olasılık ve İstatistik - ankara Üniversitesi ders notları
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8/10/2019 Olasılık Ve İstatistik - Ankara Üniversitesi Ders Notları
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@EA@V@ ÓEľYMVZľ_MZľ Zľ[@Z@C FľCLľCMV I@AÓC_MZľ [@[KEC@VK
8
=?:
^rgi. Or. ]ĕ]V AGV]D
@. Ó. Zky`s`c Fkclkcmr
I`aóctmsk
@ea`r , 0;2=
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@EA@V@ ÓEľYMVZľ_MZľ Zľ[@Z@C FľCLľCMV I@AÓC_MZľ [@[ľEC@Vľ8 =?:
^rgi. Or. ]ĕ]V AGV]D
@. Ó. Zky`s`c Fkclkcmr
I aóctmsk
D@_MD@_ľAZMC
ľZ_@_ľZ_ľĕM
LľVľŕ
(KKK. F`sİ)
@ea`r , 0;2=
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© Jgpyrklbt8
Zky s c Fkclkcmr I`aóctmsk, 0;2=
@ea r Óekvmrsktmsk Zky s c Fkclkcmr I`aóctmsk [ùemtkd Aurucueue 0=.00.0;2?
t rkb vm 2?-:? s yİ,
@ea r Óekvmrsktmsk [ yİe Agdksygeueue 0;.00.0;2? t rkb vm 2-?6 s yİcİ a r rc rİ
kcm :>>> omt f sİcdİŗtİr.
@.Ó. Z.F.I. vm F@ZKE [@[KE [ÓAZMAGA]C] F@ZKDMYľ, @EA@V@ • 0;2=
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@EEMD'm vm F@F@D'æ
tìtme smvl vm
tmŗmaaórcmrkdm
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K
ÙEZÙX
"D`tmd`tkasmc kst`tkstkėm Lkrkŗ", uzuİİ s`yİc`fkcmjma fkr oùemdke
óróeó. 0;9:-0;9= yİcc`rİeo` @FO'om Dkjbkl`e Óekvmrsktmskeom ľst`tkstka
vm magegdmtrk kcm kclkck ì cİŗd c rİd vm 0;9=-0;99 `a`omdka yİcİeo`
y`zİcdİŗ vm ìgė`ctİcdİŗ omrs egtc`rİd akt`fİe tmdmckek tmŗakc mttk. 0;9=
0;9; `r sdo` ZFI KKK. sİeİi vm OľM Mėktkd Dmramzk'eom fu y`ac`ŗİd
kcm kst`tkstka gautd`a, fkr omrs akt`fİeİe y`zİcd`sİ sİr`sİeo` fóyóa
ùcìóom y`r`rc`eoİėİd fkr tmjrófm gcou. F`ŗa` omykŗcm akt`fİe eóvmsk
sİeİit` tmst mokcok.
0
Akt`fİe 0;9; vm 0;<> yİcc`rİeo` t`d`dkycm ymekome y`zİcİŗİeo`,
`d`jİe ms`s ktkf`rkycm sgsy c fkckdcmrcm kclkck ùėrmejkcmrm tmdmc fkr kst`tks-
tka igrd`sygeu vmrdma gcouėueu okaa`tm `c`r`a d`tmd`tka ùelmrmėkek,
y`f`ejİ okccmrom fu tkp akt`pc`ro` aŗİc`lmcdkŗ smvkymeke `ctİo` tutd`y`
ì`cİŗtİa. ľatks`tìİc`r kìke ùzmc ùemdkek okaa`tm `c`r`a Vmlrmsyge kcm kclkck
kak fùcódó, omrs akt`fİeİe b`jdkem gr`ec` lmekŗ tuttua.
Akt`fİdİzİe tmdmc kst`tkstka vm magegdmtrk kcm kclkck aurc`ro`, fu
omrscmrke gautucouėu dubtmcki óekvmrsktm vm `a`omdkcmrom, cks`es vm
cks`es óstó smvkymom i`yo`cİ gc`fkcmjmėkek uduygruz.
@a`omdka yùeome akt`f` kckŗake gc`r`a, @FO'omak bgj`c`rİd`,
ùzmcckacm O. F. Zukts. Z. B. Byd`es, C. Aksb vm \. @. Mrkjasge'` vm
fkfckyglr iy`o` fmckrttkėkd akt`pc`rİe y`z`rc`rİe` tmŗmaaór fgrìcuyud.
Okėmr ì cİŗd c rİdo gcouėu lkfk fueo o omėmrck mŗkd Zmvkc'ke
fóyóa omstmėk f`e` y`roİdjİ gcou. ]zue s`yİc`fkcmjma fkr akt`fİe o`atkcg
kŗkek, `yc rj sórme s`fİrcİ vm tktkz fkr ì cİŗd kcm f`ŗ`r`r`a, ameok ì -
cİŗd`c`rİe` `yİr fkcmjmėk omėmrck z`d eİeo`e fóyóa imo`aærcİa y`ptİ.
Ameokskem dkeemtt`rİd.
Zge omrmjmom tktkz vm f`ŗ`rİcİ ì cİŗd c rİ kcm akt`fİ, ŗmakc gc r`a,
y`f`ejİ okccmromak y`yİec`rİe smvkymskem uc`ŗtİr`e @ea`r` Óekvmrsktmsk
D`tf``sİ'eİe omėmrck mcmd`ec rİeİ tmfrka mtdma vm kìtme tmŗmaaórcmrkdk
sued`a kstmrkd.
Y
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Akt`pt ŗópbmskz v`r gc fkcmjma b`t c`rc kclkck gc r`a vm lmİİmc
omėmrcmeokrdm vm arktka ŗmackeom y`roİdc rİeİ dmscmao`ŗc edo`e fma-
ckygrud. [`z`rİe ke`ejİ, `ej a fùycm omėmrck tmeaktcmr sgeuju akt`fİe
`rzu mokcme ektmckėm uc ŗ`fkcmjmėk ŗmackeomokr.
@ea`r , B`zkr`e 0;<0 ]ėur AGV]D
YK
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ľ Ì ľ E O M A ľ C M V
Z`yi
LľVľŕ . 0-:
FÙCÓD K
" ZM _ C M V ?-6>
Zmt a`vr`eİc`e ?
Mŗktcka, Mŗcmekcoka 9
Zmt kŗcmdcmrk * . . . . <
Zmt jmfrk vm aur cc`rİ 0>
Zİr cİ kakckcmr vm a`rtmzyme ì`rpİd 0:
ľckŗak vm igeaskyge a`vr`dc`rİ 0?
Zmtcmrcm kclkck prgfcmdcmr 0<
FÙCÓD KK
GC@ZKCKA 60-?<
Lkrkŗ 60
Gc`sİcİa `askygdc`rİ 6:
ŕ`rtcİ gc`sİcİa 8 6Z
Ztga`stka f`ėİdsİzcİa 62
: gc`yİe ŗ`rtcİ gc`sİcİėİ vm f`ėİdsİzcİėİ 6;
e t`em gc`yİe ŗ`rtcİ gc`sİcİa vm f`ėİdsİzcİėİ :0
F`yms igrdócó • • • U6
Zİr c d vm fkrcmŗtkrdm
> >
Gc sİcİa kcm kclkck prgfcmdcmr :2
FÙCÓD KKK
_ MZ@O ÓIľ O Mĕ ľŕA ME CMV ?2-22
K. _ma fgyutcu tms oóik omėkŗamecmr =>
0. Amskack tms oóik omėkŗamecmr =>
[KK
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Fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd igeaskygeu . =:
6. Omv dcİ tms oóik omėkŗamecmr . ==
KK. Ìga fgyutcu (fkcmŗka) tms oóik omėkŗamecmr =;
0. Amskack fkcmŗka tms oóik omėkŗamecmr =;
6. Omv`dcİ fkcmŗka tms oóik omėkŗamecmr 96
ŕ`rtcİ o`ėİbdc r <>
(Fkcmŗka tms oóik omėkŗamecmrom) Ztga`stka f`ėİdsİzcİa <6
kakome ìga fgyutcu fkcmŗka tms oóik omėkŗamecmr h.. <6
_ms oóik omėkŗamecmrke igeaskygec`rİeİe o`ėİcİdc`rİ <:
_ms oóik omėkŗamecmrcm kclkck prgfcmdcmr <<
FÙCÓD KY
FMA CM EM E O Mĕ MV Ym DGDME_CMV 2;-062
Fmacmeme omėmr jmfrk ;?
Agrrmc syge a`ts`yuİ 0>:
ŕ rtcİ fmacmeme omėmr 0>2
Dgdmetcmr 00:
Dgdmet ìİa`r`e igeaskyge . h 00<
Fmacmeme omėmr vm dgdmetcmrcm kclkck prgfcmdcmr 002
FÙCÓD Y
FľVA @ Ì Ù EMDCľ O @ ĕ KCK D8 06;-092
(FÅEGDľ@C, ^GKZZGE, EGVD@C)
K. Fkegdk`c o ėİcİd ...'., 06;
KK. ^gkssge o`ėİbdİ 0:6
KKK. Egrd c o`ėoİd 0:=
k) _ma omėkŗameck egrd c o`ėİcİd 0:9
Fkrkakdck egrd c o`ėİcİd . 0:2
Zt eo`rt egrd c o`ėİfd 0?>
kk) åak omėkŗameck egrd c o`ėoİd 0?=
Fkegdk c o`ėİfd egrd c mėrk ygcuyc y`ac`ŗd 0?2
O`ėoİrec`rc kclkck prgfcmdcmr 0=:
K. Fkegdk c o`ėoİd 0=:
KK. ^gkssge o`ėİfdİ 09?
KKK. Egrd c o`ėİcİd 09<
YKKK
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FÙCÓD YK
Ù VEMA CM DM 09;-0;6
ùrema dgdmetcmrk 0<?
Fóyóa s`yİc`r a`eueu 0<2
Jbmfysbmv mŗktskzckėk 0<;
Dmramzk ckdkt tmgrmdk 020
ùremacmdm kcm kclkck prgfcmdcmr 02<
FÙCÓD YKK
ľ Z_@ _ ľ Z_ ľ A å _@ BDľE 0;:-69:
Lkrkŗ8 A`r r `cd` prgfcmdk 0;:
K. Egat` t`bdke
i
6>:
k) Z`pd`sİzcİa 6>?
kk) Dkekdud v`ry`escİ s pd`sİzcİa 6><
kkk) _ut`rffa 6>2
kv) @skdptgtka mtakecka vm ìe kyk skdptgtka egrd`ccka (F@E) 6>;
v) [mtmrckcka 60>
D`askdud ckamckbggo dmtgou . 600
DC t`bdke dmtgoue ùremacmr 60=
Egat` t`bdke kcm kclkck prgfcmdcmr 60;
KK . Egrd c o`ėİcdİŗ aótcmcmr kìke fkr`z o`b` o`ėİbd tmgrksk . . . . 66;
R
0
, t vm I o`ėİcİdc`rİ
y o`ėİcİdİ 6:>
t o`ėİcİdİ 6:?
I o`ėİcİdİ 6:=
KKK. @r cİa ŗmackeom t`bdke 6:2
Egrd`c o`ėİcİdİe grt`c`d`sİ (k. kìke lóvme `r cİac rİ 6?>
k) `
6
fkckekygr 6?>
kk) `
6
fkckedkygr 6??
Egrd c o`ėodİŗ aótcmcmrom grt`c`d`c`r `r sİeo`ak i`ra kcm kclkck
lóvme `r cİac`rİ .. .. ' * k- 6?2
Egrd c o`ėİcİdİe v`ry`esİ kìke lóvme `r cİac`rİ 6=>
Grt c d vm v`ry`es kìke lóvme fùclmcmrk 6=6
Gr`ec rc` kclkck lóvme `r cİac`rİ 6=?
Gr`ec r i`raİ kcm kclkck lóvme `r cİac rİ .-5 6=9
@r cİa ŗmackeom t`bdke kcm kclkck prgfcmdcmr 6=<
KR
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FÙCÓD YKKK
Bľ ^G _MX CM Vľ E _ MZ_'ľ 69?-:02
k t
K. Bkpgtmz tmstkem lmemc fkr y`ac ŗİd 69?
F`skt vm a`rd ŗİa bkpgtmzcmr . . . .5 69?
_mst'ke auvvmtk 6<>
Ckamckbggo gr`eİ tmst'k 6<?
KK. ^r`tkatm ìga aucc`eİc`e fkra`ì bkpgtmz tmst'k 6<;
0. Egrd c o`ėİcİdİe grt c d`sİ pİ kcm kclkck tmstcmr 62>
`) Aótcm v`ry`esİ mr
6
'eke omėmrkeke fkckedmsk b ck 62>
f) Aótcm v`ry`esİeİe fkckedmdmsk b`ck 62<
6. Grt c d c r `r`sİeo`ak i`raİe tmst'k 6;>
`) Aótcm v`ry`esc`rİeİe fkckedmsk b`ck 6;0
f) Aótcm v`ry`esc`rİeİe fkckedmdmsk b`ck 6;6
:. Egrd c o`ėİcİdİe v`ry`esİ, `
0
kcm kclkck tmstcmr 6;=
?. Egrd c o ėİcdİŗ kak aótcmeke v`ry`esc`rİ `r sİeo`ak i`rac`
kclkck tmstcmr 6;<
=. Gr`ec rc kclkck tmstcmr 6;;
9. Gr ec r i`raİ kcm kclkck tmstcmr :>0
<. a t`em gr`e `r`sİeo`ak i`ra :>?
2. "Jgetkelmejy" t`fcgc`rİ :><
;. ]yd` kykckėk (f`ŗ rİsİ) tmst'k :0>
Bkpgtmz tmstcmrk kcm kclkck prgfcmdcmr :00
FÙCÓD KR
F@ Zľ_ VML VMZ[G E :0;-:;>
Lkrkŗ :0;
kak omėkŗameck ogėrus c rmlrmsyge dgomck :60
F`skt ogėrus c rmlrmsyge dgomckeke stga`stka t`eİdİ :6:
CZ t`bdke mokjkcmrkeke ùzmcckacmrk, L uss D ragv tmgrmdk ::6
Msemackacmr :?0
Vmlrmsygeo` kst`tkstkak kstkoc`c :?:
Agrrmc syge a`ts`yİsİ :?2
]yd f`ŗ`rİsİ tmst'k :=:
r* kcm I `r`sİeo`ak kckŗak :=<
ùejmome t`bdke vm ymek lùzcmdcmr :9>
Ztga`stka t`eİd ŗ`rtc`rİeİe arktkėk :99
R
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k) R vm m'İe f`ėİdsİz gcd`sİ cİ`ck :9<
kk) Bgdgsjmo`stkjkty :9;
kkk) Gtgagrrmc syge :<>
kv) Omėkŗamecmrom ùcìdm b`t c`rİ :<=
F`skt ogėrus c rmlrmsyge kcm kclkck prgfcmdcmr :<9
FÙCÓD R
ÌGA C] VML VMZ[G E :;0-?:;
Ìgacu rmlrmsyge dgomckeke stga`stka t`eİdİ :;6
LD tmgrmdk :;?
R'cmrke tms oóik omėkŗamecmr gcd`sİ b`ck :;=
`
0
kìke t`bdke mokjk :;=
V
6
, ìgacu omtmrdke`syge a`ts`yİsİ :;<
Ìgacu rmlrmsygeo` kst`tkstkak kstkocæc :;;
Ìgacu rmlrmsygeo bms`pc d kŗcmdcmrk ?>:
k) Okrmat d`trkas ìmvkrkdk dmtgou . ?>9
kk) Aİs`ctİcdİŗ Oggckttcm dmtgou ?0?
0. ùem ogėru ìùzód ?0?
6. Lmrkym ogėru ìùzód ?0=
ùejmome t`bdke ?66
Ztga`stka t`eİd ŗ`rtc`rİeİe arktkėk8 Ìgacu f`ėİetİ ?6:
Ìgacu f`ėİetİeİe v`rcİėİ a`fuc mokcokėkeom `cİe`fkcmjma tmofkrcmr1
Vmlrmsyge` a`yİtc`r agyd`a ?6<
Ìgacu rmlrmsyge kcm kclkck prgfcmdcmr ?62
FľFCľ[GLV@I[@ ??0-??:
A@YV@D ľEOMAZľ ??=-0?2
GC@ZKCKA _@FCGC@VK8
Zt eo`rt Egrd c O`ėİcİd8 Fkrkakdck O ėİcİd Igeaskygeue . . . 0=9‟ C5<
Zt`eo`rt Egrd c O`ėİcİd8 Zİacİa Igeaskygeu 0=2-0=;
Fkrkakdck Y- O ėİcİdİ 6:6
Fkrkakdck t O`ėİcİdİ @c`e [ózomsk 6:9
.;= Fkrkadkŗ gc`sİcİė _ma fóc Mome I Omėmrcmrk 6:<
RK
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LÅVÅŕ
kst`tkstka tmgrksk vm tmaekėk, ìmŗktck fkckd o`cc`rİeo`ak lmckŗdmym
p`r`cmc gc`r`a, z`d`eİdİzo` fkckd dmtgoueue grt`a tmaegcghksk b`ckem
lmcdkŗ fucueuygr. Ms`s ktkf`rkycm d`tmd`tkėke fkr `ct kbtks`s o`cİ gc`e
kst`tkstka tmgrksk, pma ìga fkckd o`beo` `r`ŗtİrd`c`rİe y`po`fkcdmsk
kìke aucc`eİcd`sİ zgruecu tmdmc fkclkcmrk a`psİygr. Fmckrskzcka vm tms`-
oóiåckėke b`akd gcouėu ŗ`rtc`r `ctİeo` a`r`r vmrdmom aucc`eo`fkcmjma
`cmtcmrk lmckŗtkrkygr.
_mgrka vm uyluc`d`cİ kst`tkstka ŗmackeom y`pİc`e `yrİd, uyluc`d`
c ec rİeo `r`ŗtİrd c ro uc ŗİcd`sİ lmrmame smvkym vm aucc eİc j`a
`cmtcmrke lmrmatkrokėk fkclkcmr a`rŗİsİeo` msak amskeckėkek a`yfmokygr.
Fulóe bmrb`elk fkr fkckd o`cİeo`ak (Fu fkckd o`cİ ikzka, akdy`, dmtmgrg-
cghk, tİp, pskagcghk, mėktkd, katks`t, sgsygcghk, meoóstrk dóbmeoksckėk, fgt`-
eka ... gc`fkckr) `r`ŗtİrİjİ, f`ŗ`rİcİ gc`fkcdma kìke kst`tkstka tmgrksk kcm kclkck
`sl`rk fkr tmdmcm s`bkp gcd`a zgrueo`, kst`tkstka tmgrkskem y`pİc`e pma
ìga a`taİeİe, ìmŗktck `c`ec`ro` ì`cİŗd`c`r y`p`rame a`rŗo`ŗİc`e prgf-
cmdcmrk ìùzdm ì`f`sİeİe óróeó gcouėu lùróeóygr. Fu akt`fİe `d`jİ
`r`ŗtİrd kìke zgruecu ùelmrmėk s`ėc d`y y`roİdjİ gcd`a.
kst`tkstkėke me f`ŗ`rİcİ ŗmakcom aucc`eİcoİėİ `c`ec`ro`e fkrk katks`t.
Katks`t'İe fkr `ct kbtks`s o`cİ gc`e magegdmtrkom sge yİcc`ro` _órakym om
o`bkc, fóyóa lmckŗdm lùróeóygr. Vmlrmsyge `e`ckzkeke katks`tt` aucc`-
eİc`e tmaekacmr `r sİeo` `yrİ fkr ymrk v`r. A kt`fİdİzo` fu ourudu oka-
a`tm `c`r`a rmlrmsyge'` ùzmc fkr `ėİrcİa t`eİoİa. I`a`t fu, akt`fİe bkìfkr
z`d`e s`omjm katks`tìİc r bİ't`p mttkėk `ec dİe lmcdkymjma. @askem,
fmckrskzcka vm tms`oóiåcka uesurc`rİeİe rgc gye`oİėİ bmr ymrom lmìmrck
gc fkcmjma grt`a fkclkcmrk vmrdm `d`jİe yùemcmjma.
Akt`fİdİzİe f`ŗbėİ dubtmv`sİeİ vm bkt`p mttkėk smvkymyk fmckrtkygr.
"Lkrkŗ" sùzjóėóeó aucc`ed`dİzİe emomek, d`tmd`tkasmc ùelmrma gc`r`a
s`omjm fkr dkat`r "J`cjucus" vm d`trkas kŗcmdcmrk b`aaİeo` fkclkyk lmrma-
tkrdmsk vm ìga omėkŗameck kst`tkstka tmgrkskek `ŗ`ėİ yua`rİ t`d`dme kbd c
0
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Akt`fİe sge kak fùcódó rmlrmsyge `e ckzkem `yrİcdİŗtİr. F`skt vm
ìgacu rmlrmsyge `e`ckzk kcm kclkck fùcódcmr, bmd kst`tkstkak t`bdke vm
kstkoc`cke aucc`eİdİe` fkr dksæc tmŗakc mokygr bmd om magegdmtrkym lmìkŗ
kìke fkzk gptkdud fkr egat`o` fİr`aİygr. Magegdmtrk kìke ìga omėkŗameck
d`tmd`tka vm kst`tkstka fkclkcmrk oİŗİeo` `sİc lmrmack gc`e katks`t fkclksk
vm o b` o` ùemdcksk s ėouyu, gfhmatkicka vm kbtky`tbba. Fuec`r ksm o`r
`ec`do` a`ps`d oİŗİ a`cİygr.
Ìga aİs` gc`r`a ùzmtcmokėkdkz fu dubtmv`, fùcódcmr ŗmackeom fkr-
fkrk kcm kcketkskz fkclk aódmcmrk omėkc. @askem, fùcódcmr `r`sİeo`, kstka`-
dmtk lmemcckacm fùcódcmrke sİr c eİŗİeo fmckrme kckŗakcmr dmvjut. Dmsmcæ
rmlrmsyge `e`ckzk kìke kst`tkstkak t`bdke vm kstkocæcke fkckedmsk lmrmack.
Fu tmaekacmrk uyluc`d`a kìke aótcmeke t`d`dİeİe omėkc fkr aİsdİeİ
(ùrema) aucc`ed`a zgrueo`yİz, ùremacmrome mcom mtdmdkz sùz ageusu gc`e
omėmrcmr, fkrmr tms`oóik omėkŗame. _ms oóik omėkŗamecmr ksm gc`sİcİa fkclk-
cmrkek lmrmatkrkygr. Zmt'cmr ksm gc`sİcİa kìke kyk fkr smdfgckzd vm `ec`tİd
`r`jİ.
Akt`fİdİzo` dmtke kìk dksæccmr vm fùcód sgec`rİeo` ymr `c e ìùzóc-
dóŗ vm ìùzócdmdkŗ prgfcmdcmr, kst`tkstka akt`pc`rİeİe zgruecu uesur-
c rİ gcd`sİ lmrmame ŗmycmr. A kt`pt tgpc d gc r`a 22 dmtke kìk dksæc,
<? ìùzócdóŗ prgfcmd vm << prgfcmd ymr `cİygr. _`vskymdkz, fkfckygl-
r`iy`o` ymr `c`e f`zİ a`ye`ac`ro`e y`r`rc`e`r`a vmy` ameok aur`j`ėİ
prgfcmdcmrcm gauyujueue, ageu ózmrkeom oóŗóedm ymtmemėkek `rttİrd`
ì`f`sİeİ lùstmrdmsk.
S
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FÙCÓD K
ZM_'CMV
Zmt tmgrksk, d tmd`tkėke lmckŗtkrkcdmsk vm ùėrmtkdkeom lkttkaìm o`b`
i`zc` y`r`rc`eİc`e ageuc`ro`e fkrkokr. @yrİj` gc`sİcİac` kclkck kakejk fù-
códóe tmdmc `r jİoİr. Fu fùcódom `d jİdİz, akt`pt` aucc`eİc`j`ėİ
a`o`rİ kcm, smtcmrcm kclkck a`vr`dc`rİe vm smt kŗcmdcmrkeke `ìİac ed`sİoİr.
ZM_ A@YV@DC@VK
_`rki8 Zmt, ameokskem `kt gc`e mcmd`ec`rİ `yİromokjk fkr aur`c kcm fkr-
ckatm bmrb`elk fkr ŗmy'cmr tgpcucuėuour.
Zmt a`vr`dİe pmaìga dksæc bmrams t`r iİeo`e vmrkcmfkckr. Zky`s c
Fkclkcmr I`aóctmskeom gauy`e ùėrmejkcmr, akt`pcİėİe me óst r iİeo ymr
`c`e akt`pc`r, eóius sİacİėİ _órakym grt`c`d`sİeİe ózmrkeom gc`e kccmr,
ci`fmomak smsck b`ricmr, 0 kcm 6 r`sİeo`ak rmmc s`yİc r, fkr ìmdfmr ózm-
rkeomak egat c r ... fkrmr smt tmŗakc momrcmr. Fuec rİe bmrfkrkeom smt t`rk-
ikeke kak uesurueu `ìİaì` lùrmfkckrkz8
k) Fkr `r`y lmcdkŗ ŗmycmr,
kk) Fuec rİ f`ŗa ŗmycmrome amske ŗmakcom `yİr`e vm smt'ke sİeİrc rİd
t`yke mome aur c.
@ fkr smt gcsue8
@ 4
ŕmycmrke vmy` "mcmd`e"c`rİe ksdk 8 Zmt óymckėk kìke aur`c
x, @ smtkeke fkr mcmd`eİ ksm, x m@ ŗmackeom lùstmrkckr. @ask ourud ksm
x gc`r a ki`om mokckr.
[ua`rİo` vmrkcme ùremacmrome f`zİc`rİ sİeİrcİ s`yİo` mcmd`e kbtkv`
momr. Fu tkp smtcmrm sİeİrc İ smt(c) omekr.
0 [ o sİeİrsİz i a t s`yİc fkckr s`yİo . Fueo`e sger sİeİrcİ omeokėk z`d`e "sİeİrcİ, y o`
sİeİrsİz i a t s`yİc fkckr s`yİo`" kf`rmsk `ec ŗİcd cİoİr.
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@ 4 x8 x `ci`fmomak smsskz b`ricmr
Zİeİrcİ smtm ùrematkr. Fue a`rŗİcİa sge kak dksæcom smt mcmd`ec rİeİ
s`yd y` kdaæe ygatur. Fu tkp smtcmrm om sİeİrsİz smt okymjmėkz.
@ 4 x8 0 U x U 6 smtkeom gcouėu lkfk.
Bkì fkr mcmd`eİ gcd`y`e smtm fgŗ smt omekr vm > kŗ`rmtk kcm lùs-
tmrkckr. Fgŗ smt `ej`a fkr t`emokr, y`ek fkrome ìga fgŗ smt oóŗóeócmdmz (6).
Zmtcmrcm kclkck okėmr ùemdck fkr a`vr`d, ] ekvmrs`c Zmt, ]'our.
Fgŗ smt'ke tmackėkem a`rŗİcİa, uekvmrs`c smt, bmr ageu vmy` dksæc kcm kclkck
gc r`a `yrİ `yrİ oóŗóeócdmsk lmrmame fkr a`vr`doİr. Dmsmcæ s`omjm ZFI
ùėrmejkcmrk ózmrkeom y`pİcd`sİ oóŗóeócme fkr `r`ŗtİrd` f`aİdİeo`e ZFI
ùėrmejkcmrk uekvmrs`c smt'k tmŗakc momrcmr. B`cfuak ageu dmsmcæ _órakym'-
omak fótóe yóasma gauc ùėrmejkcmrkeke smrfmst z`d e i``ckymtk gcs`yoİ
uekvmrs c smt'k om gb lùrm lmekŗcmtdmdkz lmrmamjmatk.
Bmrb`elk fkr ageuo` uekvmrs`c smt fmcck kame, `yeİ ageuo` oóŗóeó-
cmfkcmjma okėmr fótóe smt'cmr fkt smt kìkeom a cİrc r. Fu ourud fkr smtke
f`ŗa fkr smtk t`d`dme a`ps`d`sİ vmy f`ŗa fkr smtke t`d`dme kìkeom
fucued`sİ b`ccmrkeke kejmcmedmskek lmrmatkrkr.
_`rki8 Mėmr x£ Æ‟ 5-xmF -ksm @,F eke `ct smt'kokr. (:)
@ j F ( @ kìmrk F) ŗmackeom lùstmrkckr. Bmr smt ameok ameokskeke ct smtk
gcouėu kìke fueu @ Z F ŗmackeom lùstmrdmckykz.
Bmr smt uekvmrs c smtke `ct smtkokr. @ ì ] , Fgŗ smt bmr smtke fkr `ct
smtkokr. > £ @.
Zmt'cmrk Y MEE oky`lr`dc`rİ kcm lùstmrdma ìgėu z d e i`yo cİ
gcur vm smt kckŗakcmrkeke agc`ycİac` a`vr`ed`sİeİ, smt kŗcmdcmrkeke sgeuì-
c`rİeİe `ec`ŗod`sİeİ s`ėc`r. Ymee oky`lr`dc`rİ kìke fmcck fkr ŗmakc sùz
ageusu omėkcokr. Fkz agc`ycİa gcsue okym ]'yu fkr okaoùrtlme, ] kìkeomak
okėmr smtcmrk om o krm ŗmackeom lùstmrmjmėkz.
6 Fgŗ smt'ke tma gcuŗueu lùstmrdma kìke, > vm >'de fkrmr fgŗ smt gcouėueu i r/ momckd.
>'eue o kìkeom fucued`y`e bmrb`elk fkr mcmd eİ gcd`oİėİeo`e > j ; oİr. Fmezmr ŗmakcom ;
J
>
o y`zİc fkckr. Gys fu kak ki omeke `yeİ `eo s`ėc ed`sİ ej`a > 4 > gcd sİ, y`ek fgŗ smtke
tmackėk b ckeom dódaóeoór.
: "‟*• kŗ`rmtk tma t r icİ fkr ùemrdmyk ki om mokygr1 y`ek sger ak ki omeke ùejmak ki omeke
zgruecu fkr sgeuju gcouėueu lùstmrkygr.
=
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v
Y
©
@ J B
MŕÅ_CÅA,
@ vm F lkfk kak smt, t`d`dkycm `yeİ mcmd`ec`rİ kbtkv` mokygrc`rs`
mŗkt s`yİcİrc`r. Mcmd ec`rİe sİr`c eİŗ i`raİ smt mŗktckėkek fgzd`z.
ùrema8 : a`romŗ v`r, kskdcmrk @ck, @yŗm, @d`ì. Grt` gauco` ľelk-
ckzjm omrskeome fkrkejk a`rem omrs egtc e 2, <, =. D`tmd`tka egtc e ksm
=,2,<.
@ ľelkckzjm omrskeome `cİe`e egtc`r smt'k, F d`tmd`tkatme `cİe`e
egtc`r smt'k gcsue.
@ 4 2,<,=, F 4 =,2,< @ 4 F
Zmt mŗktckėkeke ùzmcckacmrk8
k) @ 4 @ Bmr smt ameokskem mŗkttkr vm fu fótóe smtcmr kìke ogėruour.
kk) Zkdmtrk8 @ 4 F 35 F 4 @
kkk) Lmìkŗckcka8 @ 4 F )
‟5- @ '4 J
F 4 J )
@yeİ ùzmcckacmrke `ctsmt'cmr kìke v`rcİėİeİ kejmcmrsma1
k) @ Z @ Bmr smt ameokskeke fkr `ct smtkokr.
kk) Lmemc gc r`a @ì F-tFì@ y`zİc`d`z, y`ek skdmtrk ygatur. @e-
j`a @ vm F smtcmrk mŗkt ksm fu ŗ`rt s`ėc e`fkckr.
kkk) Lmìkŗckcka8 @ ì F
±-@s J
FìJ)
M ŗcme kacka8 Mcmd`ec e r sİeo` fkrm fkr (0‟0) a`rŗİc`ŗd` gc`e
smtcmr mŗcmekatkr. @yeİ s`yİo mcmd`e s`bkp gc e smtcmr mŗcmekatkr. I`a`t
9
ZŕCMEľACÅA
@ j F
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fu, `yeİ s`yİo mcmd`e s`bkp gcd c`rİeİe kak smtke mŗcmekackėk kìke lmrmack
ŗ`rt gcouėu `ec dİe lmcdmz. Fueu lùstmrdma kìke bmr kaksk om sİeİrsİz
gc`e
V 4 0,6,:,?,... vm M 4 6,?,9,2,...
smtcmrkek c cİd.
V smtkeomak bmr t`fkk s`yİy M smtkeom 6 dksck fkr s`yİ tmaæfóc mt-
dmatmokr, fu smfmpcm V vm M smtcmrk mŗcmekatkr. B cfuak mcmd`e s`yİsİeİe
mŗktckėkek arktmr gc`r`a cs`yoİa fu kak smt'ke mŗcmeka gcouėueu lùstmrm-
dmzoka.
A uv vmt smt 'k8 @, sİeİrcİ s yİo` mcmd eİ kbtkv` mome fkr smt gc-
sue. @'eİe fótóe `ct smtcmrkeke tmŗakc mttkėk smt'm Auvvmt smt'k omekr vm
^
?
ŗmackeom lùstmrkckr. •
@ 4 0,6,
J
gcsue.
^
@
4 >, K ,6,q, K ,6 , K ,q,6,q, K ,6,q
Fmcck fkr sİeİrcİ smttme a`ì t`em ct smt órmtkcmfkcmjmėk `ŗ`ėİo`ak tmgrmd'-
ome `ec`ŗİcİr8
_mgrmd8 @, e mcmd`e kbtkv mome sİeİrcİ fkr smt ksm ^@'eİe 6
e
t em
mcmd`eİ v`roİr, f`ŗa omykŗcm @'eİe 6
e
t`em ct smt'k v`roİr (?).
_mgrmdk dksæckdkzm uyluc`rs`a, @'eİe : mcmd`eİ gcouėue lùrm 2 t`em
ct smt'k `ac lmcmfkcmjmatkr.
ZM_ ľŕCMDCMVľ
k) _`d`dc`yİjİ smt, @'
_ rki8 @' 4 x 8 x @ S
_`d`dc`yİjİ smt, uekvmrs c smt kìkeom @ eİe mcmd`eİ gcdİy`e fótóe
mcmd`ec`rİ a`ps`y`e smttkr. @ vm @' fkrckatm uekvmrs c smt'k tmŗakc momr-
cmr. @' eóe fmckrcmemfkcdmsk kìke ]'eİe t`rki mokcdkŗ gcd`sİ lmrmakr.
Zky`s c Fkclkcmr I`aóctmsk ùėrmejkcmrk ] smtkek, óìóejó sİeİit`ak ùė-
rmejkcmr @ smtkek tmŗakc mtskecmr. @' smtk fu ourudo ZFI'eke 0,6, vm ?'óejó
sdİic`eeo`ak ùėrmejkcmrome dmyo`e lmcmjmatkr.
kk) Amskŗkd8
? _mgrmdke ksp tİ kìke f`aİeİz8 Z. B. Byd`es, " rgf`fkckty _bmgry \ktb @ppckj tkges tg
Mjgegdmtrkjs `eo Omjkskge D`akel" rmetkjm B kc, 0;9< sb. :00.
<
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@ vm F smtcmrkeke amskŗkdk @ e F (@ amp F) ŗmackeom lùstmrkckr vm
`ŗ ėİo`ak ŗmakcom t`rki mokckr8
@ e F 4 x 8x m@ vm xmF
y`ek @ ik F smtk bmr kak smttm om grt`a gc`e mcmd`ec ro`e dmyo`e`
lmckr.
Zmt amskŗkdk kìke ùejmak dksæcm omv`d momckd. Óìóejó sİeİi ùėrme-
jkcmrk @ smtkek tmŗakc mokygrou. F smtk ksm ZFI'omak aİz ùėrmejkcmr gcsue.
@ O F smtk, óìóejó sİdit`ak aİz ùėrmejkcmrome dmyo`e lmcmjmatkr. Fu
smtke mcmd`ec`rİ, bmd óìóejó sİeİi ùėrmejksk gcd`c rİ ogc`yİsİyc` @, bmd
om aİz gcd`c`rİ ogc`yİsİyc` F smtkeke mcmd`ec`rİoİr.
Mėmr kak smt bkì grt`a mcmd`e kbtkv` mtdmzsm fu kak smt `yrİa vmy`
`yeİ `eo` kdaæesİzoİr. Fùycm kak smtke amskŗkdk bkì fkr mcmd`e kbtkv` mt-
dmokėkeome fgŗ smtk vmrkr. @ i| F 4 >, @ vm F eke yrİa gcuŗueue lmrmack
vm ymtmrck ŗ`rtİoİr.
@yrİa smt'cmr kìke ZFI 0 ym :'óejó sİeİi ùėrmejkcmrk fkrmr ùrema gc -
fkckr, ìóeaó fu i`aóctmom sİeİi lmìdm usucó yórórcóatm gcouėueo`e fkr
ùėrmejk `yeİ `eo kak sİeİiİe fkrome ùėrmejksk gc d`z.
kkk) Fkrcmŗkd8
@ vm F lkfk kak smtke fkrcmŗkdk @ ] F (@ a`p F) ŗmackeom lùstmrkckr
vm `ŗ ėİo`ak lkfk t`rki mokckr8
@uF 4 x 8 x m@ vmy x mF
Zùzcm ki`om mokckrsm, @ vmy` F (y`o` @ e F) smtcmrkeke mcmd ec`rİ @ ] F
smtkek tmŗakc momrcmr. Ùejmak dksæcom @ ] F smtk óìóejó sİeİi ùėrmejk-
cmrkek vm okėmr sİeİic`ro`ak aİz ùėrmejkcmrk a`ps`r.
t
kv) I`ra, skdmtrka i`ra8
@ vm F smtcmrk `r sİeo`ak i`ra, @ ‟ F `ŗ ėİo`ak ŗmakcom t`eİdc`eİr8
@ ‟ F 4 @ ‟ (@ eF) 4 @ eF' 4 x 8 x m@, x )
@ ‟ F smtkeke mcmd ec`rİ @ de mcmd`eİ gc e F eke mcmd`eİ gcd`y e
fkrkdcmrome aurucur. F`ŗa ŗmakcom ki`om momrsma, F eke mcmd`eİ gcd`y`e
mcmd`ec`r `r`sİeo`e @ y` o`bkc gc`ec`rİeİe tmŗakc mttkėk smttkr. @ smtkeome,,
bmr kak smttm grt`a gc e mcmd`ec rİ `yİrt momrsma lmrkym @ ‟ F a c j`atİr.
ùejmak dksæcom óìóejó sİeİit`ak mrama ùėrmejkcmr @ ‟ F smtkek
tmŗakc momjmatkr.
2
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@ vm F eke skdmtrka i`ra'İ, @©F ksm @ vmy` F ome s omjm fkr t em-
skeke mcmd`ec`rİeo`e dmyo`e lmcmjmatkr. F`ŗa omykŗcm, @ ] F ome
@ e F eke ìİa`rod`sİ surmtkycm fucueur.
Igrdmc gc`r a t`rki mokckrsm1
@©F 4 x 8 (x 9 @ vm x £ F) vmy` (x mF vm x @)
@©F 4 (@‟F) u (F‟@)
Dksæckdkzom @ ©F smtk1 óìóejó sİeİit`ak mrama ùėrmejkcmrcm okėmr sİeİi-
c`ro`ak aİz ùėrmejkcmrome dmyo`e` lmckr. [`ek y` óìóejó sİeİit`ak fkr
mrama ùėrmejk gcd`a vmy okėmr sİeİic ro fkr aİz ùėrmejk gcd`a fu smtke
mcmd`eİ gcd`a kìke ymtmrckokr.
ŕkdok, fur`y` a`o`r omėkeokėkdkz smt kŗcmdcmrkek Ymee oky`lr`d-
c rİ y`roİdİ kcm 'lùstmrmckd. Bmr ŗmakcom t`r cİ c e sùz ageusu gc e smtk
lùstmrske.
9
@ '
@ O F
@ - 2 F - @
@
u
F
@ - 9
@ © 9
Zmt kŗcmdcmrkek `ŗ`ėİo`ak ùrematm fkr omi o`b tmar`r momckd8
] 4 0,6,:,?,=,9,<
@ - 0,6,:
;
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F 4 6,?,9
J 4 0,:,=,< gcsue.
@' 4 ?,=,9,< • -
F' 4 0,:,=,< 4 J
J 4 6,?,9 4 F
@u F 4,0,6,:,?,9
@u J4 0,6,:,=,<
Fu
L
4 ]
.@ e F 4 6 @eJ4c,: FeJ 4 >
(@')' 4 @ (@u F)' 4 0,6,:,?,9' 4 =,<
(F eJ)'4 >' 4 ]
(@ eF)u
J
4
6 ]
0,:,=,< 4 0,6,:,=,<
(@u J) e(@ eJ) 4 0,6,:,=,< e 0: 4 0,: 4 @ eJ
@ eJj@uJ
@>F 4 0,:,?,9
@©J 4 6,=,<
F©J 4 0,6,:,?,=,9,< 4 ]
Zmt Jmfrk vm A ur`c c`rİ 8
Zmt jmfrkeke aur`cc`rİ, smt mŗktckėk t rkikek vm >, ] ,' , ik, ] kŗ`rmt-
cmrkek aucc`ed`a surmtkycm fucue`fkckr.
@, F vm J smtcmrk uekvmrs`c smt'ke fkrmr `ct smt'k gcsuec`r. @ŗ`ėİo`ak
t`fcg smt jmfrk aur cc rİeİ fkrcmŗkd vm amskŗkd kìke `yrİ `yrİ lùstmrdma-
tmokr. Fu t`fcgo`ak kckŗakcmr, smt jmfrkeke ùzmcckacmrkek vm cİŗİcdİŗ jmfkrome
i`racİ gc`e t`r ic`rİeİ `ec`d`dİzİ s`ėc`y j`atİr.
Fu aur`cc`rİ Ymee oky`lr`dc`rİ ygcuyc` lùzcm lùrdma dódaóeoór,
`ej`a fu oky`lr`dc`rİ fkr ksp`t `r`jİ s`y`d`yİz. Fu aur`cc`rİe cghka
gc`r`a ksp`tc`rİ y`pİc`fkckr.
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Aur`c Fkr cmŗ kd
Amskŗkd
A`p`ed (c ) @,F ]'eue ct smtcmrk ksm @
(H
F
om ]'eue ct smtkokr.
Komdpgtmet (6 ) @
(H
@ 4 @
@ssgsky`syge (: ) @
]
(F (H J) 4 (@ (H F)
]
J
Agdut`tki (? ) @ (H F 4 F
]
@
Buout'c r (= ) @
]
> 4 @
(9 ) @
]
] 4 ]
Okstrkfósyge (< ) @
ik
(F
]
J) 4 (@
i|
F)
]
(@
k
J)
(<f) @u(FeJ) 4 (@uF)e(@]J)
_`d`dc d (2 ) @
]
@' 4 ]
Om Dgrl e (; ) (@chF)' 4 @'eF'
Kevgcósyge (0>) (@')' 4 @
(cf) @,F ]'eue ct smtcmrk ksm @ ik F
om ]'eue ct smtkokr.
(6f) @ik @ 4 @
(:f) @e(Fej) 4 (@eF)ej
(?f) @ ikF 4 Fi)@
(=f) @
i|
] 4 @
(9f) @ ik > 4 >
(2f)
@i|
@' 4 >
(;f) (@
k
F)' 4 @'
]
F'
Fur`o` smt jmfrkeke ùemdck fkr ùzmcckėkek fmckrtdmdkz lmrmack8'
ľ akcka. [ua`rİo` ymr `c e aur`cc`ro`e fkrkeom ] kcm ik'ke vm > kcm
]'eue ymrcmrk omėkŗtkrkckrsm f`ŗa fkr smt aur cİ mcom mokckr.
Ùremacmr8 @u > 4 @ @ik]4@
@u @' 4 ] @ e @' 4 >
(@u F)'
‟
@' ikF' (@eF)' 4 @'u F'
Zmt jmfrk kŗcmdcmİkeom a`t vm ós ygatur vm kakcka ùzmcckėkeke o`kd`
agrueduŗ gcd`sİ smfmfkycm om skdmtrkatkr.
Zmt cghkėk kcm kclkck fkr `cİŗtİrd` d`bkymtkeom gcd`a ózmrm (<f) vm
(;`) yİ ksp`t momckd.
@ u (F
k J)
4
(@
] F) e
(@
]
J)
ľ sp`t8 ľak t`r iİe fkrfkrkem mŗkt gcouėueu lùstmrdmeke ygcc`rİeo`e
fkrk bmr kak t`r iİe o` `yeİ `eo` fkrfkrkeke `ct smtk gcouėueu lùstmrdmatkr.
x mQ@ u (F ikJ)T gcsue. Fu ourudo`8 xm@ vmy` xm(F e J) okr.
x m@ ‟5 x m(@ u F) vm x m(@u J)
B`cfuak x m(@ u F)
• xm(@u J)
x m(F ikJ)
‟5
x m F, x mJ
x mF ‟5 x m(@
u
F)
x mJ ‟5 x m(@ ] J)
x
m Q(@u
F)
ik
(@u J)T
]
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x m(@ u F) H
‟ xmQ(@u F) e(@u J)T
x m(@
u
J) =
Fùycmckacm, x m Q@ ] (F eJ)T - 5 x mQ(@u F) e(@] J)T
g b com
Q@u(FeJ)Tj Q(@u
F)
e(@u
₣)T gcur.
ŕkdok okėmr t`r iİ c cİd.
y m Q(@ ] F) e(@u J)T-5y m(@u F),ym(@u J) ‟ k) y m@
kk) y m@, y LJ
kkk) y mF, y mJ
k) y m@ ‟5 y m Q@ u (F eJ)T
kk) y m@, y mJ ‟* y m Q@ u (F eJ)T
kkk) y mF, y mJ ‟ y L(F eJ)-5y mQ@u (F eJ)T.
Fùycmjm ymQ(@u F) e(@y J)T-5ymQ@u (F eJ)T
[`ek Q(@u F) e(@u J)T j Q@u (F eJ)T
ľak t`r iİe `yeİ `eo fkrfkrkeke ct smtk gc`fkcdmsk ksm `ej a mŗkt
gcd c`rİ kcm dódaóeoór.
|
(=)
(@ u
F)' 4 @'
e
F'
ľsp`t8 RL(@]F)' gcsue.
x
L(@ ]
F)' ‟• x x.$F
x U@
‟5•
x m@' S
x m
(@ 'eF' )
x UF ‟5•x mF' )
Fùycmjm x
L(@yF)'-+x m(@' e
F')
(@óF)'j@'eF'
ŕkdok om okėmr t r`iİ mcm c cİd.
y L(@' e F') y m@', y mF'
y m@' ‟Uy £@
)
• , -yU(@uF)-.ym(@uF)
y mF' ‟5 y £F )
G b`com,
y
m(@' e F')
‟5•y
m(@ ]
F)'
@'eF'j(@uF)'
(@uF)' 4 (@'eF')|
Z | kŗ`rmtk ksp tİe fkttkėkek lùstmrkr.
06
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ZKV@CK ÅAÅCÅCMV [M A@V_MX[ME Ì@V^KD
Zİr cİ kakckcmr, kak mcmd`e kbtkv mome (fu mcmd`ec r fkrfkrkeke `yeİ
gc`fkckr) vm mcmd`ec rİeİe sİr sİe okaa t mokcme smtcmrokr vm ( ) ŗmackeom
lùstmrkckr.
(`,f) vm (j,o) lkfk kak sİr`cİ kakck "mėmr vm `ej`a" fkrkejk vm kakejk
mcmd`ec rİ ameok `r c rİeo mŗkt ksm mŗkt s`yİcİrc r. Igrdmc gc r`a ki`om
momrsma
(`,f) 4 (j,o) S
( f 4 o
@e`cktka lmgdmtrkom oózcmd ózmrkeomak egat`c`rİ aggroke`tc`rİ kcm
fmckrcmrkz. (=,0) egat`sİ `fsks'k =, groke tİ 0 gc e, (0,=) ksm `fsksk 0, grok-
e`tİ = gc`e fkrfkrkeome i`racİ kak egat`oİr.
@ smtk d, F smtk e t`em mcmd`e kbtkv mtske. @'eİe mcmd`ec rİ sİr cİ
kakckom fkrkejk, F'ekeakcmr om kakejk mcmd`ec`r gcsue. @'eİe fkrkejk gc`e
bmr mcmd`eİe a`rŗİcİa kakejk mcmd e e i`racİ ŗmakcom ymrcmŗtkrkcmfkckr.
@'eİe vmrmjmėk fkrkejk mcmd`e kìke om d i`racİ b c oóŗóeócmfomjmėkem
lùrm de t`em sİr cİ kakck tmŗakc mokcmfómjma omdmatkr.
Fur`o`e a`rtmzyme ì`rpİd a`vr`dİe agc yj lmìmfokrkz. @ vm
F kak smkt gcsue. Fu kak smtke mcmd`ec rİeo`e tmŗakc mokcmjma fótóe sİr cİ
kaokcmr a`rtmzyme ì`rpİd smtkek tmŗakc momrcmr. Igrdmc gc r`a1
@RF 4 ( ,f) 8 m@, f mF
A`rtmzyme ì`rpİd fkr smt gcouėue lùrm sİr cİ kakckcmrke sİr`sİ fkr
i`ra dmyo`e lmtkrdmymjmatkr.
V rmmc s`yİc`r smtk gcsue. V R V, oózcmd ózmrkeomak fótóe egat`-
c`rİ kbtkv` momjmatkr.
@ 4 İ, `
6
,`
:
, F 4 fİ, f
6
, f
:
, f
?
, f
=
gcsue. @ R F eke mcmd`e-
c rİ `ŗ`ėİo`ak ŗmakcom lùstmrkcmfkckr.
@
S
S
fİ f
6
f
:
f
?
f
=
İ
(`İ, fİ)
(`İ, f
6
)
(`İ,f
:
)
(`İ, f
?
) (`İ, fs)
` 6
(`
6
, fİ) (`
6
, f
6
)
(`
6
, f
:
)
(`
6
, f
?
)
(`
6
, f
=
)
`
:
(`
:
,f.) (`
:
, f
6
)
(`
:
, f
:
)
(`
:
, f
?
)
(`
:
, f
=
)
0:
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Zİr`cİ kakck vm a`rtmzyme ì`rpİd a`vr`dc`rİeİ e fgyut` lmemccmym-
fkckrkz. (`İ,`
6
, . . . `
e
) e fgyutcu uz`yo` fkr egat`eİe aggroke`tc`rİ, vm
@ rmmc s yİc r smtk gcd a ózmrm @ R @ R . . . R @ o` e fgyutcu uz`yİe
ameokskokr.
