tournaments.

Nº Teams Nº Schedules2 14 66 7208 31,449,600




University of Chile

• Background


• OR in Practice


OUTLINE



University of Chile

Decides which games will be played in every round of the regular season and which teams will play at home, fullfiling ANFP’s requirements.

OR IN PRACTICE

IP MODEL

. . .

O'HIGGINS - COLO COLOEVERTON - U. CATOLICA

HUACHIPATO - ANTOFAGASTACOBRESAL - COBRELOA

D. CONCEPCION - D. LA SERENAPALESTINO - S. WANDERERS

D. PUERTO MONTT - A. ITALIANOU. DE CHILE - U. ESPAÑOLAS. MORNING - RANGERSCOQUIMBO - U. DE CONCEPCION

Jan-281st Round

RANGERS - U. DE CHILED. LA SERENA - COBRESAL

COBRELOA - COQUIMBOA. ITALIANO - EVERTON

ANTOFAGASTA - PALESTINOU. DE CONCEPCION - S. MORNING

S. WANDERERS - O'HIGGINSU. ESPAÑOLA - D. CONCEPCIONCOLO COLO - HUACHIPATOU. CATOLICA - D. PUERTO MONTT

2nd Round Feb-4

U. DE CONCEPCION - COLO COLOHUACHIPATO - U. CATOLICA

EVERTON - COBRELOAPALESTINO - D. LA SERENA

D. PUERTO MONTT - S. WANDERERSCOBRESAL - A. ITALIANO

ANTOFAGASTA - U. ESPAÑOLAS. MORNING - O'HIGGINSCOQUIMBO - RANGERSU. DE CHILE - D. CONCEPCION

Jun-0319th Round



University of ChileIP MODEL

DECISION VARIABLES

=ijkxkji roundin amagainst te homeat plays teamif 1

otherwise 0

rounds ofSet : teamsofSet :,

KkIji

∈∈




DECISION VARIABLES

=iky1 and roundsin homeat plays teamif 1 +kki

otherwise 0

=ikw1 and roundsin away plays teamif 1 +kki

otherwise 0

rounds ofSet : teamsofSet :,

KkIji

∈∈




OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONMaximizing the concentration of games between teams in the same group

toward the final rounds of the tournament.

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑∈ ∈

⋅k e eti etj

ijkxkMax)( )(

{ }1,2,3,4 , groupin teamsofset thedenotes )( =∈ Ieeet



University of ChileCONSTRAINTS

Basic schedule constraints

1. Each team plays each of the others once over the course of the 19 rounds in the tournament.

1. Each team plays each round either at home or away.

1. Each team plays at least 9 rounds, but not more than 10, at home.

Ijixxk

jikijk ∈∀=+∑ , 1

Kkixxj

jikijk ∈∀=+∑ , 1

Iixj k

ijk ∈∀≤≤ ∑ ∑ 109


University of Chile

Durán G, Guajardo M, Miranda J, Sauré D, Souyris S, Weintraub A, Wolf R

University of Chile


CONSTRAINTS

Home and away game sequences

1. Each team plays at most one sequence of two consecutive rounds at home (home stand).

1. Each team plays at most one sequence of two consecutive rounds away (road trip).

1. If a team plays at home (away) in an “adjustment round” (rounds 1, 16, 18), it must play away (home) in the following round.

