britainamericans advantages?? disadvantages?? on the eve of the revolution
TRANSCRIPT
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BritainBritain AmericansAmericans
AdvantagesAdvantages ?? ??
DisadvantagesDisadvantages ?? ??
On the Eve of the On the Eve of the Revolution Revolution
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LoyalistLoyalist
StrongholdStrongholdss
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Washington’s HeadachesWashington’s Headaches
Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral].
State/colony loyalties.
Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.
Poor training (until the arrival of Baron von Steuben).
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Exports & Imports: 1768-Exports & Imports: 1768-17831783
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Military StrategiesMilitary Strategies
Time/Attrition: the Brits had a long supply line.
Space: Avoid “pitched” battles v. superior forces
Gain official recognition from one of Britain’s enemies.
The American
s
The British
Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.
Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.
“Divide and Conquer”: enlist the Loyalists.
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Phase IPhase I:: The Northern The Northern CampaignCampaign1775-17761775-1776
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Bunker Hill (June, 1775)Bunker Hill (June, 1775)
The British suffered over 40% casualties.
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Phase IIPhase II::
NY & PANY & PA[1777-1778][1777-1778]
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New York City in FlamesNew York City in Flames(1776)(1776)
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Washington Crossing the Washington Crossing the DelawareDelaware
Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851
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Saratoga: Saratoga: “Turning “Turning Point”Point” of the War? of the War?
A modern-day re-enactment
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Phase IIIPhase III:: The Southern The Southern Strategy Strategy [1780-1781][1780-1781]
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Britain’s “Southern Britain’s “Southern Strategy”Strategy”
Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.
Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.
The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!]
Good US General:Nathanial Greene
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The Battle of Yorktown The Battle of Yorktown (1781)(1781)
Count de Rochambeau
AdmiralDe Grasse
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Cornwallis’ Surrender at Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown:Yorktown:
Painted by John Trumbull, 1797
““The World Turned Upside The World Turned Upside Down!” Down!”
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The Decisive FactorsThe Decisive Factors
• The Alliance with FranceThe Alliance with France• Washington’s Ability to LearnWashington’s Ability to Learn• SpaceSpace• The Mediocrity of the British The Mediocrity of the British
CommandersCommanders
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North America After theNorth America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783Treaty of Paris, 1783
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Why was Great Britain so Why was Great Britain so Generous?Generous?
• They feared the growing They feared the growing American relations with FranceAmerican relations with France
• They wanted to be sure that They wanted to be sure that America was big enough to America was big enough to maintain independencemaintain independence
• They still wanted to keep They still wanted to keep America as a viable market for America as a viable market for tradetrade
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Essential Question:
To what extent were the Articles of Confederation effective in
solving the problems that confronted the new nation?
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Social Results of the Social Results of the RevolutionRevolution
• Anti-Slavery MovementsAnti-Slavery Movements• Criminal Code ReformsCriminal Code Reforms• Separation of Church and StateSeparation of Church and State• EducationEducation• Land ReformLand Reform
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Political Results of the Political Results of the RevolutionRevolution
• Creation of State Creation of State governments/written governments/written constitutionsconstitutions
• New constitutions placed more New constitutions placed more power in the legislative branch power in the legislative branch and less in the executive branchand less in the executive branch
• Political base broadened (more Political base broadened (more voters)voters)
• Bicameral legislaturesBicameral legislatures• No Political PartiesNo Political Parties
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Occupational Composition of Occupational Composition of Several State AssembliesSeveral State Assemblies
in the 1780sin the 1780s
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Weaknesses of theWeaknesses of theArticles of Articles of
ConfederationConfederationA unicameral Congress 9 of 13 votes to pass a law
Unanimous vote to amend.
Representatives were frequently absent
Could not tax
No executive or judicial branches
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Indian Land Cessions:Indian Land Cessions:1768-17991768-1799
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Disputed Territorial ClaimsDisputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain & the U. S.:Between Spain & the U. S.:
1783-17961783-1796
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State Claims to Western State Claims to Western LandsLands
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Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785
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Northwest Ordinance of Northwest Ordinance of 17871787
One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress!
Statehood achieved in three stages:
1. Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.
2. When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners elect territorial legislature.
3. When population reached 60,000 elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.
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The United States in The United States in 17871787
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WholesaleWholesalePricePriceIndex:Index:1770-1770-17891789
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American Exports, To & American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789From Britain: 1783-1789
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Annapolis Convention Annapolis Convention (1786)(1786)
12 representatives from 5 states[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]
GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.
Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.
Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.
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Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77
Daniel Shays
Western MA
Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.
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Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77
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Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77
There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.
-- George Washington-- George Washington
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Importance of the Importance of the ArticlesArticles
• Landmark in GovernmentLandmark in Government• Steppingstone toward the Steppingstone toward the
Constitution Constitution • Fought and won a war and Fought and won a war and
concluded a favorable peaceconcluded a favorable peace• Weathered a depression and a Weathered a depression and a
rebellionrebellion• Established long-standing policy Established long-standing policy
on western landson western lands
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The Constitutional The Constitutional ConventionConvention
• OriginsOrigins– Concern over Shays’ RebellionConcern over Shays’ Rebellion– Economic difficultiesEconomic difficulties– Lack of respect diplomaticallyLack of respect diplomatically– Inability to amend the ArticlesInability to amend the Articles
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The Constitutional The Constitutional ConventionConvention
• Areas of AgreementAreas of Agreement– Sense of UrgencySense of Urgency– National government must be National government must be
strengthenedstrengthened• TaxTax• Regulate trade: foreign and interstateRegulate trade: foreign and interstate• Act w/o consent of statesAct w/o consent of states• Act through own agencies and Act through own agencies and
departmentsdepartments
– Safeguards against abuse of Safeguards against abuse of powerpower
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The Constitutional The Constitutional ConventionConvention
•Major CompromisesMajor Compromises– Great CompromiseGreat Compromise– Three-fifths CompromiseThree-fifths Compromise– Commerce CompromiseCommerce Compromise
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Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistFederalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the End of the Strongholds at the End of the
WarWar