@ h. . .@― smtcmrk sİr sİ kcm dİ,. . .d
e
mcmd`e kbtkv` momrsm @İ R @
6
R.. .R@
e
a`rtmzyme ì`rpİd smtk dİ d
6
. . .d
e
s`yİo` sİr`cİ e'ck kbtkv`
momjmatkr.
ľCľŕAľ vm IGEAZľ[GE A@YV@DC@VK
@ vm F kak smt gcsue. V kckŗaksk @ R F a`rtmzyme ì`rpİd smtkeke fkr
ct smtkokr vm ,f mcmd`ec rİeİe fmcck fkr aur c lùrm fkrfkrcmrk kcm kckŗakck
gcouėu sİr cİ kakckcmrk a`rtmzyme ì`rpİd smtkeke okėmr mcmd`ec rİeo`e
`yİro mtdmyk s`ėc r.
@ 4 0,6,?,9,2 , F 4 0,6,:,? gcsue. V kckŗakskeke 4 6f ŗ`rtİeİe
s`ėc`eoİėİ sİr`cİ kakckcmrk fkr `r`y` lmtkrokėkek oóŗóemckd. Fu ourudo`,
@ R F a`rtmzyme ì rpİd smtk, sİr`cİ kakckcmr ŗmackeom 6> mcmd e kbtkv`
mttkėk b`com V s omjm ? t em sİr cİ kakck kbtkv` momjmatkr. V j @ R F. Fu
dksæcom,
V 4 (6,0), (?,6), (9,:), (2,?)
kckŗakyk t`rki mtdma kìke ùejm @ vm F lkfk kak smtk fmckrcmdmdkz vm
sger` o` b`elk (`,f) sİr`cİ kakckcmrkeke V'ym o`bkc gcouėueu fmckrtdmdkz
lmrmakr.
V'cmr fkrmr smt gcouėue lùrm, kckŗakcmr fótóe smt kŗcmdcmrkem tæfk
tutuc`fkckr. Dmsmcæ V kckŗaksk `‟f eke :'m fùcóemfkcokėk (`,f) sİr`cİ kakck-
cmrkek1 Z ksm `‟f eke <'ym fùcóemfkcokėk (`,f) sİr cİ kakckcmrkek kbtkv` mtske.
Fu t`atkrom V ik Z `‟f eke bmd : bmd om <'ym fùcóemfkcokėk sİr cİ kakck-
cmrk vm V (H Z ksm `‟f eke y < vmy :'m fùcóemfkcokėk sİr cİ kakckcmrk a`p-
s y j a vm Vi | Z3V 3V uZ gc j atİr.
@ vm F kak smt vmV j @ R F ksm, V' ŗ ėİo ak lkfk t eİdc`eİr.
V' 4 (f, ), m@, f mF
@r c rİeo fkr V kckŗakskeke sùz ageusu gcouėu smtcmrome @ y lm-
emcckacm "ogd`ke" F ym om "r`elm" oİ vmrkckr.
Z, V R V om (y`ek a`rtmzyme oózcmd ózmrkeom fkr kckŗak gcsue. Z'ke
lr ikėk, a`rtmzyme oózcmd ózmrkeom aggroke`tc rİ (sİr cİ kakckcmr gc`r`a)
Z'm o`bkc gc e egat c rİe lmgdmtrka ymrkokr.
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Ùrema8 x Z y 8 ? x
6
+ ; y
6
4 :9 gcsue,
x Z' y 8 ; x
6
+ ? y
6
4 :9 gc j`atİr.
[ `
Y ?
x
?-*- +i 4
:38
Igeaskyge kckŗakeke ùzmc fkr ŗmackokr. Mėmr @ smtkeomak bmr ` kìke
I(`) fgŗ vmy s`omjm tma fkr mcmd`e kbtkv momrsm @ R F kìkeomak I kckŗ-
akskem igeaskyge `oİ vmrkckr.
I 8 ‟v f 4 I(`) vmy` @ ‟5 F ŗmackeom lùstmrkcmfkckr.
Igeaskyge a`vr`dİeİe igrdmc t`rkikek `ŗ ėİo`ak lkfk y`p`fkckrkz8
gc e fkr igeaskygeour.
A`vr dİe lmgdmtrka fkr ygrudueu ŗùycm y p`fkckrkz8 V R V oóz-
cmdk ózmrkeom fkr I kckŗaksk "mėmr vm `ej`a" I'ke lr ikėkek bmrb elkfkİ
okamy b`t 0 ome i`zc` egat`o` amsdkygrs` igeaskyge s`yİc`fkckr. Dmsmcæ
y 4 S/;‟x
6
vmy y 4 £ x fkrmr igeaskyge gcouėu b`com x
6
-i- y
6
4 ;
fkr kckŗakokr. (9)
9 Msak t rkbck d tmd tka akt pc rİeo sge ùrema "kak omėmrck igeaskyge" gc r`a `oc eoİrİ-
cİr. Dgomre d tmd tkatm ymek mėkckd igeaskyge a`vr dİd o`b o r tutd`a ŗmackeom fmckrkygr.
I
_`rki8 MėmrIj@ R F x m@, y mF vm
(**,) mI
45 y, ‟ y, ksm I, ogd`ke'k @ vm r`elm'k F
( * . y
6
)
m I
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(igeaskyge)
Y ?
(igeaskyge)
(kckŗak)
@ smtkeke .mcmd`de F smtkeom tma`fóc mome vm tma gc e f mcmd`eİe`
"kreh" omekr vmf 4 I(`) gc`r`a lùstmrkckr.
£ėmr bmd I bmd om I' fkrmr igeaskyge ksm fu t`atkrom `r c rİeo`
"fkrm fkr a`rŗİcİacİcİa" b`ck v`r omdmatkr. Fu t`atkrom I' ym I ke tmrsk
omekr vm 7-• gc r a lùstmrkckr.
fót ce ` m @ kìke8 (II~
c
) (`) 4 I
0
(I(`)) 4 `
vm fótóe f mF kìke8 ( I 'I) f 4 I(I '(f)) 4 f gcur.
@ŗ`ėİo`ak ŗmakcom y 4 y/ ;‟x
6
vm y 4 x
:
igeaskygec rİeİe tmrscmrk lù-
rócdmatmokr.
09
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5
•Y<
ZM_'CMVCM ÅCLcCÅ VGFCMDCMV
0. @ vm F, ]'eóe `ct smtcmrk ksm @ 4 (@
]
F)
i|
(@
]
F') gcouėueu
lùstmrkekz.
Jmv`p8 (@uF) e(@uF') 4
@
] (F
e F')
(<f)
4 @ u > (2f)
4 @ (=`)
0<
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6. @ vm F smt'cmr gcsue.
`) @‟ (@‟F) b elk smttkr7
f) J e (@‟ F) 4 (J e @) ‟ (J e F) ki`omsk ogėru du7
Jmv `p8 ) @‟(@‟F) 4 x 8 x m@, x £(@‟F)
@‟F 4 @eF'jF'
x m@ e F' 45 x ݣF' 45 x mF
@‟(@‟F) 4 x 8 x m@, x mF 4 @ e F (<)
f) je(@‟F) 4 Je@eF' 4 Je@e(]‟F)
4 Je@e] ‟Je@eF
4 Je@ ‟ Je@eF
(Je@)-(JeF) 4 (Je@)e QJeFT'
4 (J e @) e (J' ] F') (om Dgrl e)
(<` y` lùrm) 4 J e@ eJ 'e J e@ eF '
O krmsmc pmrdut`syge y`p`r`a,
4 J'eJe@uJe@eF'
4 Je@eF' 4 j
e (@‟F)
g b com ki`om ogėruour.
:. (`,f) 4 ( R F) e (@ R f) gcouėueu lùstmrkekz,
åsp`t 8 @ 4 İ,
6
,.. .`
d
F 4 fİ,f
6
,...f
e
,RF 4 ( ,f) 8 ‟ `UfmF
‟ (`
K
,fİ),(`
k
,f
6
)...(`―f
e
)
@ R (f,) 4 ( ,f) 8 m@, f 4 f,
4 (`―f
0
),(`
6
,f
k
)...(`
d
,f
k
)
(`
k
,f
0
)
4
(
0
| RF)e(@Rf
k
).
?. @ smtk e mcmd eb fkr smt gcsue. @ŗ`ėİo`ak smtcmrke bmr fkrk a`ì
t`em mcmd`e kbtkv momr7
< F`ŗa fkr ìùzód ygc 8 @ ‟ (@‟F) 4 @ e (@ ic F")' 4 @
P
(@'
]
F)
4 (@e@')u(@e±)4 >](@eF)
4 @eF
02
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) @ R @
f) x,y 8 x m@, y m@, x Uy|
j) @ R @ R @
o) (x,y,z) 8 x m@, y m@, z m@, x Uy , xUz , yUz
Jmv`p8 ) e
6
f) e
6
‟ e 4 e (e‟ 0)
j) e'
İ
o) e: W :
e 6
+ 6e 4 e(e‟ 0) (e‟6).
=. ) @ 4 F ‟ ±@ R F 4 F R @ y zİc`fkckr.
@ R F 4 F R @
‟5
@ 4 F y`zd`a ogėru gcur du 7
f) @ì
J
İ
5
45
@ R F ì J R O gcouėueu lùstmrkekz. _mrs ki om
FìO )
ogėru gcur du7
Jmv`p8
`) @ R F 4 F R @
‟±-
F ‟ @ ki omsk `ej a @ R F U > y`ek em
@ em om F fgŗ smt ksm ogėruour. @ vmy F ome fkrk > gcouėueo , @ 4 F
gcd`oİėİ b`com
> ‟ >
s`ėc eİr.
f) @ R F 4 > k s m @ R F ì J R O okr, ìóeaó fgŗ smt bmr smtke
`ct smtkokr.
@ R F U > ksm @ R F 4 ( ,f) 8 ` m@, f mF
@ ìJ k ` mJ
S
Q gcouėue lùrm = ‟• ( ,f) m(J R O)
F ìO ) fmO )
@ R F s J R O
_mrs ki`om `ej`a (k) @ 4 >, F 4 >
(kk) @ U >, F > b`ckeom ogėru gcur.
9. @ j F i`rzmomrma `ŗ`ėİo`ak smtcmrk fóyóatme aóìóėm ogėru sİr`-
c`yİeİz.
@'
e
F', @']F', @',F'
<. @34F S
=‟5-
@ jJ gcouėueu lùstmrkekz.
FjJ )
0;
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2. F 4 (F e @) u (F e @') gcouėueu lùstmrkekz.
F vm @
B
F' eóe yrİa gcouėueu lùstmrkekz.
;. @eF 4 > 45(@eO)e(FeO) 4 > ksp`t mokekz.
0>. ] fótóe kes`ec rİe tmŗakc mttkėk fkr smt gcsue.
D 4 Mramacmr
@ 4 @dmrka`bc`r
M 4 @vrup`cİc`r
\ 4 Xmelkecmr
K 4 @aİccİc`r
B 4 [ `aİŗİacİc`r.
Zmt tmgrksk smdfgccmrkek aucc`e`r`a `ŗ`ėİo`ak ki`omcmrk smt egt`sygeu kcm
lùstmrkekz.
`) Fótóe @dmrka`cİc`r zmelkeokr.
f) F`zİ @vrup`cİc`r `aİccİoİr.
j) Z`omjm @dmrka cİc r zmelkeokr.
o) Bkì fkr @vrup`cİ `aİccİ omėkcokr.
m) @dmrka`cİ gcd`y`ec`r em `aİccİ em om y`aİŗİacİoİr.
i) F`zİ `aİccİ @vrup`cİc`r y`aİŗİacİoİr.
l) Mėmr fkr kes`e zmelkesm `yeİ z`d`eo y`aİŗİacİoİr.
b) Fkr kes`e mėmr vm `ej`a @vrup cİ ksm y`aİŗİacİoİr.
k) Fótóe zmelke kes`ec`r y` @dmrka`cİ y` o` @vrup`cİoİr.
00. Fkr sİeİit 6>> ùėrmejk v`r.
D 4 Mrama ùėrmejkcmr (00> ùėrmejk)
F 4 Z`rİŗİe ùėrmejkcmr (<> ùėrmejk)
M 4 D`vk lùzcó ùėrmejkcmr (2= ùėrmejk).
Mrama ùėrmejkcmrke :> t`emskeke s`ìİ s`rİ, ?= keke lùzó d`vk. D`vk
lùzcó aİzc rİe % 9> eke s`ìİ `ìİa rmea.
Fu fkclkcmrk aucc e`r`a `ŗ`ėİo`ak sgruc rİ jmv`pc eoİrİeİz vm bmr
ourudo` sùz ageusu gc`e smtk fmckrcmykekz.
`) A`ì ùėrmejk em mrama em om s rİ s`ìcİoİr7
f) A`ì ùėrmejk y mrama vmy s`rİ s`ìcİ vm d`vk lùzcóoór7
j) A`ì ùėrmejk aİzoİr vm y s`e s`ìb y o d`vk lùzcóoór7
6>
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FÙCÓD KK
GC@ZKCKA
LÅVÅŕ
Gc`sİcİa tmgrksk, ìmŗktck fkckd o`cc`rİeo` pma ìga aucc`eİdİ gc`e fkr
d`tmd`tka o`cİoİr. _ms oóiåcka, ìmvrmdkzke fmckrlke ektmckėkokr. Gc`sİcİė`
aİs`j` tms oóiåckėke kcdk omdma y roİŗ gcd`z.
Gc`sİcİa, kst`tkstkėke om tmdmc a`vr`dc`rİeo`e fkrkokr vm kst`tkstka
lmckŗkdkek fóyóa ùcìóom fue` fgrìcuour. RYKK. `sİro`e z`d`eİdİz`
a`o`rak lmckŗkdke sgeuju gc`e acæska gc`sİcİa tmgrksk ms`s ktkf`rkycm `z
s`yİo` `askygd` o`y`eİr vm fu `askygdc`r o` fmcck gc`sİfa kckŗakcmrkek
(tmgrmdcmrk) grt`y` agyd`dİzİ tmdke momr.
D`tmd`tkasmc óst y`pİc`rİ `yeİ gcd`ac` fmr`fmr gc`sİcİa tmgrksyme-
cmrk r`sİeo` kak i`racİ y`ac`ŗİdo`e sùz mokcmfkckr. A cæska tmgrk vm eksfk
ìgacua tmgrksk.(c) A cæska tmgrk ` prkgrk fkclkym, eksfk ìgacua tmgrksk ksm
lùzcmdm o`y`eİr. @askygd`tka y`ac`ŗİd acæska tmgrkycm o`b` kyk f`ėo`ŗİr,
fue` a`rŗİcİa pr`tkatm mcom mokcme gc`sİcİac`r eksfk ìgacuac`r vmy` gr`e-
c`roİr. Fkz fu fùcódomak kz`bc`rİdİzo` tmgrka pc`eo`ak lùróŗ i`racİ-
cİac`rİe` o b` i zc` `tİi y`pd`o`e gc`sİcİa kckŗakcmrkek fmckrcmdmym ì`cİ-
ŗ`j`ėİz. @yrİj fu smvkymomak fkr omrs akt`fİeo `oİ lmìme lùróŗcmrke
t`rtİŗİcd`sİe ymr vmrdmyk om lmrmack lùrdóygruz.
Gc`sİcİėİ d`tmd`tkasmc gc`r`a kejmcmymfkcdma f`zİ a`vr`dc`rİe
`ec ŗİcd sİeİ lmrmatkrkr. Fuec`ro`e fkrk ùrema uz`yİ'oİr. Bmrb`elk
fkr rmmc vmy` i`r zk omemy kcm kclkck fkr ùrema uz`yİ, Z, fkr smttkr, ùycm ak1
k) Z'ke bmr mcmd`eİ omemyke fkr sgeujueu lùstmrkr,
kk) Omemyke bmrb`elk fkr sgeuju Z'ke fkr vm s omjm fkr mcmd eİe tma -
fóc momr.
0 Fu ageuo o`b i zc fkclk kìke f`aİeİz8 L. . \`oswgrtb, H. L. Fry`e, Dgstmccmr,
Vguram, _bgd`s.
60
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ùrema uz`yİ, smt tmgrkskeom lùroóėódóz ], uekvmrs c smt ymrkek tut`r
vm `yeİ `eo kdaæesİz kcamc gc yc ro`e dmyo`e lmckr, bu kcamc gc yc rİe
bmr fkrkem ùrema egat`sİ İoİ vmrkckr. Fu kcamc gc`yc`ro`e fkr aİsdİ @ gc`-
yİeİ tmŗakc momrcmr vm @ì1 Z kckŗaksk Z kìkeomak fótóe @ gc`yc`rİ kìke sùz
ageusuour. @, Z'ke fkr ct8 smtkokr. @ gc yİ, omemy sgeuju @'eİe fkr mcmd -
eİe tma`fóc mokygrs gcduŗ s`yİcİr.
ùrema8 (6) Mckdkzom kak z`r gcsue, ymŗkc vm aİrdİzİ. Fu kak z`rİ `t-
tİėİdİz z`d`e :9 t`em sİr`cİ kakck kcm a`rŗo`ŗ`fkckrkz.
x aİrdİzİ z`ro lmcme s`yİ
y ymŗkc z`ro lmcme s`yİ gcsue.
x,y `ŗ`ėİo`ak O smtkeke mcmd`ec`rİeo`e fkrk gc`fkckr8
O 4 0,6,:,?,=,9
ùrema uz`yİ Z 4 O R O ‟ (x,y) 8 x mO vm y mO.
ľak z`ro` tgpc`dİe < vmy` o`b` fóyóa gcd`sİ fkr gc`yoİr, fue` a`r-
0
ŗİcİa (6,0) lmcdmsk gc`sİcİėİ gc e fkr kcamc gc yoİr. ľcamc gc yo , o`b`
:9
aóìóa fkrkdm keokrlmemdmzcka b ck `ìİaì lùrócdmatmokr. Gys gc yc r
kcamc gc yc r keokrlmemfkckrcmr.
ùrema uz`yİ yua`rİo`ak dksæcom gcouėu lkfk sİeİrcİ vmy` sgesuz
kejmckatm fkr gac fkr o krmym ekŗ`e cd`o gcouėu lkfk sİeİrsİz s`yİo`
kcamc gc y kbtkv momrcmr.
ŕkdok om igrdmc gc`r a gc`sİcİa a`vr`dİeİ t`rki momckd8
G c`sİcİa8 ogd`ke'k Z vm r elm'k >‟0 `r sİeo`ak rmmc s`yİc`r gc e
fkr igeaskyge'our. Gc sİcİa igeaskygeu, ùrema uz`yİ kcm gc`sİcİa omėmr-
cmrk `r sİeo` igeaskyge tkpkeom fkr kckŗak aur`r vm bmr kcamc gc`y , g gc`yİe
gc soİėİeİ tmŗakc mome > kcm 0 `r`sİeo fkr rmmc s`yİ t`bsks momr. @ej`a
gc`sİcİa igeaskygeueue fmckrtkcokėk ùrema uz`yc`rİeo` bmrb elk fkr gc`-
yİe gc`sİcİėİeo e sùz mokcmfkckr. Fu tkp ùrema uz`yc rİe` g c`sİ cİa uz`yİ
okymjmėkz. Gc sİcİa igeaskygeueu kcm lùstmrkrsma8 8 Z ‟±G ‟ 0.
Gc sİcİa uz`yİ kcamc gc yc rİ vm fuec rİe fkr `r`y lmcdmskeome dmy-
o`e lmcme gc yc rİ a`ps`r. Fueue tódóem I okymckd.
* ~
6 Gc sİcİa kcm kclkck dksæccmrom p r , z r vm =6 cka aæėİt omstmskeke ìga aucc eİcd sİ fkrmr
tms oói omėkcokr, `askem gc sİcİėİe kca lmckŗkdkeom ŗ es gyuec rİeİe mtaksk ŗópbm lùtórdmz fkr lmr-
ìmatkr.
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0. > vm Z y`ek fgŗ gc`y vm amske gc`y fkrmr gc`yoİr.
6. Z`yİc`fkckr s yİo` gc`yİe amskŗkdk om gc`yoİr.
:. Z`yİc`fkckr s`yİo` gc`yİe fkrcmŗkdk om gc`yoİr.
?. @ fkr gc`y ksm @' om fkr gc`yoİr.
=. @ vm F gc`yc`r ksm @‟ F om gc`yoİr.
Fkr gc`sİcİa uz`yİeo` bmr @ gc`yİe` tma`fóc mome fkr ^(@) rmmc s`yİ-
sİ o` fucueur vm fu s`yİeİe > kcm 0 r`sİeo`ak omėmrk ^ igeaskygeu t`r`-
iİeo`e t`yke mokckr.
GC@ZKCKA @AZľ[GDC@VK
K
@ .c) Fótóe @ gc`yc`rİ kìke ^(@)ŕ1> y ek gc sİcİa pgzktki vmy` sİiİr
gc`e y`ek eml`tki omėmr `c`d`y`e fkr s`yİoİr.
@ .6) ^(Z) 4 0. Amske gc`yİe gc`sİbėİ c'm mŗkttkr.
@ .:) Z yİc`fkckr s`yİo` `yeİ eo ' kdaæesİz gc`yİe fkrcmŗkdkeke
gc`sİcİėİ gc`sİcİac`rİ tgpc`dİe` mŗkttkr.
S
@ H ,@
6
,...@
e
gc`yc`r gcsue.
@
1
e
@h 4 > k £ h k,h 4 0,6,... .E ksm
E S E
4 Z ^ D (:)
@1
e
@. 4 > k # h k,h 4 0, 6.... ksm
S
/ jg S jg
^ ( u
İ
@
k
)h4 Z^(@.)
Ùrema uz`yİ `yeİ `eo` kdaæesİz mŗ gc`sİcİacİ E t`em kcamc gc`yo`e
dmyo`e` lmcdkŗ gcsue. Z 4 O h,... O
E
0
^(
O
İ) 4 •'. , 4 ^ ( O
e
) 4‟
E
e(@) @'eke b`jdk (@ 'y` o`bkc kcamc gc`yc r s`yİsİ)
^(@) 4 4
E ùrema uz`yİeİe b`jdk (ùrema uz`ydo`ak kcamc gc`y tgpc`dİ)
: E
] @ . 4 @ . ] U ] - - - ] @
E
k4c
E
e @[email protected]@U-.e@E '
k4c
6:
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Gc`sİcİa kcm kclkck gc`r`a yua`rİo`ak : `askygdo`e y`r`rc`e`r`a ìm-
ŗktck tmgrmdcmrk ksp`t momfkckrkz.
0. ^(>) 4
G
ksp`t8 Z vm > `yeİ eo` kdaæesİz gc`yc`roİr.
Z u
> 4
s
(= )
0 4 ^(Z) 4 ^(Z ] >) 44 ^(Z) -i ^ (>) (6 vm :'óejó askygd-
c`ro`e)
^(>) 4 G.
6. Fkr gc sİfa uz`yİeo` @ vm F smtcmrk `r sİeo`ak i`raİe, y`ek
@ ‟ F 4 @ i| F' eóe gc`sİcİėİ.
^(@‟ F) 4 ^(@ e F') 4 ^(@) ‟ ^(@ e F).
ksp`t 8 @ ikF ' vm @ e F `yeİ eo` kdaæesİz vmy` yrİatİr, ìóeaó
(@
e
F')
e
(@
e
F) 4'@
e
(F
e
F') - @
e
> 4 >
(@
e
F')
u
(@
e
F) 4 @
e
(F'
u
F) 4 @
e Z
4 @
:'óejó `askygdu aucc`e`r`a,
(@) 4
p Q(@ e
F') ]
(@ e
F)T -
(@
e
F') +
(@ e
F)
(@ e
F') 4
p(@)
‟
(@ e
F)
Fmezmr ŗmakcom,
^(F‟@) 4 ^(F e @') 4 ^(F) ‟ ^(@ e F)
:. Fkr gc`yİe t`d`dc`yİjİsİeİe gc`sİfėİ.
^(@') 4 0 ‟ ^(@)
^(F') 4 0 ‟ ^(F).
ksp`t 8 @ vm @' yeİ eo` kdaæesİzoİr, @
i|
@' 4 >
@ u
@' 4 Z
^(@ u @') - ^(@) + ^(@ ') 4 ^(Z) 4 0
^(@') 4 0 ‟ ^(@).
?. Fkr gc`sİfa uz`yİeo` @ vm F lkfk kak gc`yİe fkrcmŗkdkeke,
@ ] F eke gc`sİcİėİ.
^(@ ] F) 4 ^(@) + ^(F) ‟ ^(@
e
F).
ksp `t 8 @u F 4 @c) (F ik @') y zİc`fokr, ìóeaó (<f) ym lùrm
@ u (F e @') 4 (@ u F) e (@ ] @') 4 (@ u F) e (Z) 4 @ u F okr.
6?
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ùtm y`eo`e @ vm F
ik
@' `yea gcouėueo`e
^(@ ] F) 4 ^(@) + ^(F e @') y`zİc`fkckr. B`cfuak
^(F e @') 4 ^(F) ‟
(@
e F) kok.
^(@uF) 4 (@) + ^(F)-^(@eF)|
Ùzmc f c gc r`a, mėmr @ vm F `yea ksm @ ik F 4 > vm ^(@ e F) 4 >
gc j`ėİeo`e ^(@ ] F) 4 ^(@ ) + ^(F) fucueur ak fu : óejó `askygdo`e
f`ŗa fkrŗmy omėkcokr. Fu ùemdck tmgrmd smt fkcmŗkdk gc sİcİėİeİe lmemc
aur`cİoİr. (?).
=. Fkr `ct gc`yİe gc`sİcİėİ. @ vm F `yeİ gc`sİcİa uz`yİeo` t`eİdc`e-
dİŗ gc`yc`r vm F j @ gcsue.
^(@ e F') 4 ^(@) ‟ ^(F) vm ^(F) l ^(@) oİr.
k
ľsp`t8
(@ e F) 4 (@) ‟ (@ e F)
Fj@
45
(@eF) 4 (F)
^(@
e
F') 4 ^(@) ‟ ^(F)
^(@ e F') U > (0 kejk `askygd)
^(@) ‟ ^(F) U >
. @ ^(@ )U^(F)
^(F) U ^(@)
9. > U (@)
ksp`t8
^(@) U >
@ jZ 45 ^(@) U ^(Z)
^(Z) 4 0
> U ^(@) U 0
ŕ@V_CK GC@ZKCKA
ŕ`rtcİ gc`sİcİa, gc`sİfa kcm kclkck me ùemdck a`vr`dc`ro`e fkrkokr. Fkr
aİsİd gc`yc`r vmrk gc`r`a, f`ŗa` gc`yc`rİe jmrmy`eİ, lóecóa b`y`tt` pma
ìga omi a`rŗİdİz ìİa`r. Dmsmcæ, skz lùrdmaskzke fkr `ra`o`ŗİeİz kak
? Fu vm okėmr tmgrmdcmrke s ė ouyuy uyluecuėueu Ymee oky`lr dc rİeo lùrmfkckrkz.
/
6=
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0
z`rİ `ts fu z`rc ro`e fkrkeom : okėmrkeom ? lmcdmsk gc`sİcİėİ okr. I -
02
a`t skzm `ra`o`ŗİeİzİe kak z`rİ `ttİėİ vm tgpc`d gc`r`a < lmcokėk fkcokrkckrsm,
< vmrk gc r`a z`rc rİe fkrkeom : okėmrkeom ? lmcdmsk ŗ`rtcİ gc sİcİėİ
6 0
4 tór.
9 :
Fu dksæc ózmrkeom fkr`z o`b our cİd. ľak z`rİe `tİcd`sİ b ckeom
sİr cİ kakck ŗmackeom mŗ gc sİcİacİ :9 kcamc gc y oóŗóeócmfkckr.
:
?
s
9
@
:
Z
f/
'B
k
:
=
9 /
/
/
/
' 2
=
Y
/
/
Z
s
' ' k
'';
30
Zñ
=
/
/
cg //
(5
*
rY5
/
;
cg
//
D
@, kak z`r `tİcoİėİeo` < lmcdmsk gc`yİ gcsue.
v
e(@ ) 9 0
^(@) 4 4 4
e(Z) :9 9
F, z`rc ro`e fkrkeom : okėmrkeom ? lmcdmsk gc yİ gcsue.
0
^(F) 4 okr.
02
@'eİe lmrìmacmŗtkėk fkckeokėk z`d`e @ vmrk gc`r`a F'eke ŗ`rtcİ gc`sİcİėİ
ksm ^(FS @ ) 4 H tór. Ìóeaó ùejm :9 kcamc gc`y kbtkv` mome fkr gc`sİcİa
uz`yİeo`e fu omi` 9 kcamc gc`y kbtkv` mome fkr gc`sİcİa uz`yİe` lmìkcdkŗ
gcuygr.
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@
4
(9,0),
(=,6), (?,:), (:,?), (6,=), (0,9)
= om :9 sİr cİ kakck gcouėue lùrm fu sİr cİ kakckcmrke bmr fkrkeke gc sİcİėİ
mŗkt vm
0 9 0
^ 4 oİr. (@) 4 9p 4 4 oİr.
:9 :9 9
p'cmrm dutc`a gc`soİac`r okymfókrkz. @ gc`yİe` o`bkc sİr`cİ kakckcmrome
0
bmr fkrkeke @ gc yİ vmrk gc`r a ŗ`rtcİ gc sİbėİ ksm p+ 4 oİr vm 9p+‟0
9
okr. ŕ`rtcİ gc`sİcİac`r o`kd` dutc`a gc`sİcİac`r` mŗkt vmy` o`b` fóyóatór.
p+ ŕ8 p. Dksæckdkzom p+ 4 9p okr.
0 ^
9 p+ 4 0 4 9 (9p) 4 9 ^(@) 94 4 9p 4 fucueur.
p(@) p(@)
6p 6p 0
^(FS @ ) 4 6p+ 4 4 - ‟ - mcom mokckr.
p(@) 9p :
ŕkdok ŗ rtcİ gc`sİcİa a`vr`dİd igrdmc gc`r a t`rki momfomjma fkr
ourudo`yİz. @ vm F `yeİ gc`sİcİa uz`yİeo` t`eİdc`edİŗ gc`yc`r gcsue.
@ vmrk gc r a F'eke ŗ rtcİ gc sİbėİ, ^ (F S @ ),
p(@
e
F)
^(FS @ ) 4 ‟ ^ ( @ ) 5 > ŗmackeom t eİdc eİr. ^(@) 4 >
p(@)
gcouėueo` ^(FS @ ) t`eİdc`e`d`z, fmckrskz gcur. Fmezmr ŗmaoom,
p(@ e
F)
^(@S F) 4
^
(F) 5 >
p(F)
e s`yİo omemdmom F gc yİeİe grt c d gc r`a d omi vm fu d t`em
omemdm kìkeom om a t`em omemdmom @ gc yİeİe lmrìmacmŗtkėkek i`rzmomckd.
d a
^(F) 4 ‟ , ^(@ S F) 4 gc j atİr.
e d
k
ŕ`rtcİ gc`sİcİa kcm kclkck gc`r`a vmrkcme igrdóccmr smt amskŗkdk gc`sİcİ-
ėİeİe lmemc aur`cİeİ o` kbtkv` mtdmatmokr. ŕùycm ak1
^(@ e F) - ^(@ S F) ^(F) 4 ^(FS @ ) ^(@)
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Fu aur`c ^(@) vm ^(F) eke bmr omėmrk kìke ogėruour. ^(@) vmy`
^(F) sİiİr gcouėu t`atkrom ^(@ e F) 4 > gcur. Lmrìmatme yua`rİo`ak
0 0 0
dksæcm oùemrsma (@ ik F) 4 -‟ . 4 omėmrk agc`ycİac` mcom
mokckr.
x
: 9 02
Z_GA@Z_ÅA F@ĕKDZKXCKA
ŕ`rtcİ gc`sİcİa kcm kclkck kz`bc`rİdİz sİr`sİeo`, fkr gc`yİe ŗ`rtcİ gc`sİcİėİ
kcm dutc a vmy ŗ`rtsİz gc sİcİėİ `r`sİeo lmemcckacm dmvjut gc e i`racİ-
cİėİ vm ŗ`rtcİ gc`sİcİa a`vr`dİeİe a`ps`oİėİ ùrema uz`yİ omėkŗtkrdm igea-
skygeueu fmckrtdmym ì`cİŗdİŗtİa.
Mėmr @ gc`yİeİe gcduŗ gcd`sİ F'eke ŗ`rtcİ gc`sİcİėİeo` dutc`a gc`-
sİcİė lùrm fkr omėkŗkacka dmyo`e lmtkrkygrs @ vm F gc yİ stga`stka
f`ėİdcİ s`yİcİr. @ask ourud sùz ageusu gcouėu t`atkrom ksm @ vm F stg-
a`stka f`ėİdsİzoİr omekr. F`ėİdsİzcİa b`ckeom,
t
^(@ S F) 4 ^(@)
^(FS @ ) 4 ^(F)
gcur. F`ėİdsİzcİa a`rŗİcİacİ gc`j`ėİ kìke @, F ome f`ėİdsİz ksm F om @
o`e f`ėİdsİz gcur.
Ztga`stka f`ėİdsİzcİa b ckeom smt amskŗkdk gc sİcİėİeİe c j`ėİ ŗmack
lùrmfkcdma kìke ŗ`rtcİ gc`sİcİac`r ymrkem yua`rİo`ak mŗktcmrkek y`z`rs`a,
^(@ e F) 4 ^(FS @ ) ^(@) 4 ^(F) ^(@)
4 ^(@ S F) ^(F) 4 ^(@) ^(F) gcur. G b com,
_`rki8 Mėmr vm `ej`a ^(@ i| F) 4.^(@ ) ^(F) ksm @ vm F gc`yc rİ
stga`stka f`ėİdsİzoİr.
Fu t`rkike mėmr aİsdİ8 ^(@ O F) 4 ^(@) ^(F) ksm @ vm F f`ėİdsİz-
oİr.U)
Fu t`rkike `ej a aİsdİ8 @ vm F f`ėİdsİz ksm ^(@ e F)
‟
^(@) ^(F)
okr.
F`ėİdsİzcİa b ckeom gc yc ro`e fkrkeke gcd`sİ vmy gcd`d`sİ okėm-
rkeke gc sİcİėİd mtakcmdmz. @j`f `yrİa y o `yeİ `eo kdaæesİz gc y-
c`r f`ėİdsİz dİoİr7
= Fueo`e sger akt pt `ask fmckrtkcdmokaìm "f`ėİdsİzcİa"t e, stga`stka f`ėİdsİzcİa `e-
c ŗİcd cİoİr. Ztga`stka f`ėİdsİzcİa ymrkem f`zİ y`z`rc r kst tkstkak f`ėİdsİzcİa t fkrkek om aucc e-
d`at oİrc r. '
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_mgrmd8 Mėmr @ i| F 4 > vm ^(@ ) 5 >, ^(F) 5 > ksm @ vm F
stga`stka f`ėİdsİz omėkcokr.
ľ sp`t8 Fur o` kak kbtkd`c oóŗóeócmfkckr8
k) @ vm F f`ėİdsİz.
kk) @ vm F f`ėİdsİz omėkc.
ùejm (k) yk ogėru i`rzmomckd. Fu t`atkrom ^(@ i| F) 4 ^(@) ^(F)5>
gc`j`atİr. B`cfuak @ ik F 4 > gcouėue` lùrm ^(@ e F) 4 > gcd`cİoİr.
@ vm F yk f`ėİdsİz s`yd`dİz fkzk fu ìmckŗakym lùtóroó. G b`com @ vm
F f`ėİdsİz gc`d`zc`r. @yrİa gc`yc`r f`ėİdcİoİr.
: GC@[KE ŕ@V_CK GC@ZKCKĕK vm F@ĕKDZKXCKĕK
@,F vm J `yeİ gc`sİcİa uz`yİ Z om t`rki mokcdkŗ gc`yc`r gcsue.
(@
e
F
e
J)
^(JS @,F) 4 (@ e F) 5 >
(@ e F)
(@ e F e ₣)
^(@S F,J) 4 ^(F
e J)
5 >
^(F
e
J)
(@ e F e J)
^(FS @,J) 4 (@
e J)
5 >
(@ e J)
ŕ`rtcİ gc sİbac ro`e : gc y kìke smt amskŗkdk gc sİcİėİeİe lmemc aur -
cİeİ mcom momfkckrkz. ' k
(@ e F e J) 4 ^(JS @,F) (@ e F) 4 ^(FS @,J) (@ e J)
- ^(@ S F,J) ^(F e J)
^(@ e F e J) 4 ^(JS @,F) ^(@ e F) 4 ^(JS @,F) ^(F S @ ) ^(@)
4 ^(JS @,F) ^(@ S F) ^(F)
Okėmrcmrk kìke om fmezmr igrdóccmrk y`zd`a dódaóeoór.
: Gc`yİe F`ėİdsİzcİėİ8
_`rki8 @,F vm J lkfk óì gc y mėmr vm `ej`a `ŗ`ėİo`ak kak ŗ`rtİe fkr
`r`o lmrìmacmŗdmsk b ckeom stga`stka f`ėİdsİz s`yİcİrc r.
k) ^(@eFeJ) 4 ^(@)^(F)^(J)
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kk) ^(Æ e F) 44 ^(@) ^(F)
^(@
e
J) 4 ^(@) ^(J)
^(FeJ)-^(F) ^(J),
Fu ŗ`rtc ro`e s`omjm fkr t`emskeke lmrìmacmŗdmsk : gc yİe F`ėİd-
sİzcİėİe ymtdmz. Fueu `ŗ`ėİo`ak kak dksæccm s`yİs c gc r`a lùstmrmfk-
ckrkz.U)
(k) ŗ`rtİeİe tma f`ŗİe ymtmrck gcd`d`sİ kcm kclkck gc r`a ŗu dksæc
ózmrkeom ouruc`fkckr8 B`t sİz fkr z rİe `tİdİeo`1 @ ìkit lmcdmsk gc`yİ,
F 6'ome fóyóa fkr s`yİ lmcdmsk gc yİ, J : Ymy ='m t`d fùcóemfkckr fkr
s`yİ lmcdmsk gc yİ gcsue.
@ 4 6,?,9 ^(@) 4 |
F 4 :,?,=,9 (F) 4 |
J - :,=,9 (J) 4 ľ
0 0 6 0
@ e F e J 4 9 ^(@ e F e J) 4 ‟ 4 (‟ ) (‟ ) (‟ ) Lùrócoóėó
9 6 : 6
lkfk (k) s`ėc eoİ. I`a`t `j`f fu ourud (kk) eke s`ėc ed`sİeİ l`r`etk
momr dk7
0 0 6
@ e F 4 ?,9 ^(@ eF) 4 4 (‟ ) ( )
: 6 :
0 0 0
@ eJ 4 9 ^(@eJ) 4 ‟ U (‟ ) (‟ )
| 9 6 6
0 6 0
F e
j - :,=,9
(F e J)
4 ‟ U (‟ ) (‟ )
6 : 6
Lùrócoóėó lkfk fu dksæcom (kk) s`ėc ed`oİ.
ŕkdok om (kk) s`ėc eoİėİ b com (k) ke lmrìmacmŗdmokėk ourud fkr
dksæc vmrmckd8 0 ome ;' a`o`r gc e s`yİc r `r`sİeo`e tms`oóik gc`r a fkr
0
s`yİ ìmakckygr. Bmr s`yİ kìke ìmakcdm kbtkd ck mŗkt vm .
9 =. B. Byd`es .l.m sb. =<.
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vm
@ t`d gc r`a :'m fùcóemfkcme fkr s`yİ ìmadm gc yİ
@ 4 :,9,; (@) 4 İ
F 9'o`e fóyóa fkr s`yİ ìmadm gc yİ
F 4 <,2,; (F) 4 İ
J tma vmy t`d a`rm gc e fkr s`yİ ìmadm gc yİ
J ,4 0,:,?,=,<,; (J) 4 |
@ e F 4 ; ^(@ e F) 4 @- 4 U‟ Uh
6 0 6
@ e J 4 :,; ^(@ e J) 4 ‟ 4 ) ( ‟ )
6 0 6
Fi| J 4 <,; ^(FeJ) 4 ‟ 4 ) )
B`cfuak,
0 0 0 6
@ e
F
e
j 4 ;
(@ e
F
e J)4
‟
#
) (‟ ) (‟ )
e _@EM GC@[İE ŕ@V_Cİ GC@ZİCİĕİ vm F@ĕİDZİXCİĕİ
@H, @
6
,. . . @
E
`yeİ gc`sİcİa uz`yİeo` t`rki mokcdkŗ gc`yc`r gcsue.
^(@, e @
6
e ... e @
E
)
^ (@
F
S @
0
,@
6
,... @
E
WH) 4
^(@, e @
6
e . . . e @
E
WH)
p (@H e @
6
e . . . e @
E
W,) 5 g
F`ėİdsİzcİa8 _`rki1 @
^
.. .@
E
lkfk `yeİ gc`sİfa uz`yİeo` t`eİdc`e-
dİŗ e t em gc y mėmr vm `ej a `ŗ`ėİo`ak kak ŗ rtİe fkr r`o lmrìmacmŗ-
dmsk b ckeom f`ėİdsİz s`yİcİrc r8
k) ^(@,
e
@
6
e ...
e
@ H 4 ^(@,) ^(@
6
). .,^(@
E
)
^(E@,) 4 CÅ^(@
K
)
kk) (e‟0) cka tmrakpcmr b`ckeom fótóe gc`yc`r f`ėİdsİz gcd`cİoİr(<).
@ v mF kak gc`y lurufu gcsue. Fu lurupc r mėmr kìcmrkeome smìkcme fótóe
< _`fkk e‟0 gc yİe f`ėİdsİzcİėİ kìke om amskŗkd gc sİcİėİ gc sİcİac r ì rpİdİe mŗkt gcd cİ
vm (e‟6) cka tmrakpcmr b ckeom f ėİdsİzcİa ŗ rtİ s ėc ed cİoİr...
:0
İ
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@ vm F gc`yc`rİ (@ m@ , F mF) ameok `r c rİeo f`ėİdsİz ksmcmr f ėİd-
sİzoİr.
@84 Y ..@ H
£ 4 F
p
.. .,F
d
@R F 4 (@― Fh) @İs@, F
mF k4 c, . . . , e )
İ h 4 c , . . . ,d h
Fu sİr cİ kakcómrke bmr fkrkeomak gc`yc r fkrfkrkeome f`ėİdsİz ksm
@ vm F gc y lurupc rİ f`ėİdsİz gcur.
F@[MZ IGVDÓCÓ
^`rtksyge8 @H,@
6
,...@
e
`ŗ`ėİo`ak ùzmcckacmrk t`ŗİy`e gc`yc`r gcsue.
k) @ hJZ k4 c, 6, .. .e
kk) @, e @h 4 > k U h
kkk) @, u @
6
u • • • ] @
e
Z
Fu ùzmcckacmrm s`bkp gcd c rİ b ckeom @h'cmr fkr p`rtksyge tmŗakc
momrcmr. Zùzcm ki`om momrsma, @,'cmr `yrİa vm fkrcmŗkdcmrk om Z'ke t`d`dİeİ
a`ps`y`e ct smtcmrokr. @ŗ`ėİo`ak [mee oky`lr`dİ p`rtksyge'u lùstmr-
dmatmokr.
F`yms igrdócó8 @ ,,@
6
,...@
e
, ùrema uz`yİ Z'ke fkr p`rtksygeu
gcsue vm ^(@,)5> k ‟ 0,6,.. .e gcouėueu i`rzmomckd.
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A, pgzktki gc`sİcİac` bmrb elk fkr gc`y gcsue.
(@h)
^(AS @h)
(@hSA) 4
Z ^(@,) ^(A S @ ,)
Fu igrdóc, fu akt`pt` a`ps`d oİŗİ tutucduŗ gc`e F`yms'jk y`a-
c ŗİdo ùemdck fkr ymr tut`r.
ľ sp`t 8 ŕ rtcİ gc`sİcİėİe t`rkik lmrmėkejm,
^(@h
e
A)
^(
@ H
S A )4
^(A)
A gc`yİ y` @İ kcm fkrckatm lmrìmacmŗkr . . . y` o` @
e
kcm fkrckatm. @/ cmr
`yrİa gcouėu kìke (@İ e A ), .. . (@― i) A) o` `yrİa gc`yc roİr.
A
4
Z
eA4 (@İ u @
6Ó
...u@HeA
4 (@İ eA)u (@
6
eA)u ... u (@
e
eA)
4 ñ (@h e'A)
040
^(A) 4
(@k
ik A)
G b`com,
^(@h eA)
^(@hS A) 4
k (@, e A)
k4c
(@, eA) 4 (@,S A) (A) 4 (@h) (AS @h)
^(@İ eA) 4 ^(@ ,S A ) ^(A) 4 ^(@h) ^(A S @ h) y zo fkcmjmėkeome
fkr ùejmak igrdócom fu ki`omcmr ymrkem aged`a surmtkycm F`yms igrdó-
cóem uc`ŗİbr.
F`yms igrdócó ms`s ktkf`rkycm emtkjm fkckeokėkeom smfmpcmrome fkr
t`emskeke fueu s ėc dİŗ gcd`sİ gc`sİcİėİeİ fucd`dİz` y`r`r. @İ,@
6
,... @―
gc`yc`rİe` bkpgtmzcmr `oİ vmrkcmfkckr vm fuec`rİe `yeİ `eo` kdaæesİz
bkpgtmzcmr gcouėu vm fuec r oİŗİeo bkpgtmz oóŗóeócmdmymjmėk i`rzmokckr.
(@h), @ h bkpgtmzkeke ` prkgrk gc sİcİėİoİr. ^(@ hS A ) ŗ rtcİ gc sİcİėİe`
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ksm @, bkpgtmzkeke ` pgstmrkgrk gc`sİbėİ `oİ vmrokr. Lùrócoóėó lkfk
F`yms tmgrmdk vmy igrdócóeom emtkjmome smfmfm lktdm lkfk cİŗİc eİe
`ask yùeom fkr d`etİac`d` v`roİr.
Dksæc 08 ùeódózom : t`em tgrf` gcsue. K, KK, KKK eud`r`cİ tgrf`-
c`ro` fmy`z vm aİrdİzİ tgpc`r ŗùycm o`ėİcdİŗ8
K 8 0 fmy`z : aİrdİzİ tgp
KK 8 6 fmy`z 6 aİrdİzİ tgp
KKK 8 : fmy z 0 aİrdİzİ tgp
_ms oóik gc`r a fkr tgrf` smìkckygr vm smìkcdkŗ gc`e tgrf`o`e o` fkr tgp
ìmakckygr. Mėmr ìİa`e tgp fmy`z ksm, fu tgpue K eud`r`cİ tgrf`o`e ìmakc-
dkŗ gcd`sİ gc`sİbėİ em a`o`roİr7 -
Fu dksæcom, @ fmy`z fkr tgp ìmakcdmsk1 Fİ, K eud`r`cİ tgrf`o`e
ìmakcdmsk gc`yc`rİ gcsue.
^(F,) 4 H, ^(@ S F.) 4 k
^(@) 4 ^(F, e @) + ^(F
6
e @) + ^(F
:
e @) .
4 ^(Fİ) (@ S Fİ) + ^(F
6
) (@ S F
6
) + ^(F
:
) ^ (@ S F
:
)
0 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 : 0
: ? : 6 : ? 06 9 06 6
0 0
: ? 0
^ UY @ ) U 4 ‟
0 9
6
Fmezmr ŗmakcom ^(F
6
S @) 4 ^(F
:
S @ ) 4 S mcom mokckr.
Dksæc 68 _`d `ec do lóvmekckr s`yİcd`d`sİ lmrmame fkr sİe å
agetrgc kŗcmdkeke lóvmeokrckėk b`aaİeo` mckdkzom ŗùycm fkr fkclk fucue-
sue8 A`fuc mokckr ektmckatmak p`rì`c`rİe %;='k agetrgco` a`fuc mokcdmatm
vm % ='k rmoomoodmatmokr. Fgzua p`rì`c`rİe ksm % ;> İ agetrgc sgeuju
rmoomokcdmatm vm % 0>'u a`fuc mokcdmatmokr. % 0 fgzua p`rì` kbtkv`
mome fkr aódmome tms oóik gc`r a fkr p`rì` ìmakcdkŗ vm fgzua fucue-
duŗtur. Fu p`rì`eİe lmrìmatme fgzua gcd`sİ gc sİcİėİ emokr7
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@İ agetrgc mokcme p`rì`eİe lmrìmatm fgzua gcd`sİ @
6
ksm s`ėc d gc-
d`sİ gc`yc`rİeİ lùstmrske. ^(@
t
) 4 .>0, ^(@
6
) 4 .;;.
A p`rì eİe agetrgc sgeueo` rmoomokcdmsk gc`yİ gcsue.
Dmvjut fkclkdkzm lùrm,
^ (A S @ İ) ‟ .;>, ^(A S @ K )4 .>=
F`yms igrdócóeó aucc`e`r`a,
^(@,S A ) 4
^(@İ) ^(A S @İ)
^(@İ) (A S @ İ) + ^(@
6
) ^(A S @
6
)
(.>0) (.;>)
4 .0=:2
(.>0) (.;>)+ (.;;) (.>=)
ZKV@C@D@(^MVD]_@Z[GE) vm FľVCMŕ_ľVDM (AGDFľE@Z[GE)
Bmrb`elk fkr gc yİe gc sİcİėİeİ fuc fkcdma kìke ìgėu z`d`e s`yd`
kŗcmdk lmrmackokr vm ùrema uz`yİeo fucue`e kcamc gc y s`yİsİ `rttİaì`
fu kŗ lóìcmŗkr. Fu lóìcóėó ymedma kìke fmcck agdfke tgrk c igrdóccmr
lmckŗtkrkcdkŗtkr. Fuec r ms`s ktkf`rkycm sİr c d vm fkrcmŗtkrdmcmrcm kló-
ckokr. I`a`t ùejm kak prmeskfk fmckrtmckd8
k) Mėmr bmrb elk fkr @ gc`yİ d, F gc`yİ o` e i`racİ ŗmakcom gc`fkckrsm
@ vm F `yeİ `eo` gcd`d`a ŗ`rtİ kcm @ vmy` F gc`yİ d + e i`racİ ŗmakcom
a`rŗİdİz ìİa`fkckr. Dmsmcæ @ fkr omstm frkì a`ėİoİeo skema ìmadm, F om
aup` ìmadm gc`yİ gcsue. @ vm F gc`yc`rİeİe bmr fkrk 0: i`racİ ŗmakcom
gc fkcmjmėkem lùrm 69 i`racİ ŗmakcom fkr skema vmy aup ìmakcmfkckr.
kk) @ gc`yİ d, F gc`yİ e i`racİ ŗmakcom gc`fkckrsm (@ ik F) gc`yİ de
i`racİ ŗmakcom gc`fkckr. Dmsmcæ, fkr omstm frkì aæėİoİeo`e 6 a`rt ìmakcdkŗ
vm fkrk skema okėmrk aup ìİadİŗ gcsue. Fu dksæcom 0: R 0: 4 09; i racİ
ŗmakcom oóŗóeócmfkckr.