AkIij

kijijk xx ∈∈∀=+∑ + , 1)1(19, 1)1( <∈∀+=+∑ + kIi y xx ikj

kijijk

Ii yk

ik ∈∀≤∑<

119

19, 1)1( <∈∀+=+∑ + kIi w xx ikj

kjijik

Ii wk

ik ∈∀≤∑<

119



University of Chile

1. When a North (South) team plays 2 consecutive away games, neither of them will be in the South (North).

1. When a North (South) team plays 2 consecutive away games, at least one of the games will be in the North (South).

CONSTRAINTS

WeekDaykSouthi xxwSouthj

kjijikik ∉∈∀∑∈

++≤ , )1(

WeekDaykNorthi xxwNorthj


++≤ , )1(

WeekDaykNorthjjkSouthi

kijijk w xx , 1)1( ∉∈∀−≤+∑∈

+

WeekDaykSouthjjkNorthi

kijijk w xx ∉∈∀−≤+∑∈

+ , 1)1(

Geographic conditions: Weekend - Weekend



University of Chile

Geographic conditions: Weekend - Weekend

1. When a Center team plays 2 consecutive away games, at least one of the games will be in the Center.

1. Each North (South) team shall play at least once at home against a North (South) team.

CONSTRAINTS

Northik Northj

ijkx ∈∀≥∑ ∑∈

1

Southik Southj

ijkx ∈∀≥∑ ∑∈

1

WeekDaykCenteri xxwCenterj


++≤ , )1(



University of Chile

Geographic conditions: Wednesday - Weekend

1. Logical conditions.

CONSTRAINTS

ikiozj

kjijik wxx 2)(

)1( ≥+∑∈

+

=ikw1

0

zone opposite from amsagainst te roundadjacent an and roundin away plays teamif ki

Extremesi

WeekDayk

∈

∈∀ ,

1. Minimum number of good trips.

otherwise

weekday beforeor

1≥∑∈ ayseforeWeekdWeekDaysUbk

ikw Extremesi ∈




Constraints on highly popular teams

• If a team plays at home (away) against Colo Colo, it plays away (at home) against Universidad de Chile (fairness and balance of revenue between the Opening and Closing tournaments).

1. The 3 classic games between these popular teams must be played between the 10th and 16th rounds.

1. Each of the 3 popular teams plays exactly one classic game at home.

3),( 1610

=∑ ∑∈ ≤≤PopTji k

ijkx

UCHjCOLOihk

hjkhik xx ==∀=+∑ ,, 1

UCHjCOLOiCATOhk

ijkhjkk

jikhik xxxx ===∀∑∑ +=+ ,,


University of Chile


University of Chile


CONSTRAINTS

Constraints on strong teams

1. No team may play 2 consecutive games against a strong team.

1. Games between strong teams are played between rounds 6 and 18.

1. When one team of a complementary pair is playing at home, the other team of the pair plays away.

Complementary constraints

1. Regional classic games are held between the 8th and 18th rounds.

Regional classic games

RgCjikk

jikijk xx ∈∀=+∑>∨>

),( 0188

KkCpTjih

jhkihk xx ∈∈∀=+∑ ,),( 1

0),( 186

=+∑ ∑∈ >∨<StrTji kk

jikijk xx

19

1)1()1(

<∈∀

≤+++ ++∈∑

I,ki

kjikijStrTj

jikijk xxxx


University of Chile


University of Chile


CONSTRAINTS

Games in Santiago

1. The number of games held in Santiago in each round cannot be less than 2 or more than 4.

1. The 4 Santiago teams with lowest drawing-power do not play against each other in the first 5 rounds (all in summer).

1. Each team located in a tourist area plays at home against at least one of the popular teams in one of the first 5 rounds (all in summer).

Tourism-related constraints

TouristTixPopTj k

ijk ∈∀≥∑ ∑∈ ≤

15

KkxStgoi j

ijk ∈∀≤≤ ∑ ∑∈

42

Djixxk

jikijk ∈∀=+∑≤

, 05




TV Conditions

1. When a popular team plays in the North (South), neither of the 2 other popular teams can play in the South (North).

1. Given that the first 5 rounds are scheduled for the middle of the Summer, none of the 3 popular teams play away on those rounds in outlying areas of the country.

PopTixk OutTj

ijk ∈∀=∑ ∑≤ ∈

05

KhhjPopThjxxSouthi

ihkNorthi

ijk ∈≠∈∀−≤ ∑∑≤≤

,,, 1


University of Chile


University of Chile


CONSTRAINTS

Stadium availability

1. Teams which not have their stadium available in some rounds should be scheduled for away games in the corresponding dates.

SAkji

ijkx ∈∀=∑ ),( 1

Games between group rivals

1. Each team plays against two of its group opponents at home and against the other two opponents away.

)(, 2)(

etiEek etj

ijkx ∈∈∀=∑ ∑∈

International Competitions

1. In rounds consecutive to an away game in international competitions, teams usually prefer to play at home or close.

ICkiiNgj

jikj

ijk xx ∈∀=+ ∑∑∈

),( 1)(

Closing: Home-Away condition

• If team i played at home against j in the Opening, team i must play away against j in the Closing tournament.

