on the eve of the revolution
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On the Eve of the Revolution. Pages 210 -215. End of an Age. For centuries France was controlled by absolute monarchs. Living lavish lifestyles the French Monarchs were out of touch with their people. The Year is 1789, A time for Change … A Rather Bloody Change. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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On the Eve of the RevolutionPages 210 -215
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End of an Age• For centuries France was
controlled by absolute monarchs.
• Living lavish lifestyles the French Monarchs were out of touch with their people.
• The Year is 1789, A time for Change
… A Rather Bloody Change
Hall of Mirrors in Versailles
Starving Peasants… Monty Python Style
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French Society Divided• In 1789, France, like the rest
of Europe, still clung to an outdated social system
• According to the ancien regime, or old order, everyone in France was divide into three social orders.
• The three social classes were called Estates.
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Estate #1: The Clergy• The Church still enjoyed
many privileges in 1789.– Owned 10% of land– Collected Tithes (1/10th)– Paid no direct taxes to state
So in a way they were kind of like freeloaders. They had all of the benefits and none of the responsibilities.
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• They did provide some social services.– Schools– Hospitals– Orphanages
• Came under attack by enlightened philosophers who criticized the church idleness, its intolerance of dissent, and its interference in politics.
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• In response to criticism many clergy condemned the Enlightenment for undermining religion and moral order.
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Estate #2: The Nobles• Cardinal Richelieu and
Louis XIV crushed noble military power but had given them other rights.
• They held top jobs in the:
• Government• Military• Courts• Church
Elitism It’s lonely at the top. But it’s comforting
to look down upon everyone at the bottom.
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• The ambitious nobles at Versailles enjoyed endless entertainments.
• Many nobles also resented the royal bureaucracy that employed middle-class citizens.– They feared losing their
traditional privileges. Especially their privilege to not pay taxes!
Narcissus by Caravaggio
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Estate #3: Everyone Else• The third estate in France
was the largest and most diverse social class.
• At the top of this social class sat the bourgeoisie.
• Bourgeoisie – (boor zhwah Zee), Middle Class– Included bankers,
merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, doctors, journalists, and professors.
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• The bulk of the third estate consisted of rural peasants.
• The poorest people of the third estate were urban (city) workers.
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The Pot Begins to Boil• People from the 3rd Estate
begin to wonder why the Nobles and Clergy get such lavish privileges.
• Enlightenment ideas soon spread across the country.
• Wonder turns to action, and the Third Estate start to call for the privileged classes to pay their share.
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More Problems• Economic woes soon add to
the class tensions in France.• France had been deficit
spending for years.• Deficit Spending – when a
government spends more than it takes in.
• Money was spent on expensive wars and the Nobles’ lavish lifestyle.
• They government started to borrow money.
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Woe is France• By 1789, half the
government’s income from taxes went to pay the interest on the debt.
• To compound the problem, bad harvest had caused food prices to soar.
• The government had to increase taxes (nobles had to start paying taxes) and reduce expenses (no more fun).
• The nobles and clergy fiercely resisted this idea.
No More Fun?
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A Valiant Effort• King Louis XVI wisely chose
Jacques Necker, a financial expert, as an advisor.
• Necker advised reducing lavish spending, government reform, and burdensome taxes.
• When he proposed taxing the 1st and 2nd Estates the nobles and clergy forced the king to dismiss him.
• As the financial crisis deepened the king was urged to summon the Estates-General.
Jacques Necker
FAIL!!!
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The Estates-General• Estates-General – a
legislative body consisting of representatives from the three estates.
• Had not met for 175 years.
• King feared the nobles would gain the feudal powers lost under absolute rule.
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A Roiling Boil• King Louis XVI calls the
Estates-General to meet in 1789 to discuss the financial problem.
• For weeks they were hung up on the issue of voting.
• Traditionally each estate met and voted separately.
• Under this system the 1st and 2nd Estates always out voted the 3rd Estate.
• The 3rd Estate wanted all Estates to meet as one and vote “by head”
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• They were in stalemate for weeks.
• In a daring move the 3rd Estate declared themselves to be the national assembly.
• A few days later the meeting hall was locked and guarded.
• So the delegates moved to the nearby tennis courts and took their famous Tennis Court Oath.
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Tennis Court Oath• They swore “never to
separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution.”
• Soon reform minded clergy and nobles joined the assembly and King Louis XVI Grudgingly accepted.
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The Pot Boils Over: People are going to get burned!• The king accepted but
royal troops start to surround Paris.
• Rumors spread that the king is planning to dissolve this new assembly.
• WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN?
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Parisians Storm the Bastille!!!• People in Paris don’t care
what a bunch of old men are doing on a tennis court in Versailles.
• They are scared of the troops surrounding Paris
• 800 Parisians assemble outside the Bastille.
• Bastille – grim medieval fortress used as a prison for political prisoners.
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• The Crowd demands the weapons they think are stored there.
• The commander says “no” and fires on the mob.
• After many deaths the fortress is taken over.
• The Bastille represented the abuses of the monarchy.
• The capture acts as a wake up call to the king.
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A New Holiday!• Since 1880, the
French have celebrated Bastille day annually as their national independence day.
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Funny PicturesOld People with Guns
What the Heck?
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Chuck Norris• It is said that
looking into Chuck Norris' eyes will reveal your future. Unfortunately, everybody's future is always the same: death by a roundhouse-kick to the face.