Fu prmeskpcmrome kakejkskek sİr`c`d` kìke aucc`e`bd. `,f,j b`ricmrk
a`ì i`racİ ŗmaóom sİr`c e`fkckr 7 Fkrkejk uesur kìke: b ritme fkrkek, kakejk
uesur kìke Kr c e kakskeome fkrkek, óìóejó kìke om a c eİ c j`ėİz. Fu óì
`yrİ gc`yİe gcd` ŗmakccmrkek ì`rp rs a :.6.0 4 9 i`racİ sİr`c`d` y`p`-
fkcmjmėkdkz `ec ŗİfr.
`fj, `jf, f`j, fj , j`f, jf`
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Lmemc gc`r a e t`em ]esurue i`racİ sİr c ed s`yİsİ
e(e-c)(e-6)...(6) (0) 4 e
e
(e‟0) 4 y`zİc`fkcmjmėk kìke > 4 0 a`fuc mokckr vm e 4 0
e
gcd`sİ b ckeom om (e‟ 0) 4 0 gcd`sİ s ėc eİr.
e uesuro`e s`omjm r t`emskek aucc e`r`a sİr c d y`pd`a kstmrsma,
sİr`c`d` s`yİsİeİ oŗ`ėİo`ak igrdóc lùstmrmjmatkr8
i
^
e
,
r
4 e(e‟0) (e‟6).. .(e- 0+0) 4 ‟
(e-r)
ùzmc b c gc`r a r 4 e ksm g z`d`e ^
e
,
e
4 e mcom mokckr, fu ksm fkr`z
ùejm lùroóėódóz igrdócoór.
F`zİ mcmd`ec rİe `yeİ gcd`sİ b ckeom sİr c d igrdócó,
e
‟ ŗmackek `cİr. Fur`o` a t`em mŗcmekacka sİeİiİ oóŗóeócdóŗ vm
eİ e
6
.. .e
a
mŗcmekacka sİeİic`rİ kìkeom e
1
k 4 c. . . a a`o r i racİ sİr c`d` y pİc`-
fkcmjmėk okaa`tm `cİedİŗtİr.
F`zme sİr c d`y lktdmome uesurc rİe s`omjm smìkcdmsk ymtmrck
gc`fkckr vm prgfcmd e uesurue kìkeome r uesurue a ì i`racİ ŗmakcom
smìkcmfkcmjmėk ŗmackeom vmrkckr. ľak fkrcmŗtkrdm mėmr `yrİ mcmd`ec ro`e
dmyo`e` lmckygrs` i`racİ s`yİcİr.,Dmsmcæ `fj vm `jf i`racİ sİr`c`d`c r
gcouėu b com i`racİ fkrcmŗtkrdmcmr omėkcokr.
S ^e.r e
Fkrcmŗtkrdm igrdócó8 J
e
,
r
4 (
e
) ‟ •4
r (e‟r) r
r t`em uesur ameok kìkeom r a`o`r i`racİ ŗmaóom sİr c e`fkckr. Fkr-
cmŗtkrdm igrdócóeom uesurc rİe s`omjm smìkdk kcm ymtkekcokėk vm sİr c e-
d`sİ o lmrmadmokėk kìke sİr c d igrdócóeó r kcm fùcdmdkz lmrmakr.
(h
0
), fkegdk`c o`ėİcİd a`ts`yİc`rİoİr.
Fkegdk c tmgrmd8 vm f kak rmmc s`yİ vm e
pgzktki
fkr t`d s`yİ gcsue.
(`+f)
e
4 ľ (
r
e
) `
e
-
r
f
r
r
4g
:9
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ľ sp`t8 (@ ) + G )4 +
(r‟ c) (e‟ r+0) (e‟ r) r
re + (e‟r+0) e
(e‟ r+c) r
' r e + Q ( e i c ) - r T e
(e‟r+0) r
re + (e+0) ‟ d
(e‟ r+0) r
(e+0)
(e‟ r+0) r
B`cfuak t`rki lmrmėk1
(e+0) ,
( S
+ 0
) 4 - (2)
(e‟ r+0) r
0
GC@ZKCKA ľCM ľCLľCľ VGFCMDCMV
0. Fkr gc`sİcİa uz`yİeo` t rki mokcdkŗ @,F vm J gc`yc rİ kìke,
(@ ]
F
] J)
4
(@)
+ (F) +
(J) ‟ (@ e
F) ‟
(@ e J) ‟
^(F
e J)
+
(@ e
F
e J)
gcouėueu lùstmrkekz.
ľsp`t8 ^(@uFuJ) 4 ^Q(@uF)uJT
4 ^(@uF) +
(J) ‟
Q(@uF)eJT
B`cfuak,
(@ u F) e J 4 (@ e J)
]
(F e J) (<` aur`cİeİ aucc`e`r`a)
^Q(@uF)eJT 4
(@ e J)
+
(F e J) ‟ (@ e J e F e J)
4 (@
e J)
+ (F
e J) ‟ (@ e F e J)
2 Agdfke tgry c d tmd tka kcm kclkck fkr _óraìm a`ye`a8. D. Mdke @ct`e, " katks`tìİc`r
kìke Lmemc D tmd tka, R" ľatks t I`aóctmsk [`yİeİ, 0=0, 0;9?.
:2
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Fucouėuduz sgeuìc`rİ ymrkem agy`r`a,
(@
]
F
]
J) 4' (@) + ^(F) +
(J)
-
(@ e
F) ‟
(@ e J)
- ^(F
e
J)
-i (@
e
F
e
J).
6. @ vm F `yeİ gc`sİcİa uz yİeo` t rki mokcdkŗ kak gc`y gcsue. ^(@),
^(F) vm ^(@ ik F) jkeskeome `ŗ`ėİo`ak gc`sİcİac`rİ ki`om mokekz8
k) a 4 >,0 ,6 kìke1 @ vm F gc`yc`rİeo`e t`d a t`emskeke gcd` gc`sİcİėİ.
kk) a
‟
>,0,6 kìke @ vm F gc`yc`rİeo`e me `z a t`emskeke gcd` gc`sİcİėİ.
kkk) a 4 >,0,6 kìke @ vm F gc`yc`rİeo`e me ìga a t`emskeke gcd` gc`sİcİėİ.
kv) @'eİe gcd`sİ vm F'eke gcd`d`sİ gc`sİcİėİ.
Jmv`p8
ľ )a 4 > 0‟ ^(@ uF) 4 c ‟ ^(@) + ^(@-eF)
a 4 c ^(@ e F')
]
(F e @') 4 ^(@) + ^(F) ‟ 6 (@ e F) (;)
a 48 6 ^(@ eF)
kk) me `z a 4 > 0
" " a 4 0
(@ ]
F)
" " a 4
6 (@ e F)
kkk) me" ìga a 4 > 0 ‟ ^(@
u
F) 4 0 ‟ ^(@) ‟ ^(F) + ^(@
e
F)
" " a 4 0 c - ^ ( @ e F )
" " a 4 6 0
kv) ^(@‟ F) 4 ^(@ e F') 4 ^(@) ‟ ^(@ e F)
:. ^(J) 5 > i`rzmomrma, @,F vm J gc`yc`rİ kìke `ŗ ėİo`ak kckŗakcmrk
ksp`tc`yİeİz.
k) ^(ZS J) 40 ,
kk) ^(@ S J) 4 0 mėmr Jj@ ksm
kkk) ^(@ S J) 4 > mėmr ^(@) 4 > ksm
kv)
(@ u
FS J) ^(@S J) + (FS J)
‟ (@ e
FS J)
v) ^(@ 'S J) 4 0 ‟ ^(@S J)
; Fu gc sİcİėİe kak gc yo`e s omjm fkrkeke gcd sİ gc sİcİėİeİ lùstmrokėk Ymdİ oky`lr dc rİe-
o`e o agc yj lùrócmfkckr.
^(@ E F -) ] (F E @- ) 4 ^ (@ E FG + ^3F E @G - ^3@ E F ' E F e @')
B cfuak @ eF ' eF e@ ' 4 @ e > e @ ' 4 > vm ^(@
O
F') 4 ^(@) ‟ ^(@ e F) vm ^(F e @')
4 ^(F) ‟ ^(@icF) -
. •. ^Q(@ e FG ] (F e @')c 4 ^(@) + (F) - 6^(@e F).
:;
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Jmv`p8
^
(s
e
J) ^(J)
k) ^(ZS J)
(J) (J)
^(@eJ) ^(J) .'
kk) ^(@S J) 4 ‟ ‟ - 4 £ 0
^(J) ^(J)
(@eJ)
kkk) (@S J) 4 B`cfuak
(@)
4
G 45
(@
e J)
4
G
(J)
4 G
^Q(@uF)eJQ ^Q(@eJ)u(FeJ)T
kv) (@ u FS J) 4 ‟ -
(J) " (J)1
(@ e
j) + (F
e
j)
‟ (@ e
F
e J)
v) ^(@'S J) 4
3 (J)
(@ e j) ^(F e J) (@ e F rİ j)
4
(J) (J) (J)
4 ^(@S J) +
(FSJ)
-
(@ e
FS J)
^(@eJ),
(J)
Gys 8 ^(@' e J) 4 ^(J) ‟ ^(@ e J)
^(J) ‟ ^(@ eJ) ^(@eJ)
^(@ 'S J) 4 4 0
^(J) ^(J)
4 0 ‟ ^(@S J). '
?. ^(@) 5 G, ^(F) 5 G a`fuc momrma ŗ`ėİo`ak ki`omcmrke ogėru vmy`
y`ecİŗ gcouėueu lùstmrkekz.
k) ^(@ S F) + ^(@ 'S F) 4 0
kk) ^(@ S F) + ^(@ S F') 4 0
kkk) ^(@ S F) + ^(@ 'S F') 4 0
?>
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Jmv`p8
(@
e F) ' p(@' e F)
ľ)^ (@ S F)4 , ^(@'S F) ‟ ‟ k
^(F) ^(F)
(@ e
F) +
(@' e
F)
^(@S F) + ^(@'S F) 4
^(F)
^(@
e
F ) ^ ( F ) ‟ ^(@
e
F) ^(F)
G b`com ki`om ogėruour.
^(F) ^(F)
(@
ik
F)
(@
e
F')
kk) ^(@ S F) + ^(@ S F') 4 +
^(F) ^(F')
^(@
e
F) ^(@) ^(@
e
F)
4 +
^(F) ^(F') ^(F')
^(F')^(@ e F)+^(@)^(F)‟ ^(F)^(@ e F)
^(F) ^(F')
^(@ e F) Q ( F')‟ ^(F) T+^(@)^(F)
^(F) ^(F')
^(@ e F) Q0 - 6^(F)T ?- ^(@) ^(F)
^(F) ^(F')
^(@ S F) Q0‟ 6^(F)T + (@)
^(F')
ľi`omeke c'm mŗkt gcd`sİ `ej`a p`y vm p`yo`eİe mŗkt gcd`sİ om dód-
aóeoór. ^`y vm p`yo`eİe mŗktckėkek zgruecu aİc`e fkr ŗ`rt vmrkcdmokėkem
lùrm ki`om lmemcckacm ogėru omėóokr. |
ók) ^(@ S F) + ^(@'S F) 4 0
^(@ 'S F') + ^(@ S F') 4 0 i -
Fu mŗktckacmrk ŗùycm ygrudc`y`fkckrkz1 Fkr F gc`yİ gcouėu z`d`e @
gc`yİ ŗ`rtcİ gc`r`a y` gcur y` o` gcd`z. Fmezmr ygrudu F gc`yİeİe lmr-
ìmacmŗdmdmsk b ck kìke om oóŗóemfókrkz. Fu kak mŗktckėm o`y`eİc r`a,
?0
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^(@
/
'S F) 4 ^(@'S F') İ
vmy 5 gcd`oİaì` ki`omeke y`ecİŗ gcouėu sgeu-
^(@ S F') 4 ^(@ S F) ) jue` v rİcİr.
=. @ŗ ėİo` kak gc`y lrufu vmrodmatmokr.
@ 4 @,@',Z,>
F 4' F,F',Z,>
@ vm F f`ėİdsİz gcouac`rİ t`atkrom @ vm F eke f`ėİdsİz gc`j`ėİeİ
lùstmrkekz.
åsp`t8 @ vm F eke f`ėİdsİzfėİ, fu kak smtke dmyo`e lmtkrokėk
@ R F A`rtmzyme ì`rpİd smtkeke, sİr`f kakck ŗmackeomak bmr mcmd`eİeİe
f`ėİdsİzcİėİeİ ksp`t mtdma surmtkycm lùstmrkcmfkckr.
@ŗ`ėİo`ak t`fcgo ymr c e 09 sİr cİ kakck kìke mcmd`ec rİe f`ėİdsİz-
fėİ, amskŗkd gc sİcİėİeİe gc sİcİac r ì`rpİdİe mŗkt gcouėueu lùstmrdma
surmtkycm ksp`t mokcmfokr.
•
F
S
@
@'
Z
>
F F
e @
F
e
@' FeZ F
e
>
F' F'e@ F'e@' F'eZ F'
e
>
Z Ze@ Ze@' Z
e
Z Z
e
>
> > e@ > e@' > eZ > e >
@ vm F f`ėİdsİz gcouėue` lùrm ^(@ e F) 4 ^(@ ) ^(F)
^(@ e F') 4 ^(@) ‟ ^(@ e F) 4 ^(@) - ^(@) ^(F) 4 ^(@) Qc - ^(F)T
4 ^(@) ^(F')
@ vm F' f`ėİdsİz. (Fmezmr d`etİa kcm F vm @' f`ėİdsİz.)
@ e s 4 @, (Z) 4 0
^(@
e Z)
4 ^(@) 4 ^(@)
(Z)
@ vm Z f`ėİdsİz. (F vm Z f`ėİdsİz.)
@
e
>
4
> ^(>) 4 g
^(@e >) 4 ^(>) 4 ^(@)^(>) 4 g
.'. @ vm > f ėİdsİz. (F vm > f`ėİdsİz.)
^(@') 4 0 - ^ ( @ )
^(F') 4 0
‟
(F)
?6
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0
^(@')^(F')4 Q0-^(@)TQ0-^(F)T40-^(@)-^(F)+^(@)^(F)
4 0 ‟ Q (@) + (F) ‟ (@ e F)T 4 0 ‟ (@ u F)
4 (@ u F)' 4 (@' e F')
@' vm F' f`ėİdsİz.
(Z) 4 ^(> ) 4 ^(ZS > ) (> ) 4 (Z e >) 4 g
.•. Z vm > f`ėİdsİz.
p(s
e
s)
4 ^
( s S s )
^(Z) 4
İ
4
p(s)
(Z)
.•. Z vm Z f`ėİdsİz.
^
(> e >)
4 ^
( > S >
)^
( > )
4 ^
( >
)^
( > )
4 g
.•. >
vm
>
f`ėİdsİz.
(F'
e Z)
4 (F'S Z)
(Z)
4 ^(F'S Z) 4 ^(F')
(F') 4 (F') (Z)
^(F' e Z) 4 ^(F') ^(Z), F' vm Z f`ėİdsİz. (@' vm Z f`ėİdsİz.)
^(F' i| >) 4 ^(F' S > ) (> ) 4 > 4 ^(F') (>)
F' vm > f`ėİdsİz. (@' vm > f`ėİdsİz.)
Fùycmjm a`rtmzyme ì`rpİdİ tmŗakc mome 09 sİr cİ kakckeke bmrfkrkeke
ameok kìcmrkeom f`ėİdsİz mcmd`ec ro`e dmyo`e lmcokėk lùrócdmatmokr.
Fueo`e ìİa`rİc`j`a sgeuì @ vm F gc`y lrupc`rİeİe f`ėİdsİz gcouac`rİoİr.
.k
9. @U@K,.. .@
e
gc`yc`rİ f`ėİdsİz ksm,
^(@İ ]@
6
] ... ] @
e
) 4 0 ‟ ^(@'İ) ^(@'
6
)...^(@'
e
) gcouėueu lùs-
tmrkekz. Fkr z`rİe 9 `tİdİeo : s`yİsİeİe me `z 0 omi lùróedmsk gc`sİ-
cİėİeİ fucueuz.
ľ sp`t 8 ľsp`tİ ktmr syge ygcu kcm y`p fkckrkz. ľ ca a omdm gc`r a,
^(@İ
]
@
6
) 4 0 ‟ ^(@'İ) ^(@'
6
) gcouėueu ksp t momckd.
^(@ ]@
6
) 4 (@İ) + (@
6
) ‟ (@İ e @
6
)
r
.ŗ
i
4 (@k) +
(@
6
)
-
@İ)
(@
6
) ,
4 ^(@İ) Q0-^(@
6
)T + ^(@
6
)
4 ^(@İ) ^(@'
6
) -i ^(@
6
)
- ^(@İ) (@'
6
) + 0 - ^(@'
6
)
4 0-^(@'
6
)Q0-^(@,)T
4 0 ‟^(@'
6
) (@',)
?:
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2. @ra`o`ŗİdİz zky`rmt mtdma ózmrm @, F vm J kccmrkeome fkrkek
0 0 0
smìtk. @'o` y`ėdur y`ėd`sİ kbtkd`ck , F'om vm J'om kok.
: ? 9
Zmy`b`ttme oùeoóėóeom `r`f`sİ ì`durcu gcouėue İ lùrm J kckek zky`rmt
mtdkŗ gcd`sİ gc`sİcİėİd fucueuz.
Jmv`p8 @İ @ kckem lktdmsk gc`yİ
@
6
F " " "
@
:
J " " " gcsue.
^(@,) 4 ^(@
6
) 4 ^(@
:
) 4 ľ
A b`v`eİe y`ėdurcu gcd sİ gc`yİ gcsue.
0 0 0
^(A S @,) 4 , (A S @
6
) 4 , (A S @ ,) 4
: ? 9
F`yms igrdócóeó aucc`e`r`a kstmeme gc`sİcİėİ `ŗ`ėİo`ak lkfk fucuruz.
^(@
:
) (A S @
:
)
^(@
:
S A )
^(@İ) (A S @ ,) + ^(@
6
) (A S @
6
) + ^(@
:
) ^ (AS @
:
)
• •
(_)(_).- ••
°
4
(_) (_)
+
(_) (_)
+
(_) (_)
4 ;
;. Mckdkzom fkrfkrkeke `yeİ óì autu v`r. Fkrkeom 6 t`em = auruŗcua,
okėmrkeom 0 t`em =, 0 t`em 0> auruŗcua, sgeuejuo o 6 t`em 0> auruŗcua
v`r. _ms`oóik gc`r`a autuc`ro`e fkr t`emsk ìmakckygr. (Bmr autueue
ìm -
akcdm gc`soİėİ Autuo`e fkr p`r` `cİeİygr (Bmr p`r eİe ìİaİŗ kbtkd`ck
vm autuo`ak okėmr p`r`y` f`aİcdİygr. Mėmr ìİa`e p`r` = auruŗ ksm `yeİ
autuo`ak kakejk p`r`eİe o` = auruŗ gcd`sİ gc`sİcİėİ em a`o`roİr7
Jmv`p8
^(@İ) 4 ^(@
6
) 4 ^(@,) 4 k
^(AS @İ) 4 0, ^(AS @
6
) 4 k, ^(A S @
:
) 4 >
(A tms oóik gc`r a smìódkŗ autuo`e ìmakcme p`r`eİe = auruŗ gcd`sİ
gc`yİ).
?=
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e 4 02
åstmeme gc`sİcİa
H . c 0/ : 6
^(@ ,S A ) 4 8 4 ‟ 4 W tór.
k - c + D + D :/ 9 :
0>.
k) (e )
4 4
(7) vmrkckygr, e'k fucueuz,
ó) J") ‟ iù) vmrkckygr, r'İ fucueuz.
Jmv`p8
k) (e"a) ‟ (a) y`zİc`fkckr,
e‟a 4 00
a 4 <
kk) Fur`o` o` (
e
7
a
) 4 (£) yİ aucc`e`cİd,
e‟a 4 r
a 4 r‟6
e 4 0 2 gcouėue` lùrm 02‟ a 4 r
a+ 6 4 r
a + 6 4 02 ‟ a
6 a 4 09 a 4 2
r 4 İİ ‟ a 4 02 ‟ 2 4 0>
Lmrìmatme8 (å¾) 4 (l
2
)
00. Fkr omrlkeke 0>>> `fgemsk ózmrkeom y`pİc e fkr `r`ŗtİrd`o jkesk-
ymt, dmomek b c vm mėktkd ouru dc rİ kejmcmedkŗ vm `ŗ`ėİo`ak vmrkcmr fkclk
gc r`a vmrkcdkŗtkr8 :06 mrama, ?<> mvck, =6= óekvmrsktm dmzueu, ?6 mrama
óekvmrsktm dmzueu, 0?< mvck óekvmrsktm dmzueu, 29 mvck mrama, 6= mvck
mrama óekvmrsktm dmzueu. Fu folomr fkrfkrk om tut`rb dİ7 Ekìke7
06. Jbmv ckmr om Dmrm, 0< kejk `sİro ^`sj c'o`e `ŗ`ėİo`ak kak
gc`sİcİat`e b`elkskeke o`b` fóyóa gcouėueu sgrou.
k) B`t`sİz fkr z`rİe ? `tİdİeo me `z 0 omi 9 lmcdmsk gc`sİbėİ.
kk) B`t sİz kak z`rİe 6? `tİdİeo` me `z 0 omi` 9 - 9 lmcdmsk gc`sİbėİ.
Zkz ^`sj`c'İe ymrkeom gcs`yoİeİz em jmv`p vmrkrokekz7
0:. A`p cİ pgamr'om F`y _ tma a`rt `coİ vm iuc fuc`r`a gyueu a`-
z`eoİ. V`akpcmrk tma a`rtİ cd`o`e ùejm mckeom oùpmr dk gcouėueu ygas`
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:'m tma dk `coİėİeİ fkcdma kstkygrc`r. _ma `c`İİ fkr akdsmeke mckeom y`
oùpmr vmy : gcouėu a`fuc mokckrsm, fueue oùpmr gcd`sİ gc sİcİėİ .9;9 vm
oùpmr'm tma a`rt `beoİėdo iur fucd gc`sİcİėİ .>2=, :'m tma `aeoİėdo`
ksm iuc fucd` gc`sİcİėİ .>9?. F`y _'eke mckeom f`ŗc`elİìt` oùpmr gcd sİ
kbtkd`ckek fucueuz.
0?. ľak tgrf` v`r. Fkrkeke kìkeom : fmy`z, < aİrdİzİ, 0= sky`f tgp
v`r. Okėmrkeom ksm 0> fmy`z, 9 aİrdİzİ, ; sky`b tgp fucueuygr. Bmr tgr-
f`o`e 0 tgp ìmakckygr. Bmr kak tgpue o` `yeİ rmea gcd`sİ gc`sİcİėİeİ
fucueuz.
0=. Bmr go`y` : vmy` o`b` i`zc` kes`e agyd`a ŗ`rtİ kcm 2 akŗkyk
kak go` `r sİeo` a`ì i`racİ ŗmakcom ymrcmŗtkrmfkckrskekz7
k '
?<
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FÙCÓD KKK
_MZ@OÓIľ OMĕľŕAMECMV
Ztga`stka gcuŗ ìmvrmdkzomak kckŗakcmrke grt`a fkr ùzmcckėkokr. (0)
Fmcck gc`yc`r` kckŗake gc`r`a lùzcmokėkdkz omėmrcmr stga`stka vmtkrmcmrke
sgeuìc`eoİr. _ms oóiåckėk kejmcmdma kst`tkstkėke me ùemdck uėr ŗİsİoİr
omdma bmrb com i`zc dóf c`ė gcd`z.
_ms`oóik omėkŗamecmr fkr gc`sİcİa uz`yİeo`ak kcamc gc`yc`rİe `cd`sİ
dubtmdmc gc e omėmrcmrk lùstmrkr. A`vr`dİe igrdmc t`eİdİeİ `ŗ`ėİo`ak
lkfk y`p`fkckrkz.
_`rk i 8 _ms oóik omėkŗame, fkr gc`sİba uz yİeİe kcamc gc`yc`rİ ózm-
rkeom, bmr kcamc gc`y`, tms oóik omėkŗameke g gc`y kìke aİydmtkek tmŗakc
mome rmmc fkr s yİ t`bsks mome fkr igeaskyge'our.
R igeaskygeu gc`sİcİa uz`yİeo`ak egat`c`r (kľ@mc gc`yc`r) kcm R ma-
smek (rmmc s`yİc`r) `r`sİeo` fkr kckŗak aur`r. G c`sİcİa igeaskygeueue kcamc
gc`yc r kcm, > ‟ 0 `r sİeo`ak rmmc s`yİc`r `r sİeo` kckŗak auruŗu lkfk.
Fueu `ŗ`ėİo`ak ŗmakcom ki`om momfkckrkz.
0 Omėkŗamecmr r sİeo`ak kckŗakcmrke stga stka gcuŗ emomecmrk kcm kclkck gc r a f`aİeİz8
]. Agr`d, " Magegdmtrka Dgomccmr vm _óra Magegdksk kìke Fkr Omemdm" ZFI [`yİec`e, Eg. 692,
Zb8 =-9.
^ "
^
R
?2
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Fkr gc`sİcİa uz`yİeo` t`rki mokcdkŗ R tms oóik omėkŗamekeke `coİėİ
omėmrcmr, rmmc s`yİc r smtk ózmrkeom `yrİ fkr gc sİfa uz`yİ dmyo`e lmtkrkr.
Fu gc`sİfa uz`yİeo` tma tma rmmc s`yİc`r kcamc gc`yc`rİ, `r`bac`r o` gc`y-
c rİ tmŗakc momrcmr.
Bmr rmmc s yİsİ kìke R 4 kcamc gc yc r smtk, y`ek tms oóik omėkŗ-
ameke omėmrkek coİėİ fótóe oamc gc yc r, fkr gc y tmŗao momr. Bmr f vm
m rmmc s`yİc rİ kìke `ŗ`ėİo`ak smtcmr om gc yc roİr8
±
f 3R 3j, f3R Uj, f£ŕRilj, R3j, R4£j, R5f, RUf.
_ms oóik omėkŗame a`vr`dİd fkr ùremacm ìİac`d`y` omv`d momckd.
ùrema8 @ra`o`ŗİdİz F`y @ kcm fkrckatm p`r` `tİygruz. Mėmr `t-
tİėİdİz p`r`o @'eİe sgeuju lmckrsm 0> auruŗ a`z`eİygruz, `ask b com
a`yf mokygruz. (6)
Fur o` gc`sİcİa uz`yİeo` ? kcamc gc`y v`r8 [[ , [_, _[ , __. R,
a`z e`j ėİdİz p`r`yİ lùstmrme fkr tms oóik omėkŗame gcsue. R, gc`sİfa
uz`yİeo` rmmc omėmrck fkr igeaskygeour. [ [ , __ kìke 0>, _[, [_ kìke
‟0> omėmrkek c j`atİr.'
/ ^(R 4 0>) 4 H ^(R 4 ‟<) 4 >
^(R 4 ‟0>) 4 k ^(‟6> 3R 3‟<) 4 k
Fu dksæc ózmrkeom tms oóik omėkŗamecmrke gc`soİa igeaskygeu, fkr
igeaskygeue gc`sİfa igeaskygeu gc`fkcdmsk kìke a`rŗİc`d sİ lmrmame
ŗ`rtc`r, fkr gc`yİe gc`sİcİėİe bms`pc`ed`sİ lkfk ageuc`r agc`ycİac` kz`b
mokcmfkckr. Fkz ŗkdokcka fu ageuc`rİ o`b` sger`y` fİr`a`r`a fùcódóe
lmemc fkr pcæeİeİ vmrdmym ì cİŗ cİd.
_ms oóik omėkŗamecmr ms s ktkf`rkycm 6 i`rab arktmrm lùrm kak i`racİ
ŗmakcom sİeİic`eoİrİc`fkckr. Fkr arktmr fgyut. Fue` lùrm omėkŗamecmrk, tma
fgyutcu vm ìga fgyutcu (me f`sktk kak fgyutcu) y` o` fómŗka tms`oóik
omėkŗamecmr ŗmackeom lrupc`eoİr`fkckrkz. Okėmrk ksm omv`dcİcİa. Fu f`aİd-
o`e o omėkŗamecmrk amskack vm omv`dcİ gc r`a `yİr`fkckrkz. Fkz om fu
`yİrİdc rİ okaa`tm c r`a ùejm tma fgyutcu sger o fkcmŗka tms`oóik
omėkŗamecmr ózmrkeom ouruygr vm bmr fkr tkp kìke amskack vm omv`dcİ gc e-
c`rİ `yrİ `yrİ kejmckygruz. Fùcódó tms`oóik omėkŗamecmrke igeaskygec`rİeİe
o`ėİcİdİ ageusue` omėkemrma fktkrkygruz.
6 Fu gyueue æokc fkr gyue gcup gcd`oİėİ b`aaİeo em oóŗóeórsóeóz7
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K. _MA FG[]_C] _MZ@OÓIľ OMĕľŕAMECMV
0. Amskack _ms`oóik Omėkŗamecmr8
Amskack tms oóik omėkŗamecmr s`yİc`f kckr s`yİo` dubtmdmc omėmr
c e omėkŗamecmrokr. Fu sİeİrcİ, y o sİeİrsİz i`a t s`yİc fkckr s`yİo dub-
tmdmc omėmr c e omėkŗamecmrk a`ps`r.
Mėmr xİ, x
6
,.. .x
E
lkfk E t`em vmy` x
ľ =
x
6
... s`yo`fkckr s`yİ kìke
R 'ke fu omėmrcmrome fkrkek cd`sİ gc`sİbėİ c'm mŗkt ksm (vmy R'ke fu omėmr-
cmr oİŗİeo fkr omėmrk sùz ageusu omėkcsm) R amskack fkr tma fgyutcu tms -
oóik omėkŗameokr.
Amskack R tms oóik omėkŗamekeke cd`sİ dubtmdmc omėmrcmrk vm gc -
sİcİac rİeİ lùstmrme igeaskyge` g c`sİ cİa igeaskygeu okygruz.
^ c
4 ^(R4x,)
0 4
0,6,...E
vmy`
t
4 0,6...
Fu gc`sİcİac rİ, tms oóik omėkŗameke c fómjmėk x, omėmrcmrkeke igeaskygeu
gc r`a oóŗóemckd.
^k 4 i(x
1
)
@ xİ,x
6
.. .x
E
egat`c rİeİe fkr `ct smtk gcsue.
^(@) 4 6 i(xh)
@
Dmsmcæ @ gc yİ R 'ke om f r`sİeo fucued`sİ ksm ( 3f)
^(`3R 3f)4 6 i(x,)
`3
R k
3f
R'ke gc`sİcİa o`ėİcİdİeİe i(x) gcouėueu lùstmrdma kìke R ~ i(x)
"R, i(x) gc`sİcİa igeaskygeu kcm o`ėİcdİŗtİr" egt`sygeueu aucc eİrİz.
Bmrb`elk fkr igeaskygeue, amskack fkr tms oóik omėkŗame kìke gc sİfa
igeaskygeu gc fkcdmsk, `ŗ`ėİo`ak ŗ`rtc`r f`ėcİoİr.
ľ )i (x ,)U> k 4 0,6,...
kk) Zi(x,) 4 0 (:)
Gc`sİcİa igeaskygeue` dksæccmr8
: Fu ŗ rtc r gc sİcİa fùcódóeom lùroóėódóz 0 vm : eud r cİ `askygdc rİe zgruecu sgeuju-
our. i(x
1
) 0mr gc sİcİac r gcouėue lùrm eml tki gc d zc r. Fkr omėkŗameke dubtmdmc fótóe omėmr-
cmrkeke gc sİcİac rİeİe tgpc dİeİe o 0 gcd sİ zgruecuour.
=>
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Dksæc 08 Fkr`z ùejm vmrokėkdkz p`r `td ùremėkeom gc`sİcİa
igeaskygeu8
i(R 4 0>) -- i(0>) 4 k
i(R 4 - 0>) 4 i(‟0>) 4 S
i(R 4 x) 4 > okėmr fótóe x omėmrcmrk kìke.
Lùrócoóėó lkfk fur`o bmd fkrkejk bmd om kakejk ŗ`rt s`ėc eİygr.
Fu dksæc kìke i(x)'ke lr ikėkek ìkzmckd.
-i (x)h
k "
- İ g -KG y
ŕmakcom bmr egat`y tmaæfóc mome gc sİcİa okamy uzuecuac r jke-
skeome ki om mokcdkŗtkr. Gc`sİcİa igeaskygeueue fkckedmsk b`ckeom ìmŗktck
sgruc`rİ jmv`pc`y`fkckrkz.
Dmsmcæ ^(‟ 0=3R 3>) 4 £
^(R 30=) 4 0 lkfk.
Dksæc 68 Mckdkzomak p`r`yİ : omi` vmy` : p`r`yİ yeİ `eo` `t -
r`a tur lmcdm s`yİsİeİe a`yomomckd. R tms`oóik omėkŗamek tur lmcdm
s`yİsİeİ lùstmrske. R 1 >,0,6 vmy : gc fkckr. Bmr p`r`eİe `tİcİŗİeo 6 kb-
tkd c gcouėue lùrm : p`r 6
:
4 2 i`racİ ŗmakcom `tİc`fkckr. : tİŗ vmy` :
p`r`eİe `tİcİŗİeo x t`em tur lmcdm s`yİsİ i`racİ ŗmakcom lmrìmacmŗm-
fkcmjmėkem lùrm1
ù
i(x) 4
x
4 >,0,6,: y`z`fkckrkz. i(x)'ke fkr gc`sİcİa igeaskygeu gc-
:
ouėu x'ke fótóe omėmrcmrk kìke eml tki gcd`d sİ vm i(Rk) cmrke tgpc`dİeİe
c'm mŗktckėk kcm lùrócmfkckr.
=0
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å
0
: 0
6i ( x ) 4 ‟ 4 W (0+:+:+0) 4 0
g
2
g 2
0 : : 0
i(>) 4 , i(c) 4 , i(6) 4 , i(:) - ‟ , i(x) 4 G okėmr fótóe
2 2 2 2
x'cmr. : p`r`yİ sgesuz s`yİo `ttİėİdİzo tur lmcdm s`yİc rİ kcm kclkck
eksfå ìgacuD`rİe ckdkt omėmrcmrk yua`rİo`ak gc`sİcİac`r gc`j`atİr.
ŕkdok fu omėkŗame kìke gc`sİcİa igeaskygeueu ìkzmckd. Fur`o` o`
ìmŗktck sgruc`e gc`sİcİa igeaskygeu y`roİdİ kcm jmv`pc`eoİr cİd.
k
Z/ 2-
¾
0
6 :
. R
^(R 3:) 4 ľ i(x) 4 i(>) + i(c) + i(6) 4
x4g
2
<
^(R æc ) - 6 i(x) 4 i(c) + i(6) + i(:) 4 ‟
2
9
^(0UR 3:) - i(c) + i(6) 4
2
ŕkdok om ŗùycm fkr sgruyu jmv`pcİy cİd8 _ur lmcdm s`yİsİeİe : tme
`z gcouėueu vmrk a`fuc momrma, 6 ome `z tur lmcdm ŗ`rtcİ gc sİcİėİeİ
fucueuz.
@, : tme `z tur lmcdm gc yİ, F 6 ome `z tur lmcdm gc yİ gcsue.
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@ 4 x~ x 4 >,0,6 @ e F 4 x 8 x 4 >,0
F ‟ x 8 x 4 >,0
^(FS @)
^(@eF) i(>)+i(c)
0 :
2 2
^(@) i(>)+i(c)+i(6)
0 : :
+ ‟ + ‟
2 2 2
0
6
</ 2
?
<
(?)
FcVcAÅDCÅ O@ĕKCKD IGEAZľ[GE], I(x)
Fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd igeaskygeu bmd amskack bmd om omv`dcİ tms oóik
omėkŗamecmr kìke sùz ageusuour.
I(x) 4 ^(R 3x) Zùzcm ki om momrsma I(x), x m a`o`r fkrkadkŗ gc e
gc`sİbėİ lùstmrkr. R3x fkr gc`yoİr vm fu gc`yİe gc`sİbėİ x rmmc s yİ-
sİe` f`ėcİ gc`r`a omėkŗkr, y`ek I(x), x'ke igeaskygeuour.
Ùejmak 6 dksæc kcm kclok fkrkakdck o`ėoİd igeaskygec`rİeİe lr ika-
cmrkek ìkzmckd. ,
IJG
0 -
0>
°g
k @yeİ sgeuju, ŗ`rtcİ gc sİcİac rc dutc a gc sİcİac r `r`sİeo`ak kckŗakyk aucc e`r`a o mcom
momfkckroka. : tme `z tur lmcokėk vmrk gcuej ymek ùrema uz`yİdİz >,0 vm 6 yk a`psİy`j`a, dutc a
gc sİcİac r ― 4
0/2
^, 4 :/ 2, ^, 4 :
/2
gcouėu b com, ŗ`rtcİ gc sİcİac rİ fucd`a kìke, fuec rİe
bmr fkrkek 2/< óm ì rp j ėİz. ^
>
* 4 0/ <, ^,* 4
: /<
^,* 4 :
/<
vm X^* 4 0. Fu gc sİcİac r fkck-
ekejm ŗ rtcİ gc r a > vmy 0 t em tur lmcdmsk gc sİbėİ, ^
>
* + ,* 4 0/ < + :/ < 4 ?/ < ome kf`rmt
gc j`atİr.
=:
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Vx)"
0/ 2..
302
g
k
0
6
-t‟
: .R
I(x)
4 > x 3
‟0>
I(x)
4
>
K
R 3 >
I(x) 4 0/ 6 R 3
0>
I(x)
4
0/ 2
x 3 0
I(x) 4 0
R U
0>
I(x)
4
?/ 2 R 3 6
I(x)
4
</ 2
x 3 :
I(x5 4 0 x U :
Fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd igeaskygeu vmrkcokėkeom gc`sİcİa igeaskygeueu,
fueo`e y`r`rc`e`r`a agc`yj` ìİa`r`fókrkz. Fkrkadkŗ gc`sİcİat` fmcck fkr
egat`o`ak zİpc d g egat`y tma`fóc mome gc soİėİ lùstmrmjmatkr. Fùy-
cmckacm gc`sİcİa vmy` fkrkakdck o`ėİfd igeaskygec`rİeo e fkrk dmvjuts`
okėmrk fucue`fkcmjmatkr.
Fkrkakdck o`ėİcİdİe R 'ke b`elk omėmrcmrk kìke >, b`elk omėmrcmrk kìke
0 gcouėueue o dutc a fmckrtkcdmsk lmrmakr. ŕmakc ózmrkeom fmcck fkr
egat`y` tma`fóc mome fkrkadkŗ gc`sİcİėİ fucd`a kìke g egat`o`e ìİaİc`e
okadmeke I(x) ke lr ikėkek amstkėk egat`o`ak omėmrkek fkrkadkŗ gc`soİėİ
lùstmrme I(x) masmekeome gaud`a aæikokr.
ŕkdok fkrkakdck o`ėİfd igeaskygeu kcm kclkck ùemdck fkr mŗktckėm tmd`s
momckd8
^(` 3f) 4 I(f) ‟ I(`) (` 3f)
ľsp`t8
3 f ksm,
R3 45 R3f y`ek
R3 Z R 3f vm ^(R 3`) 3 ^(R 3f) okr.
=?
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I(`) 44 ^(R 3`) 3 ^(R 3f) 4 I(f)
` 3f.gcouėu kìke R3fT5 gc`yİ `yeİ `eo` kdaæesİz R3 vm
`ŗŕR3f gc`yc`eeİe fkrcmŗkdkokr.
R3f 4 R3` u `3R3f
:'óejó gc`sİcİa `askygdueu uyluc`y`r`a,
^(R 3f) 4 ^(R 3`) + ^(`UR 3f)
I(f) - i( ) + ^(`UR 3f)
^(`UR 3f) 4 I(f) ‟ I( ) h
^(Rŕl ) 4 0 ‟ ^(R 3`) 4 0 ‟ I(`) aucc e fkcmjmėkdkz fkr f`ŗa`
ùemdck kckŗakokr.
Gc sİcİa vmy` fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd igeaskygeueu aucc`e`r`a `yeİ sgru-
9
c`e jmv`pc y fkckrkz. Dmsmcæ : p`r` `tİdİ dksæckeom, ^(cŗŕR 3:) 4 ‟
kok. 2
< 0 9
(0 ŗŕR 3:) 4 I(:) ‟ I(c ) 4 4
2 2 2
6. Omv`dcİ _ms`oóik O mėkŗamecmr8
Omv`dcİ tms oóik omėkŗamecmr sİeİrsİz s`yİo dubtmdmc omėmr c -
fkcme tms oóik omėkŗamecmrokr. Fùycm gcuej` ^(R 4x) 4 > mŗktckėk omv`dcİ
omėkŗamecmr kìke lmìmrck y`ek tma fkr egat kìke gc sİcİa sİiİroİr.
Amskack omėkŗamecmromak gc`soİa igeaskygeu fur`o` sİacİa igea-
skyg eu gc`r a a rŗİdİz` ìİa j`atİr. Bmrb`elk fkr i(x) igeaskygeueue
omv`dcİ fkr R tms oóik omėkŗamek kìke sİacİa igeaskygeu gc`fkcdmsk `ŗ -
ėİo`ak kak ŗ`rtİe lmrìmacmŗdmskem f`ėcİoİr.
k) i(x) l > ‟ ± 3x3 ±
>>
kk) i i(x) ox 4 0.
H ‟jg
i(x) fkckeokėkeom fmcck fkr @ gc`yİeİe gc`sİfėİ g gc`y kìke i(x) ke
metmlr ck cİe`r`a fucueur.
^(@) 4 i i(x) ox
H @
==
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Dmsmcæ, ,
@ ‟ x 8 3x 3f
f
^(@) 4 4 H i(x) ox 4 h i(x) ox (=)
ŕkdok sooİa igeaskygeu a`vr`dİeİ "fkr dksæccm `ìİac`y fd.
. Dksæc8 i(x) 4 > x Uc
4 j(:x-i6) 0 3x 3:
4 > x U :
vmy`
i(x) 4 j(:x-i-6) c3x3:
4 > `ask b com
igeaskygeueue fkr sİacİa igeaskygeu gc`fkcdmsk kìke j em gcd`aoİr7
j'eke pgzktki gcd`sİ b`ckeom i(x) kìke lmrmack gc e (k) ŗİaaİ a`rŗo`e`-
j`atİr. Fkr omi` fu dksæcom j pgzktki gcd`cİoİr. åakejk ŗİaaİ s ėc y fkcdmsk
kìke1 1
0 j(:x-i-6) ox ‟ 0 gcd`cİoİr.
İ
H (:x+6) ox4j x
6
+ 6 x|
:
U4 j U + 9 6U
4 j(09)
Fur`o`e o ,
0
j 4 fucueur.
09
G b`com,
0 : 0
i(x) 4 (:x+6) 4 x B 0 3 x 3 :
09 09 2
4 > `ask b com,
R kìke fkr sİacİa igeaskygeuour.(ù)
/
= Omv`dcİ tms oóik omėkŗamecmr kìke (R4x ) 4 > gcouėueo`e 3 kcm U vm 5 kcm U `r -
sİeo i ra gcd z, ìóeaó fmcck fkr egat kìke metmlr c omėmrk ( c e) sİiİroİr. Bmrb elk fkr r cİa
`ìİa, a`p`b, sgco vmy s`ėo `ìİa gcs gc sİcİėİ `yeİ gcur.
J
9 Fueue s ėc ed`sİ (0,:) `r cİėİeo i(x) ke U > gcouėueu vm ‟ | (:x i
6)
ox4c'k
lùstmrdma surmtkycm y pİc fkckr. 09
I (:±
09 H,
=9
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i(x)'ke lr ikėkek ìkzmckd.
B/ tk.
0
i
6
k
/
:
"S
0 :
^(03R 36)4 (:x+6)ox 4 ( x
6
+ 6x ) 4
09 H , 09 Y 6 •± / :6
Omv`dcİ tms oóik omėkŗamecmrom fkrk akdck o`ėİ cİdc`r.
I(x) 4 ^(R Ux) 4 i
R
i(x)ox ‟ 4m 3x3jg
H-JG
Omv df tms oóik omėkŗamecmrke fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd igeaskygec rİ o`
omv`dfoİr. Gc soİa omv`df gc`r a fkrkadmatm gcouėu kìkeI `z cd`y`e
fkr igeaskygeour. ‟ jg 'o`e + jg ' lkomrame y gc`sİcİa gcd`oİėİ kìke
fkrkadkŗ gc`sİfa yeİ a cİr y o pgzktki gc`sİfa v`rs fkrkadkŗ gc`soİa
pgzktki gcur.
I(‟
jg)
4
G
kd I(x) 4
G
x -* - jg
ckd I(x) 4 0
R-Å-GG
I( jg) 4 0
[ua`rİo`ak dksæc kìke fkrkakdck o`ėİbdİ fuc`cİd vm lr ikėkek ìkzmckd.
I(x) 4 > x U 0
r
x
: 0
( ‟ x + ‟ ) o x 4
H, 09 2
: 0
x
6
+ x
:6 2
:<
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<
:6
0 3 x 3:
:6 2
4 0 x U :
^(0 3R 36) 4 ^(R 36) ‟ ^(R 30)
4 I(6)-I(c)
=6 0:
062 :6
Zge sgruy vmrkcme jmv`p "j cjucus"ue tmdmc tmgrmdkeke fkr ki`omskokr.(<)
I x5
Amskack omėkŗamecmrom gcouėu lkfk omv`dcİ omėkŗamecmrom om sİacİa
vmy` fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd igeaskygec`rİeo e y`ceİz fkrkeke vmródmsk b`ckeom
okėmrk fucue`fkckr. Omv`dcİ omėkŗamecmrom tórmv `cd`a surmtkycm fkrk-
akdck o`ėİcİdo`e sİacİa igeaskygeu mcom mokcmfkckr. ŕùycm ak1
o
i(x) 4 ‟ i(x) 4 I'(x)
ox
< Fu tmgrmdke ki omsk8 Mėmr i igeaskygeu , f `r cİėİeo omv`dcİ vm I, ike bmrb`elk fkr
i
f
kcamck ksm fu t`atkrom, K i 4 I(f) ‟ I(`) oİr.
=2
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Dksæc8
I(x) 4 > x U 0
: <
- j ( x
6
+ 6x ) 0 3 x 3 :
6 6
4 0 x vmrkckygr, j vm i(x)'k fuc`cİd.
o
I(x) 4 : jx + 6j 4 j(:x+6)
ox
0
09 45j 4
09
4 > `ask b com. (2)
Fur`y` a`o`r tma fgyutcu tms`oóik omėkŗamecmrke gc`sİcİa, sİacİa vm
fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd igeaskygec`rİeİ, fuec`rİe aucc`eİcd`sİ ygcuyc` gc`y-
c`rİe gc`sİcİac`rİ kcm kclkck jmv`pc`rİe e`sİc vmrkcmfkcmjmėkek vm `yeİ sgruy`
vmrkcmjma jmv`pt` fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd y` o` gc`sİcİa vmy` sİaba igeaskyge-
c`rİeİe aucc`eİcİŗİeİ lùrdóŗ fucueuygruz. ŕkdok fmezmr fkr pcæe o`bk-
ckeom ìga fgyutcu tms oóik omėkŗamecmrk lùrmckd.
Ìga fgyutcu tms oóik omėkŗamecmr kìkeom kak fgyutcu gc`ec`rİ ìga
omėkŗameck kst`tkstka fkclkskek lmrmatkrdmome kejmcmemfkcmjmėk vm kak omėkŗ-
ame `r`sİeo`ak kckŗakcmr, kst`tkstkatm ózmrkeom ùemdcm ouruc`e vm tmgrksk
me t`d ŗmakcom lmåkŗtkródkŗ fucue`e kckŗakcmr gcouėu kìke fu tkp kz`bc`rİ-
dİzİe `ėİrcİėİeİ tmŗakc momjma vm kak fgyutcu amskack vmy` omv`da fkcmŗka
tms oóik omėkŗamecmrke kejmcmedmsk ŗ`rtcİ o`ėİcİd, f`ėİdsİzcİa lkfk a`v-
r dc rİ ùėrmedmdkzm kdaæe vmrmjma.
KK. ÌGA FG[]_C] (FľCMŕľA) _MZ@OÓIľ OMĕľŕAMECMV
0. Amskack Fkcmŗka _ms`oóik Omėkŗamecmr
_ma fgyutcu tms`oóik omėkŗamecmrk kejmcmrame bmrb elk fkr tms oóik
omėkŗameke rmmc s`yİc r smt'k V kìkeom fkr gc sİcİa uz`yİ tmŗakc mome, y o`
K '
2 Lùrócoóėó lkfk fkrkakdck o`ėİcİdo o j ì rp`e gc r a dmvjut gcs omėmrk yua rİo`ak
dmtgt uyluc e r a fucue`fkckr.
=;
r
:
/
:
|:S
6 < :
j (:x+6)ox4j( x
6
+6x ) 4 0-9 64
H
İ S 6 0 / 6 6
0
i(x) 4 (:x-| -6) 0 3x3:
09
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ùrema uz`yİeo`ak egat c r kcm rmmc s`yİc r smtk `r`sİeo kckŗak aur`e fkr
igeaskyge gcouėueu lùrdóŗtóa. Fmezmr ŗmakcom (R ,[ ) fkcmŗka amskack
tms oóik omėkŗamek om rmmc s`yİ sİr cİ kakckcmrkeke kcamc gc yc rİ tmŗakc mttkėk
V
6
smtk ózmrkeom fkr gc sİcİa uz`yİ dmyo`e lmtkrkr. V
6
a`rtmzyme
oózcmdkeomak bmr `r`cİa vmy` okaoùrtlme fkr gc`yoİr. (`3 R 3 f,
j3 [ 3 f) okaoùrtlmek fkr gc`yoİr vm gc`sİcİėİ o` ameok kìkeomak kcamc
gc`yc`r` oóŗme gc`sİaac`rİe tgpc`dİe` mŗkttkr.
v
Bmrb elk fkr egat` kìke gc`sİfa i(x,y) 4 ^(R 4x, [ 4y) ŗmackeom
lùstmrkckr vm fu gc sİcİac r oózcmdk ózmrkeom okadmcmr ŗmackeom fkckekr.
