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Different genomes and their genes

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4/3/08 21:46Genome Sizes

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Genome Sizes

The genome of an organism is the complete set of genes specifying how its phenotype will develop(under a certain set of environmental conditions). In this sense, then, diploid organisms (like ourselves)contain two genomes, one inherited from our mother, the other from our father.

The table below presents a selection of representative genome sizes from the rapidly-growing list oforganisms whose genomes have been sequenced.

Table of Genome Sizes (haploid)

Base pairs Genes Notes

Phi-X 174 5,386 10 virus of E. coli

Humanmitochondrion

16,569 37

Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)

172,282 80 causes mononucleosis

Nanoarchaeumequitans

490,885 552This parasitic member of the Archaea has the smallestgenome of a true organism yet found.

nucleomorph ofGuillardia theta

551,264 511all that remains of the nuclear genome of a red alga(eukaryote) engulfed long ago by another eukaryote

Mycoplasmagenitalium

580,073 485

three of the smallest true organismsUreaplasmaurealyticum

751,719 652

Mycoplasmapneumoniae

816,394 680

Chlamydiatrachomatis

1,042,519 936most common sexually-transmitted disease (STD)bacterium in the U.S.

Rickettsia prowazekii 1,111,523 834 bacterium that causes epidemic typhus

Treponema pallidum 1,138,011 1,039 bacterium that causes syphilis

Mimivirus 1,181,404 1,262A virus (of an amoeba) with a genome larger than the sixcellular organisms above

Rickettsia conorii 1,268,755 1,374 causes Mediterranean spotted fever

Pelagibacter ubique 1,308,759 1,354smallest genome yet found in a free-living organism(marine !-proteobacterium)

Borrelia burgdorferi 1.44 x 106 1,738 bacterium that causes Lyme disease [Note]

Aquifex aeolicus 1,551,335 1,749bacterium isolated from a hot spring in YellowstoneNational Park

Campylobacter jejuni 1,641,481 1,708 frequent cause of food poisoning

Helicobacter pylori 1,667,867 1,589 chief cause of stomach ulcers (not stress and diet)

The Human Chromosomes

Note: 1% length ~= 2cm ~= 30,000,000 bp

human alpha satellite DNA

1 attctcagaa acttatttgt gatgtgtgtc ttcaactaac agagttgaac ctttgttttg

61 atacagcagt ttggaaacac tctttttgta gaatctacaa gtggatattt tgagagcatt

121 gaaaatttcg ttggaaacgg gaataccttc atataaaatc tagacagaag cattctcaga

181 aacttctttg taatgtttgc attcaactca tagagttgaa cattcccttt catacagcag

241 gtttgaaaca ctctttttgt agtatgtgga aatggacatt tcgagcactc ttaggcctaa

301 gttgaaaagg gaaatatctt caaataagaa ctagtcagca gcattctcag aaagctcttt

361 gtgatgtgtg tactcagcta acagagttga accttccatt tcacagagca gtttggaaac

421 actctttttg tggcatttgc aagtggacat ttggatagct ttgaggattt ctttgaaacg

481 ggaataattt catataaaat cctagacaga agcattctca gaatcttcct tgtgatgtat

541 gccctcaatt cacagagttg aaccattgtt tgggatacag cattttggga aacattcctt

601 ttgtagaatc tgcaagttga tatttgtata actttgagga tttcgttgga aacgggaata

661 tctacatata aaatctagac agaagcattc tcagaaacct gttttaatgt tttcattcaa

721 ctcatacgtt tcaacaatcc ctaacctaaa ttaaggtttg aaacactcct tttgtantat

781 gtggaaatgg acatttggan cgctttgang cctacggtga aaaaggaaat atccttccca

841 taaaaactnn gacaggaagc attctcanac anttgaaaat tttcgattan ttcttgagga

901 ttttcgtttg gaaacgggnn ttaccaantt ggaaagttga ccagccngcc ttttctcaga

961 aaattgcttt gtgatgtctg ccattcangt cacattggtt gaacattccc tttcttggag

Human Alu sequence example

1 tttatgagac agggtctcac attgtcactc aggctggagt gcagtggcac gatctcagat

61 cactacagcc tcaacccttc cagactcaag tgatattccc tactcagccc ctcgtggagc

121 tgggactagg cacgcaccac cacaaacacc taattattta tttatttatt ttttatagag

181 atgcagtttt accgttagaa ccaggctgat ctcaaactcc tggacacaat taatccactt

241 gcctcagcct cccaaagtga tgtattaaag gtgtgagcca ctgctctcag cc

Human HoxC8 homeobox

421 tggatgagac cccacgctcc ggggaggcgc agtggacggc aaacttacag ccggtatcag

481 accttggaac tagaaaagga gtttctcttt aatccttatt tgacacgaaa acgtcggatt

541 gaagtctctc atgccctggg actgaccgag agacaagtga agatctggtt ccagaaccga

601 aggatgaagt ggaaaaagga gaacaacaag gataaactgc

A schema for Genomic DNA types

Genomes at home

Visions of genomes

Polytene chromosomes from Drosophila melanogaster

Plasmid DNA from E. coli (2-10 Kb)

Phage T4

E. coli

Genome variation