on iso standard ±45o coupons - wmc · on iso standard ±45 ... issue/revision date pages summary...

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Static and Fatigue Tests on ISO Standard ±45o Coupons

Main Test Phase I

OB_TG2_R020_ rev. 000

Version 1

Confidential

Theodore P. Philippidis Theoni T. Assimakopoulou Vaggelis A. Passipoularidis

Alexandros E. Antoniou

OPTIMAT BLADES

TG2

OB_TG2_R020 rev.000 OPTIMAT BLADES of 41 Last saved 8/10/2004 12:54 PM Change record

Issue/revision date pages Summary of changes Version 1 10-8-2004 41 na

OB_TG2_R020 rev.000 OPTIMAT BLADES of 41 Last saved 8/10/2004 12:54 PM

Table of Contents

Table of Contents......................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 4 2. Test Specimens........................................................................................ 5 3. Equipment and Test Procedure.............................................................. 7

3.1 Coupon Mounting and Alignment 7 3.2 Static Tensile Tests 7 3.3 Fatigue Tests (R=0.1) 7

4. Test Results.............................................................................................. 8 4.1 Static Tensile Tests 8 4.2 Fatigue Tests (R=0.1) 9

5. Conclusions ........................................................................................... 12 6. References.............................................................................................. 13 7. Appendix................................................................................................. 14

7.1 Shear stress vs. shear strain curves (static tests) 14 7.2 Shear stress vs. shear strain curves (1000-5000 µε) (static tests) 17 7.3 Axial stress vs. axial strain curves (static tests) 20 7.4 Axial stress vs. axial strain curves (500-2500 µε) (static tests) 23 7.5 Transverse vs. axial strain curves (static tests) 26 7.6 Transverse vs. axial strain curves (500-2500 µε) (static tests) 29 7.7 Photographs of failed coupons 32

7.7.1 Static tests ........................................................................................................32 7.7.2 Fatigue tests .....................................................................................................37 7.7.3 Close-ups of the failure modes .........................................................................40


1. Introduction

Experiments reported in this document were performed in the frame of phase I of the main OPTIMAT BLADES testing program. All tests are accounted for WP6 (TG2). In total, 26 tensile static and 17 fatigue tests at R=0.1 were conducted. Tests were performed to determine the shear elastic properties and conclude the fatigue behaviour investigation of the OB UD material. ISO standard specimens, [+45/-45]S, were therefore used. According to the test plan, 25 static tensile coupons were scheduled to define elastic properties and static strength distribution characteristics. From the test results, shear modulus, G12, tensile Young modulus, E1T, major Poisson ratio, ν12, and shear strength, S, were extracted. Constant amplitude fatigue tests of 15 coupons at R=0.1 were also in the test schedule. From the 17 experiments performed, the S-N curve of the [+45/-45]S material was derived.


2. Test Specimens

Standard ISO [+45/-45]S coupons, plate GEV208, were used, see Fig. 1. Plate 208 was made of the Combi1250 material. Coupons were named ‘GEV208-I1000-xxxx’, with ‘GEV208’ denoting the stacking sequence, ‘I’ that it is a standard ISO specimen and ’xxxx’ the specimen number. ‘I10’ is an OPTIMAT BLADES definition of specimen geometry and the last ‘00’ is the cutting angle. All coupons were trimmed with sandpaper in the middle of their gauge length, to smoothen the surfaces for effective strain gauge bonding. LM manufactured all specimens.

Figure 1. The standard ISO [+45/-45]S test specimen (GEV208-I1000) Coupon dimensions, i.e. thickness and width, were measured using a digital caliper (0.01 mm precision), as received from LM and prior to all surface treatments for strain gauge bonding. Three measurements were performed: one in the middle of the specimen and one near each tab. Cross sectional areas were calculated using the average of these three measurements and are listed in Table 1.

