open fracture management p. blachut division of ortho trauma vancouver general hospital university...
TRANSCRIPT
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Open Fracture Open Fracture ManagementManagement
P. BlachutDivision of Ortho Trauma
Vancouver General Hospital
University of British Columbia
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•Introduction•Assessment•Classification•Management
Open fracturesOpen fractures
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Goals of Fracture Management
1 Fracture healing with satisfactory length and alignment
2 Avoidance of complications•infection•nonunion•malunion•stiffness
3 Early restoration of function
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Fracture Healing
•Biologic factors•Biomechanical factor
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•No necrotic tissue•No dead space•No contamination•Well vascularized tissue
Avoidance of Complications (Infection)
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•Early mobilization–Stable fixation–Early wound healing
•Avoid excessive scarring–Early wound coverage with quality tissue
•Preservation of “critical tissues”
–Nerves–Tendons
Early Restoration of Function
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•The soft tissues are paramount to the successful management of fractures
Therefore:
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•A bone healing complication with good soft tissues is easier to deal
with than a complication with poor soft tissues
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• healing potential• resistance to infection
•contamination
Consequences of an Associated Soft Tissue Injury
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•Look for associated life threatening injuries!!!
•Carefully assess and document neurovascular status
Assessment
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•Primary SurveyA irwayB reathingC irculationD isabilityE xposure
•Secondary Survey
ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Support)
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Compartment SyndromeCompartment Syndrome
• Always look for in fractures with soft tissue injuries
• Open fractures - up to 10% have compartment syndrome
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Amputation vs. Salvage
• Multidisciplinary decision
• Based on the assessment of likely ultimate function of limb compared to function with amputation
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Factors Favoring Amputation
1 Warm ischemia time > 8 hrs2 Severe crush
• minimal remaining functional tissue
3 Chronic debilitating disease4 Severe polytrauma5 Mass casualty6 complexity of
reconstruction
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Classification
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•Reflection of amount of energy imparted and consequently, the prognosis1Skin wound size2Level of contamination3Extent of soft tissue
injury/ periosteal stripping
4Fracture configuration
Classification - Open Fractures
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•Classification can really only be done at the completion of debridement
Classification - Open Fractures
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•Open injuries
–Gustilo & Anderson
–AO
Classification - Open Fractures
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•Type I–Small wound– Inside out–No/minimal contamination
–Minimal soft tissue trauma
–Low energy fracture pattern
Open Fracture - Gustilo Classification
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•Type II–Moderate wound–Some contamination–Some muscle damage–Moderate energy fracture pattern
Open Fracture - Gustilo Classification
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•Type III–Large wound–Significant comtamination
–Major soft tissue trauma•crushing•periosteal stripping
–High energy fracture pattern
Open Fracture - Gustilo Classification
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• IIIA–enough soft tissue to cover
bone
• IIIB– insufficient soft tissue–need flap (local, free)
• IIIC– vascular injury requiring
repair
Open Fracture - Gustilo Classification
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•Type III - Additional Factors–Barnyard–Shotgun–High velocity gunshot–Displaced segmental
fracture–Neglected open fracture (>
8 hrs)–Bone loss
Open Fracture - Gustilo Classification
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•First aid•Emergency Room
•Definitive•Rehabilitation
Management
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•Control bleeding–direct pressure
•Realign– further soft tissue
damage/ compromise
•Splint–comfort– further damage
First Aid
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•First aid if not already given
•Remove gross debris/irrigate/dress/ splint
•Tetanus prophylaxis - if necessary
•Antibiotics
Emergency
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•The open wound should be assessed and documented only once
Emergency
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Antibiotics
• ? Prophylactic vs. treatmentClosed with operative RxCephalosporinGrade I
Grade II / III Add aminoglycoside
High Risk Add penicillin
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Antibiotics
• Antibiotics can not compensate for an inadequate surgical management
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Timing of Administration of Antibiotics
• The Prevention of Infection in Open Fractures An Experimental Study of
the Effect of Antibiotic TherapyWorlock, et al JBJS 1988
No antibiotics
1-4 hrs post-inoculation
1 hr. pre-inoculation
91% infection
51% infection
30% infection
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Antibiotics
• The Role of Antibiotics in the Management of Open Fractures
Patzakis, et al JBJS, 1974
Control
Pen./Streptomycin
Cephalothin
13.9% infection
9.7% infection
2.3% infection
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Definitive Treatment
1 Wound excision2 Wound extension3 Debridement4 Irrigation5 Bone stabilization6 Wound dressing7 +/- re-debridement8 Early wound
closure/coverage
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Timing of Operative Intervention
• General standard - within 6-8 hours
• Not evidence based!!
