OPTIMA

OPTIMAOptimisation for Sustainable

Water Resources Management

The Case of the Gediz River in Turkey

18-19 May 2006

Gumpoldskirchen

22OPTIMA

Gediz Basin

Izmir

IstanbulPopulation: 1.700.000

Extent: 17600 km2

Current water demand

Agriculture39 mm(695 MCM)

Industry3 mm(54 MCM)

Environ.Wetland0.2 mm(3.6 MCM)

Domestic

7.4 mm(133 MCM

Current water supply

Surface52 mm(940 MCM)

Ground9 mm (160 MCM)

TreatedNot Available

Rainfall700 mm

Water Supply: 1100 MCM 647 m3 per capita

Water Demand: 886 MCM 521 m3 per capita

33OPTIMA

LAKES, RESERVOIRS and WEIRS

44OPTIMA

Demographic ChangeBasin Population +1.5 % /year [1 100 000(1970) 1 700 000 (2000)]

Urban population +2% /yearRural population -0.7% /year

INTERNAL MIGRATION RURAL TO URBAN: RAPID URBANIZATION

55OPTIMA

Land Use Change Urban Areas +2% /year Industrial Areas +10% /year 35% increase in urban and industrial areas in 13 YEARS!

INCREASING WATER DEMAND: COMPETITION AMONG USERS

Industrial Areas

Kemalpasa

Manisa

Menemen

66OPTIMA

KEY ISSUES

PHYSICAL CONDITIONS:

- Watershed Degradation

- Water Scarcity

- Droughts

WATER MANAGEMENT:

- Education and Awareness

- Institutional Framework:

- Institutional Responsibilities

- Active Participation

77OPTIMA

WATER DEMAND:

- Agriculture

- Surface Water Demands

- Groundwater Demands

- Industry:

- Surface Water Pollution by Industry

WATER SUPPLY:

- Quality:

- Surface Water Quality

- Groundwater Quality

- Infrastructures:

- Sanitation: Sewers and Treatment

KEY ISSUES

88OPTIMA

Domestic demand 0.15 mm/year, 2%

Industrial demand 0.3 mm/year, 10%

KEY ISSUES

Supply (61mm) Demand (49.6mm)

99OPTIMA

DischargesDischarges

Water Quality

60% of Surface Water

30% of Ground Water

“POLLUTED, USE WITH CARE!!”

W. Q. CLASS IV(acc. Turkish W.Q.C. Standards)

1010OPTIMA

1111OPTIMA

GIS DATA (WP05)(Composite, LANDSAT)

1212OPTIMA

GIS DATA (WP05) (DEM, SRTM)

1313OPTIMA

GIS DATA (WP05) (River Network)

1414OPTIMA

GIS DATA (WP05) (Settlements)

1515OPTIMA

GIS DATA (WP05) (Road Network)

1616OPTIMA

GIS DATA (WP05) (Flow Stations)

1717OPTIMA

GIS DATA (WP05) (Meteo. Stations)

1818OPTIMA

GIS DATA (WP05) (Landuse)

1919OPTIMA

Topological View of the Recent Baseline Gediz Scenario

Demirkopru Buldan

Marmara Lake

Alasehir Irrig.

Ahmetli Irrig.

Adala Irrig.

Menemen Irrig.Wetland

Nif Tributary

Kumcay Tributary

Gordes Tributary Afsar

Bay of Izmir

2020OPTIMA

RESERVOIRS

AFSARBULDAN

MARMARA

DEMIRKOPRU

Bay of Izmir

YIGITLER?

GORDES?

2121OPTIMA

River Basin Objects

Reservoirs:

1) Demirkopru: supplies irrigation water, flood prevention, energy production during the irrigation season.

2) Afsar: provides irrigation water to Alasehir lowlands.

3) Buldan: provides irrigation water to Alasehir lowlands.

4) Marmara Lake

5) Gordes (under construction): supplies domestic water for the city of Izmir in addition to providing irrigation water within the basin.