),(),( 1 jiOpjik

jikx ∈∀=∑



University of ChileSOLVING METHODOLOGY

SOLVING THE MODEL

• Exact methods to solve this formulation are not easy to compute given its complex structure and size:

8,000 binary variables

3,000 constraints

• Computer running more than 1 day and not even a feasible solution was found.

• Over the years, we have used a variety of strategies: constraint programming, LP relaxation based approaches, local search procedures, cuts.




HOME-AWAY PATTERNS

,...)0,0,1,0,1(=p

H-A-H-A-A…

Nº of rounds

,...),,,( 4321 ppppP =

1) GENERATING PATTERNS 2) ASSIGNING PATTERNS

Nº of teams

- Swapping patterns

- Using more patterns than the number of teams

- Un-fixing patterns for some teams

Leads to decrease time to find feasible and close-to-optimum solutions dramatically.

3) IMPROVING SOLUTION

Local Search Procedures




ASSIGNING PATTERNS

=ipz i team toassigned is pattern if 1 p

otherwise 0

patterns 20 ofet :P e sp

k oundin games home assigns that atterns ofSet :ome(k) rpH



University of Chile

1. Exactly one pattern is assigned to each team.

1. Exactly one team is assigned to each pattern. This constraint is useful to strengthen the relaxation of the integer problem and holds only if the number of patterns in P is equal to 20.

1. A team plays at home in a given round if the assigned pattern so indicates; otherwise, it plays away.

PATTERNS` CONSTRAINTS

SOLVING METHODOLOGY

ip

ipz ∀=∑ 1

pi

ipz ∀=∑ 1

kikpeHomeip

jijk zx ,

)(∀∑∑ =




IP model that generates a smart set of patterns (takes advantage of the many restrictions about home games).

Execute the Chilean football league model, but just with the most important constraints.

Add the first group of the not included constraints and solve it, initializing with the solution of 2.

Add the second (and last) group of the not included constraints. Again initializing with the last solution, but this time fix the patterns of the last solution.

Feasible? Go to Step 6.

Not feasible? Unfix some patterns and get back to 4.

6. Apply local search procedures to improve the quality of the solution.

A FORMAL PROCEDURE




• Currently, finding a feasible solution takes about 10 minutes.

• Many alternative schedules are generated and discussed with ANFP’s managers.

• Iterative interacation with managers usually takes a couple of weeks: usually aditional constraints arise during this process.

• We have got to generate about 70 schedules per tournament. ANFP’s managers finally analyze about 10 schedules to decide which one will be used.

• The final schedule is not necessarily the one that performs best according to the objective function.

ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS



University of Chile

OR IN PRACTICE• 15 CHILEAN 1st DIVISION TOURNAMENTS: Opening 2005, Closing 2005,

Opening 2006, Closing 2006, Opening 2007, Closing 2007, Opening 2008, Closing 2008, Opening 2009, Closing 2009, 2010, Opening 2011, Closing 2011, Opening 2012, Closing 2012.

APPLICATION

• 11 CHILEAN 2nd DIVISION TOURNAMENTS: 2007, Opening 2008, Closing 2008, Opening 2009, Closing 2009, Opening 2010, Closing 2010, Opening 2011, Closing 2011, Opening 2012, Closing 2012.

• OTHERS: 2007 and 2008 young divisions, a proposal for the South American Qualifiers to the South Africa 2010 World Cup.



University of Chile

ADAPTABILITY OF THE MODEL

• Between 25 and 50 conditions change from year to year: teams playing international tournaments, Wednesday rounds, new teams promoted to the 1st Division and other teams relegated to the 2nd Division…

• Since 2007, the Closing is the mirror of the Opening tournament.

• Since 2008, there are no groups and the 8 teams which scored more points during the regular season qualify to the playoffs, thus leading to a mainly feasibility problem.

APPLICATION



University of Chile

• Background


• OR in Practice


OUTLINE



University of ChileRESULTS AND IMPACT

FINAL SCHEDULEFulfills all conditions and schedules the most attractive games in appropriate

rounds.