Fkcmŗka fkr (R,[) tms oóik omėkŗamek kìke fk rcmŗka gc`sİc İa igeask-
ygeu i(x,y) sİr b kakckcmrkeke tmŗakc mttkėk ùrema uz`yİeo`ak egat`c r kcm
> ‟ 0 r`sİeo` igeaskygemc fkr kckŗak tmŗakc momr vm bmr (R ,[ ) sİr`cİ kak-
ckskeke gc sİfėİeİ lùstmrkr.
ŕkdok amskack fkcmŗka tms`oóik omėkŗamecmr kcm kclkck fkr dksæc ózmrkeom
our`fd.
Dksæc8 Fkr p`r `tİaygr. _ur lmckrsm o`b sger fkr z`r `tİcİygr,
y`zİ lmckrsm p`r` ymekome `tİcİygr. _ur` 0 y`zİ > gcsue. R fkrkejk `tİŗt`,
[ om kakejk `tİŗt` lmcme s`yİyİ lùstmrske. R vm [ eke fkrcmŗka gc`sİfa
o`ėİbdİeİ vmrme fkr t`fcg y`p`fd vm fueu lr ika kcm lùstmrmckd.
Fkrkejk `tİŗ fkr p`r` tİŗİ gcouėue` lùrm R , 0 vmy` > gc`fkckr. ľakejk
`tİŗ kìke y tmar`r fkr p`r y o fkr z`r `tİcd`sİ sùz ageusu. Fkrkejk
`tİŗo y`zİ lmckrsm ymekome p`r `tİfygr, g b com > vmy 0 lmcmfkckr. Fk-
rkejk `tİŗo p`r tur ksm, z`r `tİcİygr y`ek 0,6,:,?,= vmy 9 o`e fkrk lmcm-
fkckr i`a t > lmcmdmz.
ŕkdok bmr kak `tİŗ kìke oóŗóeócmjma kbtkd ccmrk vm fuec r tmaæfóc
mome gc sİcİac`rİ ŗ`ėİo`ak t`fcgo lùstmrmckd.
> 0 6
:
? =
9
i(x)
>
0/ ?
0/ ?
>
>
>
> >
0/ 6
0
>
0/ 06 0/ 06
0/ 06
0/ 06
0/ 06
0/ 06 0/ 6
l(y)
0/ ?
0/ :
0/ 06
0/ 06
0/ 06
0/ 06
0/ 06 0
9>
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Fu t fcgo`ak gc`sİcİac`rİe i(x,y) eke fkr fkrcmŗka gc`sİcİa igeaskygdc
gcd`sİ kìke lmrmack ŗ`rtc e s`ėc oİėİ lùrócóygr.
Lmrìmatme,
k) i(x,y) U > fótóe (R [) 0mr kìke.
kk) Z
x
6
y
i(x,y) 4 c
ŕkdok i(x,y) eke lr ikėkek ìkzmckd.
i(x,y) fkckeokėk t`atkrom R vm [ eke gc`sİcİa igeaskygec eeİ fuc fk-
ckrkz. Mėmr R vm [ fkr amskack fkcmŗka tms oóik omėkŗame tmŗakc mokygrs`
R vmy` [ ome s omjm fkrkeke gc`sİcİa igeaskygeu D`rhke`c gc`sİ cİa
o`ėİcİdİ `oİeİ `cİr.
R 4 x 4 ]
y
R 4x e [4y
^(R4x) 4 £
y
^( R4x
e
[4y) 4 X
y
^(R 4x, [ 4y)4 X
y
i(x,y)
i(x) 4 Z
y
i(x,y)
vm fmezmr ŗmakcom
l(y) 4 Z
x
i(x,y)
Zùzcm ki`om momrsma d`rhke c gc sİcİac rİ fucd`a kìke fkrcmŗka gc sİcİa
o`ėİfdİ t`fcgsueo` sİr`c`r vmy` sótuec`r ktkf`rkycm tgpc`d` y`pd`dİz
lmrmamjma. R sİr , [ om sótue mcmd`eİ gc`r a lùstmrkcdkŗsm sİr tgpc`d-
cİ 0
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c`e R ke, sótue tgpc`eİc`e o` [ eke d`rhke`c o`ėoİdİeİ vmrmjma. Zİr`
tgpc`dİeİ y`p`rame sótuec`r ktkf`rkycm (omėkŗme y'Kmr)1 sótue tgpc`dİeİ
fucurame om sİr`c`r ktkf`rkycm (omėkŗme x'cmr) tgpc`d` y`ptİėİdİz `ŗka`r.
i(x) U >
6
x
i (x)4c
vm l(y) >, 6
y
l(y) 4 0 gc`j ėİ o` t`fk`tkycm tms oóik omėkŗamecmrcm
kclkck fkclkcmrkdkzke fkr lmrmėk. Ektmakd t`fcgo` o` R vm [ kìke d`rhke`c
gc`sİcİac`ee tgpc`dİ c'm mŗkt.
i(>) + i (0) 4 0 vm 6 l (y.) 4 0k4>
_ma fgyutcu tms oóik omėkŗamecmrom gcouėu lkfk fkcmŗka tms oóik
omėkŗamecmr kìke om fkrkakdck o`ėİcİdİ t`rki momfkckrkz.
I(x,y) 4 ^(R 3x ,[ 3y) 4 6 6 i(x,y)
R3x [3y
I(x) 4 ^(R 3x) 4 6 i(x) 4 Z 6 i(x,y)
R 3x R3 x y
L(y) 4 ^([ 3y) 4 6 l(y)4 6 6 i(x,y)
[3y [ 3y x
ùejmak dksæckdkzm okŗake gc`r a gc`sİcİa igeaskygeu vm d`rhke`c
o`ėİcİdc`r kìke fkrkadkŗ gc`sİcİa igeaskygec rİeİ y`z`cİd.
> x3>, y 3>
I(x) 4 >
x3>
L(y) 4 > y3>
> x3>
4 0/ 6
x3c 4 0/ ? y3c
> y3>
- 0 ' 4 </ 06 y36
0/ ?
x3c, y3c
4 2/ 06 y3:
0/ ?
x
680,
y 30
4 ;/ 06
y3?
</ 06
" ±y36
4 0>/ 06 y3=
2/ 06
" ,y3:
4 00/ 06 y39
;/ 06
" ,y3?
- 0 yU9
0>/ 06 " ,y3=
00/ 06
" ,y39
0
6. O mv`dcİ Fk cmŗka _ms`oóik O mėkŗamecmr
@yeİ gc`sİcİa uz`yİeo` t eİdc`edİŗ (R ,[ ) tms oóik omėkŗamecmrk
ìkitk mėmr i(x,y) lkfk fkr igeaskyge V
6
ózmrkeom t`eİdc`edİŗ fkr @ gc`yİ
96
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kìke ^((x,y) m@) 4 H H i(x,y) oyox mŗktckėkek s ėcİygrs`, fkcmŗka omv`db
tms oóik omėkŗame s yİcİr vm i(x,y) om fkrcmŗka sİac İa igeaskygeu
`oİeİ `fr.
Bmrb elk fkr i(x,y) eke fkrcmŗka sİaaa igeaskygeu gc`fkcdmsk kìke1
k) i(x,y)U> ‟jg 3x3jg , ‟ jg 3y3jg
kk) | | . i(x,y)oyox 4 0 gcd sİ lmrmakr.
i(x,y) eke lr ikėk (x,y) oózcmdk ózmrkem ìkzkckr vm fkr b`jkd dmyo`e`
lmtkrkr. Fu b`jkd c'm mŗkttkr. Bmrb`elk fkr @ gc`yİeİe gc`sİaėİ o`, fkrcmŗka
sİacİa igeaskygeueue lr ikėk `ctİeo` a`c`e b`jdke xy oózcmdk ózmrkeomak
@ gc`yİe` tma`fóc mome aİsdİoİr.
Fkrcmŗka sİacİa igeaskygeueo e y`r`rc`e`r`a tma tma omėkŗamecmrke
d`rhke`c sİac İa igeaskyge'c`eeİ ŗ ėİo ak igrdóccmrcm fuc fkckrkz.
i(x) 4 i i(x,y)oy
H
‟ > >
l(y) 4 i(x,y)ox.
9:
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Zùzcm ki`om momckd8 R 'ke d`rhke`c o`ėİcİdİ, fkrcmŗka sİafa igeaskyg-
eueue `fsks omėmrk x gc e okamy ogėru ózmrkeom ['ym lùrm metmlr ck
`be`r a, [ 'eke d`rhke`c sİafa o`ėİcİdİo` groke`tİ y gc`e y`t`y fkr ogėru
ózmrkeom i(x,y)'eke R 'm lùrm metmlr ck `be`r`a fucueur.
i(x,y) fokeokėkeom fkrkakdck o`ėoİdc`r,
I(x,y) 4 ^(R 3x, [ 3y) 4 Q* i i(x,y)oy ox
H
W 3 `
H
‟
I(x)44
B Q0
D i(x
U
)o
yT
ox
4C
i
w
ox
L(y) 4 _ _ i i(x,y)oxc oy 4 i
y
l(y)oy
H Wjg H W5
‟gg
Fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd vmrkcokėkeom fkrcmŗka sİacİa igeaskygeu `ŗ`ėİo`ak
kckŗak y`roİdİ kcm fucue`fokr.
Z
6
I(x,y)
i(x,y) 4
2x
2y
^ ( `3R 3f ) 4H QH ¾ ¾ i(x,y)oy To x 4 H i(x)ox
^(
`İ
3R3f,, `
6
3[3f
6
) 4 ^(R3f,, [3f
6
) ‟ ^(R 3`― [ 3f
6
)
v ‟ ^(R 3f,,[ 3`
6
) +^ (R3
` İ
, [ 3 `
6
)
4 I(fİ, f
6
) ‟ I( İ, f
6
) ‟ I(fİ, `
6
) + I(`,, `
6
)
Fu sge okŗakyk ŗmakc y`roİdİ kcm lùrdmym ì cİŗ cİd.
ŕkdok fur`y` a`o`rak kz`bc`rİdİzİ aucc`e`e fkr dksæck lmckŗtkrmckd8
Dksæc8 x ‟ y + ? c 3 x 3 : , > 3 y 3 6 vmrkcdkŗ gcsue. Fu
fkr (R ,[ ) omv`dcİ fomŗka tms oóik omėkŗamek kìke fkrcmŗka sİacİa igeaskygeu
gc`fokr dk7 ùejm fkrkejk ŗ`rtİ kromckymckd. Igeaskyge x,y kìke vmrome
`r cİac`ro` pgzktki. G b`com fkrkejk ŗ rt s ėc edİŗ. ľakejk ŗ`rt
gc`r`a1
v
ľľ (
x
~ y +
?
)
o
y
o x 4
K Q £ (x ‟ y + ? ) o y T ox
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R
t, R
Gİ
A`omdmck metmlr cke ùİİjm kì aİsdİeİe omėmrkek fuc cİd.
Q y+?) oy 4 xy ‟
H g
H (6x+9)o5
?y 4 6x ‟ 6 + 2 4 6x+ 9
x 4 x
6
+ 9x ;+ 02 ‟ 0 ‟ 9 4 6>
0
G b com (x‟ y+?)'ó j 4 ‟ lkfk fkr s`yİ kcm ì`rp rs`a sgeuì 0
ìİa`j`atİr. [`ek, 6>
i(x,
y
) 4 (x‟ y+?) 0 3 x 3 :, > 3 y 3 6
6>
4 >
`ask b com
fkr fkrcmŗka sİacİa igeaskygeuour. ŕkdok fu igeaskygeu aucc`e`r`a ìmŗktck
@ gc`yc`rİ kìke gc`sİcİac`r fuc`cİd, `yrİj` fkrkakdck o`ėİcİdc`r mcom momckd.
9=
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^(R36,[30) £ (x - y+?)oy ox
0 r <
4 " ľ _ H , (* + ‟ 5
o x
0
v
0
4 ‟ (=) 4 ‟ (;)
6> ?
p
(
[3
-
kg
0 Q 0
&
T
k g c c
( _ • -
6 [
)
O [
0 , 6=
K
c‟y
-y
6
6>
S 6
0 6:
6:
6>
6 ?>
^(R 36S [ 30) 4
^(R 36, [ 30) I(6,c)
0/ ?
0>
^([30)
0 * r
y
I(x,y) 4 i | (x‟y+?) oy ox
å5e H , H―
L(c)
6: /?> 6:
Fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd igeaskygeueu fucd`a kìke `ŗ ėİo ak ŗmakcome
y`r`rc e cİd.
0.
I(x,y) 4 > x
U0
y U >
6. I(x,y) 4 > x
U0
y 5 >
:. I(x,y) 4 > x
U0
y U 6
95 I(x,y) 4 > x
5 İ
y U>
<.
I(x,y) 4 > x y U>
I(x,y)
‟-y+?)oy | ox 4
+ ?y | )
o x
y
6
6
; ^(R36, [30)+^(R 36, [ 50)+^ (R 56, [50)+^(R 56, [ 30)4 0 gcouėueu lùs-
tmrkekz.
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0
r
x
/ y
6
S İ
/
y y
6
*
K xy b ?y ) ox 4 ( x
6
6>-
0
S 6 ' 6> Y 6 6
+ ?xy D
0 ,x
6
y xy
6
y y
6
S
+ ?xy + ?y)
6> U 6 6 6 6 '
y /
x6
y
x
y
6
y
;
S
‟ ( + ?x + )
6> S 6 6 6
y / R
6
‟xy+y‟;
. +?x
6> Y 6 /
y
(x
6
+2x‟ xy+y‟ ;)
?>
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0
4 (x6y+2xy‟ xy6+y6‟ ;y) c3x 3:, >3[ 36
?>
0 0
?. I(x,y) 4 (6
R
6+09R‟ ?x+?‟ 02) (6x6+06x‟ 0?)
?> ?>
0
4 (x+<)(x‟ 0) 0 3 x 3 :, y U 6
6>
Fu omėmrk = kìke y`zoİėİdİz I(x,y) om y ymrkem 6 agy`r`a mcom mok-
ygruz.
0 0
2. I(x,y) 4 (;y+6?y‟ :y+y6‟ ;y) 4 (6?y‟ 6y
6
)
?> ?>
y
4 ‟ (06-y)
6>
x U :, > 3 y 3 6.
Fu omėmrk = kìke y`zoİėİdİz I(x,y) om x ymrkem : agy`r`a mcom mok-
ygruz.
;. I(x,y) 4 0 x U :, y U 6.
Fu omėmrk = kìke y`zoİėİdİz I(x,y) om x ymrkem :, y ymrkem 6 agyd`a
surmtkycm mcom momfkckrkz.
ŕkdok om d`rhke`c o`ėİfdc`r ózmrkeom our`cİd.
0
i
6 0 y
6 6
i(x) 4
i
i(x,y) oy 4
i
(x - y+ ?) oy 4 (xy + ?y
H¾ 6> H> 6> 6
)
e
0
4
(6x‟ 6+2)
6>
0
‟ ‟
(6x+9)
6> K
4 >
0 3 x 3:
`ask b com
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0 r
:
l(y) 4 | (* - y+?)o x 4 ‟ - ( 0
x y + ? x
:
S
6> H, 6> S 6 /
0
6>
/
; 0
S
U - - : y + 06 + y - ? H
4 (06 ‟ 6y) > 3 y 3 6
6> - ‟ -
4 > `ask b com
R 'ke fkrkakdck d`rhke`c o ėoİdİ.
R R
I(x) 4 h Q H i(x,y)oyT T ox 4 h i(x)ox
0
r
r 0
/
R 6
V S
0
/
R 6 <
S
4 (x+:)ox 4 ( +:x ) 4 ( +:x
0> •5 0> Y 6 K, / 0> S 6 6- '
I(x) 4 >
0
4 (x6+9x‟<)
6>
4 0
x
0 3 x 3 :
x 5 :
0 3 x 3 : kìke fucouėuduz I(x) omėmrk ?. eód`r`f `c`e kìke I(x,y)
omėmrkem mŗkttkr.
L(y) 4 >
0
i
y 0
4 ‟ (9 y) oy 4 (9y ‟
0>
H g
İe
y U>
0
0>
y
6
İ
y
İ y
6
) 4 ‟ (9y )
0> 6
4 (06‟y)
6>
> 3 y 3 6
4 0 y U 6
Fu o` 2 eud`r cİ `c`e kìke fucouėuduz I(x,y) ome f`ŗa` fkr ŗmy
omėkcokr.
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x
6
y 2xy xy
6
y
6
;y
Mėmr I(x,y) 4 -i- ?" o e b`rmamtcm
?> ?> ?> ?> ?>
i(x,y) yk fucd`a kstmsmyoka1 " ,
o 0 2 0
I(x,y) 4 xy -) y y*
ùx 6> ?> ?>
o o >
6
I(x,y) 0
Q I(x,y)T 4 4 (x+?‟ y) fu ksm i(x,y) ome
:y
2y
:x 6>
f`ŗa fkr ŗmy omėookr.
:
Dksæckdkzom sge gc`r a ^(03R 3 , c3[ 36)em gcouėueu fu-
c`cİd. 6
: : :
^(03R 3 , 03[ 36) 4 I( , 6) ‟ I(c,6) ‟ I ( , 0) + I( c, c)
6 6 6
0< 0;
4 > b >
2> 09>
:
:6
ŕ`rtcİ O `ėİcİd c`r8
Gc`sİcİa kcm kclkck fùcódom ŗ`rtcİ gc`sİcİa a`vr`dİeİ lùrdóŗ gcd`dİz
fu ageuo ymek `ìİac d c r lmrmėkek fóyóa ùcìóom `z ctİygr, kstmr amskack
kstmr omv`df gcsue kak fgyutcu fkr (R ,[ ) fomŗka tms oóik omėkŗamek kìke
ŗ`rtf o`ėİcİd,
^(R 4 x, [ 4 y)
^([ 4yS R 4 x) 4
^(R4x)
U i(x,y)
l(yY) 4 i(x) 5 g
i(x)
Fmezmr ŗmaoom,
i(x,y)
i(x S y) 4 l(y) 5 >
l(y)
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Dksæc 08 Amskack fkcmŗka tms oóik omėkŗamecmrcm kclkck dksæckdkzom,
^([ 4 0, R 4 >)
^([ 4 0S R 4 >) 4
L(0S >) 4
^(R 4 >)
i(c,>) 0/ ? 0
i(>)
0 /6
6
/
Dksæc 68 Omv doİ fkcmŗka tms`oóik omėkŗamecmrcm kclkck dksæckdkzom,
i(x,y) 0/ 6> (x‟y-i ?)
l(y Y) 4
i(x)
0 /6>
(6x+9)
s ‟ y + ?
i(xS y) 4
6x + 9
4 > `ask b com.
i(x,y) c / 6>(x- y+?)
c 3 x 3 : , > 3 y 3 6
l(y)
0
/6> (06‟ 6y)
x ‟ y + ?
0 3 x 3 : , > 3 y 3 6
6(9‟y)
4 > `ask b com.
ŕ`rtcİ o`ėİcİd kcm kclkck igrdóccmr ózmrkeom kŗcmd y`p`r`a8
i(x,y) 4 l(yS x) i(x) 4 i(xS y) l(y) y zİc`fókr. D rhke c o ėİcİd-
c`ro` i(x,y) ymrkem mŗktkek agy`r a, amskack omėkŗamecmr kìke1
i(x) 4 6
y
i (x ,y)4Z,i(x S y) l(y)
l(y)
4
i(x.y)
4 l(y)S x) i(x) y z fókrkz.
R tms oóik omėkŗamekeke `
x
. . . `
E
omėmrcmrkek ^,,... ^
E
gc`sİbac`rİ
kcm c fkcmjmėkek i`rzmomckd.
i(
`
k) 4 ^, k 4 0.. .E
i(x) 4 > `ask b`com.
@ fkr gc`y gcsue. ^(@ S x 4 `,) k 4 0. . .E gc`sİcİac`rİ fkckekygrs`,
@ 4 Q @ e ( R 4
0
Tu Q@ e R 4 `
6
T] ... ] Q@ e R 4 `
E
T
Z ė t r it`ak gc`yc r `yeİ `eo kdaæesİz gcouėue lùrm,
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^(@) 4 Z ^(@ e(R4`,)) 4 Z ^(@ S R 4 x,) i(x,)
040 1 k4c
[`ek bmrb elk fkr gc`yİe gc`sİcİėİ, ŗ`rtf gc`sİcİac`rc , vmrk a fuc mokcme
omėkŗameke g omėmrk cd gc sİcİac rİ ì`rpİdc`rİeİe, tms oóik omėkŗameke
(fur o` R ) fótóe dubtmdmc omėmrcmrk kìke tgpc`ed sİ ygcuyc` fucueur.
Omv`dcİ fkcmŗka tms oóik omėkŗamecmr kìke,
^((x,y) m@) 4
H H
i(x,y) oy ox 4
H H
i(x) l(yS x)ox oy
i
(
x
S y) l(y)
ox
o
y
KK
`z`fokrkz. D`rhke`c o`ėİcİdc`r8
/± JG
i(x) 4 i(xS y)l(y)oy
H
-jg
l(y) 4 l(yS
x
)
i
(
x
)
ox
H
‟ s
Fkcmŗka _ms`oóik Omėkŗamecmrom Ztga`stka F`ėİdsİzcİa8
R vm [ tms oóik omėkŗamecmrk,
i(xS y) 4 i(x)
vm l(yS x) 4 l(y) ksm f`ėİdsİzoİr. ŕ rtcİ gc`sİcİa ymrkem omėmrcmrk age`r`a1
4 i(x) i(x,y) 4 i(x)l(y)
l(y)
vmy`
i(x,y)
4 l(y)
i
(
x
-y) 4
i
(
x
) l(y) fucueur.
i(x)
[`ek stga`stka f`ėİdsİzcİa ŗ`rtcİ vm ŗ`rtsİz gc`sİcİac`rİe mŗktckėk vmy` `yek
`ec`d` lmcme, fkrcmŗka gc`sİcİa vmy` skcoka igeaskygeueue, d`rhke`c gc -
sİcİa vmy` sİafa igeaskygec rİeİe ì`rpİdİe` mŗkt gcd`sİ omdmatkr.
ľakome Ìga Fgyutcu Fkcmŗka _ms`oóik Omėkŗamecmr8
a fgyutcu fkr (R x,...R
a
) tms oóik omėkŗamek, a fgyutcu fkr rmmc
uz`yo` sİeİrcİ vmy` s yİc`fokr s`yİo` egat`o` sİiİro`e i`racİ fkr (a+0)
kejk fgyut`, y`ek gc`sİbė s bkpsm fu (R İ,. . .R
a
) omėkŗamek amskackokr.
<6
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i(xİ,.. .x
a
) 4 ^(R, 4 xİ,.. ,R
a
4 x
a
) ksm fkrcmŗka gc sİfa igeask-
ygeuour. R, eke d`rhke`c o`ėİcİdİ,
i
0
(x
k
)46 i (x
c İ R 6
...x
a
)
x
İ,
x
6"
,x
k-İ,
x
k+r"
x
a
Rh vm R h eke d`rhke`c fkrcmŗka gc sİcİa igeaskygeu,
i
k ' h (
x
i
x
h) 4 Z i (
x İ
x
6
. . .x
a
)
R
c,
R
6"
,R
k-c,
R
k+0'‟
R
h-0,
R
h+0‟
R
a
Omv`dcİ fkcmŗka tms oóik omėkŗamecmrom,
^(R
t
...R
a
) m@ 4 H i (x
0
. . .x
a
)ox
0
. . .ox
a
@
ŕ`rtcİ gc`sİcİa vm f`ėİdsİzfa8
t fgyutcu fkr (R
1
İ,.. .R
k t
) omėkŗamekeke Z fgyutcu fkr (R hk,. . .R
h s
)
omėkŗamek vmrk gc r`a ŗ`rtcİ o`ėİcİdİ,
ihc,. . .ľt, hk,. . ,
hs
(Rkk. . .R
ct
,Rhc,. . .x
h s
)
l(xhk,.. .x
c t
S x h , , . . ,x
h s
) 4
i
h
İ , . . .
H Z
(x
H 0
, . . .x
H s
)
F`ėİdsİzcİa b`ckeom,
i(x,,...x
a
) 4 i,(x,)...i
a
(x
a
)
a
4 KK ik(
R k
) gcur.
5
4 0
.
ľakome ìga fgyutcu fkcmŗka tms oóik omėkŗamecmrke kejmcmedmsk ìga
omėkŗameck kst`tkstka tmgrkskeke f`ŗbj` ageusuour. Fur`o`ak kz`bc`rİdİz,
s`omjm kak fgyutt`e ìga fgyut lmìkŗke d`tmd`tka cmtcmr oİŗİeo gtg-
d`tkackėkek lùstmrdm `d`jİeİ lótdmatmokr.
Fu fùcódom sge ct f`bks gc`r a tms oóik omėkŗamecmrke igeaskyge-
c`rİeİe o`ėİcİdİ ózmrkeom ouruc`j`atİr.
_ms`oóik Omėkŗamecmrke Igeaskygec`rİeİe O`ėİcİdc`rİ8
R vm [ tms oóik omėkŗamecmr vm [ 4 u(x) gcsue. R 'ke sİacİa igeask-
ygeu fkckeokėkeom [ 'eke om sİacİa igeaskygeu mcom mokcmfokr. Fueue
ìmŗktck dmtgtc`rİeo`e (0>) fkrk fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd igeaskygec`rİeİ fu
`d`ìc` aucc`ed`atİr. Fueu dksæccmrcm `ìİac`d`y` ì`fŗ`bd.
Dks c 08 R tms oóik omėkŗamek Q`,fT `r cİėİeo` fkrùrema (vmy`
okaoùrtlme) o`ėİcdİŗ gcsue. Fkrùrema o ėİcİd sùzó mokcme `r`cİat` i(x) ke
s`fkt gcd`sİeİ lmrmatkrkr.
<:
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G b`com,
i(x) 4 a ` 3 x 3 f
4 G `ask b`com gc`j atİr. i(x)'ke sİafa o`ėİcİdİ gc`fkcdmsk
j
kìke |
a ox 4 0 gcd`cİoİr.
/ E
0
a | 0 ox 4 0 45 ac x K 4 0 45 a(f‟ ) 4 0 45 a 4
K
f ‟ `
i(x) 4
3x 3f
f ‟ `
4 >
`ask b com.
Fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd igeaskygeu8 I(x) 4 ^(R ŗŕx)
I(x) 4 > x U `
x ‟`
0 x 0 /
ox ‟ Ks
Uf ‟ `
0
f ‟ ` U
Hijzr)
x ‟`
4 `
f ‟ `
3 x 3 f
4 0
i «5
R
f
g
x 6åf
ŕkdok ymek fkr omėkŗamek [ 4 6R ‟ = gc`r`a t eİdc`y`ad. @j`f`
[ eke fkrkakdck o`ėİbdİ vm sİacİa igeaskygeueu R'keakcmrome y`r r-
c`e`r a e`sİc fucuruz7 Fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd igeaskygeueue t`rkikeome
lkomrma1
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I(x) 3 5
*
•
L(y) 4 ^([ Uy) 4 ^(6R ‟ =Uy) 4 ^(6R4Zy+=) 4 ^(R U
y + s
6
y
~r 55
S
H agy`r`a ['eke fkrkakdck o`ėİ-
İdİd mcom momfkckrkz.
y + =
L
(y) 4 >
y + = ‟ 6`
6(f‟ )
y + = ŗŕ 6` y U 6` ‟ =
y + =
` 3
3 f 6`3y+=36f
6 6` ‟ = 3 y 36f‟=
4 0
y + s
Uf
5
?-= 6f
y æ6f
‟ =
u o , y+=‟ 6 v 6(f‟ )
l(y) - ‟L(y)4 ‟ (
)
4
oy oy Y 6(f‟ ) 5 ?(f‟k
y Y 6(f‟ ) 5 ?(f‟ )
6
6(f‟ )
v 6` ‟ = 3 y 3 6 f ‟ =
4 > `ask b com.
l(y) eke fkr sİacİa igeaskygeu gcouėueu agetrgc mtdma kìke1
0> Fu ageuo o`b i zc fkclk kìke f`aİeİz8 \`oswgrtb, Fry`e " Ketrgoujtkge tg ^rgf`fkckty
`eo V`eogd Y`rk fcms" vm B. Irmmd e " Ketrgoujtkge tg Zt tkstkj c Keimrmejm".
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0 6f‟= 0 6f‟= 0
H 0 oy 4 (y | ) 4 (6f- (- 6`+=)
6(f‟ ) 6 ‟= 6(f‟ ) 6 ‟= 6(f‟ )
0
4 (6f‟6 ) 4 0
6(f‟ )
Lùrócoóėó lkfk R fkrùrema o`ėİcdİŗ gcouėu vm [ om R 'ke ogėrus c
fkr igeaskygeu gcouėu kìke ['om fkrùrema o`ėİcdİŗtİr.
0
Dksæc 68 i(x) vm I(x) ùejmak dksæckdkzke `yek fu omi` [ 4
gcsue. R
L(y) vm l(y) yk fuc`cİd.
0 0
L(y) 4 ^([ Uy) 4 ^ (‟ Zy) - ^(c£ R y) 4 ^( R U‟ )
R y
- 0 ‟ ^(R 3 ‟ ) 4 0 ‟ I ( ‟ )
y
v
y '
İ
G b com I(x) om x ymrkem agy`r`a kŗcmd y`p`rame fu omėmrk
y
0 ome ìİa`rd`dİz lmrmatkėkek b`tİro tutd`dİz cæzİd.
0 0
L(y) 4 0 ‟ > 4 0 ŗŕ 0 U `y y U
y
`
0
y .
:
fy ‟ 0 0 K" 0
4 0 4 ` 3 3f 3 y3
f ‟ ` y(f‟`) y f `
0 0
4 0 ‟ 0 4 > U f 0 U fy y U
y f
0
L(y) 4 > y U ‟
f
fy‟0 0 0
4 3 y 3
y(f‟`) f `
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0
‟
0
y U ‟
`
0
f
o
S
o
/ fy‟ 0 v o , y
x
0
l(y)4 ‟ L(y) 4 W ( ‟ ) 4 W /
4
oy S y(f‟ )' oy S f‟` ' (f‟ `)y
0 0
‟ 3 y 3 ‟
f `
4 G `ask b`com.
Fucouėuduz l(y) igeaskygeueue [ kìke sİacİa igeaskygeu gcouėueu
`ŗ`ėİo`ak ŗmakcom agetrgc momfkckrkz.
r c/ ` 0 0 pc/ ` 0
oy 4 y 6 oy 4 (‟ y-
0
H 0 /f (f‟ )y
6
f‟` H c/ f f‟`
0 0
c/ `
c/ f
Q (` f)T 4 (f- `) 4 0 (00)
f‟` f‟`
_MZ@OÓIľ OMĕľŕAMECMVCM ľCLľCľ ^VGFCMDCMV
0. \, fkr z`rİe `tİdİeo lmcmfkcmjma s`yİc rİe a`rmcmrkek lùstmrme
fkr tms oóik omėkŗame gcsue.
`) \'yk fkr tms oóik omėkŗame gc`r a t`rki mokekz.
f) B`elk Óamc gc yc`r, \ 4 6=, >3\30?, ‟0<U\ U?6,
>3\30 gc`yc rİe` lkrmr vm fu gc`yc`rİe gc`sİaac`e emokr7
Jmv`p8 [ tms`oóik omėkŗamek fkr z`rİe `tİdİeo`ak kbtkd`ccmrk lùs-
tmrske.
[ 4 0,6,:,?,=,9
\ 4 [*
\ 4 0,?,;,09,6=,:9
00 u 4 i(x,y) vm v 4 i(x,y) gcouėueo`
>
(u,v) y`ek u vm v eke fkrcmŗka sİacİa igeaskygeu-
eue fucued sİ oùeóŗtórdmcmr vm H jgfk e'c rİ kcm kclkck fkclkcmrk lmrmatkrokėk kìke fkcmŗka tms oóik
omėkŗamecmrke igeaskygec rİeİ a`ps d oİŗİ tutuygruz.
<<
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0
i(c) 4 i(?) 4 i(;) 4 i(09) 4 i(6=) 4 i(:9) 4
9
0
\46= 4 6= , ^(\ 4 6=) 4
9
G 3 \ 30? 4 0,?,; ^(>3\30?) 4 £
‟0<3\3?6 4 0,?,;,09,6=,:9 ^(‟ 0<3\3?6) 4 0
>3\30 - > ^(>3\30) 4 >
6. I(x) 4 > x 3>
4 j(xz + Ux) g U x 3 0
4 0 x 5 0
vmrkckygr, m vm i(x)'k fucueuz.
Jmv`p8
o j 0
i(x) 4 I'(x) 4 I(x) 4 6 mx B 4 m(6x -S ) >3x3c
ox : :
3
4 > `ask b com.
İ
m ("' (6x + k) ox 4 j(
R
6 + c
h g
) 4 j(c + 0) 4 0 j 4 K
g
: 0 : 0
i(x) 4 (6x
B
) 4 x + > l x 3 0
? : 6 ?
4 > `ask b com.
:., X, >,0 r`cİėİeo` fkrùrema o`ėİcdİŗ fkr tms oóik omėkŗame gcsue.
\ 4 y_ ksm \ eke sİacİa vm fkrkakdck o ėİfd igeaskygec rİeİ fucueuz.
Jmv`p8
\ 4 y/ X X 4 \
I
w
(w) 4 ^(\3w) 4 ^(YX 3w) 4 ^(X 3w
6
) 4 I
z
(w
6
)
ŕkdok ùejm X'eke sİacİa vm fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd igeaskygec`rİeİ y`z`-
cİd.
i(X) 4 > X3> X 50 I(X) 4 > X3>
i(X) 4 c G UX Uc I(X) 4 X >3X 30
I(X) 4 0 X50
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I
w
(w) yk mcom mtdma kìke X ymrkem I(X) om w
6
agy`cİd.
I(w) 4 > w
6
3>
4 w6 >lw3c
4 0 w65c w5c
?. @ŗ`ėİo`ak fkrcmŗka gc`sİfa igeaskygeu vmrkcdkŗ vm R vm [ tms -
oóik omėkŗamecmrkeke d`rhke`c o`ėİcİdc`rİ fucued`a kstmedkŗtkr. _`fcg-
o`ak bmr lùzom fucue`e omėmr (R ,[ ) egat`sİeo`, fkrcmŗka gc`sİcİa igea-
skygeu omėmrkek (gc sİcİėİ) lùstmrdmatmokr.
i(x) 4 M
y
i(x,y)
l(y) 4 M,i(x,y)
S y
R S
S
K
0 6 :
i(x)
0 02 02 62 06
6 :2
‟
‟
:2
:
‟
02
‟
02
l(y) 06 '
6
2
6
2 0
0 0 6 0
i(c) 4 i(c,c) + i(c,6) + i(c,:) 4 + + W 4 W
2 2 2 6
i(6) 4 i(6,c) + i(6,6) + i(6,:) 4
i(:) 4 i(:,c) + i(:,6) + i(:,:) 4
`ask b com.
:
2
0
2
i(x) 4 >
0 : 0
l(c) 4 i( c,c) + i(c,6) + i(c,:) 4 W + W 4 W
2 2 6
0 0 0
l(6)
4
i(c,6)
+
i(66)
+
i(:6)
4 + > + 4
2 2 ?
l(:) 4 i(c,:)+i(:,6) + i(:,:) 4
0
?
l(x) 4 > `ask b com.
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=. i(x,y) -
m
-(*+
y
) ' x5>, y5>
4 G . ask b`com, vmrkckygr. (R 5 6) yk fucueuz.
Jmv`p8
^(R 56) 4 0 ‟ ^(R U6) 4 0 ‟ I(6)
r JG /±JG /± JG
i(x) 4 K m~(
x+y
) oy 4
0
m~
x
m~
y
oy 4 m-
x
K m~
y
oy
m-
x
(‟m-
y
) 4 m-
x
(0
-) 4 m-
I(x) 4
m~
x
ox 4
R
4 ‟ m -
x
>
~ ‟
m
-
x
+ m¾ 4 00‟ m~
x
^(Rsl6)
g
4 0 ‟ m-
6
0
m
6
^(R56)
4 0 ‟ 0 + m-6 4 m-
0
m
6
9. R vm [ amskack tms oóik omėkŗamecmrkeke fkrcmŗka gc`sİcİa igeask-
ygeu, i(x,y) `ŗ ėİo ak t`fcgo` vmrkcdkŗtkr8
‟ 0
> 0
‟ 0
0 / 2
>
0 / 2
0
/ 6
0/ ?
>
`) R 'ke d`rhke`c gc`sİba igeaskygeueu fucueuz.
f) R 4 0 vmrk gc`r a [ 'eke ŗ`rtcİ o`ėİcİdİeİe omėmrcmrkek fucueuz.
Jmv`p8
) i
x
(-c)4k
ix(O 4 K
i(x,y)
*5 l
y
/― (y/x) -
l ( - c S c ) 4
i ±
0 6 6
:/ ? :
2>
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0/ ? 0
l ( > S c ) ' 4 ‟ 4 W
:/ ? :
G
l( c S c ) 4 ‟ 4 >
:/ ?
R 4 0 vmrk gc`r a [ 'eke ŗ`rtcİ gc`sİcİa omėmrcmrkeke tgpc`dİeİe 0
gcd`sİ, ŗ`rtcİ o`ėİcİdİe ùrema uz`yİd omėkŗtkrdm ektmckėkeke zgruecu
sgeujuour.
<. Fkr p`r `tİdİeo tur lmcmjmėkem 0 ckr`sİe f bsm lkrkygrsueuz.
^`r` `tİcİygr. ľakejk `tİŗ kìke f`bsm lkrdmekz sùz ageusu gcouėueo`,
fkrkejk `tİŗt tur lmcok ksm kakejk `tİŗt tur lmcmjmėkem 0 ckr`sİe , y`zİ
lmcok ksm kakejk `tİŗt o y`zİ lmcmjmėkem 6 ckr`sİe f`bsm lkrkygrsueuz.
R fkrkejk, [ om kakejk `tİŗt`ak a`z ejİeİzİ lùstmrme tms oóik omėkŗ-
amecmr gcsue, kak p`r` `tcİsİeo` tgpc`d a`z`ejİdzd 0 ckr`o`e `z vmy`
0 ckr` gcd`sİ gc`sİcİėİeİ fucueuz.
Jmv`p8
@ 4 R +[ Uc
^(R+[sŕc) 4 M
x
^ (R +[Uc S R 4x )i ( x )
4 ^(R +[ U0S R 40) ^(R40) + ^(R +[ U0S R 4‟ 0)
^ ( R 4 - 0 )
4 ^(0+[ U0S R 40) ^(R 40) + ^(‟ 0+[ U0S R 4‟ 0)
^(R 4 - 0)
4 ^([ U>S R 40) ^(R 40) + ^([ U6S R 4‟ 0)
^(R 4 - 0 )
- k ' c + 0 k 4 å
2. i(x,y) 4 j(x+y) >3x3c, >3 y3 c
4 > `ask b com, fkrcmŗka sİacİa igeaskygeu
vmrkckygr.
`) j'yk fucueuz.
f) R vm [ 'eke d`rhke`c sİaba igeaskygec rİd fucueuz.
j) ^(R 5[ ) yk fucueuz.
o) l(yS x) k fucueuz. |
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Jmv`p8
`) j i i (x+y) oy ox 4 0 gcd cİ.
H g
h g
i (x+y)oy 4 xy + S y*
H g
i
0
(x+k)ox4kx6+K
H g
4 x + k
0 4 j 4 0 gcd cİ.
f) i(x) 4 £ (x+y) oy 4 x + k
4 >
l(y) 4 h (*+y)oy 4 y + k
-
g
G 3A 3 0
`ask b com.
G
3 y 3 0
`ask b com.
@
*
j) ^(R5[) 44 S
i(x,y)
o) l(yS x)
x + y
i(x) x+ c/ 6
4 G
>3x3c, >3y30
`ask b com.
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o) i(r) vm l(s) k fucueuz.
f) V vm Z stga`stka f`ėİdsİz dİ7
Jmv`p8
) i(r) 4 | m-
r
m-
s
os 4 m~
r
H m~
2
os 4 m ~ m ~
s
| U
`
HC)
r5>
4 > `ask b com.
Fmezmr ŗmakcom,
l(s) 4 m-
2
s5>
4 > `ask b com,
f) F`ėİdsİzcİa ŗ`rtİ1 i(r,s) 4 i(r) l(s)
m~(
r
+
s
) 4 m
W r
m
- 2
.'. V vm Z f`ėİdsİz.
00. R tms oóik omėkŗamekeke fkrkakdck o`ėoİd igeaskygeu,
I(x) 4 > xl>
4 x(6‟ x) >3 x3c
4 0 x Uc vm [ 4 6R + 0 gcouėu fkckek-
ygr.
[ 'eke fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd vm sİacİa igeaskygec rİeİ fucueuz vm lr ika-
cmrkek ìkzkekz.
Jmv`p8
[ 4 6R + 0
L(y) 4 ^([ 3y) 4 ^( 6R +A y) 4 ^(6R3y‟ 0) 4 ^ (R 3 H
y ‟
0
L(y) 4 > l > y l c
6
/ y - İ S / y‟ İ
S
y
‟
İ
- ( ‟ ) (
6
" ‟ )
> 3
‟ '
3 0 0 3 y 3 :
2?
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4 0
y - 0
<U:
o
o
l(y) 4 ‟
3B[)
oy oy
o
t
:
4 ‟
-y ‟
oy Y 6
y - 0
)T
- 6 (:‟y)
4 g
? /
c3y3:
`ask b com.
0
r
:
,
0
/ y
6
S 0
:
0 / ; ľ v
‟ h (: -y)oy4‟ (
:
y )
4 ‟ ;
:+ W ) 4 T
6
H
0 6 Y 6 / 00 6 Y 6 6 /
2=
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06. (Dggo, Lr`yfkcc Zb. ;<).
i(x) 4 m-
x
x5>
4 > hask b com, o`ėİcİdcİ fkr aótcmome 6 fkrkdcka fkr
prema `cİeİygr.
ùremėke 0 kejk mcmd eİeİe dubtmdmc omėmrk R İ, kakejk mcmd`eİeİe
dubtmdmc omėmrk om R
6
tms oóik omėkŗamek gcsue. [ 4 Rİ + R
6
eke sİafa
igeaskygeueu fucueuz.
Jmv`p8 Rİ vm R
6
eke fkrfkrkeome f`ėİdsİz gc r`a smìookėkek (ym-
rkem agy`r`a ùremacmdm y`pooİėİd) a`fuc momrma,
b(x
r
x
6
) 4 m- 'cm- U x,5>, x
6
5>
4 >
`ask b`com y`z`fokrkz.
L(y) 4 ^([3ŕy) 4 ^ (R ,+R
6
Uy)
L(y) 4 >
yUG
y y-*İ
g g
‟
m
-*İ (0‟ m
-y+x
İ)4 m-
x
İ
‟m~
D
(g.y) R,
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4 0 ‟ (0+y) m-y y5>
o
l(y) 4 ‟ L(y)
oy
l(y) 4 G ' y3>
- - Qm-
y
+(- m-" (c+y))T 4 ‟ Qm"" - m- " ‟ ym-"T
4 ym~
y
y G
0:. Fkr autuo` aİrdİzİ vm fmy`z tgpc`r v`r. Aİrdİzİ tgpc`r fmy z
tgpc`rİe 6 dksck s`yİo`. _ms oóik gc`r a fkr tgp ìmamjma vm rmelkem f`a`-
j`asİeİz. R tma fkr ìmakŗtm ìmamjmėkekz aİrdİzİ tgpc`rİe s`yİsİeİ lùstmrme
amskack fkr tms oóik omėkŗame gcsue. R'ke gc`sİcİa vm fkrkakdck o`ėİfd
igeaskygec rİd y zİeİz vm lr ikacmrkek ìkzkekz.
0?. Fkr tgrf`o` < tgp v`r. = t`emsk fmy z, 6 t`emsk sky`b. [mrkem
agyd`o`e 6 tgp ìmaokygr. R, fkrkejk ìmakŗtmak fmy z tgp, [ kakejk ìmakŗ-
tmak fmy z tgp s yİsİeİ lùstmrske. (R ,[ ) eke fkrcmŗka gc`sİfa igeaskygeueu,
R vm ['eke d`rhke`c o ėİcİdc rİeİ, l(yS x) 'k fucueuz.
k) i(x,y) eke fkrcmŗka sİacİa igeaskygeu gcd`sİ kìke a em gcd`cİoİr 7
kk) ['eke d`rhke`c o`ėİcİdİeİ vm fkrkakdck o`ėİcİdİeİ fucueuz.
kkk) i(xS y) yk fucueuz.
kv) R vm [ f`ėİdsİz dİ 7
0=. i(x,y) 4 a x y
4 >
>3x3c, >3y3c
`ask b`com vmrókygr.
0
09. i(x) 4 x 68>
68>
6R
lùrm, L(y) vm l(y)'yk fucueuz.
0<. I(x) 4 > x 3c
4 j
:x
B
= )
0
3x3:
x
2<
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4
0 x U:
vmrkckygr,
k) j vm i(x)'k fucueuz.
kk) [ 4 R
6
+ : vm X 4 0 ‟ £ R vmrkckygr. ['eke vm X'eke sİacİa vm
fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd igeaskygec`rİd fucueuz.
kkk) [ vm X'eke f`ėİdsİz gcd`sİ dódaóe dó7
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FÙCÓD KY
FMACMEME OMĕMV YM DGDME_CMV
Fkr ùejmak fùcódom tms oóik omėkŗamecmrk vm o`ėİfdc`eeİ lùroóa.
Fu fùcódom, tms oóik omėkŗamecmrke o`ėİfdc`rİde p`r dmtrmcmrkek, y`ek
bmrb`elk fkr o`ėİcİdİ okėmrkeome `yİro mtdmyk s`ėay`e s`fktcmrk (0) lù-
rmjmėkz. _`rkismc kst`tkstkatmak, dmramzk mėkckd, o`ėod` vm ì`rpİcoİa ùc-
ìócmrk, fkr o`ėİcİdİ okėmrkeome `yİromtdmdkzk s`ėay`e ùcìócmr gc`r`a
kejmcmedkŗtkr. Fur`o` fu ùcìócmrk o`b` d`tmd`tkack fkr y`ac`ŗİd kcm mcm
c j`ėİz.
Dmramzk mėokd ùcìócmrk kìkeom (aótcm grt c d`sİ, dmoy`e, dgo) me
ìga aucc`eİc`eİ grt`c`d`oİr. A mskack vmy` omv`dcİ fkr tms oóik omėkŗ-
ameke o ėoİdİeİe y`ek gc`sİcİa y` o` sİacİa igeaskygeueue grt`c`d`sİ
g tms oóik omėkŗameke fmacmeme omėmrkek vmrkr.
O`b` igrdmc gc`r a, amskack fkr R tms oóik omėkŗamekeke fmacmeme
omėmrk, g omėkŗameke c fkcmjmėk dubtmdmc omėmrcmrke, g omėmrcmrm tma`fóc
mome gc`sİcİac`rc` ì`rpİdc`rİeİe tgpc`ed`sİ ygcuyc` fucueur.
R, x,,.. .x
E
(vmy` x,, x
6
) omėmrcmrkek p
t
, p
6
.. .p
E
(vmy` p, , p
6
- •
•)
gc`sİcİac`rİ kcm `c`e fkr tms oóik omėkŗame gcsue.
R 'ke fmacmeme omėmrk M(R ) kcm lùstmroske.
i(x), R 'ke gc`sİcİa igeaskygeu ksm y`ek x omėmrcmrkem tmaæfóc mome gc`sİ
cİac`e lùstmrkygrs , p, 4 i(xh) vm ogc`yİsİyc ,
M(R) 4 M x
k ^ k
vmy` M(R) 4 6 x
k^ k
k4İ k-İ
M(R) 4 Z,xi(x)
R 'ke omv`df fkr tms`oóik omėkŗame gcd`sİ b ckeom ksm,
x i(x)ox gc`j atİr.
->>
0 Jmfkromak "p`r`dmtrka s`fkt" `ec dİeo .
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Okėmr ùemdck fkr dmramzk mėkckd ùcìósó dmoy`eoİr. Fur`o omv`df
tms oóik omėkŗamecmr kìke dmoy`de fucueuŗueu s`ėcİy`e igrdócó vmrm-
ckd8 •
/•Do i jg
i(x)ox 4 i(x)ox 4 k
H
- : > H
Do
[`ek Do, R 'ke sİacİa igeaskygeu `ctİeo` a c`e `c`d kak mŗkt p`r-
ì`y fùcme x omėmrk gcuygr.(6)
Dgo ksm i(x) 4 D`x.'k s`ėcİy`e R omėmrkokr.
ŕkdok om dmramzk mėokd ùcìócmrk mtr iİeo`ak o`ėİcd`eİe fkr ùcìósó
gc`r a Y`ry es a`vr`dİd lùrmckd. Fkr tms oóik omėkŗameke s`omjm fma-
cmeme omėmrkeke fokedmsk ìgėu amrm ymtmrck omėookr. Fue ma gc r`a fu
dmramzk mėkckdome em ùcìóom s`pd c r gc fkcmjmėkek om fkcdma lmrmakr.
R 'ke dubtmdmc omėmrcmrkeke, fmacmeme omėmrome s`pd c rİeİe jmfrka
tgpc dİ, fùcódóe o`b sger`ak dgdmetcmr aİsdİeo lùrócmjmėk lkfk,
sİiİr gcouėueo`e tmrkdcmrke fmacmeme omėmrome s`pd c rİeİe a`rmcmrkek
cd`a vm fuec rİ x omėmrcmrkeke gc sİcİac rİ kcm ì`rpİp tgpc d`a o`ėİ-
cİdİe kyk fkr ùcìósóeó vmrmjmatkr. åŗtm v`ry`esd sùzcm ki`omsk fuour.
[`ek v`ry`es tms`oóik omėkŗameke omėmrcmrkeke fmacmeme omėmrome s p-
d`c rİeİe a rmcmrkeke fmacmeme omėmrkokr. [`ek Y`r(R) 4 M QR‟ M(R)T
6
R amskack ksm,
Y r(R) 4 K Qx
t
‟M(R)T
6
p, 4 Qx- M(R )T* i(x)
040
R omv`df ksm,
Y`r(R) 4 i _ x ‟ M(R) 0
6
i(x)ox
•‟gg
Fu igrdóccmr v`ry`esİe bms`fİeo me pr`tka igrdóccmr omėookr.
O`b pr`tka igrdóccmrk fmacmeme omėmr jmfrk aur cc`rİeİ lùroóatme sger`
vmrmfkcmjmėkz.
