OliveOrchards

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BACKGROUND

• Thehistoryofolivecultivationdatesbackto3000BC.Forthousandsofyears,oliveshaveplayedanimportantroleinourdiet,incosmeticsandareusedtoproduceburningoilforlamps.

•Olivegrowingisdividedintotwomaincategories:oliveoilproductionandtableolives.

• Thegrowingdemandforoliveoilpromotesthedevelopmentofthemodernirrigatedoliveorchardsandhigherdensityplantations.

• TheolivefeaturesinMediterraneancultures,suchasSpain,Greece,Italy,FranceandMorocco.IntheUnitedStates,Californiahasthelargestareaofcultivatedorchards.Argentinaistheleadingproducerinthesouthernhemisphere.

• Todayannualworldwideoliveproductionisestimatedat1.7milliontonsoftableolivesand3milliontonsofoliveoil,producedfrom12milliontonsofolives.Totalolive-growingareaisestimatedat7.5millionhectares.Becauseofthegrowingdemandforhigh-qualitycommercialyields,theneedforcultivatedareasisalsoincreasing.

Olive production (hectares) in the world

Olivetreescanyieldfruitforaverylongtime:• Initialproductioninmodernplantationscommencesinthe3rdto4thyear.• Fullproductioncommencesafter6to7years.•Olivetreescancontinueproducingfruitforoverahundredyears.

Morocco7%

Turkey8%

G reece10%

Italy15%

S pain35%

R es t of world25%

Italy15%

Spain35%

Restofworld25%

Greece10%

Turkey8%

Marocco7%

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GROWING CONDITIONS

AreaswithoptimalclimateforolivegrowingAlthoughtheselatitudesareidealforolivecultivation,olivescanbegrowninanyareameetsthenecessaryclimaticconditions.

CLIMATE AND GROWING CYCLEOlivetreesthriveinhotsummers(upto45˚C)andcoolwinterswith200-300hoursoftemperaturesbelow12˚C.Highhumiditymaycausediseases.Frostconditionsbelow-5˚Cmaydamageyoungshoots.Springrainsorhot,dryconditionsduringblossomingcancauseflowerandbudabscission,resultingindecreasedyields.Inspringthetemperaturerises,promptingawaveofacceleratedgrowth,whichcontinuesaslongastemperaturesremainmoderate.Duringthehotsummer,growthdeceleratesandtheolivetreechannelsitsresourcestodevelopingthefruitandcreatingoil.Inthefall,theintensityofthesecondwaveofgrowthdependsonthetemperature(notlowerthan18˚C)andsoilmoisture.Thenewbranches,whichsproutinthespringandthefall,arethebasisforthefollowingyear’syield.

SOILTheolivetreecanadapttomostsoiltypes,althoughwell-drainedsoilispreferable.Plantingisnotrecommendedinsoilwithaclaycontentofover60%.TheidealpHisslightlyalkaline,butshouldnotbeabove8.5.Theolivetreeisnotsensitivetolimeandisrelativelyresistanttosalinity.

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PLANTINGTwofactorsshouldbetakenintoaccountwithtreespacing:convenientaccessforharvestandoptimalexposuretolight;akeyrequirementforfloweringandgrowth.Inthepast,non-irrigatedgroveswereplantedatawidespacingof10mx10m(100treesperhectare).Today,theemphasisisoncommercialorchards,whichbenefitfromallthemoderntechnologicaladvancesinagricultureandirrigation.Theseinclude:multiplyingthenumberoftreesperhectare,developingnewvarieties,applyingadvancedirrigationandfertigationsystems,andmechanicalharvesting.Typicaltreespacing:

Traditional(non-irrigated):10mx10m

Intensive:7mx4m

Super-intensive:4mx2m

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IRRIGATION AND FERTIGATION

IRRIGATION EFFECT ON YIELD AND QUALITYThehardyolivetreehassurvivedforcenturies,bearingfruitwithoutadditionalwaterornutrients.However,itsgrowthisslowandyieldsarelowandirregular.Studiesshowthatcorrectapplicationofwaterandfertilizers,whichareadaptedtothetree’sneeds,resultingreaterleafsurfacearea,facilitatingphotosynthesisandtranspirationthroughouttheentiregrowingperiod.Thisleadstoincreasedtotalproductionpertree,substantiallyincreasingfruitweight,volumeandpulp-pitratio.Althoughoilpercentageinthefruitmaybenegativelyaffectedbyincreasedwaterquantities,productionpertreeisincreased.

Olive fruit oil conte nt (%) a s a ffe cte d by diffe re nt irriga tion qua ntitie s

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Young orchards at 2nd harvest

olive fruit y ield as affec ted by irr igation quantities

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Oil qualityHigh-qualityextravirginoilcanbeproducedunderdifferentirrigationregimes.Irrigationquantitiesclearlyaffectthesensorialparametersoftheoilproduced.Waterdeficitsaredetrimentaltotheproductionofphenoliccompoundsinthefruit,whichaffectflavor.Withefficientirrigationmanagement,growerscanachievehighyieldswiththeexpectedsensorialparametersandminimumuseofwaterandfertilizers.