OB_TG2_R020 rev.000 OPTIMAT BLADES of 41 Last saved 8/10/2004 12:54 PM Table 1. Cross sectional areas of GEV208-I1000 coupons

Coupon ID number Mean Thickness (mm)

Mean Width (mm)

Area (mm2)

GEV208-I1000-0001 3.793 25.250 95.7733 GEV208-I1000-0002 3.843 25.327 97.3317 GEV208-I1000-0003 3.810 25.280 96.3168 GEV208-I1000-0004 3.803 25.253 96.0372 GEV208-I1000-0005 3.843 25.310 97.2663 GEV208-I1000-0006 3.807 25.297 96.3057 GEV208-I1000-0007 3.813 25.340 96.6214 GEV208-I1000-0008 3.800 25.273 96.0374 GEV208-I1000-0009 3.853 25.280 97.4038 GEV208-I1000-0010 3.827 25.337 96.9647 GEV208-I1000-0011 3.837 25.327 97.1797 GEV208-I1000-0012 3.827 25.307 96.8499 GEV208-I1000-0013 3.830 25.280 96.8224 GEV208-I1000-0014 3.780 25.233 95.3807 GEV208-I1000-0015 3.847 25.273 97.2252 GEV208-I1000-0016 3.807 25.240 96.0887 GEV208-I1000-0017 3.830 25.367 97.1556 GEV208-I1000-0018 3.807 25.277 96.2295 GEV208-I1000-0019 3.803 25.307 96.2425 GEV208-I1000-0020 3.803 25.307 96.2425 GEV208-I1000-0021 3.797 25.283 95.9996 GEV208-I1000-0022 3.813 25.310 96.5070 GEV208-I1000-0023 3.813 25.273 96.3659 GEV208-I1000-0024 3.840 25.227 96.8717 GEV208-I1000-0025 3.823 25.263 96.5804

Te

nsile

cou

pons

GEV208-I1000-0027 3.790 25.327 95.9893 GEV208-I1000-0026 3.750 25.030 93.8625 GEV208-I1000-0028 3.743 25.333 94.8214 GEV208-I1000-0029 3.773 25.310 95.4946 GEV208-I1000-0030 3.783 25.317 95.7742 GEV208-I1000-0031 3.767 25.337 95.4445 GEV208-I1000-0032 3.787 25.330 95.9247 GEV208-I1000-0033 3.740 25.313 94.6706 GEV208-I1000-0034 3.753 25.270 94.8383 GEV208-I1000-0037 3.807 25.230 96.0506 GEV208-I1000-0038 3.800 25.227 95.8626 GEV208-I1000-0040 3.790 25.223 95.5952 GEV208-I1000-0041 3.807 25.250 96.1268 GEV208-I1000-0042 3.770 25.200 95.0040 GEV208-I1000-0043 3.770 25.210 95.0417 GEV208-I1000-0044 3.763 25.250 95.0157 GEV208-I1000-0045 3.747 25.290 94.7616

Fatig

ue c

oupo

ns

GEV208-I1000-0046 3.770 25.260 95.2302


3. Equipment and Test Procedure

3.1 Coupon Mounting and Alignment Coupons were aligned in the grips of the test rig using the special metal guides of the wedges. At first, coupon was mounted on the lower grips. Gripping pressure was 10 MPa. Strain gauge readings were then tared and the upper grips were closed. Loading caused due to gripping was minimized, in order to start the test from zero load.

3.2 Static Tensile Tests All static tests except GEV208-I1000-0027 were performed on an MTS 250 kN test rig, on a 25 kN setup. GEV208-I1000-0027 was performed on a 25 kN setup of MAYES DH 100S, 100 kN, equipped with a 407 MTS controller. Strains were measured using HBM 6/350XY11 rosettes (consisting of two perpendicular strain gauges) and HBM 6/350LY11 single gauges, all with a gauge length of 6 mm and a nominal electrical resistance of 350 Ohms. The rosette and the single strain gauge were placed on opposite sides of the specimen. Strain gauge measurements, load and displacement were recorded using an HBM Spider 8 data acquisition device. Tests were performed in displacement control mode, at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min.

3.3 Fatigue Tests (R=0.1) Fatigue experiments were performed on an MTS 250 kN test rig, on a 25 kN setup. Strains were measured using HBM 6/350LY11 single strain gauges, placed on opposite sides of the specimen. On at least 2 coupons from each stress level, temperature on the coupon surface was monitored using a Pt100 thermo-resistance. Pt100 was attached on the coupon side surface, near the lower tab region, with thermal-conductor glue. During the tests, coupons were cooled using a fan. Ten slow segments were applied before each fatigue test, during which strain gauge measurements, load and displacement were recorded using an HBM Spider 8 data acquisition device. Periodical load and displacement recordings also took place, via the MTS control software.