Y`ry esİe a`rm aùaóem om "Zt`eo`rt Z`pd`" `oİ vmrkckr. [ `r(R)'k
f`zme `
6İ
ŗmackeom om lùstmrdma ŗmackeomak pr`tka o`ėod jkesk gc`r a
3_
x
y`ek st`eo`rt s`pd`y` `ėİrcİa vmrme fkr y ac`ŗİdİe ki`omskokr. Fkz
ms`s ktkf`rkycm v`ry`es'İ o`ėoİdİe p`r`dmtrmsk a`fuc mokygruz.
K
6 Dmoy eİe fu omeacmdome fucueuŗu sİr sİeo kakejk omrmjmome fkr omeacmdke aùacmrkeke
fucued sİ lmrmatkėkeom aùacmrome fkrk R'ke c fkcmjmėk omėmrcmr kìkeom ìİa r vm fu dmoy e omėmrk
gc r a cİeİr. K
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k
Fmacmeme omėmr vm v`ry`es a`vr`dc`rİe` amskack vm omv`dcİ tms`-
oóik omėkŗamecmrome dksæccmr vmrmckd.
Y , 0
dd u Óìóejó fùcódom, i(x)
:4 ‟~ (xk)
gc sİfa igeaskygeu kcm
2
o ėİcdİŗ R tms oóik omėkŗamekek lùrdóŗtóa.
R
>
0 6 :
i(x)
S
0 : : 0
i(x)
S
i(x)
S
2 2 2 2
ŕkdok R'ke fmacmeme omėmrkek fuc`fd. _`rki lmrmėk1
0 : : 0 06
M(R) 4 Z
x
x i(x) 4 > 0-0. 0-6. 0-:. 4 -‟ 4 0 . =
2 2 2 2 2
[`ek fkr p`r`yİ : omi` y` o` : p`r`yİ 0 omi` `ttİėİdİzo` tur` lmcdm
s`yİsİeİe fmacmeme omėmrk 0.= tur. Fu sgeuì kca f`aİŗt` zgrcuac` a`fuc
momjmėkdkz fkr sgeuì gc`fkckr. 0.= t`em tur` lmcdmsk ikzkak gc`r a dód-
aóe omėkcokr. I`a`t furo` 0.= omėmrkek f`ŗa` tórcó om ygrudc`y`fkckrkz.
Dmsmcæ : p`r`yİ 0>>> omi vmy 0 p`r`yİ :>>> omi `ts`yoİa tur lmcdm
s`yİsİ 0=>>'m y`aİe fkr omėmr gc j`atİ.
ŕkdok om `yeİ o`ėİcİdİe v`ry`esİeİ fuc`fd.
0
Y r(R) 4 M QR‟ M(R)T6 4 M
x
Qx‟0.=T* i(x) 4 (>‟0.=)6
2
: : 0 :
+ (0-0.=)6 + (6‟ 0.=) + (:‟ 0.=)6 4
2 2 2 ?
Dksæc 68 R tms oóik omėkŗamekeke gc`sİcİa igeaskygeu `ŗ ėİo` vm-
rkcdkŗ gcsue.
R
‟6
‟0 > 0
/
6 : ? =
0 0 6 0
:
6
i(x)
0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0>
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M(R) 4 (- 6) ( ‟ ) + (- 0) ( ‟ ) + (0) ( ‟ ) + 6 ( ‟ ) + : ( ‟ )
Y kg / Y0> /
Y
0>
/
• v 0>
/
DG/
, 6 s 6>
+ = ( ) 4 4 6
Y
İg
/
İg
Fmacmeme omėmr ikzkatmak "aótcm dmramzk" a`vr`dİe` tma`fóc momr,
f`ŗa omėkŗcm mėmr fkrùrema fkr ìufua cs`yoİa, fu ìufua ózmrkeom
mŗkt d cİac rc ‟6 ome = m a`o`r kŗ`rmtcmykp bmr fkrkem i(x) a`o`r `ėİrcİa
agys`yoİa 6 bkz`sİe ymrcmŗtkrmjmėkdkz fkr dkc, ìufuėue omelm b ckeom
fucued`sİeİ s`ėcİy`j`atİ.
ŕkdok om R 'ke v`ry esİeİ bms`pcİy`bd.
R‟M(R) ‟? ‟: ‟0 > K :
Qx -M(R)T
6
09 ;
0
> 0
;
i(x)
0 0
6 0 :
6
i(x)
0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0>
Y`r(R) 4 MQR‟ M(R)T
6
4
09+;+6+:+02
4 ?.2
0>
: 0
Dksæc :8 KKK. fùcódom, i(x) 4 x -|
09 2
4 >
0 3x3:
`ask b com.
sİacİa igeaskygeu vmrkcdkŗtk.
M(R) 4 i x i(x)ox 4
i
x ( ‟ x
B
S ox 4 Q ( x
6
-| x ) ox
H
-jg H , S 09 2 / H S 09 2 '
0 0
4 R:
B R
6
09 09 •
6<
0
0 9
+
0 9 09 09
:?
09
0<
2
Lmrìmatme sİacİa igeaskygeueue ŗmackem okaa`t moookėkeom 0 om 6
`r`sİeo`ak gc sİcİėİe 0: / :61 6 om : r`sİeo`ak gc`soİėd o 0; /:6 gcouėu,
ogc yİsİyc fmacmeme omėmrke om 6 ome fóyóa ìİad`sİ lmrmamjmėk `ec ŗo-
d`at`oİr. @yrİj` M(R )'ke, R'ke kzke vmromfokr omėmrcmrk `r sİeo` ìİa-
d`sİeİe o` dutc`a zgruecucuėu `ìİatİr.
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Y`r(R) 4 J QR‟ M(R)T6 i(x)ox 4 I * / x - ‟ Y
‟
x
+ ox
H
-4± H İ S 2 ' D9 2 /
?:
: , h :6: 62; S
4 ( R
:
x B xB )ox
h
R
v 09 9?
0>6? =06'
+
: ?:
:6:
62; s 6?:
0090
R
?
- R
:
+ x5 +
x
4
‟
9? 0;6 6>?2 =06 İ 9? 0;6
6;>< +
6>?2
29< : ?:
9? 0;6.
:6: 62;;>< +
6>?2 =06
: ?:
9? 0;6. 6>?2 =06
6?>
0002 6=2? =<2
+
+
9? 0;6 6>?2 =06
4 :.<=> ‟ =.26: + 0.690< + 0.062; 4 .:02
Y`ry esİe eml tki fkr omėmr gc`dİy`j ėİ `ìİatİr, ìóeaó s`pd`c rİe
a`rmcmrk eml tki gc`d`z. @yrİj` yua`rİo`ak bms p t`rzİeo`e ìga o`b`
pr`tka bms`pc`d` ygcc`rİeİe o` v`rcİėİeİ o` ueutd`d`cİyİz.
ŕkdok om `yeİ omv`dcİ R tms oóik omėkŗamekeke Dmoy eİd bms p-
c`y`cİd8
r
D3İ , : 0S r
:
/
:
U S U
( ‟ x + ‟ ) o x 4 ( ‟ x + ) o x 4 ‟
h . Y 09 2 ' H
D
o v
09
2 ' 6
0
S
0
‟ ) ox 4 yk `c cİd.
V / 6
e
09
R +
: 0
R6 B R
:6
2
Do
: 0 < 0
‟ (Do)
6
+ ‟ Do 4 ‟
:6 2 :6 6
;:
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ľsp`tİd y p`dİy`j`ėİdİz fu tmgrmdom R 'ke igeaskygeu gc`e ki om
i(x)'ke ùeóeom ymr cd`a ózmrm 6 vmy` H kŗcmdk uyluc`ed`at`oİr.
G
Dks c 08 i(x) 4 vm u(x) 4 R
6
‟ 6 gcsue.
2
R >
0
6 :
R
6
>
0 ?
;
R
6
‟ 6
‟6
‟0 6 <
i(x)
0 :
:
0
i(x)(x)
2 2 2 2
MQu(x)T 4 6
x
(x
6
‟ 6) i(x)
0 : : 0
4 ( - 6) ‟ + (‟ 0)(‟ -) + (6) ‟ + (<) (‟ )
2 2 2 2
‟ 6‟ :+9+< 2
2 2
4 0
: 0
Dks c 68 i(x) 4 xB
09 2
>
0 3x3:
`ask b com,
vm u(x) 4 6R
6
+ : gcsue.
: : 0
M Q6R
6
+:T 4 i (6x +:)( x + ) o x
H c S 09 2 '
, : / : 0 ; : v
-
:
B
x
6
B
x
-S
)ox
` /
: , :
4 ( ‟ x '
b S 2
•x
?
09
:6
0 ; : 0:
B x
:
+ ‟ x
6
B
x
.06 :6 2 ľc
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6?: 6< 20 ; : 0 ;
:6
+
06
+
:6
+
2 :6 06 :6
:
2
6?:6
0;6
:2
:
(?)
_mgrmd 68 Mėmr P(x,y), x,y rmmc s yİc`rİeİe fkr igeaskygeu ksm
vm (R,[ ), fkrcmŗka gc`sİcİa igeaskygeu i(x,y) gc`e amskack fkcmŗka tms oóik
omėkŗame ksm,
MQP(x,y)T 4 6
x
Z
y
P(x,y)i(x,y)
(R ,[ ), fkrcmŗka sİafa igeaskygeu i(x,y) gc`e omv dcİ fkr fkcmŗka
tms oóik omėkŗame ksm,
-MQP(x,y)T4 i i P(x,y)i(x,y)oxoy
H
-`. U-O
Fu tmgrmdke om ksp`tİeİ y`pdİy`m`ėİz.
ľakome ìga fgyutcu tms oóik omėkŗamecmr kìke tmgrmdke lmemc ki`omsk8
M QP(xİ.. .x
a
)T 4 Zx Zx
6
... £x
a
P(xİ.. .x
a
) i(xİ.. .x
a
)
M
QP(x―.. .x
a
)T4 h h ... H P (x
0
,...x
a
)i(x
0
,...x
a
) hc ox
Dks c 08 KKK. fùcódom (R,[) fkcmŗka tms oóik omėkŗamek kìke `ŗ -
ėİo ak fkrcmŗka gc`sİcİa igeaskygeu vmrodkŗtk8
> 0 6
: ?
=
9
> 0/ ? 0/ ? > > > > >
0 > 0/ 06 0/ 06 0/ 06 0/ 06 0/ 06 0/ 06
P(x,y) 4 6R + H [ gcouėueu a`fuc momckd.
t
Fu fmacmeme omėmr = ome `z vmy 60 ome i zc gc fkckr dkyok7 (B`yİr. E kìke7).
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M QP(x,y)T 4 M Q6R + £ [ T 4 6
R
6
y
(6x + £ y) i(x,y)
0 0 0
,
0
w
0 v / 6 v 0
4 >. K .‟‟i (6 + ‟ ) ( ‟ ) + (6 + ‟ ) ‟
? : ? S : / S 06' Y : ' 06
0
/
?
S
0
/
=
S
0 0
+(6+0)‟ + ( 6+ ‟ ) ‟ + ( 6+ ‟ ) ‟ +(6+6) ‟
06 S : 5 06 S : / c 6 06
=
:
0
Dks c 68 i(x,y) ‟ (x‟ y+?) c3x 3:, >3y36
6>
4 > `ask b com vmrkcdkŗ gcsue.
P(x,y) 4 R
6
+ [ gcsue.
MQP(x,y)T 4 M QR
6
+[ T 4 i i (x
6
+y) Q‟ (x-y+?)T oy ox
0 g 6 >
0
i
:
i
6
4 K K (x:‟ x
6
y+?x
6
+xy‟y
6
+?y) oy ox
6
0
H
0
i
' 09
4 (6x:+9x
6
+6xB )ox
;.> H, 0
::6
4 4± =.=:: 0
9>
0
r
:
i
6 0
r
: : 0
M(R )4 c x(x‟ y+?)oy ox 4 (6x
6
+9x) ox 4 (=)
6> H 0 H g 6> H , 0=
_mgrmd :8 Fkr s`fktke fmacmeime omėmrk ameokskem mŗkttkr, j fkr
s`fkt gcsue. M(j) 4 j okr, ìóeaó
M(j) 4 i j i(x) ox 4 m Q
¾¾
i(x) ox 4 j.c 4 j
H
‟ JG H W JO
Z @yeİ sgeuj , ogėruo`e ogėruy R*ke d`rhke c sİacİa igeaskygeu i(x)'k aucc e r`a o`
uc ŗ fkcmjmėkdkz ìİatİr.
;<
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_mgrmd ?8 R , fmacmeme omėmrk M(R ) gc e fkr tms oóik omėkŗame
vm j fkr s`fkt gcsue.
M(jR) 4 j M(R)
ľ sp`t 8 R amskack ksm1
M(jR) 4 ZhJx i(x) 4 j 6x i(x) 4 j M(R)
R omv`dcİ ksm, fmezmr ŗmakcom,
M(jR) 4 Hjx i(x) ox 4 j/ x i(x) ox 4 j M(R)
_mgrmd = 8 R tms oóik omėkŗamekeke u(R ) vm v(R ) lkfk kak igea-
skygeueue tgpc dİeİe fmacmeme omėmrk,
MQu(R)+v(R)T 4 MQu(R)T + MQv(R)T
ľsp`t8 R amskack ksm1
M Qu(R) + v(R )T 4 Z
x
Qu(R) + v(R) i(x)
- X ,u(x)i(x) + Z
R
v(x) i(x)
4 MQu(R )T + MQv(R )T (9)
? vm ='kejk tmgmdcmrk `ŗ`ėİo`ak tmgrmd kìkeom fkrcmŗtkrmfkckrkz8
_mgrmd8 (Rİ, R
6
. . .R
a
) a fgyutcu fkr fkcmŗka tms oóik omėkŗame
vm fkrcmŗka gc`sİcİa y` o` sİacİa igeaskygeu i(x
ľ =
.. .x
a
) gcsue.
Jİ, j
6
.. .j, a`o`r s`fkt1 uh,uh. • u
t
a`o`r o fkcmŗka tms oóik omėkŗ-
ameke igeaskygeueue vmrkcdkŗ gcouėueu oóŗóemckd.
MQj, u,( R ― R
v
. .R
a
) + j
6
u
6
(Rİ.. ,R
a
)+. ••+j
t
u
t
(R
0
.. .R
a
)T
4 j
t
M Qu,(R
0
.. .R
a
)+
må
M Qu,(R,., .R
a
)c+... +j, Q*
t
(R, . . UH T
Fu tmgrmd M'e± fkr «pmr t&r gc r`a ogėrus c fkr gpmr tùr gcouėueu
l9stmrkygr.(7)
_mgrmd 98 R vm [ tms`oiU omėkŗamecmrkeke fmacmeme omėmrcmrk
M(R) vm M([ ) gcsue. U
M(R +[) ~ F(R) + Mt[) 5
ľ sp `t8 (R ,[) omv`df gcsue.
3•>> «>;
M(R +[) 4 K (x+y)i(x,y)oyox
H ‟>> U‟>9
9 R omv`dcİ ksm e sİc7
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p
>=
±>> .:=
4
x i
(
x
.y) oy ox + y i(x,y) oy ox
H
->>
H
Wgg
H
Wgg
4 xQ i(x,y)oyTox+ y Q K i(x,y)oxToy
‟ > >
H
‟> > h g g H ‟=>
4 x i(x) ox + y l(y) oy
H
->>
h
‟>>
E
4 .M(R ) + M([ ) (2)
_mgrmdk sİeİrcİ s`yİo`ak tms`oóik omėkŗamecmrm lmemccmrsma8
M(R,+.. .+RH4M(R,)+.. .+M(R
a
)
_mgrmd8 <8 R ,[ f`ėİdsİz vm fmacmeme omėmrcmrk M(R ) vm M([ ) ksm
M(R[) 4 M(R) M([) okr.
Omv`dcİ omėkŗamecmr kìke ksp`t8
M(R [) 4 i i xy i(x,y) ox oy
H ‟JG H ‟ JG
R,[ f`ėİdsİz gcouėueo e i(x,y) 4 i(x) l(y)
M(R[ ) '4 i i xyi(x )l(y)oxoy
h
‟jg
*
‟jg
4 x i(x) ox y l(y) oy
• ‟jg U ‟jg
4 M(R) M([ ) (;)
Fu tmgrmdk, sİeİrcİ s`yİo`ak f`ėİdsİz omėkŗamecmrke ì`rpİdc`rİeİe
fmacmeme omėmrkem lmemccmymfokrkz.
M(Rİ.. R
a
) 4 M(R,)S . .M(R
a
)
ŕkdok v`ry`esİe o fkr fmacmeme omėmr gcouėueu okaa`tm c r`a
v`ry`es kcm kclkck ùemdck agc`ycİac`r s`ėcİy`e fkra`ì tmgrmd ózmrkeom
our`cİd.
< Ogėrus c gpmr tùrcmrm f ŗa ùremacmr vmrmfkckr dkskekz7 (Dmsmcæ o vmhgpmr tùrcmrk7).
2 Amskack (R,[) omėkŗamek kìke ksp tİ e sİc y`p`rsİeİz7
; (R,[) amskack ucurs ksp tİ e`sİc y`p`rsİeİz7
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_mgrmd Ù8 R, v`ry esİ [ `r(R) gc`e fkr tms oóik omėkŗame vm J
rmmc fkr s`fkt s`yİ ksm,
Y`r(j) 4 >
Y`r(R +j) 4 Y r(R) gcur.
åsp`t8
M(m) 4 j
Y`r(j) 4 M Qm‟M(j)T
6
4 M(j‟j)
6
4 M(>) 4 >
Y`r(R+j) 4 M QR+j‟ M(R +j)T
6
4 M QR+j‟M(R)‟jT
6
4 M QR‟ M(R)T
6
4 Y`r(R)
_mgrmd ;8 R vm g tmgrmd 2'omak lkfk ksm,
Y`r(jR) 4 m
6
Y`r(R)
åsp`t8
Y`r(jR) 4 M QmR‟ M(jR)T
6
4 M QmR‟mM(R)T
6
4 M Qm(R‟ M(R)T
6
4 M m
6
QR‟ M(R)T
6
4 j
6
MQR‟M(R)T
6
4 j
6
Y`r(R)
ŕkdok v`ry`esİe pr`tka ygco`e bms`pc`ed`sİe` kdaæe vmrme fkr
igrdócó lùrmckd.
_mgrmd 0>8
. Y r(R) 4 M(R
6
) ‟ QM(R)T
6
åsp`t8
[ r(R) 4 M QR‟ M(R)T
6
4 M QR
6
‟6R M(R)+ QM(R)T
6
T
Fmacmeme omėmr ogėrus c fkr gpmr tùr gcouėue lùrm,
4 M(R
6
) ‟ 6M(R) M(R ) + QM(R)T«
4 M(R
6
) ‟ QM(R)T
6
M(R
6
) 4 Y`r(R) + QM(R)T
6
'
ŕkdok fu tmgrmdk aucc e`r`a o`b ùejm bms`pc oİėİdİz f`zİ v`r-
y`esc rİ ymekome bms`pc y cİd.
(5)
i(x) 4 o`ėİfdcİ R tms oóik omėkŗamekeke v`ry`esİeİ i gc`r a
2
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4 G `ask b`com vmrkcdkŗ vm [`r(R)
gcouaì z`bdmtck bms`pc d c ro`e sger .: /2 gc`r`a fucueduŗtu.
M(R
6
) 4 i x6 ( ‟ x + ‟ ) ox 4 i ( ‟
R
:+ ‟ x@ ox
İ v 09 2 / H , v 09 2 /
: 0 .:
4 R"B R:
9? 6? cİ
6?: 6< : 0 6?> 69 6;
4 ‟ + 4 W + W 4 W
9? 6? 9? 6?
9? -
6? 9
6;
/ 0< S
6
6; 62; 02=9‟0<:? 066
Y r(R) 4 ( ) 4 4 4 4.:02
9 Y 2 ' 9 9? :2? :2?
Fu dksæc tmgrmd 0>'o`ak aİs igrdócóe kŗkdkzk em omeck agc yc ŗ-
tİroİėİeİ lùstmrkygr. Y`ry es bms`pc`d c`rİ o`kd` fu aİs` igrdóc
aucc`eİc`r`a y`pİcd`boİr.
ŕkdok om kak tms oóik omėkŗameke tgpc`d vmy` i`raİeİe v`ry esİeİ
vm f`ėİdsİzaa b ckeom tmgrmdke c j`ėİ ùzmc ŗmack lùrmckd.
_mgrmd 008
Y`r(R+[) 4 Y`r(R) + Y`r([) + 6 Jgv(R,[)
Y`r(R‟[) 4 Y`r(R) + [`r([) ‟ 6 Jgv(R,[)
åsp`t 8 _ rki lmrmėk,
Y`r(R+[) 4 M QR+[ ‟ M(R +[)T
6
4 M Q QR‟ M(R)T -i Q[‟ M([)TT
6
4 M Q QR‟ M(R)T
6
+ 6QR‟M(R)T Q[‟M([)T
+ Q[‟M([)T
6
T
4 M QR‟ M(R)T
6
+ M Q[‟ M([)T
6
+
+ 6 M QR‟ M(R)T Q[‟ M([)T
Mėmr M QR‟ M(R )T Q[‟ M([ )T 4 Jgv(R,[) ŗmackeom kskdcmeokrk-
ckrsm,
Y`r(R+[ ) 4 Y r(R) + Y r([) + 6 Jgv(R,[) igrdócó mcom mokckr.
Jgv(R,[), (A gv`ry es(R,[) ŗmackeom gaued cİoİr) R vm [ omėkŗ-
amecmrk `r`sİeo`ak kckŗakyk lùstmrkr.
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Y`r(R‟ [) kìke om fmezmr fkr ksp t agc`yj` y`po fokr. (0>)
Mėmr R ,[ stga stka gc`r a f`ėİdsİz gcurs , Jgv(R,[) 4 > gcur
vm tmgrmd f`ėİdsİzcİa b ckeom
Y`r(R +[ ) 4 Y`r(R‟ [) 4 Y r(R) + Y r([) ŗmackek cİr.
F`ėİdsİzcİa b ckeom Jgv(R,[) 4 > gcouėueu agc`yj` lùstmrmfkckrkz8
M QR‟ M(R)T T Q[‟ M([)T 4 M QR [ - R M([) ‟ [ M(R) +M(R ) M([)T
4 M(R[ ) ‟ M(R) M([ ) ‟ M(R) M([)
+ M(R) M([)
4 M(R) M([) ‟ M(R) M([) ‟ M(R) M([ )
+ M(R) M([)
- >
_mgrmdk kakome ìga s`yİo f`ėİdsİz omėkŗamem om lmemccmymfkckrkz8
R İ,. . .R― stga`stka f ėİdsİz tms oóik omėkŗamecmr gcsue.
Y`r(R
0
+R
6
+R:+ .. .+R
e
) 4 £ Y`r(R,)
c4İ
@r`c rİeo`ak agv`ry`es sİiİr gc`e tms oóik omėkŗamecmrm "okŗakskz"
`oİ vmrkckr. Ztga`stka f`ėİdsİzcİa kckŗakskzckėk om gtgd`tka gc`r`a s`ėc`r.
I`a`t kckŗakskzckėke dutc`a` stga`stka f`ėİdsİzcİa `ec`dİe` lmcmjmėk
sùycmemdmz. Fue fkr kstkse egrd c o`ėodİŗ omėkŗamecmrokr. Egrd c
o`ėİcdİŗ kak omėkŗame kckŗakskz ksm `yeİ z`d`eo` stga`stka f`ėİdsİzoİr.
AGVVMC@Z[GE A@_Z@[KZK, p
kak omėkŗame `r`sİeo`ak agv`ry`es, omėkŗamecmrke ùcìócdmskeom
aucc`eİc`e fkrkdcmrm f`ėaoİr. ľckŗakeke ùcìó fkrkdcmrkeome `rİtİcdİŗ fkr
ki`omsk, aótcm agrrmc`syge a`ts`yİsİ p'oİr vm `ŗ ėİo`ak lkfk t`rki mokckr8
Jgv(R,[)
^R'[ 4
p'eİe kŗ`rmtk Jgv(R,[)'ym f`ėcİ gc`r`a omėkŗkr. R vm [ eke ùcìó fk-
rkdcmrkeomak omėkŗkackacmr p`y vm p`yo`yİ mŗkt gr`eo` mtakcmokacmrk kìke
0> _mgrmdk o`b lmemc gc r a ŗùycm ki om momfkckrkz8
Y`r(`R+f[) 4 `±Y`r(R) + f
s
Y`r([) + 6 f Jgv(R,[)
Y`r(`R‟f[) 4 `
6
Y`r(R) + f
Y`r([) ‟ 6 f Jgv(R,[)
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p omėkŗdmz.. Jgv(R ,[) 4 G gcouėueo p
x
,
y
4 > gcur. p
x
,
[
eke c fkcm-
jmėk dkekdud vm d`askdud omėmrcmr om `ŗ`ėİo`ak mŗktskzckatm fmckrkr.
‟0 ^x,
[
æ 0
ŕkdok om fu mŗktskzckėke emrmome lmcokėkek lùrmckd. ] vm Y lkfk kak omėkŗ-
ame t rki momckd.
R‟M(R) [‟M([)
] 4 , Y 4
`
x
3<y
] vm Y st`eo`rtc`ŗtİ rİ cİeİ ŗ tms`oóik omėkŗamecmr'okr. Bmr-
b`elk fkr tms`oóik omėkŗameome fmacmeme omėmrkek ìİa`rİr vm st`eo`rt
s`pd`sİe fùcmrsma g omėkŗameke st`eo`rtc ŗtİrİcİeİŗ ŗmack fucueur. Fu
ŗmcocom kskdcmeokrdmeke emomek1 tms oóik omėkŗame b`elk fmacmeme omėmr
vm v`ry`es kcm o`ėodİŗ gcurs gcsue st`eo`rt igrd'ueue o`ėoİdİde fma-
cmeme omėmrkeke sİikr vm v`ry`esİed o 0 gcd`sİoİr. (00)
Jv(O .Y) 4 M Q ‟ • - T Q W W T
H
R
]y
0 Jgv(R,[)
MQR‟ M(R)T Q[‟ M([)T4 4
^ x
,
y
ii
R
3<y
_mgrmd cc'ome,
Y`r(]+Y) 4 Y`r(]) + Y`r(Y) + 6 Jgv(],Y)
Y`r(]‟Y) 4 Y`r(]) + Y`r(Y) ‟ 6Jgv(],Y)
Y`r(]) vm Y`r([) eke 0 gcouėueu lùrdóŗtóa,
Y`r(Ó_Y) 4 6Qc4IJgv(],Y)T
tk | -R‟ M(R)-İ 0 0
M(]) 4 M 4 ‟ M QR-M (R)T 4 ‟ QM(R)‟M(R)T 4 >
C G
R
H 3İ
R
@
R
r
R-M(R) -İ 0
Y r(]) 4 Y`r 4 ‟ Y`r QR -M (R )H
C H jc
Gys Y`r(R‟j) 4 Y`r(R) kckŗakskeome (tmgrmd 2) y`r`rc e`r`a,
Y`rQR‟ M(R)T 4 Y`r(R) 4 g
x
fucueur. Ogc yİsİyc ,
Y r(]) 4 0 mcom mokckr.
Zt eo rt b cm lmtkrdm kŗcmdkem, ùzmcckacm egrd c o`ėİcİd kcm kclkck kz bc ro tmar r tmd s
momjmėkz..
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Mŗktckėke sgc t`r iİ fkr v`ry es gcouėue` lùrm eml tki gc`d z,
g b`com s ė t`r`i o` eml tki gc`d`z. Fueue kìke ksm, c + Jgv(],[ )U> vm
0‟Jgv(],Y)ZŗG gcd`cİoİr. Fkr`z ùejmak folkdkzk aucc`e`r a, Jgv(],Y)
ymrkem p(
A y
) y`z`fkcmjmėkdkzm lùrm,
. c - ip
R [
U> vm vm 0 ‟ p
R [
ŕ8> gcd`foİr. Fu ksm,
‟ c p U
R [
Uc gcd`sİ omdmatkr. (06)
Aótcm agrrmc`syge a`ts`yİsİ p'eue + 0 gcd`sİ R vm [ `r`sİeo`
ogėrus`c fkr igeaskygemc kckŗak fucued`sİ ec`dİe` lmckr. ľ ckŗakeke
igrd'ueue ekìke ogėrus c gcouėueu lùstmrdmdkz lmrmakr.
`
v
vm 3r
v
fkr'm mŗkt gcouėu kìke Jgv(],Y) ‟ 0 gcd`sİ b`ckeom p(],Y)
4 0, Jgv(],Y) 4 ‟0 gcd`sİ b`feom ksm p(],Y) 4 ‟0 gcur.
Jgv(].[) 4 0 gcouėueo` Y r(]‟Y) 4 > y`ek ]‟Y fkr s fkt
gcur.
R‟M(R) [‟M([)
‟ j (j fkr s`fkt) Fu ki`om ózmrkeom kŗcmd
`
x
Ly
y`p`rs`a,
R(<y
Ly
M(R) J_
R
[ -H- 3<
R
M([) ‟ J 3<
R
J<y
R 4 M(R) + j 3r
x
‟ ‟ M([ ) + ‟ [ fucueur. Mŗktckėke s ė
Ly 3_y
t`r`iİeo`ak kca kkì tmrkdome bmr fkrk fkrmr s fkt gcouėueo e fu óì tmrkdk
óm lùstmrmrma,
R 4 ` + f[ F ‟ ‟ fucueur. f'eke pgzktki gcd sİ zgruecuour.
iiy
`, pgzktki vmy` eml tki gc`fkckr.
Jgv(],Y) 44.‟0 gcouėueo Y`r(]+Y) - > y`ek ]+Y fkr s`fkt
gcur.
R 3<
Y
‟ 3_y V(R) -i
[
‟ M([) -4 j 3_
R
Jy
R. « MUR) + U
M([5
?- j g, ‟ ‟ [
ŕ y J_y
06 Fu kckŗak | Jgv(R,[)| U| g
x
Q (`
[
| ŗmackeom Zjbw`rtz mŗktskzckėkeome lkokcmrma om
ìİa`rİc fkckr. @oİ lmìme mŗktskzcka kìke bmrb`elk fkr j cjucus akt fİe f`aİc fkckr.
Dmsmcæ V. Ì. Fuja "@ov`ejmo J cjucus" KK. Moktkge Dj Lr w Bkcc, 0;9= Zb. 00.
0>=
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R
R 4 ` ‟ f[ `4 M ( R ) + M([) + j `
x
[
Hf
4 ‟ (0:)
R vm [ `r sİeo`ak agrrmc syge a`ts`yİsİeİe Up 0 gcd`sİ igeaskygemc
kckŗakeke ogėrus ccİėİ `ec dİe lmcokėk lkfk1 ogėrus c fkr igeaskygemc
kckŗak om `r`o`ak agrrmc syge a`ts`yİsİeİe dutc a omėmrkeke 0 gcouėu
`ec dİe lmckr. Ìóeaó
[ 4 ` fR ksm,
Jgv(R,[) 4 MQR‟ M(R)T Q[‟ M([)T
4 M QR‟ M(R)T Q(`_fR )‟ `4IfM(R)T
4 M QR‟ M(R)T Q+f Qx M(R )T T
4 + fM QR‟ M(R)T QR‟ M(R)T
4 + fY `r(R )
Jgv(R,[) + f Y r(R)
7R'[
4 4
B`cfuak, v`ry es kcm kclkck tmgrmdcmr lmrmėk [`r([ ) 4 f
6
Y`r(R)
vmy` `
6
y
4 f
6
`
6
x
y o `
[
4 f `
x
tkr. Fu sgeuju p
x
,
y
omeacmdkeom
ymrkem agy`rs a, '
_ f `
6
x
p
x
,
[
4 , 4 U 0 mcom mokckr.
f `
6
x
R kcm [ `r sİeo` ogėrus c fkr igeaskygemc kckŗak gcd`sİ b`ckeom, x, [
eke dutc a omėmrkeke c'm mŗkt gcouėueu s`yİs c fkr dksæc kcm lùstmrmckd8
0: Fmezmr ŗmakcom1
(Hy 3_y
J±v(],Y) 4 0 gcouėueo [ 4 M([) ‟ j3h
y
M(R)
B
R
@
R ¾R
Jgv(],Y) 4° ‟0 gcouėueo` [ 4 M([) + jj
[
+ ‟ M(R) ‟ R
`
x ¾x
Okaa t mokcokėk lkfk fur o s`omjm R,[ `r sİeo`ak kckŗakeke ogėrus cfėİ ózmrkeom ourucuygr,
fkr smfmp-sgeuì kckŗaksk ózmrkeom omėkc. Fu ageuy , rmlrmsyge kcm kclkck fùcódom tmar r oùemjmėkz.
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Dks c8 R, mŗkt gc`sİcİac rc 0,6,:,=,9 omėmrcmrkeome fkrkek c fkcmjma
fkr tms oóik omėkŗame vm [ 4 6 ‟ £ R gcsue. @ŗ`ėİo`ak t`fcg fkzm bm-
s`pc`d`o` aucc`e`j`ėİdİz fkclómrk vmrdmatmokr.
0 0 0 v 0
0
i(x)
/
= = = = =
R
0
6
:
=
9
R5
0 ?
;
6=
:9
[
0.=
0
.=
‟ .=
‟ 0
[*
6.6= 0
.6=
K
.6=
0
R [
0.= 6
0.=
‟ 6.=
‟9
vmy`
0< <=
M(R) 4 M(R±) 4 40=
= * =
0.= ?.<=
M([ ) 4 M([*) 4
= =
62; 29
Y r(R) 4 0= S 4
6= 6=
?.<= 6.6= 60.=>
Y r([) 4 4
= 6= 6=
0 29 60,=>
Y`r([) 4 f
6
Y r(R) 4 4
? 6= 6=
‟ :.=
M(R[)4
=
Jgv(R[) 4 M QR‟ M(R)T T Q[‟ M([)T 4 MQR[‟ R M ([ )- [ M(R)
+ M(R) M([)T
4 M(R[ ) ‟ M(R) M([) ‟ M(R) M([) + M(R) M([)
4 M(R[ ) ‟ M(R) M([)
0><
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Dks c 08 K KK. fùcódom lùroóėódóz amskack fkcmŗka tms oóik omėkŗame
kcm kclkck gc r`a,
i(c,>) 0/? 0
l(cS>) 4
4 W
4
WW
i(>) 0/ 6 6
i(>,>) 0 /? 0
l(>S >) 4 4 ‟ 4 ‟
i(>) 006 6
gcouėueu fkckygruz.
M([ S R 4>) 4 y l(yS x) 4 0. S +>. * 4 k
Dks c 68 KKK. fùcódom ymr `c`e omv`dcİ fkcmŗka tms`oóik omėkŗame
kcm kclok gc r`a,
y+?
i(xSy) 4 0 3x3:, >3y 36
6(9‟y)
4 > `ask b com,
igeaskygeu mcom mokcdkŗtk.
x‟ y+?
M(R S y) 4 x
H , C 6(9‟[)
H
ox
0
r
: 0
/
0 y
K (x
6
‟ xy?-?x)ox 4 ( x
:
x-
‟
v
) H , 6(9‟v) S : 6
+ 6x
)
<?‟06y
6(9‟ y)
:<‟9y
02‟:y
:< 6=
Dmsmcæ y 4 > kìke M (R S y) 4 , y 4 6 kìke M (R S y) 4
02 06
gc`j atİr. Ymrk y omėmrk igrdócom ymrkem ageouėueom M (R S y) eke fkr
s`fkt s`yİ gc j ėİ, f`ŗa omykŗcm fu ŗ`rtcİ fmacmeme omėmrke y'eke fkr
0>;
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igeaskygeu gcouėu lùrócóygr. Fmezmr ŗmakcom M([ S x) om x'ke fkr igea-
skygeu gcd`at`oİr.
[ S x ŗ rtcİ o ėİcİdİeİe v`ry esİ ksm fu o ėİcİdİe amskack vmy` om-
v`dcİ gcuŗue lùrm `ŗ ėİo`ak ŗmakcom t`rki mokckr8
Y`r([S x) 44•M Q[‟ M([S x)T
6
‟ ŕ
y
Qy- M ( [ S x )T
6
l(yS x)
omv`dcİcİa b ckeom ksm,
JG
4 h Qy‟ •M([S x) l(yS x) oy
H -jg
fmezmr ŗmakcom,
Y`r(RS y) 4 Z, Qx-M (R S y)T
6
i(xS y)
4 i Qx -M (R S y) T
6
i (x S y)ox
H Wjg
M([ S x), x'ke fmcck fkr omėmrk kìke s fkt, i a t x'ke omėkŗme omėmr-
cmrkem f`ėcİ gc r a omėkŗtkėk kìke fkr tms oóik omėkŗame `oomokcmfkckr.
M ([ S x) ke o ėİcİdİeİe fmacmeme omėmrkem M([ S R ) okygruz. M ([ S R )
rmlrmsyge igeaskygeu gc`r a `oc`eoİrİcİr vm ùzmcckacm katks`tìİc`r f`aİ-
dİeo`e fóyóa ùemd t`ŗİr.
_mgrmd 068
M([) 4 M QM([S R )T
ľ sp`t8 R ,[ amskack gcsue,
_mgrmd 0 ome y`r`rc e`r`a,
MQM([S R )T 4 X
x
M ([ S x) i(x)
gys ,
M ( [ S x )46
y
yl( yS x ) i(x) 5 >
MQM([ S R )T 4 M
x
i (x)Z
y
y'l(yS x)
4 6
y
yZ
c l
( y S x ) i ( x )
B`cfuak, i(x) l(yS x) 4 i(x,y) okr.
4 B
y
y i(x,y) 4 y l(y) 4 M([ )
R, [ omv`dcİ ksm,
M QM ([ S R ) T4 i M([ S x) i(x) ox
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M ([ S x) 4 H
4g
yl(yS x)oy i(x) 5
G
MQM([ S R )T 4 h U Q £ y l(yS x) oy T i(x)ox
- i i y l(yS x) i(x) oy ox
H ‟>>
H
-gg
l(yS x) i(x) 4 i(x,y) gcouėueo e,
4 i i y i(x,y) oy ox 4 M([ )
H
->>
H
- s
Fmezmr ŗmakcom,
M QM(RS [ )H 4 H U Q x i(xS y) ox T l(y) oy
4 i i x i(x,y) ox oy 4 M(R )
H >> H ->>
ŕkdok ùejmak dksæccmrk aucc e`r`a fu tmgrmdke `ec dİeİ o`b sgdut
b cm lmtkrmckd8
Dksæc 08 ŕ`rtcİ fmacmeme omėmr kìke vmrokėkdkz dksæcom,
M ([ S R 4>) 4 H fucduŗtua.
Fmezmr ŗmakcom, M ([ S R 40) 4 :.= gcouėueu o` agc`ycİac` fuc -
fkckrkz.
M QM ( [ S R ) T4 6
x
M([ S x )i (x )
0 0 60 0 0 60
6 6 9 6 ? 06
Lmrìmatme
0 0 0 0 İ 0
M([) 4 6
y
yl(y )4 0.‟ +6.‟ +: .‟ +?. +=. +9. 4 6
: 06 06 06 06 06
Dks c 68
M QM(R S [ )T 4 h
d
Q |
d
x i(xS y) ox T l(y) oy
ŕ`rtcİ fmacmeme omėmr kcm kclkck kakejk dks com,
:<‟9y
M(R S y) 4 fucduŗtua.
:(9‟y)
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th ìkkejkk fùcódomak omv`df fomŗka tms`oóik omėkŗamecmrcm olok dks -
ckdkzom om,
0
l(y)4 ‟ (9-y)
0> ,
mcom mokcdkŗtk. Fu fol]mrkdkzk ymek igrdócódózom aucc eİrs`a,
İ
i
6 :<‟9y
i
0
MQM (R S [ )T4 K (9‟y) | oy
:(9‟y) C 0>
H
6
:<‟9y 0
i 6
4 oy 4 ‟ (:<‟ 9y) oy
:> :>
,0 / ,6 x
0
:0
4
(:<y :y
6
) 4 ‟ ‟ M(R)
:> Y 'g / 0=
Ìóeaó lmem óìóejó fùcódome,
0 0
i(x) 4 (6x+9) 4 (x+:) fucueduŗtu.
6> 0>
Fu folkym o`y`e`r`a,
0 ,: 0 . 0 :
.:
x
M(R) 4 (x
6
+:x) ox 4 ( x: B -x
6
)
0> H , 0> Y : 6 b '
0 6< 0 : :0
0> 6 : 6 0=
M([ S x) 'ke omėkŗme x omėmrcmrk kìke o ėİfdİde fmacmeme omėmrk"
gc e M QM([ S R )T'k lùroóatme sger M([ S R )'ke o`ėİcİdİeİe v ry esİeİ
o ŗ`ėİo`ak igrdóc y`roİdİ om fuc`fokrkz8 (0?)
Y`rQM([S R )T 4 M
x
QM
y
([ S R ) - M([)T
6
Y`r([) 4 M QY`r([ S R ) T + Y r QM([ S R ) T
Zge mŗktckėk sùz kcm ki`om momrsma, [ 'eke ŗ rtsİz v`ry`esİ, kak i raf
v`ry`esd tgpc`dİ gcd`at`oİr. Fu tmrkdcmrome oak, ['eke omėkŗme x
omėmrcmrk kìke ŗ`rtcİ v`ry`esc`eed fmacmeme omėmrk, kakejksk ksm [ 'eke
0? B. Irmmd e "Ketrgoujtkge tg Zt tkstkj c Keimrmİİjm", @ooksge \mscmy 0;9:, Zb. =9-=<.
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omėkŗme x omėmrcmrk kìke ŗ`rtcİ o`ėscİdİeİe grt c d c rİeİe v`ry`esİoİr.
Fkrkejk tmrkd [ 'eke omėkŗme R omėmrcmrk kìke ŗ`rtcİ grt`c`d`sİ mtr iİeo`ak
grt`c`d` y`yİcd`sİeİ, kakejksk ksm ['eke ŗ`rtcİ o`ėİcİdİeİe grt`c`d`sİeİe
v`ry`esİoİr. (0=)
ŕkdok stga`stka f`ėİdsİzcİa b`ckem kckŗake gc`r`a `ŗ`ėİo`ak tmgrmdk
lùrmckd.
_mgrmd 0:8 Mėmr R ,[ stga`stka gc r a f ėİdsİz ksm (y`ek (R,[ )
eke fkrcmŗka gc`sİcİa vmy` sİacİa igeaskygeu d`rhke`c o`ėİcİdc`rİeİe ì`r-
pİdİe` mŗkt ksm vmy` ŗ`rtcİ vm ŗ rtsİz o`ėİcİdc`r `r sİeo` i`racİcİa ygas`)
M(R S y) 4 M(R)
M([ S x) 4 M([) gcur.
åsp`t 8 R ,[ amskack ksm,
M ( R S y) 4. Z
x
xi (x S y) l(y) 5 >
f ėİdsİzcİa emomek kcm, i(xS y) 4 i(x)
M ( R S y) 4 X
x
xi(x) 4 M(R)
R,[ omv`dcİ ksm,
M ([ S x )4 H
D
yl(y S x )oy4 H U y l(y) oy 4 M([)
Fùycmckacm tms oóik omėkŗamecmrke, o`ėİcİdc`rİeİe ŗmackek t`yke
mome dmramzk mėkckd vm o`ėİcd kcm kclkck ùemdck p`r`dmtrmcmrkek vm fue-
c`rİe bms`pc`ed`sİe` kckŗake aur`cc`rİ lùrdóŗ fucueuygruz. ŕkdok `yeİ
ageuyu, fmcak egt`syge ktkf`rkycm fkr z i`racİ lùróeódom i`a`t `scİeo`
mŗcmeka fkr f`ŗa y`ac ŗİdc kejmcmymjma vm fkr tms oóik omėkŗameke
o`ėİfdİeİe dgdmetcmrkek vm fuec`rİ fucd`eİe pr`tka ygcc`rİeİ lùrmjmėkz.
DGDME_CMV
Fkr tms oóik omėkŗameke o`ėİcİdİeİe amske ŗmackek fmckrcmyme dg-
dmetcmr y f`ŗc elİì egat`sİ mtr iİeo y o f`ŗa bmrb`elk fkr omėmr
mtr iİeo gcur. Fu egat lmemcckacm fmacmeme omėmr vmy aótcm grt c d`sİ
gcd`at`oİr.
_`rki 8 Bmrb elk fkr gc`sİcİa y` o` sİacİa igeaskygeueue f`ŗc`elİì
egat`sİ mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmrk o`ėİcİdİ vmrome tms oóik omėkŗameke
auvvmtcmrkeke fmacmeme omėmrcmrkokr.
0= Fu ageu ózmrkeom rmlrmsyge tmgrkskem kckŗake gc r a o`b i zc ourd`dİz lmrmamjmatkr.
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R'ke f`ŗc`elİì egat`sİ mtr iİeo`ak r'İejİ dgdmetk, Qk/
r
tUr
4
M QR
r
T 4 6
R
x
r
i(x)
vmy`
(R
r
'4 Q x
r
i(x)ox
F`ŗc`elİì egat`sİ mtr`iİeo`ak fkrkejk dgdmet SxS ùzmcckacm ùemdckokr.
(
z'
0
4 M(R) 4 6
x
xi(x)
vmy`
r
(x'İ 4 K x i(x) ox
H -JG
lİ'İ o`ėİcİdİe fmacmeme omėmrk vmy grt c d`sİoİr.
Fkr R tms oóik omėkŗamekeke bmrb elk fkr egat sİ mtr iİeo`ak dg-
dmetcmrk `ŗ`ėİo`ak ŗmakcom t`rki mokckr8
M Q(x‟ )
r
T - i (x‟`)
r
i(x) ox (amskack ksm £
x
(x‟`)
r
i(x) )
H
‟jg
Mėmr 4 ihİ'İ cİeİrs , grt c d mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmr mcom mokckr.
Fuec`rİ u
r
kcm lùstmrmckd. R omv`dcİ ksm,
|x
r
- M Q(R‟Qk'İ)
r
T 4 i (x-ix'İ)3 i(x) ox
H Wgg
«>> -jg -jg
(x‟ix'İ) i(x) ox 4 x i(x) ox‟(R', i(x) ox
H
‟g
‟>> ‟JG
Sc k
‟ Qk.'İ 4
G
(@c
Fu t rkismc kst`tkstkatme fkcokėkdkz, `rktdmtka grt c`d o`e s`pd -
c`rİe jmfrka tgpc`dİeİe sİiİr gcd`sİeo e f`ŗa fkrŗmy omėkcokr.
(06 4 i (x - y,) * i(x) ox
‟jg
hC
6
'y
m
om R'ke v`ry`esİ okygruz.
Fmacmeme omėmr jmfrkeom lùroóėódóz Y`r(R) 4 M(R
6
)‟ QM(R)T
6
ki omskek dgdmetcmr jkeskeome mcom momckd.
QCX
4 i
(x‟ik',)
6
i(x) ox 4
i
Qx
6
‟6ik', x+(
c
İ'
0
)
6
T i(x) o5
h ‟JG H ‟jg
4 i x
6
i(x) ox‟6(0, i R i(x) ox-i~ (( •| )
6
i i(x)ox
H ‟JG U-JG - JG
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(ľ6 4 (H.'
6
‟(Qk'G
6
QHK'İ ymrkem ìga aucc eİcoİėİ
kìke lmemcckacm hİ aucc`eİcİr. Fueo`e sger`
aótcm grt`c`d`sİ kìke ikS ymrkem hh. aucc`eİc`j`atİr.
hh.:, grt`c`d` mtr`iİeo`ak óìóejó dgdmet ì`rpİacİėİe ùcìósóoór.
Zkdmtrka o`ėİcİdc`ro` (x
:
4 > gcur.(K9) @ŗ`ėİo`ak ŗmakcom oa mėrk sgc`
ogėru ì`rpİatİr, vm 0x: 3> tkr. Fue a`rŗİcİa kakejk mėrk s`ė ogėru ì`rpİa
vm Qx
:
5> oİr. Fueuec` fmr`fmr (hİ
:
'óe fokedmsk o`ėİcİdİe ŗmack b`aaİeo`
fkzk amske fkr sgeuj` uc`ŗtİr`d`z.(0<) Óìóejó mėrk kìke Qx
:
4 > gcouėu
b com skdmtrk sùz ageusu omėkcokr.
09 D. L. Ameo cc @. Ztu`rt "_bm @ov`ejmo _bmgry gi Zt`tkstkjs" Ygc. K Zmj. Mo. 0;9:
Zb. 2='tm ì`rpİacİa (sa) kìke ŗu igrdóc vmrkcdmatmokr8
±.( .+ ) '/
0
v-,
Za 4 Fu igrdócom , 4 , & 4
6(=(:-9(:,-;) (x'
6
Lùrócoóėó lkfk (:, om, 4 > gcouėueo (: ogc yİsİyc Za sİiİr gcd`at oİr.
U 4 HK / ‟ :(
HC,'
(HC/ + 6HK,' igrdócó kcm fucue`fkcdmatmokr.
y.
6
'c'
ym e`z`r`e QH., fóyó-
oóaìm ì`rpİacİa `rtd`at`oİr.
0< Dggo, Lr`yfkcc KK. Mo. Zb. 0>;.
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^r`tkatm me ìga aucc`eİc`e dgdmetcmr 0 vm 6'kejk dgdmetcmrokr.
]yluc`d`o` ózmrkeom ouruc`e tms oóik omėkŗameke o`ėİcİdİeİe amske
ŗmack fkckedmokėk kìke lmemcckacm aótcm dgdmetcmrkek bms pc`d`a dódaóe
gcd`z. Fue a`rŗİcİa ùremacmdm ygcuyc bkì omėkcsm aótcm grt c d`sİ
vm fu grt`c`d` mtr iİeo` sùz ageusu tms oóik omėkŗameke v`ry`esİ
b`aaİeo` t`bdkecmr y`pİcd`y` ì`cİŗİcİr. Fu ìga ùemdck ageuc`r ózmrke-
om kcmrkom mtr`icİ ŗmakcom our`j ėİz. @yrİj` fkr sger`ak fùcódom fkr a`ì
ùemdck o`ėİcİd ózmrkeom ourucurame fu o`ėİcİdc rİe dgdmetcmrk om
fucue`j`a vm dgdmetcmrke e`sİc mcom mokcmjmėk ageusue dksæccmr vmrkc-
dkŗ gc`j`atİr.
Dgdmet igrdóccmrkeom x ymrkem u(x) agyd`a surmtkycm, tms`oóik
omėkŗamecmrke igeaskygec rİeİe dgdmetcmrk ŗmackeom igrdóccmrk o`b lmemc
b cm lmtkrmfkckrkz.