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REGULATED DEFICIT IRRIGATION (RDI)

Thisirrigationtechniqueisbasedoncreatingwaterstressduringthosephonologicalstagesinwhichtheyieldquantitywillbeleastaffected.TheobjectivesofRDIaretoincreasethequalityparametersandreducewaterandenergyconsumption.Witholivesgrownforoilproduction,creatingwaterstressleadstohigherpolyphenolcontentintheoilproduced.Theseimportantingredientsnotonlycontributetothesensorialparameters,butalsotooilstabilityandresistancetooxidation.Therecommendedperiodforcreatingsuchdeficitisduringpithardening,sinceinthattimethereisminimalshootandfruitgrowth.Inolivesgrownforoilproduction,irrigationshouldbestoppedtwoweeksbeforeharvest.Thisisinordertoreducethewatercontentofthefruit.

WATER REQUIREMENTS

AnnualwaterrequirementsinMediterraneanconditionsareapproximately800-1000mmfortableoliveplantationsand400-600mmforoilproductionplantations.Thisistrueonlyformatureorchards,providingtheyreceivewinterrainsofminimum500mmthatlastuntilthebeginningofspring.Irrigationshouldstartthreeweeksafterthelasteffectiverain.Avoidingwaterstressduringfloweringiscrucialforachievingmaximumyields.Thepumpflowrateandsystemdesigncapacityaregenerallybasedonpeakwaterrequirements.ThemaximumexpectedETcanbeassessedbyreferringtothedatafromthepeakperiodofanormalyear.

NovOctSepAugJulJunMayAprRequiredwaterquantities

Croptype

0.40.550.550.550.50.50.40.4FullirrigationTableolives

0.20.450.550.50.30.30.350.35Supplementary

0.20.30.30.30.20.20.30.2FullirrigationOlivesforoilproduction 0.150.150.20.10.10.270.18Supplementary

*BasedonMediterraneandataDailywaterrequirementscanbecalculatedbymultiplyingdailyevaporationbycropcoefficient:

CROP COEFICIENTS FOR MATURE OLIVE PLANTATIONS

Dailyevaporation(mm)XCropcoefficient=Dailywaterrequirements(mm)

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IRRIGATION OF YOUNG ORCHARDS

Duringthefirstthreeyears,irrigateevery3-7days.Increasewaterquantitiesandirrigationfrequencyastemperaturesriseandtranspirationisaccelerated.Decreaseagaintowardsthebeginningofwinter.

Firstyear:5-10liters/tree/daySecondyear:7-20liters/tree/dayThirdyear:15-40liters/tree/day

PLANT NUTRITION

Youngorchardsconsumemainlynitrogen,butinfruit-bearingorchardspotassiumplaysanimportantroleinyieldformation.Phosphorusismoderatelyconsumedandshouldbeappliedonlywhenneeded,especiallybeforetheplantingofnewtrees.Sinceolivetreesusuallygrowinalkalinesoils,microelementdeficienciescanbeeffectivelycorrectedviafoliarspraying.Foliaranalysisisthebestwaytomonitordeficienciesanddetermineanadequatefertigationprogram.However,standardrecommendations,soilanalysis,localknowledgeandexperiencecanalsosuffice.

CRITICAL GROWING STAGES FOR IRRIGATION

Inhot,drydaysduringblooming,irrigateforafewhoursinthemiddleoftheday,evenifanirrigationdosewasgivenbefore.Thisisinordertoraisehumidity,thuspreventingflowerdrop.Highsoilmoisturemustbemaintainedduringthreecriticalgrowingstages:

1.Spring–thebloomingstage

2.Floweringandfruitset

3.Fruitripening–shorterirrigationintervalstofillthefruitsbeforeharvest

MarchlAprilMaylJunelJulylAugustlSeptemberlOctoberlNovemberlDecemberlJanuarylFebruary

CriticalstagesforirrigationunderMediterraneanconditions

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FERTILIZATION GUIDELINES

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MATURE ORCHARDSNitrogen:Fertilizationwith200-300kgpureNperhectare,combinedwithirrigation.Apply25%ofthequantityinthespring.Applytheremaindercontinuouslythroughoutthesummertoencouragenewgrowth.

Phosphorus:Fertilizationwith30-80kg/haP2O5,especiallyinlightsoilsorwhenfoliaranalysisindicatesadeficiency.Usephosphoricacid,whichalsohelpscleantheirrigationsystem.Potassium:Fertilizationwith200-300kg/haofK2O,combinedwithirrigation.Inlightandmediumsoil,spreadthefertilizerportionsoutovertheentireseason.Inclaysoil,fewerportionscanbeapplied.

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR YOUNG ORCHARDS

Apply40–50m3/haoforganicmanureduringsoilpreparation.Onlyapplyphosphorusandpotassiumifsoilanalysisindicatesadeficit.Applythemasabasedressingorviafertigationduringthefirsttwomonthsafterplanting.Duringthefirstthreeyearsusemainlynitrogen.Apply150kg-200kgofnitrogen/ha/year,spreadoutovertheseason.

