Opening Ceremony - Ouverture du Congres

From left to right: Dr. Ch. Merieux, Dr. F. Assaad, Prof. A. Chadli,

Dr. Ben Osman, Dr. R. Sfar, Prof. E. Kuwert, Dr. A. Hassani, Dr. L. Cayolla da Motta

Rabies in the Tropics

Editors: E. Kuwert, C. Merieux, H. Koprowski, K Bagel

With 202 Figures and 363 Tables

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

Ernst Kuwert Institute of Medical Virology and Immunology, University of Essen, Medical School, HufelandstraBe 55 4300 Essen 1, FRG

Charles Merieux Fondation Merieux, 17 rue Bourgelat 69002 Lyon, France

Hilary Koprowski The Wi star Institute, 36th Street at Spruce, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA

Konrad Bagel Chief, Veterinary Public Health Division of Communicable Diseases, World Health Organization 1211 Geneva, Switzerland

ISBN-13: 978-3-540-13826-6 DOl: 10.1 007/978-3-642-70060-6

e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-70060-6

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Main entry under title: Rabies in the tropics. Proceedings of an international conference on rabies control in the tropics, held at the Hilton Hotel, Tunis, Oct. 3-6, 1983. English and French. Includes bibliographies and indexes. 1. Rabies - Preventive inoculation - Congresses. 2. Rabies vaccines - Congresses. 3. Rabies - Tropics- Pre­vention-Congresses. 4. Rabies-Tropics-Congresses. 5. Epidemiology-Congresses. L Kuwert, E.K. RA644.R3R33 1985 614.5'63'0913 84-22160

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use a fee is payable to 'Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort', Munich.

© Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg 1985

Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover I st edition 1985

The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature.

2127/3020-543210

Foreword

Rabies-as in former times-is still today a major killer affecting man and animals especially in many tropical and sub-tropical countries of Asia, Africa and South America. Some 50,000 people and literally millions of animals suffer and die of this disease each year. This dramatic death toll and the enormous economic losses which ensue are nowadays un tolerable and no longer justified. Worldwide strategy for Rabies control has been established and the World Health Organization recently formulated an elimination programme for dog Rabies. Methods for wildlife Rabies control are also under way. For the realisation of control campaigns, careful epid­emiological analysis is necessary. This involves:

- antigenical characterisation of Rabies Virus Strains using monoclonal antibodies, - observation of foci, - follow-up of the front wave of the disease, - specific ecology of target populations and Rabies carrier species.

The financial point of view of such campaigns has of course to be ascertained.

It is for the first time ever that representatives and specialists of different biological disciplines from nearly 70 countries have had the opportunity in Tunis to discuss these important issues and to evaluate, on the basis of their own experimental results and personal epidemiological observations, the possibility of ultimate elimination of Rabies in tropical and sub-tropical countries and also to contribute their share for a better understanding of the natural history of this disease. I am convinced that the Tunis meeting has paved the way to world-wide activities and will have a great impact on further progress in the control of Rabies of man and animals.

The Tunis conference would not have been able to come about without the enor­mous stimulation and support of the WHO Department of Virology and Veterinary Public Health; I must express my deep gratitude to Dr. Assaad, Dr. Matyas and especially to Dr. Bagel whose enthusiasm and energy was an important factor in facilitating the way to Tunis. I should also like to acknowledge the organising capa­bilities of Dr. Quenum and Dr. Abdou from the WHO Regional Center (Brazzaville/ Congo). I especially appreciated the outstanding sponsorship and extraordinary sup­port of Dr. Charles Merieux (Fondation Merieux, Lyon/France) as well as the precious help of Dr. Gerhard Schwick (Behringwerke, Marburg) and the Wellcome Research Foundation. Dr. Chadli (Institut Pasteur, Tunisia and Dr. Hassani (Dir­ector of the Veterinary Services of Tunisia) made everything possible to ensure the success of the meeting. Finally I would like to express my deep gratitude to my immediate co-workers: Dr. Petermann (Lyon), Dr. Thraenhart and Mrs. Burat (Institute of Medical Virology and Immunology, University of Essen Medical School), for their tremendous help in preparing and organizing the congress.

v

Tunis was not only a milestone in our common efforts to overcome another dreaded plague of man and animals, but also a meeting of friends and colleagues, regardless of any barrier of any kind between north, south, east or west.