Dgdmet Ìİa`r`e Igeaskyge8
@yeİ dgdmetcmrm s`bkp kak o`ėİcİd fkrfkrkeke `yeİ s`yİcİr. Dubtmcki
dmrtmfmome dgdmetcmrkek fkcdmdkz, fkr tms`oóik omėkŗameke o`ėİcİdİeİe
amske ŗmackek `ec d`dİzİ s`ėc r. _mgrka gc r`a vm pr`tkatm ùemdck gc e
dgdmetcmrk mcom mtdmdkzk s`ėcİy`e fkr igeaskyge gcd`sİ b ckeom fóyóa
agc`ycİa s`ėcİy`j`ėİ `ìİatİr. Dgdmet ìİa r`e igeaskyge `oİeo`e `ec`-
ŗİcoİėİ lkfk fu kŗm y`r`r. R'ke dgdmet ìİa r e igeaskygeueu, d
x
(t) ŗma-
ckeom lùstmrkrsma1
d
x
(t)4 MQm«T
R amskack ksm d
x
(t) 4 £
x
m
, x
i(x)
/•JG
R omv`dcİ ksm 4 0 m
tx
i(x)ox
H -JG
t
6
t:
m'* 4 0 -i- tx
-i-
x
6
+ x
:
+
• • •
ŗmackeom y`zİc fkcmjmėkem lù-
rm, 6 :
r
t 6
_ jj
d
x
(t) 4 M c + tx+ x
6
+. . . 4 Z (k'İ
C
6
H k40
k
(x'
r
, d
x
(t)'eke t'ym lùrm r'İejİ tórmvkeom t 4 > omėmrk ageuc`r`a mcom
mokckr.(02)
02 d
x
(t), t 4 > kìke c'm mŗkttkr. F zİ o`ėİcİdc ro t'eke fótóe omėmrcmrk kìke d
x
(t) bms`p-
c e`fkckr, dksæckdkzom gcouėu lkfk f zİ b ccmrom åsm dv(t) `ej a t'eke fmcck fkr r cİat ak omėmrcmrk
ľ
Ì
ľ
O
fucue`fkckr.
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Dks`c8 i(x) 4 ` `5> sİacİa igeaskygeu vmrkcdkŗ
gcsue.
d
x
(t) vm fue` o`y`e`r`a M(x) vm Y`r(R)'k fuc`fd.
d
x
(t) 4 M Qm
, x
T 4 i" m
u
| `
m - "ox
4 `i m
x ( ,
~
c
) ox 4 Z ‟ m
x
3'-
`
5 " h
H > ( t‟` g )
t3` gcd`sİ b`ckeom,
d
x
( t ) 4`( S 4 t 3`
Y t‟`
'
`‟t
o / ` S `
M(R) 4 4 ‟ ( ‟ ) ] 4 ‟ ct-` 4
ot S `‟ t' ( ‟ t)
6
`
6
Y r(R) 4 e'6 ‟ ((k'İ)
6
o
6
/ `
v
o , `
| ľ6 4 -
( ‟ ) C ± 4 ‟ ( ) ]
'`‟ t' ot S `‟ t)
6
'
t
6
S `‟ Y ot S `‟ t)
6
6 (`‟t) 6`
6
ct4>
( ‟0)« `
?
`
6
6 0 0
Y r(R) 4 4
`
6
`
6
`
6
S ` `
6
'
` `
6
u(x), R 'ke fkr igeaskygeu ksm,
(t).4 M Q«•3±'T
R amskack ksm,
R omv`dcİ ksm,
d
u(x)
(t) 4 i m
t u ( x )
i(x) ox
H
` g
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Fkcmŗka tms`oóik omėkŗamecmr kìke dgdmet ìİa`r`e igeaskyge8
d
x
,x
6
(t,,t
6
) 4 M Qm'@rt@T
2
M(R ,) 4 d
x
,x
6
(>,>) (y`ek aİsdk tórmv omeacmdkeom t, vm t. yk
Zx
6
sİiİr mŗktcmymjmėkz.)
o
M(R
6
) 4 dx,x
6
(>,>)
t
6
2
0
- o6
M(Rh
6
) 4 ‟ d
x
,x
6
(>,>), M(R
6
6
) 4 d
R İ R 6
(>,>)
`t,
6
`t
6
6
M(R
0
R
6
) 4 W W dx
c R 6
(>,>)
`t,`t
6
`
6
Y`r(R
0
) 4 dx-(xx,, x -
( k
x
6
(>,>)
`t,
6
>6
Y`r(R
6
) 4 d 3
r ^ T
, x
6
-,x
6
(>,>)
A
>6
Jgv(R
0
,R
6
)4 d
x
W
t
k x
0
, x ‟ R R , (>,>)
>t― >t
6
Zge gc`r a dgdmet ìİa`r`e igeaskygec rİ fkrfkrkem mŗkt gc e o ėİ-
cİdc rİe, dgdmetcmrkeke fkrfkrkem mŗkt gcd`sİ smfmfkycm `yeİcİėİeİ fmckrtme
`ŗ`ėİo`ak tmgrmdk vmrmckd.
_mgrmd8 R,[ gc sİcİa vmy` sİacİa igeaskygec rİ i(x) vm l(y) gc e
kak tms`oóik omėkŗame gcsİİe. Mėmr,
d
x
(t) 4 d
[
(t) ksm i(x) vm l(y) fkrfkrcmrkeke `yeİ gc e o`ėİcİdc`roİr.
Dgdmet ìİa`r`e igeaskyge kcævm dks ccmr fkr sger`ak fùcódom ymr c-
d`at`oİr.
FMACMEME OMĕMVCMV [M DGDME_CMVCM ÅCLÅCľ
^VGFCMDCMV
0. X, Q>,0T r cİėİeo fkrùrema o`ėİcdİŗ vm \
44
yiz gcsue. \'eke
o`ėİcİdİeİe fmacmeme omėmrkek vm v`ry`esİeİ fucueuz.
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Jmv`p8 _ms`oóik omėkŗamecmrcm kclkck :'óejó prgfcmdom,
i(w) 4 > w 3>
4 6w
4 > w5c fucduŗtua.
M(w) 4
i
6w
6
ow 4 §
Hg
Y r(w) 4 M Qw‟ M(w)T
6
4 h" Qw‟ M(w)T
6
i(w) ow
4 i (w
6
‟ 6wM(w)+QM(w)T6)6wowH g
pİ 2 2
4•
(6\:
wå w) o w
Hg : g
0 2 ? , 0
4 \
?
\' ?" \
6
4
6 ; ; g 02
Ymy y`pİcd`sİ lmrmatkėk lkfk aİs ygco`e lkomrma,
M(w
6
) 4 i w
6
6w ow 4 Q 6\ H o \ 4 | w
?
4 |
H g H g g
0 ? 0
Y`r(vv) 4
6 ; 02
6. kak z`r `tİcoİėİ z`d`e lùrócme s`yİc`rİe tgpc`dİeİe fmacmeme
omėmrkek vm v`ry`esİeİ fucueuz, e t`em z`r kìke fmacmeme omėmr vm v`ry`es
kcm kclkck fkr igrdócó fu fkclkekzm o`y`e`r`a vmrmfkckr dkskekz7
Jmv`p8
0 <
0 z`r tİcİrs` M(R ) 4 (0?-6 + : + ?+= + 9) 4
9 6
<
6 z`r `tİcİrs` M(R) 4 6 4 <
6
< <e
e z`r `tİcİrs` M(R) 4 e 4
6 6
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;0 ?; :=
0 z`r `tİcİrs Y`r(R) - M(R
6
) ‟ QM(R)T
6
4 4
9 ? 06
6 z r tİcİrs` Y`r(R) 4 M(R
6
) ‟ ?;
0
M(R
6
) 4 ‟ (?+02+?2+0>>+02>+6;?+:6>+:6?+:>>+6?6+0??)
0;<?
:9
0;<? 60> :=
Y`r(R ) 4 ?; 4 4
:9 :9 9
Lkomrma e z`r `tİcİrs`
:=e
[`r(R) 4
06
:. i(x) 4 6 ‟ 6x >3x3c vmrkckygr. Do(R), M(R ) vm Y r(R)'k
fucueuz.
Jmv`p8
rDo
/•D
(6‟ 6x)ox 4 |
H
g
Do
6x‟x
6
4
S
g
6 Do
‟
(Do)
6
4 |
(Do)
6
‟ 6(Do) + | 4 >
6 + Y6
Do,,, 4
6+Y6
Fu aùacmrome ‟ sùz ageusu gc`d`z, ìóeaó R'ke omėmr
6
c fkcmjmėk (>,0) `r cİėİeİe oİŗİeo a cd`at`oİr. G b com,
6 ‟y/ 6
Do 4 ‟ « .6;= tkr.
06>
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Fucue`e sgeujue s`ėc`d`sİeİ y`p`cİd.
6 - y/ _ 6 - y/ _
(6‟ 6x)ox 4 6x‟ x
6
6 W (6‟@/ 6)
6
4 (6-Y6)
W
r
(6‟y/ 6) -|
(6‟Y6) (6+ Y6) ?‟6 0
(6 - Y 6) 0 4 4 ‟
C @ H
o. ° ;
6‟ y/ 6
Lùrócoóėó lkfk kstmekcme ùzmcckėm b`kzokr.
r'
M(R ) 4 (6x‟ 6x
6
)ox 4 x
6
‟ |
R
: 4 0 ‟ § 4 £ ~ .:::
H
>
>
M(R
6
) 4 i (6R
6
‟6R:) ox‟
cS
6 0
‟ ‟ x
?
: 6
6 0 0
¾ : 6 9
Y`r(R)
=?
?. i(x,y) 4 x + y
4 >
>3x3c , >3y 30
`ask b com
060
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fkrcmŗka sİacİa igeaskygeu vmrkckygr.
) M([ S x)'k fucueuz.
f) M([)'k fucueuz.
Jmv`p8
`) M([ S x)
4 h"
Uy l(yS x)oy
i(x,y)
l(yS*)4
i(x)
i(x) 4 H
D
i(x,y) oy 4 H (x+y)oy 4 x + S
i(x) 4 x-i-£
Z
>3x3c
4 > `ask b com.
x+y
l(yS x )4 >3y3c S >3x3c
/
+c/ 6
4 > `ask b com.
x-i y İ 6xy-i 6y
6r
İ . x-i-y İ z , x y U
r
İ
M ([ S x) 4 K y( )oy 4 K oy 4 i (xy+y
6
)oy
H
>
x+c/ 6 H
>
6x+c 6x +cH
>
6 ,xy5 y ,, 6 , ,:x+6 . :x+6
6x+c S 6 : C ' S 6x+c/ S 9 / :(6x+c)
f) M([) 4 M QM ([ S R )T4 h U Q y l(yS x)oy T i(x) ox
:x+6 6x + c
‟ ox
r .
0 : p ,
- ( x*+6x ) 4
9 Y 6 tg /
:(6x+c)
: rİ s 0 < <
9 6 06
ŕópbmskz M([ )'yk fucd`eİe okrmat fkr ygcu o` ùejm l(y) yk fucd`a
sger o fueo`e y`r`rc ed`atİr.
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M([) 4 i yl(y)oy
H
‟ me
l(y)
r
0
/
x 6
K
0
S
0
(x+y)ox 4 | -xy ) 4 )-y
Hg Y 6 cg / 6
6y+c
>3y3c
6
> `ask b com.
0 ,İ 0 / 6 0 ,,
x
0 / 6 ľ vM([) 4 ‟ 6y6+y)oy 4 ‟ (‟ y: + W y 6 ) 4 ( ‟ + ‟ )
6 H
>
6 Y : 6 cg / 6 S : 6 /
<
06
=. Fkr aótcmome ymrkem agy`r`a 6 fkrkdcka fkr ùrema ìmakcdmatmokr.
[mrkem agy`r`a ùremacmdm ùremėm lkrmjma fkrkdcmrke fkrfkrkeome f`ėİd-
sİz gc`r`a ìmakdkek s`ėc`d`at`oİr. Fu ourudo`,
Y`r(Rİ~| -R
6
) 4 M(Rİ‟R
6
)
6
gcouėueu lùstmrkekz.
Jmv`p8 Rİ,R
6
f ėİdsİz gcouac rİeo e Jgv(Rİ R
6
) 4 > vm
Y r(R, + R
6
) 4 Y`r(Rİ) + v`r (R
6
) okr. Ùtm y`eo`e,
M(Rk‟R
6
y 4 M(Rİ«‟ 6R,.R±+R5) 4 M(R,å)‟ 6 M(R, R
6
) + M(R
6
6)
4 Y`r(R,)+ QM(R,)T6‟ 6M(R,) M(R
6
)+Y`r(R
6
)+ QM(R
6
)T6
@yeİ aótcmome cİeoİac rİ kìke M(R| ) 4 M(R
6
) 4 M(R) tkr.
M(R
t
‟ R
6
)6 4 Y`r(R
c
)+QM(R)T6‟ 6QM(R )T6+[`r(R
6
)+QM(R)T6
• 4 Y`r(R ,) + Y`r(R
6
)
Y`r(R,+R
6
) 4 M(R,‟R
6
)6
9. ľak f`ėİdsİz tms oóik omėkŗameke tgpc`dİeİe dgdmet ìİa`r e
igeaskygeueue, omėkŗamecmrke bmr fkrkeke dgdmet ìİa`r e igeaskyge-
c`rİeİe ì`rpİdİe` mŗkt gcouėueu ksp`tc`yİeİz.
d
x+y (tİ,t
6
)4 d
x
(t,)d
y
(t
6
)
ľsp`t8
d
K + y
(t,,t
6
) 4 M
QM
0
' R +'6[ T
06:
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r JG pjg
4 0 m' '
x +c
6
y
i(x,y) ox oy
jg ‟JG
r JG JG
4 m«İ
x
m
,
6
y
i(x)l(y)oxoy
>> H -j g
4 Q m'İ"i(x) ox i m'
6y
l(y)oy
h
->>
H
-jg
4 dx tİ)d
y
(t
6
)
<. R , dgdmet ìİa`r e igeaskygeu d
x
(t) gc`e fkr tms`oóik omėkŗame
gcsue. @ŗ`ėİo`ak mŗktckacmrke ogėrucuėueu lùstmrkekz.
d«
+
j\ 4
m J
'
d
x\
Ω «\ 4
d
* (
j t
)
Jmv`p8
d
x+j(
t
)4 M Qm(
x +j
)
t
T 4 M Qm
xt
m
j t
T 4 m
j ,
M Qm
x
'T 4 m
j t
d
x
(t)
d
jx
(t) 4 MQm
j
'
x
T
jt 4 gcsue.
4 M Qm
`x
T 4 d
x
(`) 4 d
x
(jt)
x
2. R tms oóik omėkŗamekeke sİacİa igeaskygeu i(x) 4 >3x36
6
gcsue. R
6
eke f`ŗc elİì egat`sİ mtr iİeo`ak r'İejİ dgdmetkek fucueuz.
[ 4 R
6
gc`r a t`rki mokckrsm ['eke r'İejİ dgdmetkeke R
6
eke r'İejİ dg-
dmetkem mŗkt gcouėueu lùstmrkekz.
Jmv`p8
_ms oóik omėkŗamecmrke igeaskygec`rİeİe dgdmetcmrkek fucd`a kìke,
S c '
t
4 MQu(x)T
r
4 K Qu(x)T
r
i(x) ox mŗktckėkek aucc`e cİd.
‟>>
i
6
/ R . 0
i
6 0
/
0
(x'
r
4 (x
6
)' ox 4 ( x
6 r + 0
ox4 ( x
6r+6
g .6 S 6 H― 6 S 6r+6
6
6r
? 6
6r
?
r
?(r+c) r+0 r+0
06?
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ŕkdok [ 'eke sİacİa igeaskygeueu, fur o`e o` [ kìke r'İ fuc`cİd.
x
x 0
ox 4 ‟ - x
6
g 6 ?
I(x) 4 > xU>
4 £x
6
> 3x36
4 0 x ŕŗc
L(y) 4 ^([ 3y) 4 ^(R
6
3y) 4 ^(R3 YY) 4 I
x
(Yi)
L(y) 4 > yUG
L
( y) 4 ľ ( Y y )
6
4 ľ y > 3 y 3 ?
4 0 yU? -
o 0
l(y) 4 L(y) 4 > 3y 3?
oy ?
48 > `ask b com.
i
? 0 0 , 0
0? v
?
r + 0
?'
y
r
‟ oy 4 ‟ ‟ y- İ ) 4 4
H
>
? ? S r+ c cg / ?(r+c) r+0
;. Óìóejó fùcódomak dks`come,
0
i(x,y) 4 (x‟ y+?) 0 3x 3:, > 3y 36
6>
0
i(x) 4 (x+:) 0 3x3:
0>
0
l(y) 4 (9‟y) > 3 y3 6
0>
:0
M(R) 4 fkckedmatmokr. p
x
'yk bms`pc`yİeİz.
0=
Jmv`p8
Jgv(R,[) M(R[ )‟M(R) M([)
^
"
y
YY`r(R) Y`r([)
I(x) 4 ^(R 3x) 4 h
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M([) 4 ‟ i (9y‟ y
6
)oy 4
0 > H
06
0=
?
=
0
-
Q* (x
:
+:x
6
)ox 4
?9
0> -'c 0>
?9
;90 <?
0>
66= 66=
.6
0 (9y
6
‟ y
:
)oy 4
9
0> H g =
9
09 0?
=
6= 6=
5
M([
6
)
Y`r([) 4
M(R[) 4 i i xy ‟ (
x
-y+?)oy
: -
6
ox
0 r
:
4 (x
6
y‟xy
6
-i ?xy)oy ox
6>H, H
>
Jgv(R,[)
0 ,-
:
6>
6;
0=
60 /<=
,
:
09 6;
(6x
6
- h x)ox 4
H . : 0=
, :0 v . ? x 6; 06? 60
Y
0= / S Z / 0= <= <=
60 <=
60 60
R'[
/ YΩ S Y'B <= sh 0>:9 :6.6
Y 0= /
= ' =
0>. i(x,y) 4 `
6
m~
`(x+y
5
4 >
x5>, y5>
`ask b com,
vmrkckygr. R + [ eke dgdmet ìİa r e igeaskygeueu fucueuz.
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, Jmv`p8 d
x +[
(t,,t
6
) 4 Mim'U+Uh
HJG ->:
4
` 6
h K
m
t
İ
x
+
t
6
y
-
`İ
-
`y
oxoy
4 `
6
i i m(t,-
`
)
x
m
i
t
c
- ,
)'
r
oxoy
H ->: H ->>
i m('r
`
)
x
ox 4 m('
6
-
`) y
( ‟ ‟ m
( t c - `
5
x
)
g S tİ‟ `
it
'
m
(t
6
-`)y
m
(«z-
`
)y s
tİ 3` kìke.
tİ‟`
ľ r ± 0 / 0
.
m
('6-
`
5
y
-`
8‟ i
m
(
,
6-
`
5
H
'oy4 ‟ (
tİ‟` •g tİ‟` Yt
6
‟`
4 ( ) ( ) ) t
6
3` kìke
S t ‟ ` ' S t
6
‟ ` '
(t,‟ ) (t
6
‟ `)
`
6
dx
+[
(tİ,t
6
) 4 t,3`, t
6
3`
(t,‟ ) (t
6
‟ )
00. `) Omv`dcİ omėkŗamecmr kìke tmgrmd ='k ksp`t mokekz.
f) Amskack (R ,[ ) fkcmŗka tms oóik omėkŗamek kìke tmgrmd 9'yİ ksp`t
mokekz.
06
.
R,[,X f`ėİdsİz tms oóik omėkŗamecmr vm,
M(R ) 4 M([ ) 4 6, M(X) 4 ‟:, Y`r(R) 4 0, Y`r([ ) 4 Y r(X) 4 6
gcsue.
o) M(R+[+X)
f) MQR([+X)T
j) Y r(:[-)-X) yk fucueuz.
o) Jmv`pc`ro`e b`elkcmrk ms s ktkf`rkycm omėkŗamecmrke f`ėİdsİz-
cİėİe` o`y`eİygr7
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0:. i(x) 4 6 >3x3 S
4 G `ask b com vmrokygr.
R vm 6R
6
eke fmacmeme omėmr vm v`ry`esc eeİ fucueuz.
0?. i(x,y) 4 2 xy G lx ly lc
4 > `ask b com, vmrkckygr.
p
x
,
[
'yk
fucueuz.
0=. ^rgfcmd 0>'o`ak dgdmet ìİa`r`e igeaskygeo`e y`r`rc`e`r`a,
R + [ 'eke o`ėİcİdİeİe dgdmetcmrkeome ùemdck fucouac`rİeİzİ mcom
mokekz.
0
09. i(x,v) 4 (9‟x‟y) >3x36, 63y3?
4 > `ask b com vmrokygr.
o) M([ S x)' k fucueuz.
f) M([*S x)'k fucueuz.
j) Y `r([S x) 4 M([
6
S x ) ‟ QM([S x)T
6
fucueuz.
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FÙCÓD y
FľVA@Ì ÙEMDCľ O@ĕKCKD
(FľEGDľ@C, ^GKZZGE, EGVD@C)
/
Ùejmak kak fùcódom tms oóik omėkŗamecmrk vm o`ėİcİdc`rİeİ lùroóa.
Fu fùcódom pr`tkatm me ìga aucc`eİc`e fkra`ì o`ėoİd tkpkek lùrmjmėkz.
Fkegdk`c, pgkssge vm egrd`c, pr`tkatm meìga aucc`eo`e o`ėİadc`rİe t`d
ckstmskek tmŗakc mtdmz. Bkpmrlmgdmtrka, eml tki fkegdk`c, óstmc, l`dd`,
fmt` . . . lkfk f`ŗa` fkrìga o`ėİcİd tkpkek om ueutd`d`a lmrmakr.(0) Fu
o`ėİfdc r kìkeom egrd c o`ėİcİd ùzmcckacm ùemdckokr. Fu smfmpcm o`b`
i`zc` ymrk egrd`c o`ėİcİd` `yİr`j`ėİz.
K. FľEGDľ@C O@ĕKCKD
Fkegdk`c o`ėoİd, "okagtgdk"cmrke `e`ckzkeom aucc`eo`e fkr o`ėİ-
cİdoİr. Okagtgdomr lóecóa b`y`tİe ùemdck lùróeódcmrkokr. Fkr ymoma
p`rì` y` s`ėc`d y` fgzuatur. Fkr kes`e a`oİe vmy` mramatkr. Fu dks`c-
cmrk kstmokėkdkz a`o`r uz t`fokrkz. A`cktm agetrgcó vm a fuc ùremacmdmsk
fkegdk`c o`ėİcİdo`e fóyóa ùcìóom y`r`rc`eİr.
Fkrfkrkeome f`ėİdsİz ìmakŗcmrome dmyo`e lmcme fkr omemy oóŗó-
emckd. Bmr ìmakŗtm kak kbtkd`c sùz ageusu gcsue. "F`ŗ`rİcİ" vmy` "f`ŗ`-
rİsİz" gcd`sİ. Fur`o` f`ŗ`rİ tmrkdkem lóecóa b`y`tt`ak `ec`dİeİ yóa-
cmdma ogėru gcd`z, ùemdck gc`e fkr okagtgdkeke amckdmcmrcm fmckrto-
dmskokr. Bmr ìmakŗtm f`ŗ`rİcoİa (ogc`yİsİyc` f`ŗ`esİzba) gc`soİėİ o` s`fkt
gcsue. F`ŗ`rİ gc`sİcİėİe` p, f`ŗ`rİsİzcİa gc`soİėİe` o` q okymckd. ^rgf-
cmdke ageuŗ ŗmackeke t`fkk kj`fİ gc`r a p+q 4 0 vm q 4 0 ‟ p okr.
0 Fmcck f ŗcİ o`ėİfdc r vm p r dmtrmcmrk kcm kclkck fkr rmimr es t fcg, fùcódóe dmtke aİs-
dİeİe sgeueo ymr cd`at oİr. @yrİj egrd c o`ėİcİdo`e tórmtkcme t vm I o`ėİcİdc rİe o`
ymrk lmckejm tmd s momjmėkz.
06;
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Fur o jmv`p vmrdmdkz lmrmame Ùemdck sgru tkpk e omemdmom t d
x t`em f`ŗ`rİ gc`sİcİėİeİe em gcouėuour. x 4 >,0,.. .e gc`fkckr. R f`ŗ`rİ
s`yİsİeİ lùstmrme tms`oóik omėkŗame gcsue. R 'ke fmr omėmrk vm fue tma -
fóc mome gc`sİcİa, amskack fkr tms oóik omėkŗameke gc`sİfa igeaskygeueu
tmŗao momr. e omemdmom x t`emskeke f`ŗ`roİ, e‟x t emskeke f`ŗ`rİsİz
©ľd sİ gc sİbėİ p
x
q
e
~
x
tkr. I`a`t e omemdmom x t`em f`ŗ`rİ, (4) i`racİ
ŗmaóom lmrìmacmŗmfómjmėkem lùrm, fkegdk c o`ėİbdcİ R tms oóik omėkŗ-
amek, y`ek e omemdmomak f`ŗ`rİ s`yİsİeİe gc`sİcİa igeaskygeueue igrdócó1
i(x) 4 (¾) p
x
q
e
-
x
gc`j`atİr.
Fu igrdócóe fkr gc`sİfa igeaskygeu kìke lmrmack ŗ`rtc`r` s bkp gc-
ouėueu agc`ycİac` lùrmfkckrkz. Fkr omi` gc`sİbac`r eml tki omėkcokr. ľakejk
gc r`a,
Z
x
(±) p
x
q
e - x
4 (p+q)
e
4 Qp+(c-p)T
e
4 0 (6)
Fkegdk`c o`ėİcİdİe kak p`r`dmtrmsk v`roİr, p vm e.p fokeokėkeom q
o gtgd`tka gc r`a fokemjmėkeome q p`r`dmtrm omėkcokr.
Fkegdk`c o`ėİcİdİe aucc`eİcİŗİe` fkr dks`c vmrmckd8
Fkr i`frka eİe d`duccmrkeke %:'óeóe kstmeome ektmckatm gcd oİėİ
fokekygr i`rzmomckd. Fkr dóŗtmrk d`co`e ? t em `cİygr.
`) ? t`emskeke om s`ėc d ìİad`sİ kbtkd ck emokr7
f) 6 vmy` o`b` i`zc` s yİo` fgzua ìİad sİ gc`sİcİėİ emokr 7
) ^(R 4?) - (H) p3 37-3 4 p3 4 (. >:)?
f) ^(R U6) 4 0 ‟ Q^(R 4>) + ^(R 40)T
^(R 4>) 4 (å) pg q?-g4
q
?
4
(.;<)?
^(R 40) 4 (H) p
0
q
?W c
4 ? (.>:) (.;<)
:
. -
^(R U6) 4 0 ‟ Q(. ;<)
?
+ . 06(. ;<)7 T
ŕkdok fkegdk c o`ėİcdİŗ gc e R omėkŗamekeke fmacmeme omėmrkek vm
v`ry`esİeİ fuc cİd. Fueu, ogėruo`e ogėruy fmacmeme omėmr jmfrkek
aucc`e`r`a y` o` dgdmet ìİa`r`e igeaskygeo`e y`r`rc`e`r`a fuc`fk-
ckrkz.
R , fkrfkrkeome f`ėİdsİz e omemdmomak f`ŗ`rİ s`yİsİ gcouėue lùrm,
fmr omemdmomak f`ŗ`rİ s`yİsİeİ lùstmrme R
£
tms oóik omėkŗamek, f`ŗ rİ
6 Fkegdk c tmgrmdk aucc e r a.
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S
b`ckeom 0, f`ŗ`rİsİzcİa b`ckeom G omėmrkek c e fkr tms oóik omėkŗameokr.
R h'ym egat` fkegdk`c vmy` Fmregucck o`ėİcİdcİ fkr omėkŗame okygruz.(:)
i(x,) 4 ^(R,4x,) 4 p
x c
qk -
xk
Rh 4 >,0 egat` fkegdk`c o`ėİcİdİe
gc`sİcİa igeaskygeuour. Lmrìmatme1
i(x,) U > Rh 4 >,0
vm
p
g
q
k - g - ) -p
0
q
>
4 q - ) - p 4 c
M(R
i
) 4 Z Rh p
x
1 qk-
x
k 4 > p± qk -i 0 pk
q35
4 p
R1
fmacmeme omėmr kŗcmdk ogėrus c fkr kŗcmd gcouėue lùrm,
M(R) 4 M(M
e
R,) 4 Z― M(Rh) 4 6
e ^
4 ep
Fmezmr ŗmaoom R 'ke v`ry`esİeİ o` Rk cmrke v`ry`esİeo`e lkomrma
mcom momckd.
Y`r(R,) 4 M(Rk
6
) - QM(R
ľ
)T
6
(
Rh
6
tms oóik omėkŗamek R , kcm yeİ omėmrcmrk `c`fkckr8 y`ek > vmy` 0.
Ogc`yİsİyc`
M(R
k
6
) 4 p okr.
Y`r(R
0
) 4 p ‟ p
6
4 p(c‟ p) 4 pq
Y`r(R) 4 Y`r(Z
e
Rh) 4 6
`
Y`r(Rk) 4 X
e
pq 4 epq (R ,'cmrke
f`ėİdsİz vm `yeİ o`ėodİŗ gcd`sİ sgeuju)
ùzmt gc`r a1 R
t
Fmr (p, pq)
R Fke (ep, epq) (?)
F`zİ b ccmrom e omemdmomak f`ŗ`rİ s`yİsİ ymrkem f`ŗ`rİ yózomsk fkzk
x
o`b` ìga kclomeokrmfókr. Fu ourudo` tms oóik omėkŗamekeke o`ėİ-
cİdİ sùz ageusu gcur. e
R
v
0 0
‟ ) 4 ‟ M ( R ) 4
‟ e p 4 p
e ' e e
.
8
S
0
pq k
Y rc H 4 e pq 4
S e ' e
z
e
: 0<'kejk sİro y ŗ dİŗ vm fkegdk c o`ėİcİd ózmrkeom kca ì cİŗd c rİ y pdİŗ gc e ŗ bsİe
ksdkem kz imtme. .
0
? Dgdmet ìİa r e igeaskyge aucc`e r a yeİ sgeuìc e e sİc mcom momfkckroka7 ( rgfcmd 0).
0:0
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e'ke fóyóa omėmrcmrk kìke fkegdk`c gc`sİcİac`rİe bms`pc`ed`sİ fóyóa
`rktdmtka lóìcóacmr kbtkv momr. Fu smfmpcm fkegdk c gc sİcİac r kìke dub-
tmcki t`fcgc`r tmŗakc mokcdkŗtkr.(=) Fu t`fcgc`ro` bmd gc`sİcİac`rİ bmd om
fkrkakdck gc`sİcİac`rİ fucd`a dódaóe gc`fkcdmatmokr.
I(x) 4 M ( " ) p* q
e W x
fkrkakdck fkegdk`c o`ėİcİdİe fkrkadkŗ
x3x
gc`sİcİac`rİd vmrmjmatkr. (9)
Fùcódóe prgfcmdcmr aİsdİeo` fkegdk`c o`ėoİdİe pr`tkatmak uy-
luc d c rİeo`e ùremacmr vmrdmym ì cİŗ`j`ėİz.
KK. ^GľZZGE O@ĕKCKDK
^gkssge o`ėİcİdİ e'ke fóyóa, p'eke aóìóa omėmrcmrk kìke fkegdk`c
o`ėİbd f`ŗ`rİcİ fkr y`ac ŗİd tmŗakc mttkėk lkfk, f`ŗb f`ŗİe o ìga ùemdck
aucc`eİdc`rİ gc`e fkr o`ėİcİdoİr. B`rmaæt `r`ŗtİrd`sİ, stga agetrgcó,
fmacmdm auyruac rİ... lkfk kŗ ko`rmsk kcm kclkck pma ìga ageuo fu o`ėİ-
cİdo`e y`r`rc`eİcd`at`oİr. Fóyóa fkr d`ė`z`o` tmzl`bt`rc`r ózmrkeom
dóŗtmrkcmrke t cmpcmrk, ìga kŗcmyme fkr b`v c eİeo kekŗ pkstcmrkem uì`a
kekŗcmrk, fkr tmcmige s`etr cİe tmcmige mokcdmsk, fkr bkzdmt kst`sygeue`
`r`f c rİe lmckŗk... lkfk pma ìga dks c fu o`ėİcİdİe pgt`eskymc gc r`a
aucc eİc fkcmjmėk ymrcmrk vmrkr. Fueue oİŗİeo t`fkk fkckdcmrom om ìmŗktck
aucc`eİdc`rİ v`roİr8 Aóìóa "p`rtkaóc"cmrke o`ėİeİa b`rmamtcmrk, e`okr
gc`yc`r, a`z`c`r, `z lùrócme fkr b`st`cİė` y`a`c`ed`a... lkfk ageuc`r fu
f`aİdo`e dks`c gc`r`a aucc`eİc`fkckr.
ŕkdok pgkssge o`ėİcİdİeİ fkegdk`c o`ėİcİdo`e i`yo c`e`r a mcom
mtdmym ì`cİŗ cİd, p aóìóa e 'fóyóa vm ep 4 pgzktki fkr s`fkt gcsue.
F`ŗ`rİ s`yİsİeİ R tms oóik omėkŗamek tmdskc mtske.
^(R 4 >) 4 (Z )p¾ q" 4 p¾ q" 4 q
e
4 (c -p)
e
4 ( c - ‟
ckd , R
e -±• jg ( 0 ‟ ‟y‟
S e
= Fİİ t fcgc r kcm kclkck gc r a f`aİeİz8 Dgstmccmr, Vguram, _bgdms .l.m Zb. 6=2.
9 B.O. Fruef, Ma _`fcg8 6. fkegdk c vm fkrkakdck fke`dk c gc sİcİac rİ dubtmcki e vm p
omėmrcmrk kìke vmrdmatmokr.
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^(R40) 4 (-)pk q
`
~
0
4 ep q
e W 0
4 e ‟ p± q¾ 4 e ‟ ^(R 4>)
, q q
x
4 ^(R4>)
0-p
e -5 jg , p -5 g
5•
x
ckd ^(R 4>) 4 Rm
uAR5 0‟p
e(e‟0) e‟0 p
^(R46) 4 (i) p* q
e W 6
4 p
6
q
e
-6 4 ep q
`
- İ
6 6 q
e‟0 p
4 ‟ ^ ( R 4 0 )
6 q
0
R(0 )
e
4 ^(R 40) e-5jg, p -5g
6(0‟
^
)
0
R(0 )
e x
0
R 6
*
ckd ^(R 4 0) 4 Rm 4 m"
R
e -5gg 6(0‟p) 6 ' 6
x a
R
lkomrma ^(R 4a) 4 m Fu ksm pgkssge o`ėİcİdİeo`e f`ŗa` fkr
a
ŗmy omėookr.
_ `rhi 8 Mėmr R tms oóik omėkŗamek,
i(x) 4 m gc`sİcİa igeaskygeu om o`ėİcdİŗ ksm R pgkssge o`ėİ-
x
cİdcİ fkr amskack tms`oóik omėkŗameokr. O`ėİcİdİe tma p`r`dmtrmsk
R
'okr
vm fkr`z sger lùrócmjmėk lkfk R 'ke bmd fmacmeme omėmrk bmd om v`ry`e-
sİoİr.
i(x)'ke fkr gc`soİa igeaskygeu gcouėueu ŗùycm lùstmrmfokrkz8
i(x) x 4 >,0. ..
0::
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*4>
B`cfuak
jg >= R
x
, , ± R*
Z i(x) 4 6 m 4 m 6
± R* R
6 4 m (<)
x
‟G [ľ
:
6
*4>
i(x) 4 m-
R
m
R
4 0
^gkssge o`ėİfeeeİe dgdmet ìİa`r`e igeaskygeu8
x
« (m
0
)" ,
d
x
(t) 4 6 m
t x
4 m 6
/
x
4>
[
t
-
u
R
4 m
R (mR
-
0
Fmacmeme omėmrk mcom mtdma kìke1
ot
o d
x
(t)
ot
oz d
x
(t)
4 M(R) 4 R
t4>
4 R+R6
t4>
t
6
ľ
Y r(R) 4 M(R±) ‟ QM(R)T* 4 R+R* ‟ (R)
6
4 R
ùzmtcm, R pgkssge (R).
^gkssge o`ėİbdİ ózmrkeomak kz`bc rİdİz aóìóa fkr dksæccm omv`d
momckd8 Grt c d gc r`a fkr aótópb`em dmduru 2 s``tcka fkr kŗlóeó
kìkeom ?> akt`p kstmykjkym smrvks y`pİygr.
`) 0= o`aka ì`y p`yogsu y`ps , ameokskek lktdkŗ lùrmjma akt`p
`fjo`ee ódkt moome s`yİsİ em a`o`roİr7
f) Me `z 0 t`em cİjİeİe ameokskek lktdkŗ lùrdmsk gc sİbėİ em a`o`roİr 7
< D jc urke smrkcmrkeome y r rc e`r a.
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Jmv`p8
`) 2 s``tcka kŗlóeó kìkeom 0= o`aka cİa :6 sórm v`roİr. Bmrb`elk
fkr akt`p kstmykjkeke 0= o`aka`fa fkr sórm kìkeom lmcdmsk gc sİbėİ
0
p 4 okr. I`a`t lóeom grt c d ?> akŗk lmcokėkem lùrm,
:6
0 =
@ ‟ ep 4 ?> 4 gc`j`atİr.
:6 ?
f) ^ (R U0)4 0 ‟ ^(R 4 >)
R
¾ R R
0
^(R 4>) 4 m~
x
4 m m-s/* 4
> m
=
/ *
0
^(R U0) 4 0 ‟ m
- =
/
?
4 0 kstmeóme gc`sİbėİ vmrm-
m4/
?
ìmatkr
Fkegdk c o`ėİbdo gcouėu lkfk pgkssge o`ėİcİdİ kìke om gc sİfa
igeaskygeu vm fkrkakdck o`ėbd igeaskygeu omėmrcmrk y`ek kstmekcme gc`-
sİcİac`r t`fcgc`r y`roİdİ kcm fucue`fkckr. (2)
-R
x
*
Fkrkakdck ^gkssge o`ėİcİdİ1 I(x) 4 M m
x 3
x
x
KKK. EGVD@C O@ĕKCKD
Fkegdk`c vm pgkssge ùemdck aucc`eİdc`rİ gc`e kak amskack o`ėİcİdoİ.
Egrd`c o`ėİfd ksm fkzkd me i`zc` aucc`e`j`ėİdİz fkr omv`dcİ o`ėİfd
tkpk gc j`a. Egrd c o`ėİcİdİe em a`o`r ùemdck gcouėu, sger`ak fùcód-
cmrom lùrmjmėkdkz dmramzk ckdkt tmgrmdk vm egrd c o`ėİcİdo`e tórmtkcme
R
6
, t, I lkfk o`ėİcİdc ro `ìİaì lùrócmjma. Dmramzk ckdkt tmgrmdkem fu-
r`o fkr jódcm om omėkemckd. A ótcmom kclkcmeokėkdkz tms oóik omėkŗameke
o`ėİcİdİ em ŗmak com gcurs` gcsue, fkr aótcmome `cİe j`a fmcck fkr
b`jdke óstóeom (lmemcckacm :> vmy o`b i`zc ) ùremacmr kìke ùrema gr-
t`c`d`sİ egrd`c o`ėİcdİŗ fkr tms oóik omėkŗame gc`j`atİr.
2 Dubtmcki R vm x omėmrcmrk kìke ^gkssge vm fkrkakdck ^gkssge gc sİcİac rİ kìke dmsmcæ f`aİeİz8
B. O. Fruea .l.m Zb. :2> _`fcg KKK, KY.
0:=
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Egrd c o`ėİcİd kcm kclkck kz`bc rİdİzo ùejm tma omėkŗameck o`b sger`
o kak omėkŗameck egrd c o ėİcİd ózmrkeom our`j`a, i`a`t ìga omėkŗameck
egrd`c o`ėİcİdİ, lmrmatkrokėk d`tmd`tka `cmtcmr ogc`yİsİyc` a`ps`d oİŗİ
fİr`a`j`ėİz.
k) _ma O mėkŗameck Eg rd`c O `ėİcİd8
Egrd`c o`ėİcİd kca gc`r`a 02 kejk yózyİcİe kakejk y`rİsİ vm 0; ueju
yózyİc f`ŗc rİeo . C`pc jm, @. om Dgkvrm vm J. L`uss lkfk d`tmd`tka-
ìkcmr t`r iİeo`e ùcìdm b`t c rİeİe o`ėİcİdİe kckŗake gc`r a kejmcme-
dkŗtkr.
Fkr ì`e ŗmackeomak skdmtrka o`ėİcİdİe sİacİa igeaskygeu `ŗ ėİo`ak lkfkokr8
(x-Qx)
6
i(x) 44 e(x) 4 ‟
8
m ‟jg 3x 3 jg
S/6K_L-
ik vm `
6
o`ėİcİdİe p`r`dmtrmcmrkokr, ik. dmramzk mėkckdk, `
6
om fu
dmramzk mėkckd mtr iİeo`ak y`yİcd`yİ lùstmrdmatmokr. Bmrb elk fkr tma
omėkŗameck egrd c o`ėİbd
HHC, `
6
omėmrcmrk kcm fmckrcmekr. R U
e(HK., `
6
).
@ŗ`ėİo`ak ŗmakc egrd c o`ėİcİdİe lmemc lùróeóŗóeó vmrdmatmokr.
Egrd c o`ėİfdİe sİacİa igeaskygeueue lr ikėkeke ùzmcckacmrkek fm
ckrtmckd.
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0. Omv`dcİ fkr omėkŗameke sİacİa igeaskygeu gcouėu kìke egrd`c
mėrk ctİeo a c e c e c'm mŗkttkr. (;)
6. O ėoİd ik mtr iİeo` skdmtrkatkr. Fueue sgeuju gc`r a grt`c`d`,
Dgo vm Dmoy`e fkrfkrkem mŗkttkr.
:. (HC ‟‟
_
vm (k.‟` bkz`sİeo` mėrk fóaód egat`c`rİe` s`bkptkr.
?. + jg vm ‟ gg o` R masmekem `skdptgt gcur. Fueuec` fmr`fmr
mxrkeke R masmekem y`ac`ŗd`sİ gcouaì` sór`tck fkr ŗmakcom gcur.
ik _®dms imom mėrk ctİeo`ak c`e .9269, (H.+6] dms imom .;=?9 vm
dms imom .;;<? tór.
Zkdmtrk ùzmcckėkeke t`fkk sgeuju grt`c`d`o`e mŗkt uz`acİat`ak gc`-
sİcİac`rİe mŗkt gcd`sİoİr. -
e(Qh.‟`) 4 e(Qk-i`)
; Fueue ksp tİ ms`s ktkf`rkycm autups c aggroke tc r oùeóŗtórdmyk kìkem c e vm bmr
d tmd tkasmc kst tkstka akt fİeo ymr c e fkr y`ac ŗİdoİr. Mėrk ctİeo`ak c e @ okymckd.
6 g®
@ 4 K m ox
r
`6__(Å H-
y/ cr.
x‟Qk oy 0
y 4 gcsue. 4 ox 4 oy
g ox g
•m± ‟ k y
6
@ 4 K m oy
-Y/6<_
H -
Y6__
@ 4 0 gcouėueu ksp t ymrkem @
6
4 0 gcouėueu lùstmrkp i(x) pgzktki gcouėu kìke @ 4 c'm
fur o`e lkomckd.
0
i g =
W £
y
6
0
i > >
0 ‟ ľ(y'-D')
@
6
4 (‟ - 0 m oy) (‟‟ m oz) 4 m oy oz
Y6ht H-® Y
6
* *'
W >
¾
6 e
‟
gg
y 4 r ske >, z 4 r jgs ; gcsue.
0 (•« i 6rm ‟ k r
6
(•« ‟ k r
6
@
6
4 K 6htr m où or 4 rm or 4 0
6
tt H
g
H
g
H
g
@
6
4 0, i(x)5 >
45
@ 4 0 | (Dggo, Lr`yfk], .l.m Zb. 06:.)
0:<
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Zkdmtrk ùzmcckėk ogc yİsİyc Qht'ym a`o`r fkrkame gc sİfa .= vm x'ke
eml tki omėmrcmrk kìke1
E(x) 4 0 ‟ E(x')
Fk rkakdck Egrd`c O `ėİcİd8 E(x)
E(x) 4 ^ m
• S /6<t H - jg
E(‟ gg) 4 >
E( mm) 4 0
/3 + 6İr
R
/3+:£_
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Fur`o` x' dutc`a omėmrk x'm mŗkt vm pgzktki fkr s`yİoİr. Dmsmcæ
x 4 ‟? ksm x' ‟ ? gcur.
Zİacİa igeaskygeu kìke vmrokėkdkz fkclkcmrk aucc`e`r`a, | x'ym a`o`r
fkrkadkŗ gc sİcİėİe .=, Q@-i 'y a`o`r fkrkadkŗ gc sİcİėİe .2?0:, | k.+ 63r'y
a`o`r fkrkadkŗ gc sİcİėİe .;<<6 vm (k+:3y'y a`o`r fkrkadkŗ gc`sİcİėİe o`
.;;2< gcouėueu fmckrtmckd.
Qk vm g
6
'eke dubtmcki omėmrcmrk sgesuz s`yİo` egrd`c o ėİfdİ `ac`
lmtkrkr, y. vm jr
6
eke masmecmrk tmŗakc mttkėk fkr aggroke`t skstmdkeom fmcck
fkr R e(u, jr
6
) omėkŗamek s`omjm fkr egat`oİr.
Fu ouruİe kca f`aİŗt` b`af fkr ódktskzcka ouylusu y`r`t`fkckr. Fkr
omi mėrk ctİeo a c e c ec rİe a caócós kcm bms`fİ ùemdck zgrcuac r
kbtkv` mtdmatmokr. Zgesuz s`yİo Qk. vm `
6
ŗİr`a kakckcmrk kìke om t`fcgc`r
y`pd`y` kdaæe ygatur. I`a`t pr`tkatm ourud fu y`eİctİjİ lùróeódóe
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t`d zİooİ gc`e fkr r`b`tcİatİr. Fu r`b`tcİėİ fkzm s`ėby`e ŗmy gauyujueue
b`tİrİe bmdme lmcdkŗ gcd`boİr. Bmrb`elkfkr omėkŗamek st`eo`rt b cm
R‟ik
oùeóŗtórdma. Omėkŗameke o`ėİcİdİ em gcurs gcsue (>,0) gcu-
0
`
R‟Qhİ
ygrou. Mėmr R e(QC,`
6
) ksm fu t`atkrom z 4 U e(>,c) gc j a
tİr. `
Zt`eo`rt egrd`c o`ėİ cİdİe sİacİa vm fkrkakdck o ėoİd igea-
skygec`rİ.
/ x
0
- k X6
>
(z)
4 m
6
Y6__
0
_" W k l
6
3£(z) 4 m
6
oz
JO(‟>>
) 4 >
YU_ >(jg) 4 c
Fùycmckacm fùcódóe sgeue macmokėkdkz st`eo`rt egrd c o`ėoİdd
sİacİa vmy` fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd igeaskygec rİ y`roİdİ kcm bmr tórcó egrd c
o`ėoİd om kclkck sgruyu jmv`pc eoİr`fkcdkŗ gc j`ėİz. [`pİc j`a kŗ o kd`
ùejm st`eo`ro oùeóŗtórdma gc j`a, ìóeaó fu t`fcgc r `ej`a vm `ej`a
st`eo`rt egrd c o`ėİfd kìke aucc eİc fokr. Fkr a`ì dks ccm ageuyu sg-
dutc`ŗtİr`bd.
Dks c 08 R U e(:,;) vmrodkŗ gcsue.
(x -:)
6
0 02
e(x) 4 m
^(‟ 63R 3=)'k fucd`y ì bŗ bd.
ùejm st`eo`rt egrd`cm oùeóŗtórmckd.
x‟(x ‟6 ‟: ‟=
z 4 x 4 ‟6 45 z 4 4
3 : :
=‟: 6
x 4 = 47• z 4 4
: :
0?>
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Fu egat`o` kak y`ac`ŗİdo`e fkrkek smìmfkckrkz. Zİacİa vmy` fkrkakdck
o`ėİcİd t`fcgsueo`e y`r`rc ed`a. Bmr kak y`ac ŗİdİ o lùstmrmckd8
Fkrkakdck O`ėİcİd [gcu8
^(`3R 3f) 4 I(f) ‟ I(`) mŗktckėkek tms oóik omėkŗamecmr fùcó-
dóeome b`tİrcİygruz.
A-b-?)‟(_D‟r)
İtİ
> b com
^(‟ 63R 3=) 4 ^
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Zkdmtrk ùzmcckėk ogc`yİsİyc`,
(O
( W
z
) 4 0 ‟ G(z) okr.
Mŗktckatm ymrkem agy`r`a,
p
( B
3
t)
4
(_)
+
®(_)
- 0
Y,
4 .<?29+ .;=6= ‟ 0 4 .<>00
^(‟ 63R 3=) 4 .<>00
Zİacİa Igeaskygeu [ gcu8
ľstmekcme gc`sİfa K vm KK `c`ec`rİeİe tgpc`dİe` mŗkttk. Zkdmtrk ùzmc-
ckėk smfmfkycm sİacİa igeaskygeu ctİeo a c e c ec`r t`fcgsueo s`omjm
z'eke pgzktki omėmrcmrk kìke c ec`r lùrócdmatmokr vm
^U 3 z 3>U 4 ^U>3 z 3 U tór. S
Ogc`yİsİyc`,
/
= 6
S
^(‟ 63R 3=) 4 ^( 3 z 3 ) 4 .?=6=+.6?294.<>00 (0>)
Y :
'
0> = 6 = 6 = 6
^( 3z 3‟ ) 4 ^( 3z3>) + ^(>3z3 ) 4 ^(>3z 3 ) + ^(>3z3 )
: : : : : :
(Gc sİcİa kcm kclkck :'óejó `askygd'o İİ).
0?6
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Dks c 68 R U e(=,;) ksm e(x)'ke sgc t r iİeo` ùycm fkr (‟ 34 , 0) r -
fėİ fucueuz ak, fu `r`cİė` tma`fóc mome gc`sİfa . 0> gcsue.
^(‟ ±3R 30) 4 .0>
Okaa`t moookėk ózmrm fur`o `r e`e ŗmy f`ŗa . Dks c 0 om fmcck fkr z
omėmrkem tma`fóc mome gc sİbėİ `rİygroua. Fu dks com ksm. fmcck fkr gc -
sİfė jmv`p vmrme z omėmrkek fucd`y ì cİŗ`j`ėİz. [`ek dks c c'om ùejm
t`fcgc ro z omėmrkek fucuygr sger fu omėmrcmrm tma`fóc mome gc sİcİa-.
c r f`aİygroua. Dks c 6 om ksm ùejm tmsfkt mokcme gc soİac r f`a`j`ėİz,
fu gc sİcİac r tma`fóc mome z omėmrcmrk kstmeomek vmrmjma. ŕkdok ìùzódm
lmìmckd. _`fk tİyc ]a kŗ st`eo`rt egrd cm oùeóŗtórdma.