Example: During the last 3 rounds of the 2005 Opening Tournament, 24 games between teams of the same group were played (this is the maximum possible number for 3 rounds because at most 8 games between teams of the same group can be played in a given round).

Round 17 Round 18 Round 19UCH @UDC RNGS @CBSALCOLO HCH @SFLP MLPLLCBLOA LSRN @WDRS PMNTTUDC UCH @CONCE PLTNCATO @CBSAL EVRT @RNGSAUDAX WDRS @HCH SFLPWDRS @AUDAX CBLOA @CQMBHCH @COLO AUDAX @UEUE CONCE @PLTN HCHCQMB PMNTT @LSRN WDRSTMC PLTN @PMNTT CONCEEVRT RNGS @CATO LSRNPMNTT @CQMB TMC @CBLOASFLP @MLPLL COLO @AUDAXLSRN @CBLOA CQMB @EVRTRNGS @EVRT @UCH CATOPLTN @TMC UE @UDCCBSAL CATO @MLPLL UCHCONCE @UE UDC @TMCMLPLL SFLP CBSAL @COLO




QUANTITATIVE IMPACT

• Average attendance to the stadium

increased about 35%

Of course factors other than scheduling may influence, but certain observations can be made:

• Average ticket revenue per game

increased about 100%

2004 Opening 2004 Closing 2006 OpeningAttendance 3,756 3,557 4,953Ticket Revenue 5,852 6,095 11,803

Average Attendance and Ticket Revenue Game



University of Chile

• Average ticket revenue per Classic and Touristic games


RESULTS AND IMPACT

• Average attendance to Classic and Touristic games


2004 Op. 2005 Op. 2004 Cl. 2005 Cl. 2006 Op.

Date Feb-08-04 Apr-10-05 Aug-01-04 Aug-28-05 Apr-09-06Attendance 25.743 45.236 21.750 37.420 48.996Ticket Revenue 55.900 114.879 59.967 137.394 240.557

UCH @ COLO COLO @ UCH

Example: Colo Colo v/s Universidad de Chile

QUANTITATIVE IMPACT



University of Chile

• Average ticket revenue per Classic and Touristic games


RESULTS AND IMPACT

• Average attendance to Classic and Touristic games


QUANTITATIVE IMPACT

Region IV 2004 2006 Op. 2004 2006 Op.

Date May-09-04 Feb-11-06 Mar-13-04 Feb-18-06Attendance 5,373 7,533 4,673 7,178Ticket Revenue 10,175 22,101 10,681 16,175

Region V 2004 2006 Op. 2004 2006 Op.

Date Apr-21-04 Jan-29-06 Oct-29-04 Feb-19-06Attendance 3,314 6,638 3,494 10,787Ticket Revenue 3,840 13,857 6,563 29,091

Attendance and Ticket Revenue for Games in Tourist Areas

COLO @ LSRN CATO @ CQMB

CATO @ EVRT UCH @ WDRS




SAVING IN TRANSPORTATION COSTS

• TV Channel avoids bad trips and takes advantage of good trips

Estimated savings: 700,000 EUR.

ANFP owns 80% of the TV company.

Income from television rights is an important source of revenue for the Chilean teams.

• Teams avoid bad trips and take advantage of good trips

Estimated savings: 1,500,000 EUR.

4,200 km




QUALITATIVE IMPACT

• Conditions made known to all concerned

Transparency

• All teams are taken into account

Fairness

• Equilibrium: local-away games, weak-strong teams

Balance

• Last minute conditions and changes over the years have been incorporated

Flexibility




QUALITATIVE IMPACT

• Pampilla’s Celebration, 2005 Cl: After the schedule was published, a late condition was asked In few hours, we had to incorporate this condition MINIMIZNG the changes of the previous schedule.

“This is a Cataclysm”

Andrés Weintraub

Concepción, 2007 Op: After the schedule was published, a new team got into the tournament In a couple of days, we generated a new schedule for 21 teams instead of 20.