Essen, June 1984 Ernst Kuwert, M.D., D.V.M.

VI

Avant Propos

En prelude a ce Congres, en souvenir de Ia premiere reunion sur Ia Rage organisee a Talloires en 1965, no us pensons a 1985 au centieme anniversaire de Ia decouverte de Louis Pasteur.

Apres Talloires, il y eut encore une 2eme reunion a Lyon en 1972 et une 3eme reunion a Marburg en 1977, sous Ies auspices de l'Association de Standardisation Biologique.

Mais, c'est aujourd'hui, a I'hospitalite du Professeur Chadii et de l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis, que nous devons d'etre reunis pour-l00 ans apres Ia decouverte pasteu­rienne du vaccin antirabique-aider a Ia realisation du grand projet de l'O.M.S. «Sante pour Tous dans l'An 2000».

Tunis, Ie 3 Octobre 1983 Docteur Charles M6rieux

VII

Index of Authors - Index des Auteurs

Abelseth, M.K.: 30 Abrous, M.: 675 Acha, P.N.: 343 Adamowicz, Ph.: 106 Addy, P.A.K.: 497 Aghomo, H.O.:491 Ahuja, S.: 571 Aiian, N.: ~144 Akakpo, A.J.: 516 Albert, J.P.: 147 Ali, A.A.: 465 Arambulo III, P.V.: 343 Arrossi, I.e.: 189 Arrouji, A.: 144 Aubert, M.F.A.: 249 Ayalew, Y.: 481

Baczynski, Z.: 617 Baer, G.M.: 27Q,604 Bahnemann, H.G.: 541 Bakkali, M.M.: 371-Barnard, B.J.H.:<17 Barth, R.: 117, 125,241 Beckenhaue;=:-W.H.: 262 Benlasfar, Z.: 363 Benmansour, A.: 675 Ben Osman, F.: 249 Beran, G.W.: 655, 691 Bijlenga, G.: 162, 196 Bijok, U.: 117, 125, 133 Biron, G.: 153 -Blajan, L.: 758 Blancou, J.M.: 47,249,255,

274 -Bogel, K.: 714, 770 Boge, A.: 698 -Bonfre, C.: 196 Bouguedour, R.: 162 Brown, F.: 294 Brun, A.: 227, 274 Bugand, M.: 227 Bunn, Th.O.: 221 Bussein, N.A.~5 Bussy, L.: 91

Callard, R.: 312 Campbell, J.B.: 285

Cayolla da Motta, L.: 629 Chadli, A.: 144, 363, 703 Chaniot, S.: 318, 322 Chappuis, G.: 227,255,274 Charbonnier, e.: 91, 153 Chavanich, L.: 556 Chippaux, A.: 318, 322 Cliff, J.L.: 406- -Coulanges, P.: 429 Cox, J.H.: 47,153 Crajer, M.e.: 318 Crick, J.: 13,294 Crowley, A.J.: 748 Curtis, P.: 325-

David, A.: 106 David-West, K.B.: 485 Dias, P.T.: 406 Diaz, A.M.Q:189, 611 Dietzschold, B.: 3 Duarte, V.M.S.:-536

Eloit, M.: 255 Eltigani, A.: 465

Falconer, J.: 679 Fayaz, A.: 583 Fearne, A.J-::294 Ferguson, M.: 305 Fischman, H.R::662 Foggin, C.M.: 65~9 Fornosi, F.: 205 -Fournier, P.~8 de Freitas, e.E.A.: 737 Frohlich, T.: 40 Frost, J.W.: 40

Garbugino, R.A.M.: 611 Germanier, R.: 181 Gibelin, N.: 312 Gliick, R.: 181 Gomes, A.F:":536 de Groot, I.G.M.: 172 Gruschkau, H.: 117,125,

241 Guinet, 1.1.: 679 Gupta, H.O.: 671

Haddad, N.: 249 Hamadou, S.: 162 Hannik, Ch.A.: 172 Harry, T.O.: 147 Hayashi, Y.: 683 Houghten, R::-3 Hyera, J.: 714