R-ix R‟=
^(‟ gg 3R 30) 4 gg 3z 3
c- =
G
;>
.;> gc soİė tma`fóc mome z omėmrkem fkrkakdck o`ėoİd t`fcgsueo`e
f`a`fd.
=‟0
4 0.62 45 c 4 0.09
Zİacİa igeaskygeueu aucc`ed`a kstmrsma1 Zİacİa igeaskygeueo`
0?:
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skdmtrk sgeuju, ^ U 3 z 3 jgU4 .0> vmy` t fcgyu aucc e fkcdma
İ
=
~
c
S
kìke, ^ z 3 h
44
.?> mŗktckėkek s`ėc y`j`a omėmrkek fucd`ayİz.
Zİacİa igeaskygeu om olkck t`fcgo`e .?> gc sİfė tma`fóc mome z
omėmrkeke 0.62 gcouėu `ìİaì lùrócór. Fur`o`e o c 4 0.09 sgeuju
mcom mookr.
Bmr kak dks come om lùrócoóėó lkfk, ogėru ŗmaóom aucc ed`a a`yoİ
kcm y`ac ŗİdc ro`e s`omjm fkrkek aucc ed`a sgeuì kìke aæikokr. Okėmrk
kcm om agetrgc mtdma om oóŗóeócmfokr.
Egrd c o`ėİcİdİe dgdmet ìİa`r`e igeaskygeu8
_mgrmd8 R ~ e((k, `
0
) ksm
3r
6
t
6
t(x-|
d
x
(t) 4 m 6 (00)
d. ì.
i
y`roİdİ omec ėoİdİe fmacmeme omėmr vm v`ry`esİeİe Qk. vm 3r
6
gc-
ouėueu lùstmrmckd.
00 Dggo, Lr yfkcc .l.m Zb. 069 o tmgrmdke ksp tİ y pİcd`at oİr8
0
Q(x‟Qk)
6
‟ 6jrt(x‟Q/ ,)T
t(ht 0 0
g4
6jt
6
d
HJ
(t)4MQm«T4m'c
k
Mim'i_ *)T 4 ‟ i
g H -
Aùŗmck p r etmz kìkeomak ki omyk t d a rmym oùeóŗtórmckd8
(x‟e)
6
‟ 6g
K
t(x-| k) 4 (x‟(k)'‟6`
K
t(x‟ e)+`Y‟ `
?
t
6
4 (x‟ H.‟`
6
±.)
6
‟ 3h
?
t
[mrkem, agy`r`a,
`Y 0
thk 0 r gg (x‟-(z‟`
6
t)
6
d
x
(t) 4 m m 6g
6
m
6`
W ox
Y6_J 3V H - GG
Fur o ,
ox
H6e jt H -
0
‟ (x‟(k‟jr
6
t)
6
jg 6 mr
6
m ox1 grt c`d`sİ (k.+`
6
t vm v`ry`esİ `
6
gc e fkr
y/ 6e
egrd c o ėİcİdİe sİacİa igeaskygeueue metmlr ck gcd sİ smfmfkycm c'm mŗkttkr.
0??
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M(R) 4 U 4
M(R
6
) - (c
6
' 4
od
x
(t)
ot
o
6
d
x
(t)
ot
6
j
6
t
6
tQk +
4 Qm 6 T (x+`
6
t)
4 mg(
Q0
+>)4
x
`
6
t
6
t Q
x+ )
thhc-S
- i`
6
6 '
4 (e+`
6
t) (ik1+3_
6
t)m 6
`
6
t
6
B (QR+J_
6
t)
6
+ `
6
T
4 m
. 4 m¾((k,
6
+jr
6
) 4 (k
6
+(_
6
Y`r(R) 4 (hİ
6
+ `
6
‟ Qk
6
4 `
6
Fu sgeuì o`ėoİdİ fmckrcmrame M(R ) vm Y`r(R) ymrkem dgdmet
egt`sygeu aucc`ed`dİzİe o` s`aİej`sİ gcd`oİėİeİ lùstmrdmatmokr.
kk) ľak O mėkŗameck Eg rd`c O `ėİcİd8
ľak omėkŗameck egrd c o`ėİfd ìga omėkŗameck egrd c o`ėoİdİe me
f`skt ŗmack gcouėu f com, d`trkas jmfrkeke aucc eİcd`d`sİ b ckeom ùemdck
lóìcóacmr kbtkv mome fkr o`ėİcİdoİr. Fu smfmpcm fùcódóe fu aİsdİeo`
lmemc y`ac ŗİdİdİzİe `askem s`omjm tmgrmdcmrk vm sgeuìc rİ fmckrtdmacm
ymtkemjmėkz.
_`rki 8 ľak fgyutcu (R ,[ ) fkcmŗka tms oóik omėkŗamekeke fkrcmŗka
sİacİa igeaskygeu,
e(x,y)4
6r`rxiiy
Y
'c-p
6
jg3R3jg,
D
3y
3d ,
03 30 J<
R
5> 3_
y
5>
jg 3k
x
3jg
‟4g 3Qk
y
3jg gcsue. Fu t`atkrom (R ,[ ) fkcmŗka omėkŗamek, kak omėkŗameck
egrd c o`ėİcdİŗ s`yoİr.
Igeaskygeue lr ikėk (x,y) oózcmdk ózmrkem ageduŗ fkr ì e ŗmacke-
omokr. (x,y) oózcmdkem p`r`cmc amskt `cİeoİėİeo` mckps, (x,y) oózcmdkem
0?=
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okamy amskt cİeoİėİeo ksm egrd c mėrk kcm a`rŗİc ŗİcİr.
jg
h h i( x,y)oyox4c (06)
åak omėkŗameck egrd c o`ėİcİdİe = p`r`dmtrmsk v`roİr8 Qx
x
, hİ
y
, `
x
, jr
y
, p.
Fur`o p o`b ùejm órmrkeom ourouėuduz agrrmc syge a`ts`yİsİoİr vm
p 4 > gcd`sİ b ckeom, igrdócom p ymrkem > agy`rs`a bmdme lùrócmjmėk
lkfk, e(x,y), tma fgyutcu egrd c o`ėİcdİŗ kak R ,[ omėkŗamekeke sİaba
igeaskygec`rİeİe ì rpİdİ gcur. Egrd c o`ėİcİd kìke jgv(R,[ ) 4 > vmy`
p 4 > gcd`sİ stga`stka f`ėİdsİzcİėİe ymtmrck ŗ`rtİoİr.
Fu o`ėİcİd fkr dks c, ìkit masmeck bmomicmrm y`pİc`e `tİŗc`rİe y`t`y
vm okamy masmecmrm uz`acİac rİeİe o`ėİcİdİ ŗmackeom vmrkcmfkckr.
(R ,[ ) kak omėkŗameck egrd c o ėİcdİŗ ksm dgdmet ìİa`r`e igeaskygeu,
tciH.
x
+ t
6
| H
_
+ S (tİ
6
J_
x
6
+6ptİt
6
J_
x
jr
y
+ t6
6
J_
y
6
)
d
x
,
y
(t―t
6
) 4 m (0:)
06 ľsp t kìke f`aİeİz8 Dggo, Lr yfkcc .l.m Zb. 0;;.
0: ľsp t kìke f`aİeİz8 Dggo, Lr yfkcc .l.m Zb. 6>>.
0?9
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M(R) 4
M([) 4
M(R*) 4
jdUtut`)
`t,
UeUUtt.tz)
2t6
Z
6
d
K y
(t,,t
6
)
; t İ
6
t.4t.4g ~ U
,4t
6 4 >
4 Y-Z+j
6
Y`r(R) 4 |@
6
x
+®
6
x
‟Q57x 4 ¾
6
x
Fmezmr ŗmakcom M([*) 4 Q
c
6
y
+
l
S vm Y`r([ ) 4 jr
y
6
jgv(R,[) 4 M Q(R -
(
z
x
) ([ -
Q
x
y
) T 4 MQR[-R
i H
C
y
- [
(
x
x
+
x
x Q
z
y
T
4 M(R[)‟Qx
x
Qx
y
‟
(
k.
y(
x
x
+Qk
y
Bx
4 M(R[)‟Qk.
xQ@y
4 7
`
x¾h
(R ,[ ) eke kak omėkŗameck egrd`c o`ėİcİd gcd`sİ b ckeom d`rhke`c vm
ŗ`rtcİ o`ėİcİdc`r, tma omėkŗameck egrd`c o`ėİcİdc`roİr.
R e((k
x
, ii
x
6
)
[ vU e(hİ
y
, (_
y
6
)
ŕ`rtb o`ėİcİdc`r8
e(xS y) 4
0 6
i ix
6(cWp6)
m
0
®x
Qx‟ik* (y‟]y)T
6
_/6tj
t
x
/c‟^
6
@
e(xS y)1 grt c`d sİ ik.
x
+p (y‟ix
y
) vm v`ry esİ 3r
x
6
(c‟p
6
) gc`e
tma fgyutcu fkr egrd`c o`ėİcİdoİr.
Fmezmr ŗmakcom,
e(yS x) 4
6
i i y
6
( c -p
6
)
Qy‟k@y‟ (
x
~(@x)T
6
S/6tz Ly S/c‟p
6
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y
e(yS x) 1 grt c`d sİ ik
y
+p (x‟(k.,) vm v`ry esİ jr
y
6
(c‟p
6
) gc`e
3*x
tma fgyutcu fkr egrd`c o`ėİcİdoİr.
ŕ rtcİ o ėİfdc ee fmacmeme omėmrcmrk rmlrmsyge igeaskygec`rİ-
eİ vmrkr. e(xS y) ŗ rtcİ o`ėİbdİeo` R 'ke fmacmeme omėmrk y'eke fkr igea-
skygeuour. x4l(y) omeacmdk R ,[ oózcmdk ózmrkem ìkzkcokėk z`d e R 'ke
rmlrmsyge mėrkskek vmrmjmatkr. Fu mėrk e(xS y) ŗ`rtcİ sİaba igeaskygeueo`
['eke dubtmcki omėmrcmrk kìke R 'ke grt`c`d c`rİeİe lmgdmtrka ymrkokr,
kak omėkŗameck egrd c o`ėİcİdo ,
x
4 bt+ (y‟
3<y
Fmezmr ŗmaóom y 4 y.
y
-i- p (x‟(h.
x
) x'ke dubtmcki omėmrcmrkem
tma`fóc mome grt`c`d`c`rİe lmgdmtrka ymrkek vmrkr. Fu ageuy` akt`fİe
rmlrmsyge kcm kclkck fùcódóeom tmar`r oùemjmėkz.
Fu fùcódom sge gc`r`a, egrd`c o`ėİcİdİe fkegdk`c gc`sİcİac`rİ mcom
mtdmom fkr y`ac ŗİa omėmr gc r`a aucc eİaŗİeİ lùrmckd.
Fkegdk`c O `ėİcİd` Egrd`c Mėrk [ gcuyc` [ `ac`ŗİd8
t
Fkegdk`c gc`sİcİac`rİe bms`pc`ed`sİ t`fcgc`r y`roİdİ kcm o`b` fóyóa
lóìcóacmr kbtkv momr. ùzmcckacm e'ke fóyóa omėmrcmrk kìke kstmekcme e vm p
p`r`dmtrka omėmrcmrkem lùrm t`fcgc r fucued`y`fkckr. Fu ourud fkegdk c
gc sİcİac rİe bms`fİeo y`ac ŗİa omėmrcmrk zgruecu b cm lmtkrdkŗtkr, e'ke
fóyóa, p'eke aóìóa gcouėu b`ccmrom pgkssge o`ėİcİdİeİe fkegdk`c gc`-
sİcİac rİe bms`fİeo f`ŗ`rİ kcm aucc eİc fkcmjmėkek o`b ùejm fmckrtdkŗtka,
e'ke fóyóa p'eke em ìga aóìóa em om ìga fóyóa omėmrcmrk(0?) kìke om
st`eo`rt egrd`c o`ėoİd f`ŗ`roİ fkr y`ac`ŗİd gcd`at`oİr.
Amskack fkr o`ėİcİd kìke omv`dcİ fkr o`ėİcİdİ y`ac`ŗİa omėmr fucd`o`
aucc`ed`o`e ùejm fkegdk`c o`ėİcİdcİ R tms oóik omėkŗamek ózmrkeom
oùeóŗtórdmcmr y`pd`dİz zgruecuour, e f`ėİdsİz omemdmomak f`ŗ`rİ
s`yİsİ R , R Fke(ep, epq) o`ėİadcİ kok. Lùrócoóėó lkfk e'ke i`racİ
omėmrcmrk kìke bmd fmacmeme omėmr bmd om v`ry`es omėkŗdmatmokr. Fma-
c k .
. 2 Z.B. Byd`es .l.m Zb. 0?;., Ymy f`ŗa fkr ùcìó8 p U
£
gcouėu z d İİ
ep5 =, p5
£
gcouėueo eq 5 Z .L. Bgùc .l.m Zb. 0>;.
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cmeme omėmr jmfrkeome fookėkdkz lkfk oùeóŗtórdm kcm R omėkŗamekek
st`eo`rt y`ek fmacmeme omėmrk G vm v`ry`esİ 0 gc e fkr omėkŗame b ckem
lmtkrmckd vm fu omėkŗamem om z okymckd.
R‟M(R) R‟ep
YY`rR yepq
z (>,0) o`ėoİdb gc`j atİr. Fu ksm st`eo`rt egrd`c o`ėİcİdİe
p`r`dmtrm omėmrcmrkeke `yeİoİr.
e'ke fóyódmsk b ckeom fkegdk`c gc`sİfa igeaskygeu y`t`y gc`r`a
lmekŗcmr, grt c d vm dgo omėmrcmrk yóasmckr, dgo omėmrk gc sİbėİ `z cİr,
o`ėİcİdİe uì aİsİdc`rİ eksfk ùemdcmrkek lkttkaìm a`yfmomr vm o`ėİfd
fmacmeme omėmr mtr iİeo lkttkaìm o`b skdmtrka fkr lùróeód a`z`eİr.
Fótóe fu ùzmcckacmr egrd`c o`ėİbdd s`bkp gcouėu ùzmcckacmrokr.
Fùcód YK. o` lùrmjmėkdkz dmramzk ckdkt tmgrmdkeke sgeuju gc`r`a,
ckd > (z) 4 e(>,c)
eİ-±jg
y`ek z'eke `skdptgtka o`ėİcİdİ egrd`c gc`j`atİr. Fueuec` fmr`fmr e'ke
gcouaì` fóyóa (:> vmy` o`b` yua`rİ) omėmrcmrk kìke egrd`c mėrkyk fkeg-
dk`c gc`soİac`rİ mcom mtdma kìke aucc`ed`dİz dódaóe gc`j`atİr.(0=)
Fkr dks`c om `ìİac`d`dİz` omv`d momckd8 Fkr tgrf` kìkeom fmy`z
vm aİrdİzİ tgpc`r fucuesue vm fmy`z tgp ìmadm gc`sİbėİ p 4 .? gcsue.
Bmr ìmakŗtme sger` ìmakcdkŗ tgpc`e tmar`r tgrf`y` `td`a vm fùycmckacm
ìmaokŗcmr `r`sİeo f`ėİdsİzcİėİ s`ėc d`a surmtkycm 0= tgp ìmamckd. R
ìmaome fmy`z tgp s`yİsİeİ lùstmrske.
R 4 >,0,6... 0=
^(R4x) 4 (") (.?)
x
( 9)
, = - x
Fu fkegdk`c gc`sİbac`e, fkegdk`c o`ėİcİd kcm olkck t`fcgc`ro`e y`-
r`rc`e`r`a `ŗ ėİo`ak t`fcgo` lùstmrmckd8 e40=, p4.? kìke1
0= R‟ ep
z 4 eke `skdptgtka o`ėİcİdİeİe st eo`rt egrd c gcouėueue igrdmc ksp tİ
YU K
z'eke dgdmet ìİa`r e igeaskygeueue e -5•jg kìke ckdktkeke, st eo rt egrd c o`ėİcİdİe dgdmet
ìİa`r`e igeaskygeue mŗkt gcouėueu lùstmrdma surmtkycm y`pİc fkckr. Fu ksp t kìke ^.L. Bgmc
.l.m Zb. 0><.
00;
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R ^(R4x)
>
.>>>=
EG_8 Mckdkzom fkr t`fcg gcd`oİėİ z`d`e fkegdk`c
0
.>>?<
gc sİcİac ro`e s`omjm dmsmcæ fkrkejkskek bm-
6
.>60;
s`pc`d`a o`b` sger`ak gc`sİcİac`rİ, fkegdk`c
: .>9:?
o`ėoİd igrdócóeó aucc`ed`o`e mcom mt-
? .0692
dmdkzk s`ėc`y`fkckr.
= .02=;
ŕùycm ak1
9 .6>99
i(x+c) (x
+0
) p
x
+kq
e
-3*+İ5
< .0<<0
4
2
.0020 i(x) (1) p
x
q
eW x
;
.>906
0> .>6?= e
00 .>6?= p
x
+kq
e
-*-İ
06 .>><? (x-h-c) (e‟ x‟ 0)
0: .>>>:
4
0? .>>>> e
0= .>>>> p
x
q
e
-
x
x (e‟ x)
0.>>>>
x (e‟ x)
x (e‟x) p e‟x p
(x+c) (e‟x‟ 0) q x+c q
e‟x p
i(x+c) 4 i(x) dks cm uyluc`eoİėİeo` fu igrdóccm fu-
x+c q
cue`e gc sİcİac rİe o`b b`ss`s ŗmaóom bms`pc edİŗ gc e t`fcg gc soİa-
c rİe ìga y`aİe gcouėu lùrócmjmatkr.
@ŗ ėİo ak lr ika, t`fcgo`ak groke`t omėmrcmrkek (i(x)) `c`ec`r ŗmackeom
lùstmrdmatmokr. Fueu s`ėc`d`a kìke, grt` egat`sİ 0,6, ... lkfk s yİc`r
ózmrkeom gcd`a ózmrm t`f`eİ 0 fkrkd vm yóasmackėk om fu omėmrm tma`fóc
mome gc sİcİa omėmrk gc e okaoùrtlmecmrome dmyo`e lmcdkŗ fkr bkstglr`d
aucc`eİcdİŗtİr.
Lr ikatme `ìİaì lùrócoóėó lkfk egrd c mėrk kstmekcme gc soİac`rİ
gcouaì f`ŗ`roİ ŗmakcom vmrmfómjmatkr. ŕkdok egrd c mėrkyk aucc e`r`a
`ŗ`ėİo`ak sgruc rİ jmv`pc eoİr cİd vm sgeuìc rİ fkegdk c gc sİcİac rc
a`rŗo`ŗtİr`bd.
k) ^(R500)
kk) ^(R 4 6) -
0=>
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0=0
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ľÓ) ^(R 4 2)
kv) ^(?3R300)
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S @ / :.9
/ S 0.;'
.2;)
Egrd c o ėİcİd kcm olok sİacİa igeaskygeu t`fcgsueo`e ^(> 3z 36.2;)
4 .?;20 g b com ^(z56.2;)4 .>>0; fucueur. Fkegdk c gc`sİcİac rİe
tgpc dİ o .>>0; our.
/ 0.=‟9 6.=‟9S
kk) ^(R 46) 4 ^(0.=3R 36.=) - ^( 3z 3 )
0.; 0.; '
4 ^(‟ 6.:9 3z 3‟ 0.2?) 4 ^(0.2? 3z 36.:9)
4 >(6.:9) ‟ >(0.2?) 4 4
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.
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Yc.; 0.;'
4 >(0.:6) ‟ >( .<;)
44
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Fkegdk`c gc`sİfa .0020 kok.
@ej`a fótóe fu bms pc`d`c`ro` gcouaì` fóyóa yuv`rc`d` b` t-
c rİ gcouėue lùrm egrd c o`ėİcİdİ aucc e`r`a o`b b`ss s sgeuìc r
`be`fomjmėk `ìİatİr, e'ke 0= lkfk aóìóa ogc yİsİyc fmcak egrd c o`ėİ-
cİdo`e y`r`rc ed`yİ lmrmatkrdmymjma omėmrcmrk kìke mcom moome y`aİecİa
omrmjmcmrk fom fóyóa ùcìóom t`bdke mokjkokr.
kv) ^(?3R300) 4 ^(R4=) + ^(R49) + ^(R4<) + ^(R42)
+ ^(R 4;) + ^(R 40>) 4 .<<:?
Egrd c mėrk kcm1
0.= =.=S
^(?.=3R 300.=) 4 ^( 3z3 ‟ ) 4 (‟ ,<;3z36.2;)
S 0.; 0.;'
0=6
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4 $(6.2;) + >(.<;) ‟ c 4 .;;20 + .<2=6 ‟0
4 .<2::
e f`ėİdsİz omemdmomak f`ŗ`rİ s`yİsİ R kìke gcouėu lkfk f`ŗ rİ
R
gr`d kìke om egrd`c o`ėoİd y`ac`ŗİdİd aucc`e`fkckrkz, e'ke aæik
e
omrmjmom fóyóa omėmrcmrk kìke,
x
/ pq S
ec p, K ogc`yİsİyc ,
e U e /
R
^
e
‟ e(>,c) gc j atİr.
pq
e
Egrd c mėrk ygcu kcm y`ac`ŗİd p vm q fkrfkrkem em a`o`r y`aİe gcurs`
g ùcìóom f`ŗ roİ gcur. @yrİj` uì groke`tc`r kìke y ac`ŗİdİe f`ŗ`rİsİ,
dmramzk groke`tc`r (gc`sİcİac`r) kìke gcouėueo`e o`b` `z gc`j`atİr.
Fùcódóe dmtke aİsdİeİe sgeueo` fmcck f`ŗcİ amskack vm omv`dcİ
tms oóik omėkŗamecmrke gc`sİfa vmy` sİaba igeaskygec`rİ, p`r`dmtrmcmrk,
fmacmeme omėmr vm v`ry`esc rİ fkr rmimr`es t`fcg b ckeom fkr `r`o vmrkc-
dmatmokr.
@yrİj` st`eo`rt egrd`c o`ėoİdİe sİacİa vm fkrkakdck o`ėoİd igea-
skygeu t`fcgc`rİ ymr `cd`at`oİr.
O@ĕKCKDC@VC@ kCLcCc ^VGFCMDCMV
K. Fkegdk`c O`ėİcİd8
0. R U Fke(e,p) gcsue. R 'ke dgdmet ìİa`r e igeaskygeueu vm
M(R) vm Y`r(R)'k fucueuz.
Jmv`p8
d
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x
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M A _ @ F C G K
ÙEMDCľ O@ĕKCKDC@V, DGDME_CMVľ YM DGDME_ ÌKA@V@E IGEAZľ[GEC@VK
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igeaskygeu
Dgdmet ìİa`-
r`e igeaskyge
d
x
(t) 4 MQm'
x
T
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Bkpmrlmgdmtrka E 4 0,6,,. .
i(x) 4
Bkpmrlmgdmtrka
e 4 0,6.. .E
i(x) 4
/ E‟İİ5
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Fkrkakdck Egrd c O ėİcİd
,6
>(z) 4
p 0
HWgg Y U_
m
6
oz
z
.>> .>0 .>6 .>: .>? .>= .>9 .>< .>2 .>;
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.: .90<; .960< .96== .96;: .9::0 .9:92 .9?>9 .9??: .9?2> .9=0<
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6.>
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Zt eo rt Egrd c O ėİcİd
Zİacİa Igeaskygeu8
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Y e
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pm' 4 0 gcsue. Fkegdk c tmgrmdome,
6 L)Iq
e
- * 4 (c + q)
e
G b`com, d
x
(t) 4 (c+q)
e
4 (p m'+q)
e
od
x
(t)
4 e(pm
,
+q)
e
- k pm
t
Q
t 4 >
4 e(pmg+q)
e
-kpmg
ot
4 Up+l)"-
0
7
B`cfuak p+q 4 0 kok.
M(R) 4 ep
o
6
d
x
(t)
4 e(e 0) (pm
t
-| -q)
e
~
6
(pm
t
)
6
-| -
e
(pm
t
+q)
e
""
0
pm* 0
04>
ot
6
4 e(e‟0)
(pmg-i
q)
e
-
6
(pmg)
6
-i e(pm¾+q)
e
~
0
pm±
4~ e(e‟ c)p
6
+ ep 4 e
6
p
6
‟ ep
6
-i-
ep
Y r(R) 4 M(R
6
) ‟ QM(R)T
6
4 e
6
p
6
‟ ep
6
+ ep ‟ (ep)
6
4 ep ‟ ep
6
4 ep(c‟ p) 4 epq
6. Fkr o krmom 0> smarmtmr ì cİŗİygr. Bmr fkrk < b it`o fkr ymek fkr
o`atkcg ŗmrkok kstkygr. Cmv`zİd dmdurueue, b it f`ŗİeo s omjm ? ŗmrkt
v`rs , g b it kìkeom ŗmrkt t cmpcmrkem jmv`p vmrmdmdm gc sİcİėİ emokr7
Jmv`p8
0 9
e40>, p 4 , q 4
< <
^(R U=) 4 6 G ( ‟ [ ( ~ [ ~
R
R U= \ / S < '
- ( ' • 5 ( _ )
( 5 « 5 ( t ) ' ( _ ) '
+ 3
'
)
( _ ) ' ( _ ) '
.>>2
09>
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U H omėkŗamek kìke `yeİ tkp sgruc e e sİc jmv pc`eoİrİrsİeİz7)
:. Fkr f`t`ry` tgpìusueue 0 `tİŗt` bmomik tutturd`sİ gc`sİcİėİ §
gcsue. @j`f : tgp fkrome `tmŗ mtsm bmomim dutc a 0 vmy o`b i`zc
ks`fmt a`yomookr dk7
Jmv`p 8 R , ks fmt s yİsİeİ lùstmrske.
2 0;
^(R ŕ50) 4 0 - ^(R 4>) 4 0 - (H) (c)g (i): 4 0 4 ‟
6< 6<
?. (Dgstmccmr, Vguram, _bgd`s) ]ì`a dgtgrc rİ fgzucd`y` kckŗake
gc`r`a fkrfkrkeome f`ėİdsİz vm bmr fkrkeke fgzucd` gc`sİbėİ mŗkt vm q
gcsue. Fkr uì`ėİe f`ŗ`rİcİ fkr uìuŗ y`p`fkcdmsk kìke dgtgrc`rİeİe me `z
y`esİeİe ì`cİŗİygr gcd`sİ lmrmack. @j`f` q'eue b`elk omėmrcmrk kìke 6 dg-
tgrcu fkr uì`a ? dgtgrcuy` tmrjkb mokcdmckokr.
Jmv`p8 ľak dgtgrcu fkr uì a me z dgtgrc rİeo e fkrk ì`cİŗİrs`
f`ŗ`rİcİ fkr uìuŗ y`p`r. R ì`cİŗ`e dgtgr s`yİsİeİ lùstmrske.
^(R ŕ50) 4 0 - ^(R 4>) 4 0 - (c) pg q
6
4 0 - q
6
? dgtgrcu uì`at ksm me `z 6 dgtgrue kŗcmdmsk lmrmack.
^(R 6s6) 4 0 - Q^(R 4>)+^(R 40)T 4 0 - () p" q
?
- ( å )^0
:
4 0‟q
?
‟? pq
:
4 0‟q
?
‟?(0‟q)q
:
4 0‟?q:+:q
?
0 ‟ q
6
U 0 ‟ ?q
:
-i- :q
?
, q'eue b`elk omėmrcmrk kìke s`ėc e`fkckr 7
Mŗktskzcka ózmrkeom kŗcmd y p`cİd. Bmr kak t`r it`e (0‟q
6
) yk ìİa`rİrs`a,
> U q6‟ ?q: -i
:q
?
> U q
6
(c‟ ?q+:q
6
)
> U q
6
(c
q) (0‟:q)
q 4 >, q
4 0, q 4
k kìke mŗktskzckėke s ė t`r iİ sİiİr gcur.
@ŗ`ėİo`ak lr ika y 4 q6(c‟q) (0‟:q) eue omėkŗkdkek lùstmrkygr.
>3q3 £ `r`cİėİeo` mŗktskzckėke s`ė t`r`iİ sİiİro`e fóyóa gcuygr, ogc`-
yİsİyc` ? dgtgrcu tmrjkb moodmck. Fue` a`rŗİcİa H 3q 30 `r`cİėİeo` 6
dgtgrcu uì`ac`r o`b` mdekymtck.
090
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* KDUu]@.
X @ S g ~S g tC v y .
?-muk,
=. Gcd gc`sİcİėİ p gc e fkr gc`yc kclkck gc r`a fkrfkrkeome f ėİdsİz
omemdmcmr y`pd`yİ pc`eaygruz. [ tms oóik omėkŗamek gc`yİe grt`y
ìİad`sİe a`o`r y`pİc j`a omemdm s`yİsİeİ lùstmrske. @ìİac rs`a8 «c v
kca omemdmom gcurs [ 4 > gc`j a, kca omemdmom gcd`z i`a t kakejk
omemdmom gcurs` [ 4 0 gc`j`a... [ 'eke gc`sİcİa igeaskygeu, M([k vm
Y`r([) yk fucueuz.
Jmv`p8
tka omemdmom gc`yİe gc`sİfėİ p gcouėue` lùrm ^([ 4>) 4 p
åca omemdmom gc`yİe gcd`d`sİ i`a t kakejk om-
emdmom gcd`sİ gc`sİcİėİ ^([ 40) 4 pq
Lkomrma1 ^([ 4y) 4 pq
y
Gc`sİcİa igeaskygeu gc`fkcdmsk kìke1
Xi(y) 4 p+pq+ . . .pq
y
4 p(c + q+ . . .+q") 4
^
( ) 4 ‟ 4 0
Y c - q / p
JG jg
M ([ ) 4 Z y pq
y
4 pq Z y q
yW 0
y4g y4g
096
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B`cfuak,
« o «
o
/
0
S
0 0
Z y q'- İ 4 Z q
y
4 ( ) 4 4 -
oq ¾ oq S c‟ q/ (0‟ q)
6
p
6
pq q
••• M([ ) 4 ‟ 44 ‟
p
6
p
/
Y`r([) 4 M([
6
) ‟ QM([ )T
6
M([
6
) 4 y pq
y
4 pq
6
0 y
6
q
y
~
6
y4> y4>
jg
Z Yi_
yW6
B`cfuak1
>>
o jg
Z y
6
q
y
-
6
4‟ Z
y4> oq y4>
Ìóeaó,
o jg jg
‟ Z yq
y
-
oq y4> y4>
o
gg
o
y4>
‟ 0) q
y - 6
4 Z y
6
q
y
~
6
‟ Z y q
y
-6
y4> y4>
.0 , 6 6
oq ¾ oq C (cW
q
)6H (cW
q
):
p
:
JG 0 JG U
X y q
y - 6
4 6 y q
y
-5 4
q ¾ p
6
q
r
6
0 e 6q
6
q
M([
6
) 4 p q
6
‟ + ‟ 4 W + W
p
:
p
6
q p
6
p
6q
6
q q
6
q(q+p) q
Y r([) 4 + 4 4
p
6
p p
6
p
6
p
6
/ q q S
Zgeuì8 [ K , )
S p p
6
/
9. [oc`r fgyuej` ikzygcghk c`fgr`tuv`ee` lmcme 0>.>>> omemy
i`rmskeome s`omjm ='keom kì auc a otkf`fİ gcouėu lùrócdóŗtór. Fu fkclkym
o`y`e`r`a, 6= omemy i rmsk kìkeom 6 vmy o`b i`zc i`rmom kì auc`a kctk-
b`fİ ìİad`sİ gc`sİcİėİeİ fucueuz.
09:
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<. ^rgfcmd ? tmak i`r zkymcmrke `yeİeİ aucc`r`a tma dgtgrcu fkr
uì`a kcm kak dgtgrcu fkr uì`ėİe pmrigrd`esc rİeİ dua`ymsm mokekz.
2. Fkegdk c o ėoİdİe dgomc a`fuc mokcokėk fkr omemyom, : ìmakŗtm
t`d 6 f`ŗ`rİ gc sİcİėİ t`d : f`ŗ`rİ gc sİcİėİeİe 06 a`tİoİr. Fu folkym
o`y`e`r`a p'yk fucueuz.
;. R fkegdk`c o ėİcdİŗ vm M(R) 4 ?= vm Y`r(R ) 4 :9 gcsue, e vm
p'yk fucueuz.
0>. Fkr aucófóe 6> óymsk v`r, 06 sk mrama 2'k a`oİe. = akŗoka fkr
agdktmeke aur usucó kcm smìkcdmsk sùz ageusu.
`) Agdktmeke : mrama, 6 a`oİeo`e dmyo`e lmcdmsk,
f) Agdktmeke : vmy` o`f` i zc` mrama kbtkv` mtdmsk,
j) Agdktm óymcmrkeke bmpskeke `yeİ jkestme gcd`c`rİ
gc`soİac`rİeİ bms`pc`yİeİz.
00. ^g kssge O `ėİc İdİ8
, İ
00. Fmacmeme omėmr jmfrk aur cc`rİeo`e y`r`rc`e`r`a ^gkssge
o`ėodİŗ R omėkŗamekeke o`ėİbdİeİe fmacmeme omėmr vm v`ry`esİeİe R
gcouėueu lùstmrkekz.
ksp`t8
İ
0
'
~a *
>:
@
JG
@
M(R ) 4 6 x m 4 m 6 x
x4> x *4> x
‟ m
-x Z
R
* -x ®
6 4 Rm
@
6
x4> (
x
‟ 0) x4İ (x‟ 0)
x‟ 0 4 y gcsue.
-x
w
y
x
M(R) 4 Rm
@
6
y4g
y
t
JG
R
" R
D`jc urke `ìİddİeo`e y`r`rc`e`r`a 6 4 m omėmrkek ym-
rkem agy`r a, y4¾ y
M(R) 4 Rm
R
m
R
4 R
09?
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Fmezmr ŗmakcom,
M(R*)4 6
x4>
-x
4 m
R*
R s
x
6
m 4 m
6
R
6
x x4>
x
t
>>
R*
mg R* 1
6H x(x‟
0)
• + 6 x
x4> x *4> x
GG
jg R
0
"
0
4 m
R
T R
6
Z f
R
6
*46 (x‟ 6) *40 (
x
Wİ)t
4 m~
R
m
R
R
6
+ m
R
R 4 m~
R
m
R
(R
6
+R) 4 R
6
+R
Y`r(R) 4 R
6
+
R
‟ R
6
4
R
06. Autu kìkeomak kejkrcmrom % 0 ìóróa ìİaİygr. Bmrb elk fkr autu
kìkeom 0 vmy o`b i`zc ìóróa kejkr ìİad`sİ gc sİcİėİd .>='tme `ŗ`ėİy`
keokrdma kìke bmr autu kìkeom a`ì kejkr gcd cİoİr 7
Jmv`p8
4 .>>0
^(R U0) 4 0 ‟ ^(R 4>) 3 .>= gcd sİ kstmekygr.
^gkssge o`ėoİdİeİ aucc`e`r`a,
R
¾ -x -x
^(R 4>) 4 m 4 m
>
^ (R U0)4 0 ‟ ^(R 4>) 4 0 ‟ m~
R
3.>= gcd`f.
-
x
0
m 5. ;= Fu mŗktskzcka kìke kcm kclkck t`fcgc`ro`e y`r rc`e`r`a
m*
R5.>=0 R 4 ep 4 .>=0 4 e(.>>0) 45 e65=0 gcurs kstmeome gc sİcİa
s`ėc edİŗ gc j`atİr.
0:. k) =6 a`ėİt om gye`e`e pgamr gyueueo` "iuc" lmcdmsk gc`sİcİėİ
em a`o`roİr7
kk) ='mr a`ėİtba <>> mcom,
`) _`d fkr t`em iuc ìİad`sİ gc`soİėİ em a`o roİr 7
f) Me `z fkr t`em iuc ìİad`sİ gc`sİcİėİ em a`o`roİr7
09=
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Jmv`p8
k) ùejm ='mr aæėİtcİa a`ì i`racİ tmrakp oóŗóeócmfkcmjmėkek fucd`dİz
lmrmakr. Fueu ksm (
=
s) 4 6,=;2,;9> fkegdk c o`ėİcİd a`ts`yİsİ vmrkr.
@j`f fu 6,=;2,;9> dubtmdmc mcome a`ì t`emsk iuc'our. Iuc gcd`sİ kìke
mcke RR R [ [ ŗmackeom gcd sİ lmrmakr. @yek jkes ? aæėİtt`e :'ó, (:) 4 ?
i`racİ ŗmakcom, `yeİ jkes ? a`ėİtt`e 6'sk ( 6) 4 9 i`racİ ŗmaóom ìİa`fokr.
Fkrkejk jkes kìke 0:, fkrkejk fmcck gcouat`e sger kakejk jkes kìke 06 i`racİ
kbtkd c gc fkcmjmėkem lùrm iuc gc e mc s yİsİ 0:.06.?.9 4 :<?? tór.
G b com =6 aæėİt om gye`e`e pgamr gyueueo ,
- :<?? 0^(iuc) 4 ±
6,=;2,;9> <>>
kk) (`) Fu gc`sİcİėİ fkegdk`c o`ėİcİdİ aucc`e`r`a,
/
0
S /
9 ;
Y
;
( ¾İ) K ) ( ‟~ ) ŕmackeom jmv`pc eoİr`fokroka. I`a`t fueue
' S <>>/ S<>3A
`rktdmtka lóìcóacmrk grt`o oİr. Fueue ymrkem pgkssge y ac`ŗİdİeİe auc-
c eİrs`a,
0
R 4 ep 4 <>>. 4 0
<>>
R
x
c
0
0
x 0 m
r
WR R± W WR
f) ^(me z 0 iuc) 4 0‟^(> t em iuc) 4 0 ‟ m 40‟m
C
>
H
0
4 0 ± .9:
0?. =>> fóyóa kes`eo`e c'keom auc`a `rİz sİ ìİatİėİeİ a`fuc momckd.
Mėmr `r`f mbckymtk cd f`aİdİeo`e auc a `rİz`sİ fkr d`bzur tmŗakc
mtdkygrs ,
`) =>>> ŗùiùr `r sİeo auc`a `rİz`sİ gc ec rİe fmacmeme s`yİsİ em
a`o`roİr 7
f) Me `z = t`em auc`a `rİz`sİ gc e ŗùiùr ìİad`sİ gc sİcİėİ em a`o`roİr 7
099
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0=. R , vm R
6
p`r`dmtrmcmrk Rİ vm R
6
gc`e ^gkssge o`ėİcİdcİ tms`oóik
omėkŗamecmr ksm (R İ+R
6
) eke1 p`r`dmtrmsk (Rİ + R
6
) gc`e fkr pgkssge o`ėİ-
cİdİ gcouėueu lùstmrkekz.
KKK. Egrd`c O`ėİcİd8
09. R U e(‟:,0) vmrkcdmatmokr.
o) (‟=,‟?) r fėİeo` e(x) `ctİeo` a c`e `c`eİ t fcgc`r y`roİdİ
kcm fucueuz.
f) e(x)'ke s`ė t`r iİeo` ùycm fkr ( ,mg ) r`cİėİ fucueuz ak, fu `r fė`
tma`fóc mome gc`sİfa .>= gcsue.
Jmv`p8
o) ^(‟= 3R 3‟ ?) 4 ^(‟6 3z 3‟0) 4
3O(‟0)
‟ $(‟ 6)
4 0 ‟ >(0) ‟0 + ®(6) 4 3O(6) ‟ 3O(0)
4 .;<<6‟ .2?0:
4 .0:=;
f) ^(R 3`) 4 .;=
^( R +:3`+:)4 .;=
^(z3`+:)4.;=
/
Fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd t`fcgsueo`e y`r`rc`e`r`a1 `+: 4 0.9?= 45
` 4 ‟ 0.:==.
0<. _`fcgc`r y`roİdİ kcm ùycm fkr j s`yİsİ fucueuz ak, grt`c`d`sİ
sİiİr, v`ry esİ 0 gc`e egrd c o`ėİcdİŗ fkr R tms oóik omėkŗamekeke ‟ j vm
j `r`sİeo omėmrcmr cd`sİ gc`sİcİėİ .2 gcsue. .
Jmv`p8
R e(>,c)R st eo`rt egrd`c o`ėİcdİŗ ourudo`.
^(‟ j3R 3j)4 .2>
G(j) ‟ Q0‟ G(j)T 4 .2>
63O(j) 4 0.2>
3å5(j) 4 .;> t fcgyu aucc`e`r`a 45 j4c .62.
02. R U e(c,6) vmrokygr.
k) ^(‟0 3R 3:) gcouėueu fucueuz.
kk) ùycm fkr a s yİsİ fucueuz ak ^(‟ a3R 3a) 4 .;> gcsue.
kkk) ùycm fkr o s yİsİ fucueuz ak, ^(R 5o) 4 .;> gcsue.
09<
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0;. R U e(06,?) vmrkckygr.
k) ^(R30?)
kk) ^(R50=)
ľÓ) ^(R 300)
kv) ^(0?3R 30=) '
v) ^(<3R 30?) gc`sİcİac rİd fucueuz.
6>. Fkr p`r =>> omi `tİcİygr.
`) ^(6:> vmy o`b i`zc s`yİo tur lmcdmsk)
f) ^(66> 3tur` s`yİsİ 36<>)
j) ùycm fkr j s`yİsİ fucueuz ak ^(me `z j t`em tur lmcdmsk) 4 . ;>
60. cgl R e(c,?) vmrkckygr.
^(| 3R 36) yk fucueuz.
66. z st`eo`rt egrd c o`ėİcdİŗ gcsue.
k) ^(z3.:)
kk) ^(z3‟ .:)
kkk) ^(06 3z3:.9)
kv) ^(‟ c3z36).
6:. z st`eo`rt egrd`c o ėİcdİŗ gcsue, ùycm fkr a s`yİsİ fucueuz ak,
^(| z| 3a)
k).? gcsue,
ó) . 2 gcsue.
kkk) .; gcsue.
kv) .>= gcsue.
6?. Óekvmrsktm lkrkŗ kdtkb`ec`rİeo cİe`e pu`ec`rİe grt c d`sİeİe
6=> vm v`ry`esdİe 0>> gcouėu fkckedmatmokr. (I`rzmomckd)
`) _ms oóik gc`r a smìkcdkŗ fkr ùėrmejkeke :>> vmy o`b i zc pu`e
cdİŗ gcd`sİ gc sİcİėİ emokr7
f) 02> vmy o`b `z gcd`sİ gc`sİcİėİ emokr7
j) _ms oóik gc`r a smìkcme : ùėrmejkeke bmpskeke :>> ome i zc pu`e
cdİŗ gcd`sİ gc sİcİėİ emokr7
o) _ms oóik gc`r a smìkcdkŗ : ùėrmejkome me z 6 skeke :>> ome i`zc
pu`e cdİŗ gcd`sİ gc sİbėİ emokr7
6=. [mtkŗake mramacmrke fgyc`rİeİe o ėİcİdİeİe e(0.<>, .:>) gc-
ouėueu a`fuc momckd. Mėmr fkr akdsmeke fgyueue 0.<= ome i`zc gcouėu
fkckekygrs`, 0.2> d. ome i`zc` gcd`sİ ŗ`rtcİ gc`sİcİėİ em a`o`roİr7
092
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FÙCÓD YK
ÙVEMACMDM
Ùremacmdm t`fkk vm sgsy`c fkckdcmrke `ŗ`ėİ yua`rİ bmr o`cİeo` `r`ŗ-
tİrİjİeİe `r`ì autusueue me ùemdck uesurc`rİeo`e fkrkokr. ľclkck gcouėuduz
tms oóik omėkŗame vmy omėkŗamecmrke ózmrkeom o`ėodİŗ gcouėu aótcmcmr
b`aaİeo` folk mcom mtdmeke vm aótcm p`r`dmtrmcmrk b`aaİeo` kstkoc`ccmr
y`pd`eİe me pr`tka ygcu ùremacmdmokr.
Fu fùcódom, fulóe ùemdck fkr `ct kbtks`s `c`eİ gc`r`a kst`tkstka
kìkeom `yrİj cİacİ fkr ymr kŗl c mome ùremacmdmeke s`omjm tmgrka prmeskp-
cmrk ózmrkeom aİs`j ouruc j`atİr, ùrema oózmecmdmsk bmrŗmyome ùejm fkr
smìdm vm t`bdke prgfcmdkek kbtkv` momr. ùrema smìkdk vm dubtmcki ùrema
oózmecmrk kìke v`ry`es bms`pc`rİ ageueue ms`sİeİ dmyo`e` lmtkrkr.
Aótcmcmrke t`d s`yİdİ y`eİeo` ùremacmdmym lkttkaìm o`b` ìga f`ŗ
vurucd`sİeİe ìmŗktck ùemdck emomecmrk `r`sİeo`1 d`sr iİe ùremacmdmom
o`b `z gcd`sİ, sgeuìc rİe o`b ì`fua cİe`fodmsk, bmd s`yİd bmd om
ùremacmdmcmr kìke sùz ageusu gc`fkcmjma b`t`c`r f`aİdİeo`e, okaa`tck
fkr ì cİŗd kcm ùremacmdmom o`b f`ŗ`rİcİ sgeuìc r mcom mokcmfkcdmsk, f`zİ
ourudc`rİe (dmsmcæ du`ymemeke t`brkpaær gcd`sİ lkfk) ùremacmdmyk
zgruecu aİcd`sİ ùzmcckacm zkarmokcmfkckr.
Fu `v`et`hc`rİ y`eİeo` ùremacmdmeke s`yİdo`e `yrİc`e me ùemdck
y`eİ t`d s`yİd b`ckeom sùz ageusu gcd`y`e "ùremacmdm b`t`sİ"eİ kb-
tkv mtdmskokr. Bmrb`elk fkr ùrema oózmekeom ùremacmdm b`t`sİeİe gf-
hmatki ùcìócmrcm bms`pc e`fkcdmsk lmrmakr. Fu ksm aótcmomak mcmd ec`rİe
ùremėm lkrdm gc`sİcİac`rİeİe fkckedmskek zgruecu aİc`r. Fu ùzmcckėm s`bkp
ùremacmdm tkpcmrkem y`ek aótcmomak bmr fkrkdke ùremėm lkrdm gc sİcİėİeİe
fokeokėk ùremacmdm tkpcmrkem gc`sİcİa ùremacmdmsk okygruz.
Gc sİcİa ùremacmdmskeke ùremacmdm b`t`sİeİe ùcìócdmskem kdaæe
vmrdmsk `r`ŗtİrd`c`ro` aucc`eİcd`c`rİ b`ckeom f`ŗ`rİyİ l`r`etkcmyme fkr
ci5;
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uesur omėkcokr. Mėmr ùremacmdm b`t`sİ ìga fóyóa ksm, fu tkp ùremacmdm-
cmrk f`ŗ`rİcİ ŗmaóom kstkoc`ccmrom aucc`e`d`yİz. @yrİj` ùremacmdm b`t`sİ
oİŗdo s`pd uesurueue o okaa`tm cİed`sİ lmrmamjmatkr. Fu egat c r
ózmrkeom kst`tkstkak t`bdke aİsdİeo` `yrİetİcİ ŗmaóom our`j`ėİz. Gc`sİfa
ùremacmdmsk oİŗİeo aótcmcmr b`aaİeo fkclk mcom mtdm vm kstkocæccmr y`pd`
dmtgtc`edeo` v`rcİėİe` vm _óra sgsy`c fokd cktmr`tóróeóe fu tkp ì`-
cİŗd c rc ogcu gcouėueu fmckrtdmacm ymtkemckd.
Gc`sİcİa ùremacmdmskeke ìmŗktck tkpcmrk `yrİ fkr `ct okskpckeke ageu-
sueu tmŗakc momjma lmekŗckatmokr. Fkra`ì arktmrm lùrm fkr sİeİic eoİrd`
ŗmd`sİ lmckŗtkrdmdkz dódaóeoór.(c)
0. `) Aótcm fkrkdcmrkeke bmr fkrkeke ùremėm lkrdm ŗ`esİeİe mŗkt
gcouėu ùremacmdm tkpcmrk.
k) Fu gc sİcİac r y ùremacmdmeke bmr s ib`sİeo mŗkt cİeİr,
kk) vmy` dubtmcki s ib`c rİeo` fkrfkrkek tmcæik mokjk fóyóacóatm mŗkt
gcdİy`e gc sİcİac r, sgeueo bmr fkrkd kìke mŗkt smìódm ŗ`esİ vmrkr.
f) Aótcm fkrkdcmrkeke smìkcdm (ùremėm lkrdm) gc`sİcİac`rİeİe i`raf
gcouėu ùremacmdm tkpcmrk. Fu ourud dmsmcæ gptkdud t`bsks ageusue`
kckŗake gc r`a sùz ageusu gc`fomjmėk lkfk, smìdm kŗcmdcmrkeke dóamddmc-
ckatme uz`a gcuŗueue z`rurk fkr sgeuju o gc fokr.
6. ùrema fkrkdcmrkeke aótcmeke tma tma mcmd ec`rİ gcd`sİ vmy` ùr-
ema fkrkdcmrkeke aódmcmrome dmyo`e lmcdmsk. Aódm ùremacmdmsk om
mŗkt vmy` i`racİ fóyóacóatm aódmcmrk ùremacmdm fkrkdk gc`r a aucc`e`-
fomjmėk lkfk, aódm smìkdkek om tma vmy ìga s ib`o y`p`fokr.
:. Aótcmeke fkr fótóe gc`r a ùremacmdm kŗcmdkem t`fk tutucouėu
b ccmr vmy aótcmeke a`omdmcmrm `yrİcd`sİ.
?. ùrema smìkdk kŗcmdkeke tms oóik gcd`sİ (Dmsmcæ tms oóik s`yİc r
t`fcgc`rİ ygcuyc`, y` o` skstmd`tka ùremacmdm ygcuyc` gcd`sİ).
=. Ùremacmdmeke tma s ib cİ gcd`sİ y`ek ekb k ùremėke tma fkr s i-
b`o smìódmsk y o ùremacmdmeke ìga s ib cİ gcd`sİ.
Lùrócoóėó lkfk fu arktmrcmr duv`jmbmskeom pma ìga ùrema oózmek
oóŗóeócmfkckr. Fuec rİe bmrfkrk kìke om pma ìga igrdócóe lmckŗtkrodmsk
lmrmakr.(6)
0 C. Aksb Zurvmy Z`dpckel \kcmy 0;9=, Zb. 6>.
6 D` cmsmi fu ageu dmdcmamtkdkzom lmrmėk lkfk r ŗtİee jo rj kejmcmemdmdkŗ vm auc-
c eİc fkckr fkr fkclk b ckeom aucc eİjİc rİe kstki omskem sueuc d`dİŗtİr.