4. Test Results

4.1 Static Tensile Tests Axial stress, σX, was calculated as the ratio of the applied force, over the measured average cross sectional area of the coupons. Strain was measured using strain gauges. Shear stress, τ12, was derived as σX/2 and shear strain, γ12, as (εX-εY)1. Young modulus EX was determined as the slope of the linear fit of the axial stress vs. axial strain curve, for strain between 500 and 2500 µε, according to EN ISO 527-5:1997 [1]. The same holds for major Poisson ratio, νXY, derived from the transverse strain vs. axial strain curve [1]. Shear modulus, G12, was determined from the slope of the linear fit of the shear stress vs. shear strain curve, for shear strain between 1000 and 5000 µε, in accordance with ISO 14129:1997(E) [2]. Table 2. Experimental results from the static tensile GEV208-I1000 tests

Coupon ID number Fmax (kN)

UTS (MPa)

τmax (MPa)

G12 (GPa)

EX (GPa)

νXY γ12 at τmax [%]

GEV208-I1000-0001 10.63 111.00 55.50 4.337 14.42 0.5448 3.140 GEV208-I1000-0002 11.10 114.03 57.02 4.219 14.26 0.5105 3.253 GEV208-I1000-0003 10.59 109.97 54.99 4.348 14.15 0.5317 3.119 GEV208-I1000-0004 10.74 111.78 55.89 4.167 13.96 0.5293 3.924 GEV208-I1000-0005 10.81 111.11 55.55 4.151 13.79 0.5632 3.451 GEV208-I1000-00062 10.41 108.08 54.04 4.188 13.63 0.5988 3.193 GEV208-I1000-0007 10.64 110.11 55.06 4.250 14.21 0.5690 3.540 GEV208-I1000-0008 10.62 110.54 55.27 4.069 13.59 0.5624 3.974 GEV208-I1000-00093 10.88 111.65 55.82 4.072 13.24 0.5742 3.316 GEV208-I1000-0010 10.77 111.10 55.55 4.374 14.91 0.5223 3.062 GEV208-I1000-0011 11.16 114.81 57.40 4.243 14.18 0.5950 3.599 GEV208-I1000-0012 10.68 110.33 55.16 4.032 13.54 0.5097 3.423 GEV208-I1000-0013 11.16 115.26 57.63 4.396 14.12 0.4935 3.130 GEV208-I1000-0014 10.68 112.01 56.01 4.361 14.75 0.5713 2.852 GEV208-I1000-0015 11.24 115.62 57.81 4.281 14.36 0.4797 3.634 GEV208-I1000-0016 10.94 113.82 56.91 4.289 14.78 0.5896 3.322 GEV208-I1000-0017 10.88 112.03 56.01 4.196 14.14 0.5452 3.366 GEV208-I1000-0018 10.54 109.54 54.77 4.208 14.26 0.5587 3.387 GEV208-I1000-00194 11.11 115.43 57.71 GEV208-I1000-0020 11.06 114.91 57.45 4.229 14.09 0.4826 3.600 GEV208-I1000-0021 10.99 114.47 57.23 4.266 14.23 0.5111 3.231 GEV208-I1000-0022 10.87 112.65 56.32 4.034 13.64 0.5233 3.776 GEV208-I1000-0023 10.48 108.70 54.35 4.271 14.33 0.4990 2.912 GEV208-I1000-0024 10.78 111.32 55.66 4.277 14.48 0.5389 3.347 GEV208-I1000-0025 11.06 114.50 57.25 4.320 14.40 0.5276 3.480 GEV208-I1000-0027 10.65 110.93 55.47 4.230 13.86 0.5263 3.613

Average 10.83 112.14 56.07 4.232 14.13 0.5383 3.386 COV [%] 2.138 1.961 1.959 2.425 2.882 6.324 8.379

1 εY has a negative sign 2 The axial strain gauges were not consistent with each other 3 Test was stopped at about 5 kN and was restarted. Data, however, was used in the statistics of Table 2 4 Incomplete data available

OB_TG2_R020 rev.000 OPTIMAT BLADES of 41 Last saved 8/10/2004 12:54 PM Stress-strain curves for all coupons are presented in the Appendix. Axial strain shown in the figures is the average of the axial strain values measured with the two axial strain gauges mounted on each side of the coupon. EX values were calculated using this average strain. G12 and νXY values were calculated using solely the strain gauge rosette readings. Test results are presented in Table 2, where average values and coefficients of variation (COV) of the sample set are also shown. Photographs of the failed coupons are presented in the Appendix. It is obvious that the failure mode is tensile.