Ibrahim, A.E.: 465 lng, W.K.: 99 -

Jaeger, 0.: 117, 241 Johnson, S.E.: 99 Joubert, L.: 16:r,-196

Kaplan, M.M.: 782 Karama, M.: 4~ Kariuki, D.P.: 451 Keller, H.: 181-Kiel, M.: 3 Kieny, M.P.: 325 Kihm, U.: 71 King, A.A::-294 Klietmann, B.: 153 Klietmann, W.: 153 Koesharyono, C::545 Koning, e.: 172 -Koprowski, H.: 3, 21, 30 Koutchoukali, M.A.: 255 Kukla, H.: 125 Kuruneru, A.: 726 Kuwert, E.K.: ill, 707, 714,

742,770 --

Lafon, M.: 60 Larghi, O.P.: 189, 587, 611 Lari, F.A.: 567- - -Lathe, R.: 325 Lecocq, J.P.: 325 Lee, S.: 209, 334 Lefur, R.: 106 Lelyveld, J.L.M.: 172 Lerner, R.A.: 3 Lery, L.: 162, 196 Lery, N.: 162,1% Liautaud, J.: 330 Libeau, G.: 60 Loucq, c.: 147

IX

MacFarlan, R.I.: 3, 21 Maganu, E.T.: 422 Magembe, S.R.: 392, 649 Maharaj, I.: 285- -Manrique, L.G.: 592 van der Marel, P-::-r72 Mariam, S.H.: 473 Mazert, M.C.: 106 Meesomboon, V.: 721 Melendez, L.V.: 758 Menard, F.I.R.R---::--698 Merieux, Ch.: 144, 330 Meyer, S.: 47 Michel, Ph.: 147 Mischler, R.: 181 Montagnon, B.J.: 91, 138 Montano, J.A: 683 -Mora, E.: 683 Mouillot, L.: 318 Mpelumbe, I.: 714 Mueller, J.: 47-Multare, S.: 611

Nelson, L.D.: 262 Netter, R.: 318, 322 Ngulo, W.K.: 451 Nicholson, K.G.: 209, 334 Novoa, AM.: 406 -Nsalambi, D.: 536 Nyange, J.F.C.: 714, 742

0degaard, 0.A.: 47 Oduye, 0.0.: 491 Ohi, M.: 683 -Osterhaus, AD.M.E.: 172

Papapanagiotou, J.: 360 Parra, F., A.D.: 592-Pay, T.W.F.: 698 Pearson, E.W::--99 Pepin, M.: 274 Petermann, H.G.: 227, 274 Peyron, L.: 312 Phanfung, R.: 209

x

Piccinini, R.s.: 737 PIa, J.: 330 -Plan, R.: 330 Piat, A.: 318, 322 Ponchon, A: 196 Precausta, P.: 227, 274 Prunet, P.: 106-Puthavathana, P.: 556

Rakotonirina-Randriambe-lorna, P.J.: 429

Reagan, K.J.: 77 Reculard, P.: 106 Roith, J.: 285-Rollin, P.E.: 60, 147 Rosliacov, A.A: 536 Roumiantzeff, M.: 85, 91 Roumillat, F.: 604 -Ruitenberg, E.I.: 172

Saha, S.M.: 571 Saxena, S.N.: 571 Schild, G.C.: 305 Schneider, H.P.: 47, 520 Schneider, L.G.: 47 -Sehgal, S.: 671 -Selimov, M-::--47 Sharpee, R.L.: 262 Shukor, K. bin Hj.: 600 Simanjuntak, G.: 545 Sinhaseni, A: 209 Sinyangwe, P.G.: 415 Siongok, T.K.A.: 455 Smerdel, S.: 125, 133 Smith, J.S.: 604 Soml6, G.: 205 Soulebot, J.P.: 227, 274 Souvras, M.: 312 -Staugard, F.: 422 van Steenis, G.: 172 Strady, A.: 85 -Sumner, J.: 604 Suntharasamai, P.: 209 Sureau, P.: 60, 147 Sutcliffe, J.G.: 3

Talas, M.: 205 Tan, D.S.K.: 600 Teixeira, M.J-::--387 Theos, R.I.: 545-Thompson, G.: 294 Thomson, J.W.: 644 Thongcharoen, P::556 Thraenhart, 0.: 113,707,

714 Tixier, G.: 255 Toma, B.: 255 Tomori, 0.: 485 Triau, R.: 113 Tripathi, K.K.: 571

Udomsakdi, D.: 209

Vincent-Falquet, J.e.: 91, 138, 312

Viravan, C.: 209 Vodopija, I.: 125, 133

Wachendorfer, G.: 40 Wandeler, A.I.: 47,657 Warrell, D.A: 209 -Warrell, M.J.: 209, 334 Wasi, Ch.: 556 Wegmann, A: 181 Weinmann, E.: 117 van Wezel, AL.: 172 Wiktor, T.J.: 3, 21, 30 Williams, E.W.: 294 Winkler, W.G.: 604 Wunner, W.H.: 3, 77