6) Yigitler (under construction): supplies industrial water for the industrial district of Kemalpasa.

WATERWARE STUDIES

2222OPTIMA

Alasehir Irrig.

Ahmetli Irrig.

Adala Irrig.

Menemen Irrig.

Wetland

Bay of Izmir

Kemalpasa Ind. Zone

Manisa Org. Ind. Zone

Menemen Leather Ind.

Comlekci

Adala

Ahmetli

Emiralem

IRRIG. DISTRICTS,WEIRS,IND. ZONES and WETLAND

2323OPTIMA

River Basin Objects

Irrigation Districts :

1) Adala Left Bank

2) Adala Right Bank

3) Ahmetli Left Bank

4) Ahmetli Right Bank

5) Menemen Left Bank

6) Menemen Right Bank

7) Sarigol

8) Alasehir

Diversions:

1) Adala Weir

2) Ahmetli Weir

3) Emiralem Weir

4) Buldan Weir

5) Comlekci Weir

Industrial Districts:

1) Manisa Ind. Zone

2) Kemalpasa Ind. Zone

3) Memenen Leather Ind.

Wetland:

1) Izmir Bird Paradise

2424OPTIMA

Irrigation District

Area (ha)(min-max)

Cotton (%)

Maize (%)

Grape (%)

Vegetables (%)

Fruits (%)

Cereals (%)

Adala Left Bank Irr.

5100-7000 0 30 63 5 - 2

Adala Right Bank Irr.

5500-6600 25 30 40 3 - 2

Ahmetli Left Bank Irr.

13000-16100 5 18 63 5 9 -

Ahmetli Right Bank Irr.

12500-17000 17 25 54 4 - -

Menemen Left Bank Irr.

13000-14200 56 25 3 5 2 9

Menemen Right Bank Irr.

4900-5800 30 26 7 18 4 15

Sarigol Irr. 890-1100 - - 100 - - -

Alasehir Irr.

6800-8400 - - 100 - - -

2525OPTIMA

CropCrop Yield (kg/ha) Average Price (EU/kg)

Cotton 4027.5 0.68

Grape 4805 0.88

Maize 8035 0.17

Vegetables 26460 0.39

Cereals 6367.5 0.34

Fruits ? ?

Water Supply Ratio (%) Decrease in Yield (%)

80 4

70 8

60 15

50 23

Yields and Average Farmer’s Prices of Crops

2626OPTIMA

DistrictBOD loads (kg/day)

Industrial

Kemalpasa Industrial Zone 4255

Manisa Org. Ind. Zone 8667

Menemen Leather Industrial 4833

Daily BOD Loads of Industrial Discharges

Source: Nen Eng.&Cons., December 2001

2727OPTIMA

SUBCATCHMENTS and SETTLEMENTS

Turgutlu

AlasehirSalihliGolmarmara

Saruhanli

Menemen

Kemalpasa

Akhisar Ahmetli

Bay of Izmir

Buldan AfsarDeliinis

Gordes

MedarYigitler

Nif

2828OPTIMA

River Basin Objects Settlements :

1) Manisa (Gov. Centre)

2) Akhisar

3) Salihli

4) Turgutlu

5) Kemalpasa

6) Menemen

7) Saruhanli

8) Alasehir

9) Izmir

10) Golmarmara

11) Ahmetli

Subcatchments:

1) Demirkopru Upstream

2) Buldan Upstream

3) Afsar Upstream

4) Medar

5) Nif

6) Gordes

7) Yigitler

Aquifers:

1) Salihli-Turgutlu

2) Menemen

3) Sarikiz

4) Alasehir

2929OPTIMA

Name of the Settlement 1990 Pop. 2000 Pop. qHY, l/ca/day ** m3/day m3/s

Akhisar 73944 81510 170 13857 0.16

Salihli 70861 83137 170 14133 0.16

Turgutlu 73634 93727 170 15934 0.18

Manisa, Center 158928 214345 200 42869 0.50

Kemalpasa 16354 25448 100 2545 0.03

Menemen 29006 46079 120 5529 0.06

Saruhanli 12977 13025 100 1303 0.02

Golmarmara 10976 11205 100 1121 0.01

Alasehir 36649 39590 120 4751 0.05

Ahmetli 10190 11011 100 1101 0.01

Population qHY, l/ca/day

5 000 - 10 000 80

10 000 - 30 000 100

30 000 - 50 000 120

50 000 - 100 000 170

> 100 000 200

** Values from Bank of Provinces

Domestic Demand of Settlements

3030OPTIMA

Municipality BOD loads (kg/day)

Salihli 2772

Menemen 1115

Golmarmara 379

Turgutlu 3100

Alasehir 1093

Saruhanli 2247

Akhisar 1866

Ahmetli 1321

Manisa 2222

Kemalpasa 712

BOD Loads of Domestic Returns of Settlements

Source: Nen Eng.&Cons., December 2001

3131OPTIMA

The aquifers identified in WaterWare (WRM) and their parameters.

The Name of the Aquifer

Parameter Alasehir MenemenSalihli-

TurgutluSarikiz

Area (km2) 940 300 1200 600

Average depth (m) 80 80 90 80

Porosity (%) 15 15 15 15

Percolation loss coefficient

0 0 0 0

Deg. day coefficient 1e-05 1e-05 1e-05 1e-05

Recharge coefficient 0.75 0.75 0.70 0.65

3232OPTIMA

WaterWare Modeling Studies

Water Budget

3333OPTIMA

3434OPTIMA

3535OPTIMA

3636OPTIMA

3737OPTIMA

3838OPTIMA

3939OPTIMA

RESERVOIRS INVESTMENTS

AFSARBULDAN

MARMARA

DEMIRKOPRU

Bay of Izmir

YIGITLER?

GORDES?

4040OPTIMA

WaterWare Modeling Studies

Water Quality

4141OPTIMA

4242OPTIMA

4343OPTIMA

Kemalpasa Ind.and Dom. Discharges

4444OPTIMA

Pollution Sources emphasized in Stakeholder meeting:Pollution Sources emphasized in Stakeholder meeting:

Kemalpasa Industrial DistrictKemalpasa Industrial District

Kemalpasa Municipality’s domestic dischargeKemalpasa Municipality’s domestic discharge

Salihli, Akhisar, Turgutlu, Ahmetli Municipalities have Salihli, Akhisar, Turgutlu, Ahmetli Municipalities have

treatment plants but they are not operated properly…treatment plants but they are not operated properly…

4545OPTIMA

Economic Data Compilation

4646OPTIMA

Irrigation Districts

Capital Cost

(€/yearly)

Fixed O/M Costs

(€/yearly)

Fixed O/M Costs

(€/monthly)

Use Benefit (€/m3)

Shortfall Cost

(€/m3)

Adala Left Bank Irr. ?? 253091 21091 0.62 0.3

Adala Right Bank Irr. ?? 140593 11716 0.48 0.23

Ahmetli Left Bank Irr. ?? 306447 25537 0.77 0.32

Ahmetli Right Bank Irr. ?? 479559 39963 0.5 0.23

Menemen Left Bank Irr. ?? 376867 31406 0.32 0.12

Menemen Right Bank Irr. ?? 192484 16040 0.45 0.14

Sarigol Irr. ?? 41310 3442 0.59 0.22

Alasehir Irr. ?? 289283 24107 1.1 0.43

*** The operational costs of diversion structures are considered in fixed o/m costs

BASIC ECO-DATA OF IRRIGATION DISTRICTS

4747OPTIMA

Relative productive value of the irrigation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

The percentage of demanded water by crop for maximum efficiency

Rel

ativ

e p

rod

uct

ion

val

ue

BASIC ECO-DATA OF IRRIGATION DISTRICTS

Acatay, 2001; E. Hansen et. al.