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Operating Room
• Scrub/remove gross debris/ irrigate
• Double setup1 debridement/irrigation2 bone stabilization if
internal fixation planned
• Tourniquet• apply/not inflated• in case of bleeding
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Wound Excision
• Excise crushed/ contaminated skin edge
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Wound Extension
• Sufficient extension to fully evaluate and treat soft tissue injury (approximately 1 diameter of limb)
• Anticipate incisions for bony stablization/soft tissue reconstruction
• Avoid incision that will compromise skin further
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Wound Extension
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Debridement
• Layer by layer• Remove all
devitalized and contaminated tissue (including bone)
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Debridement - Objective:
• To leave a wound with:1 No/minimal
contamination2 Well vascularized
tissue for healing and to resist infection
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Debridement
• “When in doubt, take it out”
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Irrigation
• 10 litres for significant wounds– saline
• ? antibiotics• ? pulsed lavage• ? detergent
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Irrigation
1 Improves visualization
2 Float out necrotic tissue
3 Flush out debris4 Reduce bacterial
population
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Irrigation
• The solution to pollution is dilution
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Stabilization
The Prevention of Infection in Open Fractures: An
Experimental Study of the Effect of Fracture Stability
Worlock, et al Injury 1994
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Bony Stabilization
• Second prep if internal fixation
• Principles1 Minimize further trauma2 Sufficient stability to allow
early rehab3 Should not impede subsequent
soft tissue management4 Restoration of anatomy
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Bony Stabilization
• Diaphyseal Fractures
• Humerus• Forearm
• Femur• Tibia
ORIF
IM nail
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Bony Stabilization
• Articular Fractures• primary ORIF• spanning external fixator
+ / - articular ORIF delayed ORIF
• external fixation
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Open Wound Management
• Can close extensions• Occasionally close open wound
primarily1 No crush2 No contamination3 Small wound4 No dead space5 Closure without tension
• Keep wound moist - ? bead pouch
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Price of Primary Open Wound Closure
Gas Gangrene
Limb Loss Limb Loss DeathDeath
Open Wound Management
leave open
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Open Wound Management
Antibiotic beads
• Depo of local antibiotics
• ? efficacy• ? toxicity
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Antibiotic Bead Pouch VGH Experience
85 open tibial shaft fractures
• 59 antibiotic bead pouch• 26 no bead pouch
• No statistical difference in:– age, sex, ISS, time to
wound coverage
Keating, et al
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Antibiotic Bead Pouch VGH Experience
• Infection
Keating, et al
No Bead Pouch
Bead Pouch
p value
Type II Type III TOTAL
16%
0%
<0.03
11%
3%
0.35
15%
2%
<0.06
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Redebridement
• High grade injury• Severe contamination• Questionable tissue viability
– ? adequacy of debridement
• Q 24-48 hours until wound is Q 24-48 hours until wound is viableviable
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Wound Closure/Coverage
• ? Immediate• Optimally by 3-7 days• Principles
1 Durable coverage2 Well vascularized
soft tissue envelope for bone
3 Fill dead space
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Wound Closure/Coverage
1 Secondary intent2 Delayed primary
closure3 Skin graft4 Flap
– local– distant - free
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Wound Closure/Coverage
Role of VAC yet to be delineated
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Rehabilitation
1 Splint joints in functional position pending soft tissue healing
2 Swelling control3 ROM/Muscle rehabilitation as
soon as wound healing permits
4 Wound management to minimize scarring
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Summary
• The soft tissues are critical to the successful management of all fractures
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Summary
• Aggressive, systematic management is required for fractures with significant soft tissue injuries
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THANK THANK YOU !!YOU !!
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Open fracturesOpen fractures
ARS31 yr old man•Ped struck•Isolated injury
The most critical componentof this man’s treatment is:
1. Antibiotics2. Tibial fixation3. Avoidance of reaming4. Soft tissue management5. Early fracture stabilization
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Open fracturesOpen fractures
ARS31 yr old man•Ped struck•Isolated injury
After management of the softtissues the bone is best stabilized by:
1. Cast2. External fixator3. Plate4. Reamed IM nail5. Unreamed IM nail
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Open fracturesOpen fractures
ARS31 yr old man•Ped struck•Isolated injury
How would you grade this injury?
1. I2. II3. III A4. III B5. III C
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Open fracturesOpen fractures
ARS31 yr old man•Ped struck•Isolated injury
The most critical componentof this man’s treatment is:
1. Antibiotics2. Tibial fixation3. Avoidance of reaming4. Soft tissue management5. Early fracture stabilization
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Open fracturesOpen fractures
ARS31 yr old man•Ped struck•Isolated injury
After management of the softtissues the bone is best stabilized by:
1. Cast2. External fixator3. Plate4. Reamed IM nail5. Unreamed IM nail