Xueref, C.: 85, 312, 334

Young-Hi, K.: 597 Yvernogeau, B-::-r96

Zeller, H.: 703 Zutter, R.: 71 Zyambo, G.C.N.: 415

Contents- Table des matieres

Session I: Current Knowledge of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses

The Antigenic Structure of the Rabies Virus Glycoprotein (B. Dietzschold, W.H. Wunner, R.I. MacFarlan, T.J. Wiktor, M. Kiel, R. Houghten, R.A. Lerner, J.G. Sutcliffe, and H. Koprowski)

Rabies Virus Genome (J. Crick)

3

13

Rabies Virus Pathogenicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 21 (T.J. Wiktor, R.I. MacFarlan, and H. Koprowski)

Cross-Reactivity and Cross-Protection: Rabies Variants and Rabies-Related Viruses ............................. 30 (H. Koprowski, TJ. Wiktor, and M.K. Abelseth)

Current Diagnostic Procedures of Rabies and Related Viruses (G. Wachendorfer J.W. Frost, and T. Frohlich)

Application of Monoclonal Antibodies for Epidemiological Investigations and Oral Vaccination Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. African Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (L.G. Schneider, B.J.H. Barnard, and H.P. Schneider) II. Arctic Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (L.G. Schneider, 0.A. 0degaard, J. Mueller, and M. Selimov) III. Oral Rabies Vaccine . . . . . . . . . . . . . (L.G. Schneider, B.J.H. Barnard, and H.P. Schneider)

Caracteristiques de Souches de Virus de Rage et de Virus Apparentes a la Rage, Isolees en Europe, Afrique et Asie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (P. Sureau, P.E. Rollin, M. Lafon et G. Libeau)

Mokola Virus Infection in Domestic Cats in Zimbabwe (C.M. Foggin)

40

47 47

47

47

60

65

Contribution to the Characterization of Rabies Street Virus Strain NYC 71 (U. Kihm and R. Zutter)

On the Nature of Rabies Virus-Cellular Receptor Interactions (K.J. Reagan and W.H. Wunner)

Session II: Rabies Vaccines for Use in Man

77

Effectiveness and Tolerance of Rabies Post-Exposure Treatment with Human Diploid Cell Rabies Vaccine in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 (N. Ajjan, A. Strady, M. Roumiantzeff, and C. Xueref)

XI

Rapport sur l'Utilisation du Vaccin Rabique Prepare sur Culture de Cellules Diploides Humaines pour l'Immunisation avant et apres Exposition 91 (M. Roumiantzeff, B. Montagnon, J.C. Vincent-Falquet, L. Bussy et C. Charbonnier)

Clinical Responses in Humans to Rabies Vaccine Prepared in MRC-5 Diploid Cells from Canadian Seed Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 (S.E. Johnson, E.W. Pearson, and W.K. Ing)

Vaccin Rabique Inactive Purifie, Produit sur Cellules de Reins de Veaux. Methodologie Analytique .................... 106 (P. Reculard, Ph. Adamowicz, M.C. Mazert, R. Lefur, A. David et P. Prunet)

Innocuity and Side Effects of Human Diploid Cell Rabies Vaccine: Rationale and Facts after Vaccination of > 500,000 Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 (E. Kuwert, R. Triau, and O. Thraenhart)

Purified Chick Embryo Cell (PCEC) Rabies Vaccine for Human Use -Laboratory Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 (R. Barth, U. Bijok, H. Gruschkau, O. Jaeger, and E. Weinmann)

Clinical Trials in Healthy Volunteers with the New Purified Chick Embryo Cell Rabies Vaccine for Man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 (U. Bijok, R. Barth, H. Gruschkau, I. Vodopij!J., S. Smerdel, and H. Kukla)

PCEC Rabies Vaccine and HRIG in Post-Exposure Protection against Rabies 133 (I. Vodopija, S. Smerdel, and U. Bijok)

Un Nouveau Vaccin Antirabique 11 Usage Humain: Rapport Preliminaire .. 138 (B.J. Montagnon, P. Fournier, et J.C. Vincent-Falquet)