4.2 Fatigue Tests (R=0.1) Test results from tension-tension fatigue of [±45]S coupons are given in Table 3. Table 3. Experimental results from the fatigue GEV208-I1000 tests for R=0.1

Coupon ID number Fmax (kN)

σmax (MPa)

τmax (MPa)

Ν f (Hz)

EX (GPa)

Tmax (0C)

GEV208-I1000-0026 4.543 48.401 24.201 1102177 3.439 15.46 GEV208-I1000-0028 8.511 89.749 44.874 693 1.000 14.92 GEV208-I1000-0029 8.572 89.756 44.878 1815 1.000 15.69 25.47 GEV208-I1000-0030 6.447 67.310 33.655 32140 1.778 14.32 25.51 GEV208-I1000-0031 4.918 51.533 25.767 449282 3.097 14.20 25.09 GEV208-I1000-0032 4.642 48.396 24.198 1163293 3.439 15.17 GEV208-I1000-0033 6.373 67.317 33.658 33338 1.778 14.61 GEV208-I1000-00345 4.591 48.404 24.202 681733 3.439 14.06 28.02 GEV208-I1000-00375 4.898 50.998 25.499 409880 3.097 14.93 GEV208-I1000-0038 8.604 89.755 44.877 1013 1.000 15.31 GEV208-I1000-0040 6.435 67.314 33.657 25897 1.778 14.70 24.77 GEV208-I1000-0041 6.470 67.313 33.657 37031 1.778 14.71 GEV208-I1000-0042 4.598 48.398 24.199 1151684 3.439 14.16 GEV208-I1000-0043 8.530 89.750 44.875 847 1.000 14.76 25.14 GEV208-I1000-0044 6.396 67.309 33.654 28048 1.778 14.92 23.53 GEV208-I1000-0045 4.585 48.389 24.195 1055861 3.439 15.59 GEV208-I1000-0046 8.547 89.751 44.876 942 1.000 14.51

In most cases, the two axial strain gauges were in good agreement during the slow segments performed before each fatigue test. Representative strain vs. time curves, from the slow segments, are presented in Fig. 2. The blue lines are the two strain gauge readings from coupon GEV208-I1000-0043 and the red lines the corresponding measurements from coupon GEV208-I1000-0029. Case GEV208-I1000-0029 is similar to coupons 0031, 0034, 0038 and 0040 whereas GEV208-I1000-0043 is representative of all the others. The stress vs. strain curves from the slow segments of the coupons under consideration are illustrated in Fig. 3. Young modulus was extracted from the circled area, from 500 to 2500 µstrains. The average axial strain was used.

The S-N curve determined from the fatigue tests is given as 1

11.06max 169.16 N

−⋅σ = [MPa] and is

presented in Fig. 4. Load levels and corresponding test frequencies are listed in Table 4. 5 Test was interrupted once


0 50 100 150 200 250 300Time (sec)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

axia

l stra

in (x

106 )

GEV208-I1000-0029GEV208-I1000-0043

Figure 2. Axial strain gauge readings from two representative coupons during the first slow

segments for R=0.1 fatigue

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

average axial strain (x106)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

axia

l stre

ss (M

Pa)

GEV208-I1000-0029GEV208-I1000-0043

Figure 3. Axial stress vs. average axial strain from two representative coupons during the first slow

segments for R=0.1 fatigue


ISO [±45]S, R=0.1

40

60

80

100

120

1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07N

AB

S(σm

ax) [

MPa

]

Data

OB Definition

Figure 4. Fatigue data and the corresponding S-N curve definition for the standard ISO [+45/-45]S

test specimen (GEV208-I1000), R=0.1 Table 4. Load level definition for the standard ISO [+45/-45]S specimen (GEV208-I1000), R=0.1 Load level

N σmax (MPa)

f (Hz)

1 1000 90.581 0.98 2 50000 63.595 1.99 3 1000000 48.505 3.42 4 10000000 39.389 5.19


5. Conclusions

No problems were encountered during the characterization of the [+45/-45]S material. All measured mechanical properties were well distributed, with a quite small coefficient of variation. Minimum scatter was observed in the S-N curve. Temperature in fatigue tests was kept well below 35 0C.


