ole lauridsen 2007_learning styles and powerpoint, a new and exciting approach
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LearningStylesandPowerPointAnewandexcitingapproach
b ol La, Aa scl b, u Aa, dak
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7/31/2019 Ole Lauridsen 2007_learning Styles and Powerpoint, A New and Exciting Approach
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Contents
Power Point in practice 1
Learning Styles 5
Whichelements? 7
Analyticversusglobalinormationprocessing 7
Sensorymodalitiesandstructure 8
The PowerPoint presentation 10
Analyticandglobalinormationprocessing 11
Tipsandtricks 13
Sensorymodalities 13
Design of presentation and slides 14 Fonts(ontandontsize) 15
Colors 15
Colorsandattention 16
Morecolortipsandtricks 18
PowerPoint as exercise materials 20
La sl a PwP: A w a xc appac
About whyPowerPointis better- inact,muchbetter – than
blackboardandchalkortransparencies.Andabouthowtodesign
anduseaPowerPointpresentationinthebestwaypossible.
Ole Lauridsen, Aarhus School of Business, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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7/31/2019 Ole Lauridsen 2007_learning Styles and Powerpoint, A New and Exciting Approach
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PowerPointisapresentationprogramthatoersawealthoopportunities.
Butapresentationisneverbetterthanthepersonwhohasdesignedit.Andmostpeoplehave
seenmemorableexamplesohowitshouldNOTbedone.
Thegoodnewsisthatitisactuallynotdiculttoputtogetherapresentationsothatitworks,
thatis,sothattheaudienceactuallylearnssomething.
Thereisasetosimplerulestobeollowed.AndthoserulesarebasedonLearningStyles.
OntheollowingpagesyouwillndthebasicideasotheLearningStylesModeldevelopedby
twoUSresearchers,Dr.RitaDunnandDr.KennethDunn.Aterthatollowsthegroundrules
ordesigningasuccessulPowerPointpresentation.
PowerPointinpractice
LearningStyles(LS)canbedenedasthewayeachpersonbeginsto
• Concentrateonnewanddicultinormation;
• Processthisinormation;
• Internalizeandretainthisinormationand
• Usethisinormation.
AlloitissomethingthatwewouldliketoachievewithourPowerPointpresentations.
Inotherwords,wecanbenetromtakingLearningStylesintoconsiderationwhenwedesignour
presentations,butwhatdowemeanbyLearningStyles?
TheDunn&DunnLearningStylesModeloperateswith20elementsthatareundamentaltoour
learning.Themodelisalignedwiththelearningsystemsothebrain,anditcomprisesallage
groups.Ithasbeenthoroughlyresearchedandhasalreadyprovenitsstrength.
Youcanlearnmoreatwww.learningstyles.netandalsondlinkstoLStestsorallagegroups.
LearningStyles
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WhiCh eLements?
WecannotgointodetailwiththeDunn&DunnLearningStylesModelhere.Insteadwewillocus
ontheelementsthatareespeciallyimportantwhenwearetodesignPowerPointpresentations,that
is,theelementsthatwecanincludedirectlyinthedesignothepresentationandinthepresenta-
tionitsel.
Obviouslyitisnotpossibletoproducepresentationsthataccommodateeachindividualperson’sLS
proleindetail.However,byollowingtheguidelinesbelow,wecanreachaverywideaudience.
Themostimportantelementsinthisconnectionare
• Analyticversusglobalinormationprocessing
• Sensorymodalities
• Needorstructure
AnALytiC versus gLobAL informAtion ProCessing
Somepeoplelearnbestwhentheyhavenewanddicultinormationpresentedstepbystepina
logicalsequence;theyarecalledanalytics.
Others(mostpeople)learnbestwhentheyhavenewanddicultinormationpresentedinlarge
chunkswhichtheycantheninvestigateurtherthemselves;theyarecalledglobals.
Finally,thereisasmallgroupopeoplewhodonotpreeronewayratherthantheother;theycan
approachnewanddicultinormationbothanalyticallyandglobally.
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sensory modALities
TheDunn&Dunnmodelcomprisesoursensorymodalities:
• t a: Youlearnbylistening.
• t al: Youlearnbyseeingtext(reading)orbyseeingrealormentalpictures.
• t acal: Youlearnbyusingyourhandsandeet.
• t kc: Youlearnbyusingyourwholebodyand/
orbyinvolvingyourselasaperson.
struCture
Withrespecttothestructureonewanddicultinormation,somepeopleneedsupport;they
preertohavearmstructureprovidedorthem.
Otherspreertocreatethatstructurethemselves;theyrejecthavingastructurecreatedorthem.
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How to integrate Learning Styles in the PowerPoint presentation
ItisimportanttorememberthatanyPowerPointpresentationconsistsothreeelements,andthat
theseelementsshouldbeconsideredawholethatcannotbedivided:
• Theslidesonthescreen
• Thehandout,i.e.theprintedversionotheslides
(Choose:File>Print.Choose‘Handouts’intheprintdialogbox).