Etude Clinique et Serologique Preliminaire d'un Vaccin Antirabique a Usage Humain Prepare sur Culture de Cellule (VERO) ............. 144 (A. Chadli, Ch. Merieux, A. Arrouji et N. Ajjan)

Essais Cliniques du Vaccin Rabique Prepare sur Culture de Cellules Renales de Foetus Bovin et du Vaccin Rabique Prepare sur Cerveau de Souriceau Nouveau-Ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 (c. Loucq, J.P. Albert, Ph. Michel, T.O. Harry, P. Rollin et P. Sureau)

Comparative Study of Rabies Immunization with HDCV (Merieux) Using Reduced Amounts of Vaccine with and without Adjuvant ...... . 153 (W. Klietmann, B. Klietmann, J.H. Cox, G. Biron, and C. Charbonnier)

Effet Curatif Experimental du Vaccin Antirabique Prepare sur Cellules de Rein de Veau Foetal (RVF) ................... . 162 (L. Lery, N. Lery, G. Bijlenga, R. Bouguedour, S. Hamadou et L. Joubert)

Immunogenicity of Dog Kidney Cell Rabies Vaccine (DKCV) . . . . .. 172 (G. van Steenis, A.L. van Wezel, Ch.A. Hannik, P. van der Marel, A.D.M.E. Osterhaus, I.G.M. de Groot, C. Koning, J.L.M. Lelyveld, and E.J. Ruitenberg)

XII

New Aspects Concerning the Immunogenicity of Rabies Vaccines Produced in Animal Brains (Duck Embryo) ................... 181 (R. Gluck, H. Keller, R. Mischler, A. Wegmann, and R. Germanier)

Comparison of the Immunological Response of Humans to Suckling Mouse Brain and Human Diploid Cell Vaccines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 (O.P. Larghi, A.M.O. de Diaz, and J.e. Arrossi)

Persistance des Anticorps Antirabiques, 3 Ans apres Rappels de Vaccination 196 (L. Lery, N. Lery, B. Yvernogeau, e. Bonfre, A. Ponchon, G. Bijlenga et L. Joubert)

Studies on the Interferogenicity and Immunogenicity of Different Types of Rabies Vaccines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 (F. Fornosi, M. TaIas, and G. Soml6)

Economical Regimens of Human Diploid Cell Strain Antirabies Vaccine for Post-Exposure Prophylaxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 209 (K.G. Nicholson, M.J. Warrell, D.A. Warrell, P. Suntharasamai, e. Viravan, S. Lee, A. Sinhaseni, D. Udomsakdi, and R. Phanfung)

Session III: Rabies Vaccines for Use in Dogs and Other Animal Species

1. Immunization of Dogs 221

Rabies Vaccine for Use in Dogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 (Th.O. Bunn)

NILz Cell Inactivated Tissue Culture Vaccine Against Rabies-Immunization of Carnivores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 (P. Precausta, J.P. Soulebot, G. Chappuis, A. Brun, M. Bugand, and H.G. Petermann)

Chick-Embryo-Cell Inactivated Rabies Vaccine for Veterinary Use. Laboratory and Field Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 (R. Barth, H. Gruschkau, and o. Jaeger)

Vaccins de la Rage du Chien Prepares sur Encephale d'Agneau Nouveau-Ne. Valeur Immunogene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 249 (J. Blancou, M.F.A. Aubert, F. Ben Osman et N. Haddad)

Vaccination of Dogs Against Rabies. Comparison of Serological Responses one Year after Intradermal or Subcutaneous Vaccination ......... 255 (B. Toma, M.A. Koutchoukali, J.M. Blancou, G. Chappuis, G. Tixier, and M. Eloit)

Inactivated Tissue Culture Rabies Vaccine with Three Years Immunogenicity in Dogs and Cats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 (R.L. Sharpee, L.D. Nelson, and W.H. Beckenhauer)

2. Immunization of Other Species ................ 270

Rabies Vaccination of Wildlife and Domestic Animals other than Dogs 270 (G.M. Baer)

XIII

Immunisation of Herbivores Against Rabies Using an Inactivated Cell Culture Vaccine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 (J.P. Soulebot, P. Precausta, A. Brun, J.M. Blancou, M. Pepin, G. Chappuis, and H.G. Petermann)