QUALITATIVE IMPACT

• Fans enjoy games in appropriate dates

Attractiveness

• Police resources well distributed

Safety

• Teams, managers, fans and press has talked positively about this application

Credibility

• Players specially enjoy decissive games

Motivation




QUALITATIVE IMPACT

• Players specially enjoy decissive games: Lucas Nania & The Big Coincidence

Motivation

When his team had to play against its 4 group rivals in the last 4 rounds, he comented:

“Such a big coincidence!”

“It’s not a coincidence”, I said…

IT’S ALL ABOUT OR!!!!




QUALITATIVE IMPACT

• ANFP’s managers do not receive complaints any more!

Management

• Alliance with ANFP’s managers: A key issue.

• 26 Tournaments, 7 years: The longest active project in football scheduling? We already survived two changes of administration…

NOW THE MANAGERS CAN’T IMAGINE SCHEDULING THE TOURNAMENT WITHOUT USING OR




RESEARCH ISSUES

• Use and benchmark of OR techniques: Complex structure and size.

• Extensions: - 1st Division 2nd Division Young Division.

- Referee assignment.

- Points Chile needs to qualify for the World Cup (Ribeiro and Urrutia, 2005).

- Argentinian Volleyball.

- Conversations with Basketball and Golf leagues.



University of ChileOR & FOOTBALL

FINAL COMMENT

• The authors of this project have intensively enjoyed their two passions…

∑j

OR&

FOOTBALL

What Else Could We Ask For?

OR

in the Scheduling of the Chilean Football League

Department of Industrial Engineering University of Chile

Guillermo DuránDenis Sauré

Mario Guajardo

Jaime Miranda

Sebastián Souyris

Rodrigo Wolf

Andrés Weintraub




University of Chile

Savings of good trips: US15,000

2. In a team delegation are at least 19 people (16 players, the coach, the assistant coach and a doctor or kinesiologists)

3. Long distance must be travel in plane

4. Considers the rate Santiago-Calama-Santiago for a fly

that will be make in 2 more months ( a fly from the south to the

North is more expensive)

7. Considers the rate of a 4 stars hotel and that the team

Will stay 3 nights in the hotel (probably they will stay just 2

Nights)

SAVINGS

TRIPS SAVINGS



University of ChileSAVINGS

Good Trips and Avoided Bad trips / year 9TV constraints years (since 2006) 3.5

USD EURSaving per trip (CDF's estimation) 20,000 14,200 Total savings CDF 630,000 447,300

TV

Good Trips and Avoided Bad trips / year 12Years since 2005 to up 4.5

USD EURSaving per trip (estimation) 15,000 10,650 Total savings 1st Division 810,000 575,100

Good Trips and Avoided Bad trips / year 12Years since 2007 to up 3

USD EURSaving per trip (estimation) 15,000 10,650 Total savings 1st Division 540,000 383,400

Total savings teams 1,350,000 958,500

*rate of exch.USD/EUR 0.71

Teams1st Division

2nd Division




• Basketball: USA (Nemhauser & Trick 1997), New Zealand (Wright 2004).

• Cricket: Australia (Willis & Terrill 1994), England (Wright 1994), New Zealand (Wright 2005), World Cup (Armstrong & Willis 1993).

• Ice Hockey: USA (Ferland & Fleurent 1991), Finland (Kyngäs & Nurmi 2009).

• Table Tennis: Germany (Knust 2009).

• Volleyball: Holland (van Weert & Schreuder 1992), Argentina (Bonomo et al. 2008).