• Thelivepresentation
Inconnectionwiththeslidesandthehandout,wemustconsiderlayout,andinconnectionwiththe
livepresentation,wemustconsiderourperormance.
Butrstoall,andwithoutanyconnectiontoLearningStyles,
• d j a x w l.i a, pa wll
wa w call “a z”. • y l x l a a pa wa a.
ThePowerPointpresentation
1110
AnALytiC And gLobAL informAtion ProCessing
Bothwaysoprocessinginormationareaccommodatedintheininterchangebetweentheslideson
thescreenandthehandout:
The analytic learner
• Apresentationinwhichinormationispresentedstepbystepbenetstheanalyticlearner.
• Thereore,youshouldusebulletpointsandanimations,e.g.‘Flyin’withdirection‘Fromlet’;
asageneralrule,donotusedierentanimationsinthesameslide.
• Teachtheanalyticlearnerhowtousethehandouttocreateanoverviewotheinormation
thathasbeenpresentedattheendothelivepresentation.
• Pauseoracoupleosecondsbeoreyoumoveontothenextslideinyourpresentation;it
givestheanalyticlearnerachancetocollecthis/herthoughts.
The global learner
• Thegloballearnershouldlearnhowtocreateanoverviewotheinormationtobepresented
byskimmingthoughthehandoutbeorethepresentationbegins;thens/heisabletocon-
centrateonthescreenslides.
• Thegloballearnerlikescolorsandpicturesthatsupporthis/herlearning.Thismustbeex-
ploited,c.p.16onwards
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tiPs And triCKs – informAtion ProCesssing
Weotenneedtousetextthatexplainsorsupplementspicturesandgraphsthroughtheadditiono
labels,layersandanimation,etc.inapresentation.
Globalsnevergettiredounormsandlotsocolors,butortheanalyticlearnerthisisahassle.
Whenwedesignpresentationsthataretoappealtobothtypesolearners,weneedtotakethisinto
considerationandstriketherightbalancebetweentoomuchandtoolittleotheseeects.
Neitherglobalsnoranalyticscanabsorbanuninterruptedstreamoinormation.Youshouldthereore
pauseor10-20secondsatereveryseventhslide.Remembertotellyouraudiencethattherewillbe
suchpausesor‘time-outs’inyourpresentation.
sensory modALities
t a alistakenintoconsiderationbywhatthepresentersaysandhistoneovoice.You
shouldalwaysbeminduloyourpaceandtoneovoice.Keepaneyeonthereactionsoyouraudience.
t al alistakenintoconsiderationbythepresentationonthescreenaswellasthehand-
out.Itgoesorbothothesethatyoushouldworkconscientiouslywiththelayout,c.p.14onwards.
t acal a kc alaretakenintoconsiderationbythehandout.Touchingthehandout,maybeevenprintingitoutthemselves,anddenitelymovingitaroundonthetable,
leangthroughit,writinginit,etc.areimportantactivitiesorbothtypesolearners.Thekinesthetic
learnerswilldosomorethanwillthetactual;eventhoughthewholebodyisnotinvolved,theywill
stillbenetromit.
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Amount of information in each slide
Itisimportanttokeeptheamountoinormationoneachslidetoaminimum.Itismuchbetterto
havemoreslidesthanaewillegibleones.Wehaveallseenoverlledslides,andtheyarejustasim-
possibletoreadandprocessasareoverlledtransparencies.
Follow the rule of 7±2
Ourworkingmemoryprocessesinormationstepbystepandcanneverhandlemorethan5-9inor-
mationunitsatthetime.Inotherwords,7istheaveragethatweshoulduseasourguideline;iwe
providelessthat5inormationunits,wedonotexploitthepotentialothememorytoasucientde-
gree,andiweexceed9units,itbecomestoomuchorthememorytoprocess–thusthe7±2rule.
‘Inormationunit’isobviouslyanambiguousconcept.Itislinkedtothelearner’sexistingknowledge
andthewaywepresentthematerial.Forthosewhohaveneverseenacomputerbeore,theconcept
oamouseisveryintriguing,andtheymustprocessmanybitsoinormationinordertounderstand
it.Forthosewhousecomputersonadailybasis,theconceptoamouseisoneandonlyoneinor-
mationunit.
Colorsandpicturesarealsoinormation.Thepicturemustthereoreberelatedtotheverbalcon-
tentsothatitdoesnotchallengetheworkingmemoryunnecessarily,anditisimportanttolimitthe
numberocolorsinoneslide,c.p.21.
Designandpresentationoslides
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fonts And font siZes
• Useontsize24asaminimum(asinthisexample).Whenweusethisontsize,itiseasytoadheretothe7±2rule.Theresimplyisnotspaceormore
than5bullets,andthatisperect.