Vaccine Formulations for Oral Immunization of Laboratory Animals and Wildlife Against Rabies ....................... 285 (J.B. Campbell, I. Maharaj, and J. Roith)

Control of Wildlife Rabies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 (J. Crick, F. Brown, A.A. King, E.W. Williams, G. Thompson, and A.J. F earne)

Session IV: Vaccine Quality Control. Vaccine of the Future

Current Status of Rabies Vaccine Potency Testing . . . . (M. Ferguson and G.C. Schild)

.... 305

In Vitro Determination of Antigenic Potency of Rabies Vaccines and Comparison with NIH Test ................. . 312 (J.C. Vincent-Falquet, R. Callard, M. Souvras, C. Xueref, N. Gibelin, and L. Peyron)

Comparison Between NIH and SRD (Single Radial Immunodiffusion) Techniques for Potency Tests of Inactivated Tissue Culture Rabies Vaccines in Human Use ........................... 318 (A. Chippaux, S. Chaniot, L. Mouillot, M.C. Crajer, A. Piat, et R. Netter)

Stability of Freeze-Dried Tissue Culture Rabies Vaccine for Human Use 322 (A. Chippaux, S. Chaniot, A. Piat, et R. Netter)

Genetically Engineered Rabies Subunit Vaccines . . (J.P. Lecocq, M.P. Kieny, P. Curtis, and R. Lathe)

Gammaglobuline et Seroprophylaxie de la Rage (R. Plan, J. Liautaud, J. PIa et Ch. Merieux)

Enzyme Immunoassay in the Tropics (K.G. Nicholson, M.J. Warrell, C. Xueref, and S. Lee)

Session V: Epidemiology of Rabies in the Tropics

1. Introduction

Rabies in the Tropics-History and Current Status (p.N. Acha and P.V. Arambulo III)

2. Rabies in Mediterranean Countries

Epidemiology of Rabies in Greece (J. Papapanagiotou)

XIV

325

330

334

343

343

360

360

Epidemiologie de la Rage en Tunisie. Analyse des Resultats des 30 Dernieres Annees .............................. 363 (A. Chadli et Z. Benlasfar)

Epidemiologie et Prophylaxie de la Rage au Maroc ........... 371 (M.M. Bakkali)

Rabies Epidemiology in Portugal ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 (M.J. Teixeira)

3. Rabies in Africa

Epidemiology of Rabies in the United Republic of Tanzania (S.R. Magembe)

392

392

The Epidemiological Significance of Jackal Rabies in Zimbabwe . . . . . . 399 (C.M. Foggin)

Rabies in Mozambique ....................... 406 (P.T. Dias, A.M. Novoa, and J.L. Cliff)

Rabies in Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 415 (G.C.N. Zyambo, P.G. Sinyangwe, and N.A. Bussein)

Epidemiology of Rabies in Botswana (E.T. Maganu and F. Staugard)

.......... 422

Epidemiologie de la Rage a Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 (P.J. Rakotonirina-Randriambeloma et P. Coulanges)

Epidemiology of Human Rabies in Kenya (T.K.A. Siongok and M. Karama)

.......... 445

Epidemiology of Animal Rabies in Kenya (1900-1983) .......... 451 (D.P. Kariuki and W.K. Ngulo)

Epidemiology of Rabies in the Sudan (A.E. Ibrahim, A. Eltigani, and A.A. Ali)

Epidemiology of Rabies in Ethiopia . . (S.H. Mariam)

Analysis of 159 Human Rabies Cases in Ethiopia (Y. Ayalew)

Epidemiology of Rabies in Nigeria (0. Tomori and K.B. David-West)

465

473

481

485

Epidemiology of Rabies in Nigeria .................. 491 (0.0. Oduye and RO. Aghomo)

Epidemiology of Rabies in Ghana (P.A.K. Addy)

...... 497

Le Chien dans la Societe Noire Africaine: un Reservoir de Rage ...... 516 (A.J. Akakpo)

xv

Rabies in South West Africa/Namibia . . . . . (H.P. Schneider)

Epidemiologie et Diagnostic de la Rage en Angola . . . . . . (V.M.S. Duarte, AA Rosliacov, D. Nsalambi et AF. Gomes)

520

536

4. Rabies in Asia and South America 541

Rabies in South East Asia 541 (H.G. Bahnemann)

The Epidemiology of Rabies in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . 545 (C. Koesharyono, R.J. Theos, and G. Simanjuntak)

Rabies in Thailand (P. Thongcharoen, Ch. Wasi, P. Puthavathana, and L. Chavanich)

Epidemiology and Prevention of Rabies in Pakistan (F.A Lari)

..... 556

..... 567

Epidemiology of Rabies in India ................... 571 (S. Ahuja, K.K. Tripathi, S.M. Saha, and S.N. Saxena)

La Rage en Iran (A Fayaz)

Rabies Situation in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina (O.P. Larghi)

Controle de la Rage Bovine en Colombie (G. Manrique L. et AD. Parra F.)