USE IN REAL SPORT LEAGUES

equipos \ fechas 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9UCH UE @RNGS UDC @WDRS AUDAX @CBSAL PMNTT @ANTF PLTNCOLO @OHG HCH @LSRN EVRT @PLTN WDRS @CONCE CBSAL @STGMCATO @EVRT PMNTT UE @CQMB ANTF @CBLOA @PLTN LSRN @OHGANTF @HCH PLTN @EVRT STGM @CATO OHG @LSRN UCH @CONCECBLOA @CBSAL CQMB @STGM CONCE @OHG CATO @HCH RNGS @WDRSCBSAL CBLOA @LSRN @OHG PMNTT @STGM UCH EVRT @COLO CQMBLSRN @CONCECBSAL COLO @RNGS UE @AUDAX ANTF @CATO HCHCQMB UDC @CBLOA @PLTN CATO @PMNTT HCH @WDRS OHG @CBSALEVRT CATO @AUDAX ANTF @COLO @HCH CONCE @CBSAL PLTN @PMNTTWDRS @PLTN OHG @CONCE UCH RNGS @COLO CQMB @UE CBLOAAUDAX @PMNTT EVRT @HCH OHG @UCH LSRN @STGM CONCE @RNGSUE @UCH CONCE @CATO HCH @LSRN PLTN @RNGS WDRS UDCPLTN WDRS @ANTF CQMB @UDC COLO @UE CATO @EVRT @UCHSTGM RNGS @UDC CBLOA @ANTF CBSAL @PMNTT AUDAX @HCH COLOOHG COLO @WDRS CBSAL @AUDAXCBLOA @ANTF UDC @CQMB CATORNGS @STGM UCH @PMNTT LSRN @WDRS @UDC UE @CBLOA AUDAXUDC @CQMB STGM @UCH PLTN @CONCE RNGS @OHG PMNTT @UECONCE LSRN @UE WDRS @CBLOAUDC @EVRT COLO @AUDAX ANTFHCH ANTF @COLO AUDAX @UE EVRT @CQMB CBLOA STGM @LSRNPMNTT AUDAX @CATO RNGS @CBSALCQMB STGM @UCH @UDC EVRTequipos \ fechas 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19UCH @HCH COLO OHG @CQMB STGM @EVRT @CATO LSRN @CBLOACONCECOLO RNGS @UCH @AUDAXCATO @UE CBLOA CQMB @PMNTT ANTF @UDCCATO CONCE @STGM RNGS @COLO WDRS @AUDAX UCH @UDC CBSAL @HCHANTF WDRS @RNGS CBSAL @UDC AUDAX @PMNTT CBLOA @CQMB @COLO UECBLOA LSRN @UDC UE @PLTN PMNTT @COLO @ANTF AUDAX UCH @EVRTCBSAL @UDC PLTN @ANTF HCH @RNGS WDRS @UE CONCE @CATO AUDAXLSRN @CBLOA @OHG WDRS @PMNTT UDC @STGM EVRT @UCH CQMB @PLTNCQMB STGM AUDAX @CONCEUCH @EVRT UE @COLO ANTF @LSRN RNGSEVRT OHG @UE UDC @STGM CQMB UCH @LSRN WDRS @RNGS CBLOAWDRS @ANTF HCH @LSRN AUDAX @CATO @CBSAL UDC @EVRT STGM @PMNTTAUDAX UE @CQMB COLO @WDRS @ANTF CATO PLTN @CBLOA UDC @CBSALUE @AUDAX EVRT @CBLOA@OHG COLO @CQMB CBSAL @STGM PMNTT @ANTFPLTN PMNTT @CBSAL STGM CBLOA @HCH CONCE @AUDAX RNGS @OHG LSRNSTGM @CQMB CATO @PLTN EVRT @UCH LSRN @CONCE UE @WDRS OHGOHG @EVRT LSRN @UCH UE @CONCE RNGS PMNTT @HCH PLTN @STGMRNGS @COLO ANTF @CATO CONCE CBSAL @OHG HCH @PLTN EVRT @CQMBUDC CBSAL CBLOA @EVRT ANTF @LSRN HCH @WDRS CATO @AUDAXCOLOCONCE @CATO @PMNTT CQMB @RNGS OHG @PLTN STGM @CBSAL HCH @UCHHCH UCH @WDRS PMNTT @CBSAL PLTN @UDC @RNGS OHG @CONCECATOPMNTT @PLTN CONCE @HCH LSRN @CBLOA ANTF @OHG COLO @UE WDRS

Games between teams of the same group

Classic games

Classic and same group games




QUANTITATIVE IMPACT

• Average attendance to the stadium

increased between 32% and 39%.