FERTIGATION

Fertilizerapplicationviatheirrigationsystemisconsideredthemosteffectivemethodoffertilization.Agoodirrigationsystemfacilitatesaccuratefertilizerapplication,precisetimingandquantities,withoutadditionalmanuallaborcosts.Constantandbalancednutritionresultsinoptimalplantgrowthandyieldandpreventsnutrientlossduetoleaching.Inthisway,growersbenefiteconomicallyandpreventthepollutionofundergroundwater,whichisharmfultotheenvironment.

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NAANDANJAIN IRRIGATION SOLUTIONS

Becausegrowersfacevaryingconditionsandchallenges,NaanDanJainoffersawiderangeofirrigationandfertigationsolutions.Ourexperiencedteamwillhelpyoufindtheultimatesolutiontofitallyourneeds.

Whenchoosinganirrigationmethodforoliveorchards,bearthesefactsinmind:

• Theeffectiverootzoneisatadepthof0-40cmandiswidelyspreadaroundthetree.•Olivetreesarehighlysensitivetolackofoxygen,soavoidlongperiodsofsaturation.•Olivetreescanbeirrigatedwithrelativelysaltywater,butitisimportanttoleachaccumulatingsalt.•Accuratelocationofwaterandfertilizerswillenhancetheirefficiencyandpreventweeddevelopment.

DRIPLINE SYSTEMS

Advantages• Efficient,uniformfertigation,withwaterandnutrientsdelivereddirectlytotherootzone• Lateralslieflatonthesurfaceanddonotinterferewiththeharvestingprocess•Drypathsbetweentreerows•Relativelylowcostsinpurchasing,installation,operation,andwearandtear.

Guidelines• Fortraditionalandintensiveorchards:Usetwolaterals• Forsuper-intensiveorchards:Useonelateral•Adaptdripperspacingtosoiltype:• lightsoil:50-75cm• heavysoil:75-100cm•Recommendeddripperflowrate:1.6-3.8l/h• Forneworchards:Designdripperspacinginconjunctionwithtreespacingtoensurethatthedrippersarenexttotheyoungtrees.•Afteroneyear:Movethelateralto50cm-75cmfromthetrunk.Bearthisinmindwhenplanningsubsurfacedripsystems.• Inexistingorchardswithirregularspacing,useabuttondripperoraringofdrippers

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SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION (SDI)

Advantages• Freecultivationandmachinerymovementinalldirections• Protectionfromdamagebymachinery,animals,harvestingandcultivation•Waterandfertilizersavingduetooptimumnutrientabsorption•Drysoilsurfacepreventsweedgrowth• Forvariabletopographyorlonglaterals,useAmnonDripPCAS• Forplotdesignthatdoesn’trequirePCdrippers,usenonPCdripper

AmnonDrip PC & PC AS• Pressure-compensatingdriplineforlonglateralsandvariabletopography• Self-cleaningcascadelabyrinth•Anti-siphon(preventionofdirtsuction)forSDI

Naan PC•Heavy-duty,pressure-compensatingdripline• Variabledischargesfordifferentsoiltypesandplotplanning

TifDrip•NonPCcost-effectivedripline•Highlyclog-resistant• Variabledischargesfordifferentsoiltypesandplotplanning

16mm

2.0l/h 4.0l/h

16,20mm

2.2l/h1.6l/h 3.5/3.8l/h

16,17,20mm

1.6,2.2,3.8l/h

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MICRO-SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

Advantages • Simpleunitoperationandinspectionduringirrigation•Moderationofextremeclimaticconditions(frostorheatwave)•Creationoflargermoisturestorageinsupplementaryirrigationconditions• Preventionofsoilerosion• Improvedmanureabsorptioninorganicorchardcultivation•Highlyresistanttoclogging• Effectiveforsaltleaching•Wettedareaiswidelyspreadincorrelationtotheoliverootzone

2002 AquaSmart• Flow-regulatedmicro-sprinkler•Uniformirrigationandfertigationinalltopographicalconditions•Olivemodelwith28-95l/hfor3-7.5mcoverage• Insect-proofnozzle• Sturdyandsolidstructure•Two-stagewetteddiametercontroltosuittreedevelopment

Dan-Jet PC• Pressure-compensatingmicro-jet•Uniformirrigationinalltopographicalconditions•Olivemodelfordensespacingwith19-76l/h•Differentdistributionpatternfor3-5mcoverage•Highlycost-effective•Nomovingparts–verylowmaintenance

NaanDanJain is committed to finding the idealsolution for your olive orchard, tailored to yourlocalclimaticconditions,soilandwaterproperties,andbudget.Contactourofficeoryourlocaldealerforfurtherinformation.

©2014NaanDanJainLtd.Allrightsreserved.Allspecificationsaresubjecttochangewithoutnotice.

Allinformationshouldbeusedonlyasaguideline.Forspecificrecommendationscontactyourlocalagronomist.

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NaanDanJain Irrigation Ltd.PostNaan7682900,Israel.T:+972-8-9442180,F:+972-8-9442190E:mkt@naandanjain.comwww.naandanjain.com