Epidemiology of Rabies in Korea . (K. Young-Hi)

The Control of Rabies in Malaysia (D.S.K. Tan and K. bin Hj. Shukor)

583

587

592

597

600

5. General Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604

Epidemiological Analysis of Street Rabies Viruses from Enzootic Areas of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 (J.S. Smith, J. Sumner, F. Roumillat, G.M. Baer, and W.G. Winkler)

Cross Protection of Mice Against Different Rabies Virus Isolates from South America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 (O.P. Larghi, AM.O. Diaz, S. Multare, and R.A.M. Garbugino)

Epidemiologie de la Rage chez les Animaux dans l' Aspect de Physiopathologie et d'Ecologie de l'Infection .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 (Z. Baczynski)

Session VI: Animal Rabies Control

The Mediterranean Zoonoses Control Program and its Center (MZCC) in Athens, Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 (L. Cayolla da Motta)

XVI

Control of Rabies in Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644 (J.W. Thomson)

Field Control of Rabies in Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 (S.R. Magembe)

The Development of Joint Human and Veterinary Medical Laboratory Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655 (G.W. Beran)

Ecological and Epidemiological Data Requirements for the Planning of Dog Rabies Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 (A.I. Wandeler)

Rabies in Wildlife and Tropical Canines-A Population Problem ..... 662 (H.R. Fischman)

Session VII: Role of Medical and Veterinary Services in Rabies Elimination

1. Consideration in Use of Rabies Vaccines in Tropical Countries 671

Prospects of Tissue Culture Antirabies Vaccine in India 671 (S. Seghal and H.O. Gupta)

Production et Utilisation du Vaccin Rabique a Usage Medical a l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie .......................... 675 (A. Benmansour et M. Abrous)

Botswana Vaccine Institute- Future Regional Laboratory for Rabies Vaccine Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 (J. Falconer and J.J. Guinet)

Production of Rabies Vaccine for Veterinary Use (Twelve Years of Production and Observations) .................... 683 (Y. Hayashi, E. Mora, M. Ohi, and J.A. Montano)

Ecology of Dogs in Developing Countries in Relation to Rabies Control Programs ............................ 691 (G.W. Beran)

The Application of Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Technology to the Production of an Inactivated Rabies Vaccine for Use on Animals . . 698 (T.W.F. Pay, A. Boge, and F.J.R.R. Menard)

La Vaccination Antirabique dans les Pays Tropicaux . . . . . . . . . . . 703 (A. Chadli et H. Zeller)

Post-Exposure Treatment of Subjects Exposed to Rabies. - Essen Scheme 707 (E. Kuwert and O. Thraenhart)

2. Experience with Rabies Control in Tropical Countries . . . . . . . 714

Background Information on Rabies Endemia and its Consequences in Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714 (I. Mpelumbe, J. Nyange, J. Hyera, K. Bagel, E. Kuwert, and O. Thraenhart)

XVII

Epidemiology of Rabies in Thailand . . . . (Y. Meesomboon)

721

Experience with Rabies Control in Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 (A. Kuruneru)

Experiences with Rabies Control in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . 737 (R.S. Piccinini and C.E.A. de Freitas)

Animal Rabies Control in Arusha Region Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . 742 (J.F.C. Nyange and E.K. Kuwert)

3. Function of Medical Services of National Programmes of Human and Canine Rabies Elimination . . . . . . 748

Legislation for Rabies Control 748 (A.J. Crowley)

The Role of the International Office of Epizootics (O.I.E.) in the Adoption of New Developments to Control Rabies at National and International Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 (L.V. Melendez and L. Blajan)

International Technical Cooperation and Services for Rabies Control ... 770 (K. Bogel and E. Kuwert)

Overview (M.M. Kaplan)

XVIII

...................... 782