6. References

1. EN ISO 527-5:1997 “Plastics - Determination of tensile properties, Part 5: Test conditions for unidirectional fibre-reinforced plastic composites”

2. ISO 14129:1997(E) “Fibre-reinforced plastic composites - Determination of the in-plane shear stress/shear strain response, including the in-plane shear modulus and strength, by the ±45o tension test method”


7. Appendix

7.1 Shear stress vs. shear strain curves (static tests)

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

γ12 (x106)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

τ 12 (

MPa

)

GEV208-I1000-0001GEV208-I1000-0002GEV208-I1000-0003GEV208-I1000-0004GEV208-I1000-0005

Figure 5. Shear stress vs. shear strain for coupons GEV208-I1000-0001 to GEV208-I1000-0005

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

γ12 (x106)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

τ 12 (

MPa

)




0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

γ12 (x106)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

τ 12 (

MPa

)



0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

γ12 (x106)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

τ 12 (

MPa

)



and GEV208-I1000-0020 to GEV208-I1000-0021


0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

γ12 (x106)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

τ 12 (

MPa

)



and GEV208-I1000-0027


7.2 Shear stress vs. shear strain curves (1000-5000 µε) (static tests)

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

γ12 (x106)

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

22.5

25.0

τ 12 (

MPa

)

GEV208-I1000-0001GEV208-I1000-0002GEV208-I1000-0003GEV208-I1000-0004GEV208-I1000-0005Y=2.554+0.004337XY=2.039+0.004219XY=2.495+0.004348XY=1.862+0.004167XY=2.261+0.004151X

Figure 10. Linear fits of shear stress vs. shear strain curves for coupons GEV208-I1000-0001 to

GEV208-I1000-0005

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

γ12 (x106)

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

22.5

25.0

τ 12 (

MPa

)



GEV208-I1000-0010 (for coupon GEV208-I1000-0009 see footnote 3)


1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

γ12 (x106)

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

22.5

25.0

τ 12 (

MPa

)



GEV208-I1000-0015

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

γ12 (x106)

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

22.5

25.0

τ 12 (

MPa

)



GEV208-I1000-0018 and GEV208-I1000-0020 to GEV208-I1000-0021


1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

γ12 (x106)

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

22.5

25.0

τ 12 (

MPa

)



GEV208-I1000-0025 and GEV208-I1000-0027


7.3 Axial stress vs. axial strain curves (static tests)

0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000

εΧ (x106)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

σ Χ (M

Pa)


Figure 15. Axial stress vs. axial strain for coupons GEV208-I1000-0001 to GEV208-I1000-0005

0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000

εΧ (x106)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

σ Χ (M

Pa)




0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000

εΧ (x106)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

σ Χ (M

Pa)



0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000

εΧ (x106)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

σ Χ (M

Pa)



and GEV208-I1000-0020 to GEV208-I1000-0021


0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000

εΧ (x106)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

σ Χ (M

Pa)



and GEV208-I1000-0027


7.4 Axial stress vs. axial strain curves (500-2500 µε) (static tests)

500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

εX (x106)

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

σ Χ (M

Pa)


Figure 20. Linear fits of axial stress vs. axial strain curves for coupons GEV208-I1000-0001 to

GEV208-I1000-0005

500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

εX (x106)

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

σ Χ (M

Pa)



GEV208-I1000-0010 (for coupon GEV208-I1000-0009 see footnote 3)


500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

εX (x106)

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

σ Χ (M

Pa)



GEV208-I1000-0015

500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

εX (x106)

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

σ Χ (M

Pa)





500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

εX (x106)

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

σ Χ (M

Pa)



GEV208-I1000-0025 and GEV208-I1000-0027


7.5 Transverse vs. axial strain curves (static tests)

0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000

εΧ rosette (x106)