Of course factors other than scheduling may influence, but certain observations can be made:

• Average ticket revenue per game


2004 Opening 2004 Closing 2006 OpeningAttendance 3,756 3,557 4,953Ticket Revenue 5,852 6,095 11,803

Average Attendance and Ticket Revenue Game



University of Chile

• Average ticket revenue per Classic game


RESULTS AND IMPACT

• Average attendance to Classic games


2004 Op. 2005 Op. 2004 Cl. 2005 Cl. 2006 Op.

Date Feb-08-04 Apr-10-05 Aug-01-04 Aug-28-05 Apr-09-06Attendance 25,743 45,236 21,750 37,420 48,996Ticket Revenue 55,900 114,879 59,967 137,394 240,557

2004 Cl. 2005 Op. 2004 Op. 2005 Cl. 2006 Op.

Date Nov-04-04 Apr-30-05 May-04-04 Nov-13-05 May-14-06Attendance 18,093 24,450 7,881 18,292 14,409Ticket Revenue 55,173 71,499 12,241 69,099 67,466

2004 Op. 2005 Op. 2004 Cl. 2005 Cl. 2006 Op.

Date Mar-06-04 Mar-20-05 Sep-12-04 Sep-25-05 Apr-23-06Attendance 9,887 24,352 13,333 18,138 32,654Ticket Revenue 16,575 100,408 29,595 61,074 147,442

COLO @ CATO CATO @ COLO

Attendance and Ticket Revenue for Classic Games


CATO @ UCH UCH @ CATO




• Average attendance to Touristic games


• Average ticket revenue per Touristic game


Region IV 2004 2006 Op. 2004 2006 Op.

Date May-09-04 Feb-11-06 Mar-13-04 Feb-18-06Attendance 5,373 7,533 4,673 7,178Ticket Revenue 10,175 22,101 10,681 16,175

Region V 2004 2006 Op. 2004 2006 Op.

Date Apr-21-04 Jan-29-06 Oct-29-04 Feb-19-06Attendance 3,314 6,638 3,494 10,787Ticket Revenue 3,840 13,857 6,563 29,091

Attendance and Ticket Revenue for Games in Tourist Areas

COLO @ LSRN CATO @ CQMB

CATO @ EVRT UCH @ WDRS



University of Chile

• Average ticket revenue per Classic game


RESULTS AND IMPACT

• Average attendance to Classic games


2004 Op. 2005 Op. 2004 Cl. 2005 Cl. 2006 Op.

Date Feb-08-04 Apr-10-05 Aug-01-04 Aug-28-05 Apr-09-06Attendance 25,743 45,236 21,750 37,420 48,996Ticket Revenue 55,900 114,879 59,967 137,394 240,557

2004 Cl. 2005 Op. 2004 Op. 2005 Cl. 2006 Op.

Date Nov-04-04 Apr-30-05 May-04-04 Nov-13-05 May-14-06Attendance 18,093 24,450 7,881 18,292 14,409Ticket Revenue 55,173 71,499 12,241 69,099 67,466

2004 Op. 2005 Op. 2004 Cl. 2005 Cl. 2006 Op.

Date Mar-06-04 Mar-20-05 Sep-12-04 Sep-25-05 Apr-23-06Attendance 9,887 24,352 13,333 18,138 32,654Ticket Revenue 16,575 100,408 29,595 61,074 147,442

COLO @ CATO CATO @ COLO

Example: Attendance and Ticket Revenue for Classic Games


CATO @ UCH UCH @ CATO




SOME ANECDOTES

• “Just in Time” Scheduling

- Fiesta de la Pampilla (2005 Closing): After the schedule was published, a surprising late condition was asked for a team In a matter of minutes, we had to incorporate this condition MINIMIZNG the changes of the previous schedule.

- Deportes Concepción’s Cataclysm (2007 Opening): After the schedule was published, a new team got into the tournament In a couple of days, we had to generate a new schedule for 21 teams instead of 20.

• A surprised TV Manager: Broadcasting 2 games in the North, on consecutive days… “That’s good luck…”… “It’s not luck, IT’S ALL ABOUT OR!”

• A surprised player: Playing against his 4 group rivals in the last 4 rounds… “Such a big coincidence…”… “It’s not a coincidence, IT’S ALL ABOUT OR!”

or in the scheduling of the chilean football league · - didn’t avoide bad trips neither took...

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