4848OPTIMA

BASIC ECO-DATA OF IRRIGATION DISTRICTS

Supply/Demand (daily) Yield decrease

Average Yield Decrease

Water Supply Ratio (%) Decrease in Yield (%)

80 4

70 8

60 15

50 23

Source: Akinci, 2004; Min. of Aggriculture and Rural Affaires

4949OPTIMA

BASIC ECO-DATA OF IRRIGATION DISTRICTS

Calculation of “Use Benefit” and “Shortfall Cost”:

Use benefit = Yield (kg/ha) x Market price (€/kg) x Area (ha) / Demand (m3)

Shortfall Cost;

Expected irrigation income through irrigation (EII)=

(Total expected income) x 0.6 (without irrigation crops still yield!, the figure may be argued)

The real income increase (RII) = EII x (relative yield reduction due to limited irr.)

Shortfall of income = EII – RII

Shortfall Cost = (EII – RII) / (Total Demand - Total Supply)

5050OPTIMA

SettlementsCapital

Cost (€/yearly)

Fixed O/M Costs

(€/yearly)

Fixed O/M Costs (€/monthly)

Use Benefit (€/m3)

Shortfall Cost (€/m3)

Akhisar ??

Alm

ost 60% of C

ollected Fees

Alm

ost 60% of C

ollected Fees

1  Salihli ?? 1  Turgutlu ?? 1  Manisa, Center ?? 1.5  Kemalpasa ?? 0.8  Menemen ?? 0.8  Saruhanli ?? 0.4  Golmarmara ?? 0.4  Alasehir ?? 0.6  

Ahmetli ?? 0.6  

BASIC ECO-DATA OF SETTLEMENTS

5151OPTIMA

RESERVOIRS INVESTMENTS

AFSARBULDAN

MARMARA

DEMIRKOPRU

Bay of Izmir

YIGITLER?

5252OPTIMA

COSTS INCOME

YIGITLER DAMANNUAL INV

(€/year)

O/M (€/year)

ELECTRICITY (€/year)

Exp. INCOME(€

/year)

DAM 2,531,851 149,975

IRRIGATION 1,014,431 316,9091,799,32

6

IND. WATER SUPPLY 541,219 115,145 518,358

24,113,963

TREATMENT 597,393 124,912

RESERVOIRS INVESTMENTS

5353OPTIMA

RESERVOIRS INVESTMENTS

AFSARBULDAN

MARMARA

DEMIRKOPRU

Bay of Izmir

GORDES?

5454OPTIMA

RESERVOIRS INVESTMENTS

COSTS INCOME

GORDES DAM (€/year)

ANNUAL INV (€/year)

O/M (€/year)

ELECTRICITY (€/year)

INCOME (€/m3)

DAM 87,373,043 597,450

IRRIGATION 7,477,686 1,382,716

DOM. WATER SUPPLY 7,660,819 76,608 1 to 1.51 to 1.5

5555OPTIMA

TREATMENT PLANT INVESTMENTS

Treatment plant (s) for KEMALPASA INDUSTRIAL ZONE:

Annual Investment Cost (Capital Cost): 90 924 €/year

Fixed O/M Cost : 19012 €/year

5656OPTIMA

PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC RESULTS OF 1991 BASELINE SCENARIO

5757OPTIMA

INTRODUCED WATER TECHNOLOGIES TO DB

5858OPTIMA

INTRODUCED WATER TECHNOLOGIES TO DB

5959OPTIMA

INTRODUCED WATER TECHNOLOGIES TO DB

6060OPTIMA

WORKS IN PROGRESS

The O/M data of existing reservoirs have been demanded

from DSI,

The income, shortfall and O/M costs for settlements’ water

distribution system have been demanded from IZSU,

The results of “Issues Questionaire” analysis are expected

from FEEM.

6161OPTIMA

WORKS TO DO

Decide water technologies to be used,

Complete the compilation of missing economic data,

Start with optimization regarding the results of Stakeholders

Meeting

6262OPTIMA

THANK YOU!