-18000

-16000

-14000

-12000

-10000

-8000

-6000

-4000

-2000

0

ε Y ro

sette

(x10

6 )


Figure 25. Transverse vs. axial strain for coupons GEV208-I1000-0001 to GEV208-I1000-0005

0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000

εΧ rosette (x106)

-18000

-16000

-14000

-12000

-10000

-8000

-6000

-4000

-2000

0

ε Y ro

sette

(x10

6 )




0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000

εΧ rosette (x106)

-18000

-16000

-14000

-12000

-10000

-8000

-6000

-4000

-2000

0

ε Y ro

sette

(x10

6 )



0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000

εΧ rosette (x106)

-18000

-16000

-14000

-12000

-10000

-8000

-6000

-4000

-2000

0

ε Y ro

sette

(x10

6 )



and GEV208-I1000-0020 to GEV208-I1000-0021


0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000

εΧ rosette (x106)

-18000

-16000

-14000

-12000

-10000

-8000

-6000

-4000

-2000

0

ε Y ro

sette

(x10

6 )



and GEV208-I1000-0027


7.6 Transverse vs. axial strain curves (500-2500 µε) (static tests)

500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

εX rosette (x106)

-1400

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

ε Y ro

sette

(x10

6 )

GEV208-I1000-0001GEV208-I1000-0002GEV208-I1000-0003GEV208-I1000-0004GEV208-I1000-0005Y=45.04-0.5448XY=43.37-0.5105XY=41.65-0.5317XY=40.49-0.5293XY=42.81-0.5632X

Figure 30. Linear fits of the transverse vs. axial strain curves for coupons GEV208-I1000-0001 to

GEV208-I1000-0005

500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

εX rosette (x106)

-1400

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

ε Y ro

sette

(x10

6 )



GEV208-I1000-0010


500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

εX rosette (x106)

-1400

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

ε Y ro

sette

(x10

6 )



GEV208-I1000-0015

500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

εX rosette (x106)

-1400

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

ε Y ro

sette

(x10

6 )





500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

εX rosette (x106)

-1400

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

ε Y ro

sette

(x10

6 )



GEV208-I1000-0025 and GEV208-I1000-0027


7.7 Photographs of failed coupons

7.7.1 Static tests

Figure 35. Photo of failed coupons GEV208-I1000-0001 to GEV208-I1000-0005 (top side)

Figure 36. Photo of failed coupons GEV208-I1000-0001 to GEV208-I1000-0005 (bottom side)


Figure 43. Photo of failed coupons GEV208-I1000-0021 to GEV208-I1000-0025 and GEV208-

I1000-0027 (top side)

Figure 44. Photo of failed coupons GEV208-I1000-0021 to GEV208-I1000-0025 and GEV208-

I1000-0027 (bottom side)


7.7.2 Fatigue tests

Figure 45. Photo of failed fatigued coupons GEV208-I1000-0026 and GEV208-I1000-0028 to

GEV208-I1000-0032 (top side)

Figure 46. Photo of failed fatigued coupons GEV208-I1000-0026 and GEV208-I1000-0028 to

GEV208-I1000-0032 (bottom side)


Figure 47. Photo of failed fatigued coupons GEV208-I1000-0033, GEV208-I1000-0034, GEV208-

I1000-0037, GEV208-I1000-0038, GEV208-I1000-0040 and GEV208-I1000-0041 (top side)

Figure 48. Photo of failed fatigued coupons GEV208-I1000-0033, GEV208-I1000-0034, GEV208-

I1000-0037, GEV208-I1000-0038, GEV208-I1000-0040 and GEV208-I1000-0041 (bottom side)


Figure 49. Photo of failed fatigued coupons GEV208-I1000-0042 to GEV208-I1000-0046 (top side)

Figure 50. Photo of failed fatigued coupons GEV208-I1000-0042 to GEV208-I1000-0046 (bottom

side)


7.7.3 Close-ups of the failure modes

Figure 51. Photo of failed tensile coupon GEV208-I1000-0021




Figure 54. Photo of failed fatigued coupon GEV208-I1000-0028

Figure 55. Photo of failed fatigued coupon GEV208-I1000-0044

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