Usesansseriontslike
• Verdana
• Arial
• Franklin Gothic Book
orsimilaronts.
Avoidontslike
• TIMES NEW ROMAN
• Bernard Condensed
Sansseriontsaremostsuitableorslidesbecausethescreensolutionismuchlessthanitison
paper.Fontswithserisor‘eet’arethereoremorediculttoreadonthescreen.
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CoLor And Attention
Inthecourseo40-45minutes(atypicalclasssession),theattentionotheaudiencemaybede-
scribedinthreephases
• Intherstewminutes,theattentionincreasessignicantlyandremainsatahighlevelor
10-12minutes.
• Atertherst15minutes,theattentionplungesandremainsataverylowlevel.
• Ateryetanother15minutes,attentionincreasesagain,butitdoesnotreachthehighlevelo
therstphase.
Thismaybeillustratedasollows:
1 1
0-15 min. 15-30 min. 30-45min.
CoLors
Colorsarevery importantelementsin thePowerPointpresenta-
tions,butyoucannotjustdecidewhichcolorstouseatrandom.
Colorsmaybeusedtoinfuenceyouraudience–andtoattractthe
attentionoyouraudience.
Wedistinguishbetweencool,tepid(middle)andwarmcolors.
• Thecoolcolors(blue, violet)owerthebloodpressure,therespiratoryrequencyandthepulse.
• Theycreateandenhancecalmness.
• Thewarmcolors( yellow, (red-orange))increasethebloodpressure,
therespiratoryrequencyandthepulse.
• Theycauseacertainlevelostress.
• Withthestress,thelevelothehormonenoradrenalinincreasesinthebrain,andnoradrenalin
increasesourattentionandourlearning.
• Thetepidcolors(green,(pink )areinthemiddle.
• Theycreatesomecalmness,butatthesametimetheyalsoincreaseattention.
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The three types of colors and the three attention phases
Itisagoodideatousethecool,warmandtepidcolorsasbackgroundcolorsonthescreen:From
blueand/orvioletviayellowand/ororangetoredand/orgreen.Youcanthenchangetheback-
groundcolorinaccordancewiththethreephasesoattention.
Alternatively,youcanuseaneutral(whiteorgrey)backgroundandinsertgraphics,i.e.pictures,symbols,WordArt,etc.intheappropriatecolor.
Obviously,graphicsotenhavemanycolors,alsocolorsthatarenotonourlisthere.However,i
onlycolorsareusedconsistently,muchhasbeenachieved.
Maksimalopmæksomhed
Minimalopmæksomhed
Stigendeopmæksomhed
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1 0
more CoLor tiPs And triCKs
The perceptual order
• Redisintheoreground.
• Yellowisinthemiddle;thesamegoesorgreen.
• Blueisinthebackground.
More tips and trick – more colors
Manycolorsareconusingandmaketheeyesjump.Theuseomanycolorstirestheaudienceand
shouldbeavoided.
Rememberthatcolorsarealsoinormationunits,andiweusetoomanycolors,weendupexceed-
ingthe7±2limit.
Rememberalsothatthecolorblueishardtoseeonawhitebackground.
He re you see howdi i cu l t i t i s to se e the t e xt and the l in e be low
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Materials for the global learner
• Basicprinciples
– FUC (FUnandColor)
–ManyglobalspreeraontlikeComic Sans MS.
• Usebulletpoints,butavoidanimationasmuchaspossible.Globalswantlargechunksoinor-
mationinonego.
• Iyoudouseanimations,youmaychoosetousedierentkindsoanimation(choose‘Ran-
domeects’).
Anexampleoexercisesoranalyticsandglobalsmaybeoundat
http://www.sprog.asb.dk/OL/STARTPAKKE/Hjaelpemidler%20tysk.htm
under”øvelseisætningsanalyse”.
Soarwehavelookedatpresentationsthatarerunbythepresenter.ButthePowerPointpresenta-
tionsmayalsobeusedtoproducematerialorthelearnertouseindependently.Hereweshould
alsoollowasetoguidelinesthatbuildsonthosethathavealreadybeenpresented.However,
whenusedorexercisematerials,PowerPointunctionsdierentlybecausethereisnopresenterand
nohandout.
Materials for the analytic learner
• Basicprinciples
– P2W(Part toWhole)
–KISS(KeepItSimple,Stupid!).
• Avoidusingcoloredtext;useblacktext.
• Iyouwantvariation,useagreyshadeorthetext.
• Usebulletpointsandanimationortheindividualbulletsorchunksotext;use‘Flyin’with
direction‘Fromlet’. • Withinormationintables,itmaybeagoodideatolettheinormationontherighthandside
fyinromtheright.
• Othertypesoanimationshouldbeavoided.
PowerPointasexercisematerials
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