0<>
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- Gc`sİcİa ùremacmdmskeke kst`tkstka tmgrkskeom me ìga kŗcmedkŗ gc`e
tkpk f`skt tms oóik ùrema vmy` aİs`j` tms`oóik ùrema omokėkdkz ŗmackokr.
_`rki8 Rİ,R
6
,...R
e
tms oóik omėkŗamecmrkeke fkrcmŗka sİacİa vmy`
gc`sİfa igeaskygeu1
l(x―x
6
,. .. x
e
) 4 i(
R c
) i(x
6
). . . i(x
e
) 4 e i(x,)
ŗmackeom, y`ek bmr R h omėkŗamekeke sİacİa igeaskygeu fkrfkrkeke `yeİ vm
R,'cmr f`ėİdsİz ksm, f`ŗa` omykŗcm, R
0
'cmr f`ėİdsİz vm `yeİ o`ėİcdİŗ-
c`rs , (R İ. . . R
e
), e b jkdck fkr tms oóik ùrematkr.
Ùremėke bmr tmrkdk x
(
, ùremėm lkrdmome ùejm R
(
ŗmackeom fkr tms`oóik
omėkŗame, ùremėm lkrokatme sger ksm fkr s`yİoİr. Okėmr omykŗcm ùrema
ìmakdkeome ùejm ùrema fkr tms oóik omėkŗamecmr skcskcmsk (smqumejm), ùr-
ema ìmaookatme sger ksm fkr s`yİc r smtkokr.
. R tms oóik omėkŗamekeke aótcmeke bmr fkrkdkeomak omėmrk fkr rmmc
s`yİoİr. Fu f`aİdo`e aótcm, R tms oóik omėkŗamekeke V rmmc s yİc`r smtk
ózmrkeom tmŗakc mtdkŗ gcouėu gc`sİfa uz`yİ ŗmackeom igrdmc gc`r a t`eİd-
c e`fkckr. Dmsmcæ R imrtcmrke `yfa lmckrcmrk ksm vm kejmcmedma kstmeme aótcm
om dmesuj`t s`e`ykk kŗìkcmrk ksm bmr imroke lmckrk rmmc s`yİc r smtkeke fkr
mcmd`doİr.
F`ėİdsİzcİėİe s`ėc ed`sİ y`ek o`b ùejmak ùrema ìmakŗcmrkeke o`f`
sger`ak ìmakŗcmrk mtakcmdmdmsk ymrkem age`r`a ùremacmdm kcm dódaóeoór.
Fu tkp ùremacmdmym a`yİtc`eoİrİcd`dİŗ ùremacmdm om omekr, ùremėke
bmr tmrkdk kìke fótóe fkrkdcmr mŗkt smìkcdm (f`z`e o ymekome smìkcdm)
ŗ`esİe` s`bkptkrcmr. Fueue a`rŗİtİ gc`e ymrkem aged`o`e ùremacmdmom
ksm `yeİ fkrkdke fkrome i`zc omi ùremėm lkrdmsk sùz ageusu gcd`z.
Aótcm E, ùrema e fkrkd gcsue. [mrkem aged`o`e ùremacmdmom e,
aótcm b`jdk E'ome fóyóa gc`d`z. [mrkem agy`r`a ùremacmdmom ksm e'ke
b`jdk kìke fùycm fkr a`yİt ygatur.
F`skt tms oóik ùremacmdmom bmrb`elk fkr fkrkdke ùremėm lkrdm ŗ esİ,
e
ymrkem agy`r`a vmy` aged`o e, ìmakd e`sİc gcurs` gcsue ‟‟ oİr. Ìóe-
aó, ymrkem agy`r`a ùremacmdmom aótcmomak bmr fkrkdke ùremėke kca mcm-
0
d`eİ gcd ŗ`esİ okr. Fmezmr ŗmakcom 6 kejk, : óejó ùrema mcmd eİ
E
0
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0
gcd ŗ`esc rİ o okr. ùrema b`jdk e gcouėue lùrm,
E
0 0 ľ e
E E " '
+
E E
e
[mrkem aged`o`e ùremacmdmom oa ùrema fkrkdk gc`r a ìmakcdm
0
gc`sİcİėİ okr. ùremėke kakejk mcmd eİ gc fkcdmsk kìke oa ìmakŗtm ùremėm
E
lkrdmdmsk vm kakejk ìmakŗtm om lkrdmsk lmrmakr, tka ìmakŗtmak gc sİcİa
0
okr. ľakejk ìmakŗ E‟0 mcmd`e `r`sİeo`e y`pİc j`ėİe lùrm ìmaodm
E
0 E‟0
gc`sİcİėİ okr. G b com kca ìmakckŗtm smìkcdmdm gc soİėİ gc`e kcm
E‟0 E
fueu ì`rp`rs`a kakejk ìmakckŗ gc soİėİ mcom moomjmatkr, fu ksm,
E‟0 0 0
8 4 okr.
E E‟0 E
Fmezmr ŗmakcom ùremėke óìóejó mcmd`eİ gcd`sİ gc soİėİ o ,
E‟0 E‟6 0 0
okr.
E E‟0 E‟6 E
Lkomrma, bmr fkrkdke ùremėm lkrdm ŗ`esİeİe ymrkem agy`r`a vmy age-
e
d`o`e ùremacmdmom gcouėu lùstmrkcdkŗ gcur.
E
[mrkem aged`o`e ùremacmdmom sİeİrcİ aótcm ogėructuju ì`rp`eİ `oİeİ
e
vmrokėkdkz (0 ) ki`omskeke t`bdkecmrom aucc`eİcd`sİ lmrmakr, sİeİr-
E
e
sİz aótcmcmr kìke 5•> gc j`ėİeo`e fùycm fkr ì`rp`e lmrmaskzokr. Fkz
E
fu fùcódom ymrkem agy`r`a ùremacmdm kcm olok d`tmd`tka igrdóccmrk
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lmckŗtkrmjmėkz. Ùremacmdmeke me f`skt ŗmack kcm kclkck fu fkclkcmr fkzkd kìke
lmrmack dkekdud tmdmck vmrmjma.
Mėmr aótcmcmrke kclk ageusu gc`e tms oóik omėkŗamecmrcm `kt dgdmetcmrk
fokekygr gcs`yoİ ùremacmdmym pma `z kbtky`ì a`cİroİ.(:) Gys` aótcmeke
p`r`dmtrmcmrk lmemcckacm fkckedmz, ùrema y`roİdİ kcm aótcm p`r`dmtrmcmrkem
kckŗake t`bdke vm kstkocæccmr y`pd` ourudu grt`y` ìİa`r. Fu `d`ìc`
ùrema st`tkstkacmrk'eome i`yo`c`eİcİr.
_ `rk i 8 Zt`tkstka, tms oóik ùremėke, fokedmyme aótcm p`r dmtrm-
cmrkeome bmrb`elk fkrkem o`y`ed`y`e rmmc omėmrck fkr igeaskygeuour.
_ fkr st`tkstkėk lùstmrske.
_ 4 _(Rİ,R
6
,.. .R
e
)
_`rkike me ùemdck uesuru igeaskygemc okŗakom aótcm p`r`dmtrmcmrkeke
aucc`eİcd`d`sİoİr. @ask b`com fokedmyme p`r`dmtrmcmrcm olkck t`bdke-
cmrom fu p`r`dmtrmcmrke omėmrcmrkek aucc`ed`a lkfk p`r`ogascu fkr ourud
grt`y` ìİa`roİ.
Dmsmcæ R e(Qk, `
6
) gcsue. Em |k. em om `
6
yk fkcdmokėkdkz fu aótcm-
ome fkr f`skt tms`oóik ùrema `c`r`a, ihİ'yó t`bdke mtdma kìke,
0 .
R
4 6 R h yk, `
6
yk t`bdke mtdma kìke om,
e
k40
0
±
Z
6
4 6 (R,‟ x)
6
yk aucc`e`fkckrkz. Ìóeaó bmd x bmd om Z
6
e‟0
k40
fkckedmyme aótcm p`r`dmtrmcmrkeome f`ėİdsİzoİr. Fue` a`rŗİba dmsmcæ
0 ―
6 (Rh‟ (k)
6
fkr st`tkstka gc`d`z ìóeaó hk'yó fkcdkygruz.
(?)
e
k40
ùremacmdmeke tmdmc prgfcmdk ùrema st`tkstkacmrkek aucc`e`r`a fkcke-
dmyme aótcm p`r`dmtrmcmrk b`aaİeo` t`bdke vm kstkocæccmrom fucued`a
gcuej` ùremacmdmome fucue`e ùrema dgdmetcmrkeke o`b` y`aİeo`e ke-
jmcmedmsk lmrmamjmatkr. Ìóeaó sùz ageusu st`tkstkacmr ìgėu z`d`e ùrema
dgdmetcmrk ŗmackeom fmckrdmatmokr.
: Dmsmcæ aótcm p r dmtrmcmrkeke fkckeokėk Dgetm J rcg omemycmrk.
? Mėmr Qk'yó fkckygr gcs`yoİa vm s`omjm v`ry`esİ t bdke mtdma kstmsmyoka fu tkp fkr igrdóc
fkzm i yo`cİ gc`fkckr dkyok7
0<:
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ùrema Dgdmetcmrk8
Aótcm dgdmetcmrkem p`r cmc gc`r a ùrema kìke om f`ŗc elİì egat`sİ
vmy ùrema grt c d`sİ mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmr sùz ageusu gc j`atİr.
F`ŗc elİì egat`sİ mtr iİeo`ak r'İejİ ùrema dgdmetk1
0 .
d'
r
4 M R ,
r
e k4
c
F`ŗc elİì egat`sİ mtr iİeo`ak fkrkejk ùrema dgdmetk, ùrema grt -
c d`sİeİ vmrkr1
0 `
d', 4 x 4 M R8
ùrema grt`c`d`sİ mtr iİeo`ak r'İejİ ùrema dgdmetk1
0 `
d
r
4 M (R
0
- x )
r
ùzmc gc`r a, ùrema grt`c`d sİ mtr`iİeo`ak kakejk ùrema dgdmetk
ùrema v`ry`esİ `oİeİ c j`a vm,
0 ― MR,*
d
6
4 M (R
t
‟x)6
e
igrdócó om lùstmromjmatkr.(=)
F`ŗc elİì egat`sİ mtr iİeo`ak ùrema dgdmetcmrkeke ùemdck fkr ùzmc-
ckėk fkrmr tms oóik omėkŗame gc r`a fu dgdmetcmrke o`ėİcİdc`rİeİe fma-
cmeme omėmrcmrkeke aótcm dgdmetcmrkem mŗkt gcd`sİ, y`ek fkr sger`ak fù-
códom lùrócmjmėk lkfk, fuec rİe aótcm dgdmetcmrkeke s`pd`sİz t`bdke
mokjkcmrk gcd c rİoİr. R
t
,.. .R
e
, i(x) o`ėİcİdb fkr aótcmome `cİed`sİ sùz
ageusu gc e e b`jkdck fkr ùrema, d'
r
o fucue`j`a f`ŗc elİì egat`sİ
mtr iİeo`ak ùrema dgdmetk gcsue.
M
(
d
'r) 4 e'r
= Fu t bdke mokjkeke fmacmeme omėmrkeke aótcm v ry`esd mŗkt gcd`d sİ ogc yİsİyc y`pİ-
c e oózmctdmyk kst tkstkak t bdke fùcódóeom lùrmjmėkz. [`p j ėİdİz kŗcmd e ymrkem e‟c'm fùc-
dma gc j a.
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ľsp`t8
0 e
d'
r
4 £ R h
r
d'
r
, R ,
r
c`rİe igeaskygeu gc`r a fkr tm-
e
k40
s`oóik omėkŗameokr.
M(d'
r
) 4 M Q ‟ Z R
?
r
c 4 M M R
k
r
4 ‟ Z MQ(R ,)
r
T
C
e
k- c H
e
k4c
e
ľ40
_`rki lmrmėk Qk', 4 MQ(R h)
r
T gcouėueo`e,
0 e 0
M ( d '
r
)4‟ Z |x'
r
4 ‟ eu'
r
4iz'
r
e
0
e
ùzmc b`c gc`r`a M(x) 4 hz'oór. Ìóeaó,
/ 0 e S 0 ―
M(x) 4 M ( Z R ,) 4 Z M(R ,)
S
e
k4c /
e
k4c
Fótóe Rh'cmr `yeİ o`ėodİŗ gcouėueo`e, M(Rk) 4 M(R) y`zİc`fkckr.
å
0 e 0
4 Z M (R) 4 e M(R) 4 M(R ) 4 ixe '"4' • ' e
Fkr tms oóik omėkŗame gc`r a ùrema grt`c`d sİ x'd o`ėİcİdİeİe
fmacmeme omėmrkek lùrdóŗ fucueuygruz. ŕkdok om ymrkem agy`r`a ìmakcme
fkr f`skt tms oóik ùrematm ùrema grt`c d`sİeİe o`ėİcİdİeİe v`ry`esİeİ
lùrmckd.
_ mgrmd8 i(x)'k sİeİrcİ fkr v ry esİ gc e fkr o`ėİcİd vm v`ry`esİeİ
`
6
i rzmomrsma,
‟6 G
6
Y`r(x) 4
>
- 4 ‟
x
e
ľsp`t8
Y`r(x) 4 Y r Z 4 ‟ Y r
Rh'cmr f`ėİdsİz gcouėu kìke,
0 ―
- Z Y r(Rh)
e
6
k-
0
0<".
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R
K
'cmr `yd o`ėİcdİŗ gcouac`rİ kìke1 Y`r(R,) 4 Y`r(R)
0
e
, 0 Y`r(R ) `
6
Y`r(x) 4 6 . Y r(R) 4 e Y r(R) 4 4
e
6
e
6
e e
(_
6
R ~
ùrema grt`c`d`sİeİe v`ry`esİ óm kclkck igrdóc, ùrema grt`c`d`sİ
v`ry`esİde aótcm v`ry`esİ kcm ogėru, ùrema b`jdk om tmrs gr`etİcİ gcou-
ouėueu lùstmrdmatmokr, ~ İ z ctd`ed kak ygcu p`yİ `z ctd`a (y`ek
ùrema oózmekek `
6
yk aóìóctmjma ŗmakcom omėkŗtkrdma) vmy ùrema oózmek
vmrk ksm ùrema b`jdkek `rttİrd`atİr.
ùrema b`jdk `rttİaì 3r İe aóìócdmsk fóyóa `omtcmr a`eueueue
`e ikarkokr. Fu ageuy lmìdmome ùejm aucc e`j`ėİdİz fkra`ì fmacmeme
omėmr jmfrk okŗakskek vm ksp`tc rİeİ lùrmckd.
_mgrmd8 (Rİ,...R
e
), fkrcmŗka sİacİa igeaskygeu i (xİ,...x―) gc e
e fgyutcu fkr fomŗka tms oóik omėkŗame vm `İ, . .`
e
om s`fktcmr gcsue.
o) MQ M `,R ,T 4 Z `,M(R ,)
k 4 c k 4 c
f) Y r Q M ` ,R , T4 M ,
6
Y`r (R,) + 6 M , `, Jgv (R h, R h)
k 4 c k4c k3h
Jgv (R―Rh) 4 Jgv (R
H t
Rh)
ksp`t8
`) M Q Z `, R , T4 H . . . H ( ,x,+ .. . + `
e
x
e
) i(x,. . .x
e
) ik ox
t
k4c k4c
4 / . . . H`İRİ i(xİ. . .x
e
) e oRk
k4c
+ .. . + H ... H `
e
x
e
i (x
0
. . .x
e
) KK oxh
k4c
e
Fkrkejk ki`omyk y ek h" ... / `İRİ i(x
t
.. .x―) KK ox, yk `c cİd.
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‟ Z Q /.
.
./ R, i
(x,.. .x
e
) e ox,T ox,
U r r k46
4 İ H Qxİ / .../ i (x ,...x
e
) e oxhT oxİ
±46
B`cfuak t rki lmrmėk1 / .. . H i (
R c
. . ,x
e
) Ñ ox, 4 i(xh) y`ek x,'ke
546
d`rhke`c o`ėİcİdİoİr. Igrdócom ymrkem agy`r`a,
4 `İ
H
xİ iİ(xİ) ox
t
4 `, M(Rİ)
okėmr tmrkdcmrome om fmezmr ŗmcocom `h M(R ,) ki`omcmrk ìİa`r. Fùycmjm
e e
M (M `hR ,) 4 M `kM(R h) mcom mokcdkŗ gcur.
k4c k4c .1
f) Y r (Z `,R,) 4 M QZ ,Rh‟ M (M `U,) T
6
k4c k4c k 4 c
4 M QM `
k
(R
0
‟M(R,)T6
k4c
- M Z `
0
6
(R
0
‟M(R
k
))z-(-6 M `
İ `h
Q(R
0
- M (R
0
))(R
h
- M (R
H
))T
k4c ' k3h
4 M Z `
k
(R
k
-M (R
k
))
6
+ 6M M `
0
`
H
(R
0
-M (R
0
)(R
r
M (R
H
))
ľ40 k3h
4 M `,
6
M(R,‟M(R,))
6
-)- 6 Z `. , M (R ,‟ M(R ,))(R
H
-M(R
H
))
İ4c k3h
4 Z ,
6
Y r(Rh) + 6 £ `Uh Jgv(R― R h)
040 k3h
_mgrmdke sgeuìc`e8
k) Mėmr R İ. . .R
e
f`ėİdsİz ksm vm
M(R .) - ik,
Y`r(Rh) 4 g
6
, k 4 0,.. .e ksm, fu t`atkrom,
e e
`) M (Z `U,) 4 M , h .
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f) Y r (Z `hR h) 4 6 `h
6
r,
6
(f`ėİdsİzcİa emomek kcm
a g v ` r y ` e s
k4c k4c
sİiİr gc`j`ėİ kìke)
kk) Mėmr (R ,.. .R
e
) f`ėİdsİz vm `yeİ o`ėİcdİŗ ksm, i(xh) 4 i(x)
M(R) 4 e
Y`r(R) 4 (t
6
`) M ( ľ `,Rh) 4 6
`İ
M(R k) 4 ik 6 ,
k 4 c k 4 c k 4 c
f) Y r (6
`
,R ,) 4 3h
6
6 `,
6
k 4 İ k 4 c
kkk) (kk)'kejk ŗİat`ak ŗ`rtc`r `ctİeo`,
`) M (x) 4 (k
3_
6
f) Y r (x) 4
e
0
Fu sgeuju (kk)'om `
?
4 agy`r`a agc`yj lùrmfokrkz.
e
FÓ[ÓA Z@[ KC@V A@E]E] ,
i(x) o`ėİfdİeİe fmacmeme omėmrk M(R ) 4 |k. gcsue, Qx'yó t ckdke mt-
dma kstkygruz, hh., sgesuz s`yİo`ak R omėkŗamek omėmrcmrkeke fkr grt c d -
sİoİr vm pr`tka gc`r`a fueu fucd`dİz` kdaæe ygatur. @ej`a aótcmome
c j ėİdİz e b`jkdck fkr ùremacm, b`aaİeo b`t p`yİeİ fkcmjmėkdkz
lóvmekckr fkr t`bdke y`pd`dİz dódaóe gc d`z dİ7 Fu sgruy gc -
fkcmjmėk ŗmackeom jmv`p vmrmjmėkz.
ùycm fkr ùrema b`jdk, e, t`yke momfkckrkz ak, grt c d`sİ
ih.
gc e i(x)
o`ėİcİdcİ fkr aótcmome coİėİdİz e vmy o`b fóyóa b`jkdck fkr ùrematm
ùrema grt c d`sİ x'İe (ht'ome dutc a i`raİde, kstmekcokėk a`o`r aóìóc-
tócdmsk dódaóe gc e fkr dkat`ro`e o`b i`zc gcd`d sİ gc sİbėİ c'm
ìga y`ac`ŗtİec`fókr. Fu a`rİŗİa ki`omyk d`tmd tka aucc`e r a f`sktcmŗ-
tkrmckd8 95>, >3230 gcsue, ùycm fkr ùrema b jdk e, cİe`fokr ak,
^(
|
x‟(R
|
3 m)5c‟ Z gc`fkckr. Fu, fóyóa s`yİc`r a eueueue ki`omskokr.
Fu tmgrmdke ksp`tİ `ŗ`ėİo`ak ùemdck tmgrmdke ksp`tİd lmrmack aİc r.
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Jbmfysbmv Mŗktskzckėk8
_mgrmd8 R , i(x) o`ėİcİdcİ bmrb elk fkr omėkŗame,
M(R) 4 ix, Y`r(R) 4 g
6
vm a5> gcsue.
0
^( | R ‟ h 15ajr)U ‟‟ Fu ki`omym jbmfysbmv mŗktskzckėk oİ vmrokr.
a
6
ľsp`t8
J_
6
4
M(R‟0?)04 i (x‟|ix)
6
i(x) ox
p(HC-a3< UR
+
aj< * JG
(x-Qx)
6
i(x)ox+ (x‟ it)*i(x)ox-i . ( x - U i(x) ox
H
-D
H
QRWa(< H QR
+
a(<
Z ė t`r it`ak kakejk ki`om o`kd` pgzktki vmy` sİiİr gcouėueo e,
pQc.-a(< HG_
3r
6
U (x‟| x)
6
i(x) ox ?- (x‟ix)
6
i(x) ox
U-jg H |R
+
a(_
Z ė t r it`ak fkrkejk ki`omom, ‟ ± 3R 3Qx‟atr
R4l
Q
x‟a`
x‟(R ŗŕ‟ao
QR‟x Uaj1
(hx‟x)6 æa
6
mr
6
Z ė t`r`it`ak óìóejó ki`omom hx+a(h 3R 3 gg
xŕå| x+a`
x‟hx Uaii
(x‟Qx)
6
Ua
6
jİ
6
(xWaii
" )ox+ K
Y+ajr
Aùŗmck p`r etmz kìkeomak ki`om ^( |R‟Qx
|
ŕrajr) gcouėue lùrm,
o
6
68a
6
3_
6
^( |R‟(x | ŕåajr)
0 -
a
6
•
(RWaii
i
mg -,
i(x) ox +
h
i(x) ox
H
0<;
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Zgeuìc r8
0
0) ^(| R ‟ e| 3a )Uc (9)
a
6
6) R İ. . .R
e
f`ėİdsİz vm `yd o`ėİcdİŗ gcsue.
0 ―
M(R) 4 (x, Y r(R) 4 * a5>, x 4 M R ,
e k4c
3r 0
`) ^( | R‟y. ŕUa
Y U a
z
f) m5> /
• J
6
^(
|
R‟(RK U m) 3
mt
ľsp`t8
a`
m 4 c cİd.
•/e"
my/ e ‟ aii
m-Uæ m
6
e 0 mr
6
a 4 , a
6
4
` `
0
:) Zgeuì 6 om fmckrtkcme ŗ`rtc`ro ,
o) ckd ( | x‟e | U m) 4 >
e‟±-gg
vmy ,
ckd (
|
R‟ y .
|
3 m) 4 0
e-±jg
Fu fóyóa s`yİc`r a eueuour. ^ ckd gc`sİcİa ckdktkek lùstmrkrsm,
^ ckd (| x‟(k | 3 m) 4 0, ckd( | ‟ | ŕ m) 4 >
e-±4g
f) m5>, >3Z30 gcsue.
^(| x‟Qk| 85 m)382 | • `
6
gcd sİ kìke e U gcd cİoİr.
^(| x‟ | k| 3m)Uc‟ Z K 2m
6
a
6
m
6
e
9 | R-ik | fmcck fkr omėmr, a o e y fóyóa vmy mŗkt vmy aóìóa gc fkckr. @yeİ `eo kdaæesİz
vm fkrcmŗkdcmrk uekvmr.t c smtk vmrme fu kak gc yİe gc sİcİac rİ tgpc dİ 0 gcd cİoİr.
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J_
6
Ìóeaó, 6 f'om ^(
|
R‟ ik.| ŕå9)U gcouėueu lùrdóŗtóa.
m
6
e
`
6
`
6
3r
6
2
e ymrkem ageurs , 4 4 §
Z m
6
`
6
`
0
m
6
2 m*
Kst`tkstkak t`bdke kcm kclkck fkr sger`ak fùcódom lùrócmjmėk lkfk, bmr-
b`elk fkr t`bdke mokjkeke ùrema b`jdk sgesuz kame aótcm p`r`dmtrmskem
mŗkt gcd`sİ ùzmcckėkem tut`rcİcİa okygruz. | x'eóe fkr t`bdke mokjksk gc`r a
R
kcm
Qh.
`r sİeo`ak dutc`a i`ra lkttkaìm `z`c`r`a
e
-5-jg
kìke ^ ckd(x) 4
(R
gcuygr.
Okaa`t mokcdmsk lmrmame egat , fóyóa s`yİc`r a`eueueue kŗcmdmsk
kìke i(x)'ke, y`ek o`ėİcİdİe ŗmack om olkck fkr fkclkym kbtky`ì gcd`d sİ vm
s`omjm v`ry`esİe sİeİrb fkr omėmr gcouėueu fkcdmeke ymtmrck gc j`ėİoİr.
_ms`oóik omėkŗamecmrke o`ėİcİdc`rİeİe ŗmack b`aaİeo` bmrb`elk fkr folkyk
lmrmatkrdmyme fkr y`ac`ŗİd dub`aa`a ak kca f`aİŗt` pma fóyóa fkr
pr`tka agc`ycİėİ kbtkv` momr. @ej`a ŗkdok lùrmjmėkdkz dmramzk ckdkt
tmgrmdk kcm fmcck fkr fóyóacóėóe óstóeomak (dmsmcæ :> vmy o`b i`zc )
ùrema b`jkdcmrk kìke ùrema grt c d`sİeİe o`ėİbdİeİ egrd c a`fuc momrma
ìga o`b mtakeckėk yóasma sgeuìc r uc ŗ`fomjmėkz.
DMVAMXÅ CÅDľ_ _MGVMDľ
_ mgrmd8 i(x), fmacmeme omėmrk hh. vm v`ry`esİ jr
6
gc`e fkr sİacİa igea-
skygeu gcsue. x, i(x) o`ėİcİdİeo`e `cİe`j`a e b`jkdck fkr f`skt tms oóik
ùremėke grt c d`sİeİ lùstmrske.
b d
l(x) U e U
e-±jg
R‟Qk
vmy` st`eo`rtc`ŗtİrd` kŗcmdkek uyluc`y`r`a, z 4 ‟ ksm,
, ®/ Y
e
ckd
>
(z) ~ e (>,0)
e-5-jg
åsp`t 8 (<) R 'ke dgdmet ìİa r e igeaskygeueue dmvjut gcouėueu
a`fuc momckd. Mėmr z'eke dgdmet ìİa`r`e igeaskygeueue e-5-jg kìke ckdk-
< Dggo, Lr yfkcc .l.m Zb. 0=>.
020
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tkİİke st`eo`rt egrd`c o ėİcİdİe dgdmet ìİa`r`e igeaskygeu gc`e m"'
ym mŗkt gc j`ėİeİ lùstmrkrsma e-±gg kìke z'eke st`eo`rt egrd c o`ėİcdİŗ
gcouėueu ksp`t mtdkŗ gcuruz.
Dgdmet ìİa`r`e igeaskygeue t`rkik lmrmėk,
e/ ― AjKY e/
d
z
(t) 4 M Qm±T 4 MQm T 4 H m
>
(x) ox
-jg
S 3ycUe/
`
Ytr/ Ye/ U S Ymr /
M Qm T 4 M Qm T44 M Qm T
R İ . . .R
e
f`ėİdsİz vm `yeİ o`ėİcdİŗ gcouėueo`e,
l(x ,...x
e
) 4 Mt i(x,)
k‟0
r gg rgg e
d
z
(t) 4 H ...H m e i(
Rh
)o
Rc
-jg -jg
Y e S g H
4 e Q _ m i(x,) oxkH
ľ4K H - jg
k4r)
x Qz ,.>>
y 4 gcsue. d
y
(t) ‟ k m i(y) oy
`
H -
> :
Aùŗmck p`r`etmz kìkeomak ki om kejmcmekrsm fueue dy
1
h K gcouėu
lùrócór. * S/tS
G b`com d
z
(t) 4 U U
026
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/
0
S
0 0
/ t S6 0 ik., / t
d
D - - ) 4
c
+ ( - ) + - - ‟ ( ‟ ) + • • •
Y'
e
3 Yľ_ 6 Y e
<
: iiå S S/e '
Q@İ 4 G vm (k
6
4 J_
6
gc j`ėİeo`e,
0 / 0 0 ix
:
0 (x
?
4 0+ ( t
6
+
t
: +
e Y 6 :KYA" ? e *
m" 4m4 ckd 00 -| K gcouėueu fókygruz.
e-B± * e '
0 0 (k,
u 4 0
6
B 0:+ . . . `cİeİrs ,
6 : ye"
ckd d
z
(t) 4 ckd
(c-S
Y 4 m
u
e -5gg e -*jg S e '
e-±mg kìke u'o` oa tmrkd oİŗİeo`ak tmrkdcmr sİiİr gc`j ėİeo`e,
ckd d
z
(t) 4 m
e-+mg
Fu
e -5jg kìke z'eke o`ėİcİdİeİe st`eo`rt egrd`c gc`j ėİeİe ksp`tİ
omdmatkr.
Dmramzk ckdkt tmgrmdk, egrd`c o`ėİcİdİe kst`tkstkatmak ìga y`ylİe
aucc`eİdİeİe me ùemdck b`acİ lùstmrkjk emomecmrkeome fkrkokr. ^r`tkatm
`fe`e ùremacmrke b jdk ìgėu z`d`e egrd c o`ėoİd i`r zkymskek b`ab
lùstmrkjk fóyóacóatm gcur. Jbmfysfmv mŗktskzckėkek aucc`eİrame tms`oóik
omėkŗamecmrke o`ėİcİdİ om kclkck bmrb`elk fkr i`r`zkym y`pİcd`oİėİ kìke,
dmramzk ckdkt tmgrmdkeome y`r`rc`e`r`a o`b` i`zc` folkyk aucc`edİŗ
gcur vm mtakeckėk fóyóa ùcìóom `rttİrİrİz. Fur`o` mtakecka, vmrk m vm vmrk
gc sİcİėİ o`b aóìóa ùrema b`jdk om s`ėc d`a, vmrk ùrema b`jdk vm fmcck
fkr gc`soİac o b aóìóa fkr m mcom mtdma vm vmrk m vm e'k o`b yóasma
gc sİcİac s`ėc d`a ŗmackeom fmckrkr.
ŕkdok Jfmfysbmv mŗktskzckėk vm dmramzk ckdkt tmgrmdkek aucc`e`e
y`ac`ŗİdc`rİ a`rŗİc`ŗtİr`e fkr dksæc ózmrkeom bmr kak y`ac`ŗİdİe uylu-
c`d`sİeİ y p`cİd vm sgeuìc`ro ak mtakecka i raİeİ dóŗ`bb`s gc`r`a
lùrmckd.
02:
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Dksæc8 Aucc e`j`ėİdİz mcmatrka sklgrt c rİeİe o`y`ed sórmcmrkek
agetrgc mtdma kstkygruz. O`b ùejmak tmjrófmcmrome o`y`ed sñrmskeke
v`ry`esİde 0> Gbd gcouėu fkckekygr. :9 fkrkdcka fkr ùrema cdİygr vm
ùrema grt c d`sİ =6 fucueuygr.
3r6
40>, e 4 :9, x 4 =6
`) "Qk." eóe =0‟=: `r sİeo fucued`sİ gc sİcİėİ emokr7" ŗmackeom
fkr sgru sgrd`a ogėru gcur du 7
f) ùrema grt`c d`sİde aótcm grt`c`d`sİ, ix'ome i raİeİe c'ome z
gc j`ėİ ŗmaóom ùrema omėmrcmrk om a`rŗo`ŗd gc sİfėİ emokr7
j) B`t`eİe em a`o`ro`e `z gcd`sİ gc`sİcİėİ % ;='tkr7
o) Fucouėuduz ùrema grt c d`sİde, b`akak aótcm grt c d`sİeo`e
i`raİeİe c'ome i zc gcd`sİ gc`sİfėİeİ .>= y`pd`a kìke ùrema b jdk em
gcd cİoİr 7
Jmv`p8
)
(=0 3(
3=:) ŗmackeom fkr gc sİcİa, ogėru fkr igrdócm mokŗomėookr.
Ìóeaó, fkckedmdmacm fmr fmr aótcm grt c d`sİ , fkr tms oóik omėkŗame
omėó fkr p`r dmtrmokr,
(
=0 ]m =: r sİeo fkr omėmrm s bkpsm fu gc sİfa
01 `ask b com sİiİroİr, ùrema vmromrkeome fu sgruy amske fkr jmv`p cİ-
e`d`z.
f) _`yke moodma kstmeme gc`sİcİa1
^( | R‟Qx | 30) vmy` ^(‟0 3 x‟Qx 30)
k) Jbmf. mŗktskzckėkek aucc e`r`a8
(t
6
^(| x‟ (k| 3m)5c
mUe
0> 69
m 4 0, `
6
- 4 0>, e 4 :9 gcouėue lùrm8 0 4
:9 :9
kk) Dmramzk ckdkt tmgrmdkek aucc`e`r`a8
9 x‟hhc g S
3 3W W )
-v/ åù 3r/v_ii Y
0 >
R‟(R
z 4 Ue(>, c)
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/
9 9
S
^(
‟
3z3 ) 4 ^(‟ 0.;>3z3c.yg1
U S / İg Y åù '
Zt`eo`rt egrd`c o ėİcİd om kclkck t`fcgc`ro`e y`r`rc`e`r`a,
^(‟0
3R‟
x3c)4 .;?:
j)
k) ^(| x‟ hx| 39)U.;=
(t
6
" 3t
6
(t
6
^(
K
R‟
ik. K
3 m) 4 .;= 4 .>=
96e m
6
e m
6
e
0>
4 .>= ‟5- m U 6.6
L
6
:9
kk) ^( | x‟ U | 3 m) 4 .;=
^(‟
L3x‟QC3 M)
4 .;=
, 9m 9 x
^(- 3z 3 ) 4 .;=
S Y_ù Y åù' s
.;=
Zt`eo`rt egrd`c o`ėİfdİe sİacİa igeaskygeu t`fcgsueo` 4 .?<=>
6
gc`sİcİė` tma`fóc mome z omėmrk 0.;9 gcouėue` lùrm,
9m 0.;9Y_Ù
4 0.;9 m 4 4 0.>: mcom mookr.
Y_ù 9
o)
ii
6
k) ^( K R ‟ ih.h5c)3.>= gcd sİ kìke e U lmrmatkėkem lùrm,
Z m
6
0>
e U
• >=
eU6>>
uk) ùycm fkr e omėmrk fuc`cİd ak,
^(| R‟ ix| 5c) ‟ >= vmy` ^(‟ 03 c 3 c) 4 -;= gcsue.
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y/ æ' Y e~S
- 3 z 3 h 4 .;=
Yåg S / åù'
Yæ~
4 0.;9 4 (0.;9
)6
.0> 4 :;
y/ İù
ùzmt gc`r`a ki`om momrsma vmrokėkdkz dksæcom,
0) Fmcck fkr m omėmrkem tma`fóc mome gc`soİa,
6) Fmcck fkr gc`sİfė tma`fóc mome m omėmrk,
:) Fmcck fkr m omėmrkek, fmcck fkr gc`sİcİac` s`ėc y`e ùrema b`jdkek,
Jbmf. mŗktskzckėk vm Dmramzk ckdkt tmgrmdkek aucc`e`r`a bms`pc`oİa.
@ŗ`ėİo`ak aóìóa t`fcg bms`pc`d`c`rİdİzİe sgeuìc`rİeİ fkr `r`o`
lùstmrkygr8
Jbmf. Dmramzk
kstmeme [mrk Mŗktskzckėk Ckdkt _mgrmdk
^ m,e .<66 .;?:
m ^, e 6.6 0.>:
e ^, m 6>> :;
_ fcg `r`o`ak mtakecka i`raİeİ `ìİaì` fmckrttk. Fu i`racİcİa dmramzk
ckdkt tmgrmdk y`ac`ŗİdİ om1 vmrk m, e kìke o`b` fóyóa fkr gc`sİcİa, vmrk
,e kìke o`b aóìóa fkr s omėmrk vm ekb`ymt tmsfkt moome ^, m omėmrcmrkek
s`ėc y`j`a o`b aóìóa fkr ùrema b`jdk ŗmackeom fmckrok. Fu i raffėİe
smfmfk egrd`c o`ėİcİd i`r zkymskek aucc`e`fódmdkzok.
^r`tkatm, aótcmomak o`ėİcİd egrd`c ksm, ùrema grt`c`d`c`rİ o`ėİcİdİ
o egrd c gc j`atİr. _mgrmd fu b ccmrom y`ac ŗİa omėo, amske omėmrcmrk
vmrmjmatkr. A ótcmomak o`ėİfd egrd`come ìga i zc` i`rab omėosm, gcouaì`
aóìóa ùremacmrom fom dmramzk ckdkt tmgrmdk kyk fkr y`ac`ŗİd s`yİc`fokr.
Aótcmomak o`ėİcİdİe t`d`dme egrd`come i`racİ gcouėu b ccmrom grt`
fóyóacóatm fkr ùrema d`as`o` ymtmjmatkr. Dmsmcæ aótcm o`ėİcİdİ, ^ 4
0
/6
kcm fkegdk`c gcsue, ùrema b`jdk :> ksm dmramzk ckdkt tmgrmdkek aucc`e`r`a,
ùrema grt`c`d`c`rİ o`ėİcİdİeİ mcom mtdmeke d askdud b`t`sİ .>< okr
vm fu f`zİ oózmctdmcmr aucc`eİc`r`a o`b` o` oóŗórócmfokr.
Fu dksæcom fmcck sgruc`e jmv`pc`eoİrd`o` bmr kak y`ac`ŗİdİ o`
aucc`ed`dİzİe emomek sgeuìc`ro`ak i`racİcİėİ o`b` kyk `ec`d atİr. Lóe-
cóa b`y`tt` e 68:> b`jdkeomak ùremacmr kìke Jbmf. mŗktskzckėkek aucc`ed`a
029
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lmrmaskzokr. @ej`a dmramzk ckdkt tmgrmdkeke uyluc ed`sİ kìke lmrmack
ŗ`rtc`rİe s`ėc`ed`oİėİ b`ccmrom bu mŗktskzckatme y`r`rc`eİcd`sİ o`kd`
dódaóeoór.
ÙVEMACMDM ÅCM ÅCLÅCc ^VGFCMDCMV
0. Fóyóa fkr p`rtk d c lmcok. _ms oóik ùremacmdm ygcuyc` fgzua
gc`ec`rİe yózomskek t`yke mtdma kstkygruz, ùycm fkr ùrema b`jdk fucueuz-
ak, ùrematme fucouėueuz grt`c`d`eİe b`akak aótcm gr`eİeo`e .c 'ome
o`b z i`ramtdmsk gc`soİėİ .;= gcsue. @yeİ sgruy Jbmfysbmv mŗktskz-
ckėkek om aucc`e`r`a jmv`pc eoİrİeİz vm i`racİcİėİe smfmfkek `ìİac`yİeİz.
Jmv`p8
^(| R ‟
^
| 3.0)U.;=
^(‟ c3x‟ p3.0)U.;=
M(x) 4
^
pq
Y r (x) 4 ‟
e
Dmramzk ckdkt tmgrmdkeome y`r`rc`e`r`a fkegdk`c'm st`eo`rt egrd`c
o`ėİbd ygcu kcm y`ac`ŗ`bd.
^(| x‟ p| 3. 0)U.;=
/ £00
Y e
.0
i h
,ck d / WeW
3
z 3
/ WeW S
WC
i Y pq
e-5jg S Y pq Y pq / Y Uh U İ ‟
v pq
6
oz
_`fcgc`rİe bmrb`elk fkrkeome y`r`rc`e`r`a,
.0 / ‟ 0.;9
pq
-
v
pq
e5(0;.9)
6
pq
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B`cfuak pq 4 p(c‟ p) l £ fótóe p omėmrcmrk >3p3c
e5(0;.9)
6
(£) 4 ;9
> b com ;9 vmy o`b i`zc fkrkdk kbtkv mome fkr ùrema cd`dİz,
kstmeme b`t`yİ kstmeme gc sİcİac s`ėc y`fomjmatkr.
ŕkdok `yeİ sgruyu Jbmf. mŗktskzckėkek aucc`e`r`a jmv`pc eoİr cİd.
J|x‟p|3.k)44 İ ‟ (| x‟pcU.0)
e
0 U‟p | ymrkem | Z‟ep |om y`z fokrkz. Z 4 £ R
?
040
^(| Z‟ ep| 3.ce)U.;=
^(| Z‟ ep| U.ce)l.>=
Jbmf. mŗktskzckėkeome y`r`rc e`r`a,
epq
^(| Z‟ epcU.ce)U p q 3 ľ
(•ľe y
epq H 6=
(.
0
e)
6
(. c)
6
e e
6= 6=
3.>= -5eU 4 =>>
e .>=
Egrd c o`ėİfd i`r zkymskeome y`r`rc ed`dİz, lmrmack ùrema b`jdkeom
ìga fóyóa t`s`rrui s`ėc oİ. Fu tkp fkr prgfcmdom dmramzk ckdkt tmgrmdkek
aucc`ed`cİyİz.
6. Zt`eo`rt s`pd`sİ 6 gc e fkr aótcmome cİe`e f`skt tms`oóik ùr-
ematm, ùrema grt`c`d`sİeİe aótcm grt`c`d`sİeo`e .6'ome i`zc` i`racİ
gcd`d`sİ gc sİcİėİ, ùrema b`jdk => ksm em a`o`roİr 7
ùrema grt`c`d`sİde aótcm grt`c`d`sİeo`e .6 ome i zc` i racİ gc-
d`d`sİ gc sİcİėİeİe y`ac ŗİa gc`r a .;> gcd`sİ kìke lmrmack ùrema b jdk
emokr7
Jmv`p8
R‟(@ .6 .6
^( | x - (z | U .6) 4 ^( 3 ) 4 ^(z 3 ‟ )
6 . 6 6
SX=>~ y/ sù YU"
022
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.6
4 v r 4 -<><
6/ Ys_
^(| z| 3.<><) 4 ^(‟ ,<><3z3.<><) 4
3O(. <><)
‟
3&(‟.
<><)
4 6 $(.<><) ‟ 0 4 6 (.<9>) ‟ 0 4 .=6
kk) ^(
| x‟Qk|
3.6)
4±
.;>
6 •y å_
^ ( |
X
| 3 W W
) 4 ^ (
|
X
| 3
6/ Ye" 0>
S/b* '
.;> 4 6 3O(‟) ‟ 0
0>
vY y/ X
. ;= 4 G ( ) ‟ - 40.9?=
0> 0>
e 4 0>>(0.9?=)
6
.
:. [mİİk fkr dİsİr jkeskeke oùeód f`ŗİe` grt`c`d` vmrkdkek t`yke
mtdma kìke tmjrófm y`pd`yİ oóŗóeóygrsueuz. [mek tgbud kcm bmr fkrk
0 oùeódcóa 0>> p`rì tgpr`a makygrsueuz. O`b ùejmak fmezmr `r`ŗtİr-
d`c`ro` oùeód f`ŗİe` vmrkdke st`eo`rt s`pd`sİeİe 0> al. gcouėu fkck-
ekygr.
`) Jbmf. mŗktskzckėkek aucc`e`r`a, ùrema grt`c`d`sİeİe aótcm grt`-
c`d sİeo`e oùeód f`ŗİe` 6 al'o`e i`racİ gcd`d sİ gc`sİcİėİeİ me z .2>
y`p`j`a ùrema b`jdkek fucueuz.
f) Egrd c o ėİcİdo`e y`r`rc`e`r`a `yek sgrueue jmv`fİeİ vmrdmym
ì`cİŗİeİz.
Jmv`p8 ‟ 0>
;
G‟
) (
|
R ‟ | Zm) Z± ‟
m*
6
-
^( K R‟QH. | U6) åŕ ‟‟
?
3? _
6
İgg
.6 *gk 4 .2 4 2 .2 4 ± e ‟ 06=
? e e
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f) ^( K
R | C
K U6) 4 ^(‟6 3
R‟
Q0
36) 4 . 2>
‟6 vY
6 Ye~
S
3z 3 ) 4 .2>
0> 0> /
6 > (.6 Yľ_ ) ‟ 0 4 .2>
G (.6vU") 4 .; 5 .6y_ 4 0.62‟ d 4 ?0
?. ŕmackek fkcdmokėkdkz fkr o`ėİfdİe grt`c`d`sİ vm v`ry`esİ 0 ksm,
^( | R‟hx | 3.=)U.;= gcd sİ kìke e em gcd`foİr 7
Jmv`p8
W Z
6
^( | R‟hk. | 3 m) ‟Z gcd`sİ kìke e ŕh gcd`cİoİr.
Z £6
0 ‟ 2 4 .;=‟ 52 4 .>=
' 0 0
e U 4 4 2>
(.>=) (.=)
6
(.>06=)
e U 2> gcurs kstmeóme vm m omėmrcmrk s`ėc edİŗ gcd`at`oİr.
/
=. Y`ry esİ ; gc`e fkr aótcmome 9? fkrkdcka fkr ùrema feİygr. ùr-
ema grt`c`d`sİ x'İe, hİ'ome dutc`a i`raİeİe b`elk omėmrome i`zc` gcd`sİ
gc`sİbėİ me ìga .6'okr7 @yeİ aótcmome `cİe`e ùrematm .;= gc`sİcİac`, x
kcm (R r`sİeo`ak dutc`a i raİ .6= tme z y pd`a kìke ùrema b`jdk em
gcd`cİoİr 7
Jmv`p8
^( | x ‟ Q 3 m) ŕ5. 2>
k) ^(‟ 93x‟ (x3m)æ 2>
‟ ZYe" 9Ye" S
3z3 0U.2>
'
2 m 2 m v
^( 3z3 0U.2>
Y : : /
2 m :.2?
4 0.62-±- m 4 gcd`cİoİr.
: 2
0;>
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ľk) ^(| x‟| k| 3.6=)'im4 .;=
^(‟ .6=3x‟ Q
h c
3.6=)4 .;=
/‟6= y_ " .6=vU~
^( 3z3
S : :
.;=
4 .?<=> Zİacİa igeaskygeu t fcgsueo`e, . ?<=> ym tma`fóc mome
6
z omėmrk 0.;9.
•6=S / e"
4 0.;9
:
. 6= y/ Y 4 =.22 e 4 (6:.=6)* - e U ==? gcd`cİoİr.
9. [`ry`esİ 0> gc`e fkr aótcmome ùrema `cİygrsueuz.
/
`) ùrema b`jdk 0>> ksm ùrema grt`c`d sİeİe gc`sİcİa o`ėİcİdİeİe
v`ry`esİ emokr7
f) Jbmf. mŗktskzckėkek aucc`e`r`a, 0>> fkrkdcka fkr ùremėke grt`c`-
d`sİde, aótcm grt`c`d`sİeo e 0 vmy` o`b` i`zc` i`racİ gcd`sİ gc`sİcİėİe`
fkr óst sİeİr fucueuz.
j) ùycm fkr m s`yİsİ fucueuz ak, ùrema grt`c`d`sİde aótcm grt`c`-
d`sİeo`e me `z m a`o`r i`racİ gcd`sİ gc`sİcİėİ, e40>> ksm, .>= tme i zc`
gcd`sİe.
<. 0?.2?2 b`em kbtkv` mome fkr ŗmbkr amskdkeome f`skt tms oóik
ùremacmdm ygcuyc :> b`em smìkcdkŗtkr, ùrematm b`em f`ŗİe oóŗme kes`e
s`yİc`rİ `ŗ`ėİo`ak lkfkokr8
=,9,:,:,6,:,:,:,?,?,:,6,<,?,:,=.?,?,:,:,?,:,:,0,6,?,:,?,6,?
Ùremacmdmeke y`pİcoİėİ ŗmbkr amskdkeke tgpc`d eóiusueu fu fkclkyk
aucc e`r`a t`bdke mokekz vm fu t`bdke kcm lmrìma omėmr `r`sİeo`ak i ra-
cİcİėİe lmrìma omėmrke % 0>'ueu `ŗd`d`sİ gc sİcİėİeİ bms`pc yİeİz.
2. Mėmr eóiusu 0 dkcyge gc`e @ea`r` ŗmbrkeom fmcck fkr lóvmekckr-
cka omrmjmskek s ėc y`fkcmjma ùrema b jdk 0>>> ksm, 6 dkcygecua ľst`efuc
ŗmbrkeom `yeİ lóvmekckrcka omrmjmskek s`ėc y`j`a ùrema b`jdk eg gcd cİoİr 7
0;0
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Egt8 Bmr kak ŗmbkrom,
0 E
3r― 4 Z (R ,‟ hk)
6
ŗmackeom t`eİdc`e`e fkrke v`rv`esc`-
E *4İ
rİe mŗkt gcouėueu i`rzmokekz.
Lóvmeokrckėke ùcìósó gc r`a ùrema grt c d`sİeİe v`ry`e`eİ aucc eİeİz
vm `ŗ`ėİo`ak igrdócó tmrjkb mokekz8
0 E‟e
6 W 6
3< ‟
`
R
R e E‟0
S E‟e
Fur`o` ‟ sİeİrcİ aótcm oózmctdm i`atùróoór.
E‟0
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FÙCÓD YKK
ľZ_@_ľZ_ľAľ _@BDľE
LÅVtŕ8 A@V@V @CD@ ^VGFCMDľ
ľclkcmeokėkdkz aótcmeke fokedmyme p`r`dmtrmsk vmy` p`r`dmtrmcmrk
b`aaİeo` t`bdkecmr y`pd`a kstmokėkdkzk oóŗóemckd. Fu `d`ìc` tms`oóik
fkr ùrema c`j`ėİz. Fu ùremėke mcmd`ec`rİ fkrmr tms`oóik omėkŗame gc`r a,
ymrkem agy`r a ùremacmdmyk i`rzmttkėkdkz kìke, f`ėİdsİz vm `yeİ o`ėİcdİŗ
gc`j ac roİr. R İ,R
6
. . .R
e
tms oóik omėkŗamecmrokr. i(x,2) o`ėoİdcİ aótcm-
ome be`j`a e b`jkdck ùrema vm > o t`bdke mtdma kstmokėkdkz p`r`dmtrm
(vmy` p`r`dmtrm vmatùró) gcsue. >'eİe `c`fkcmjmėk fótóe dubtmdmc om-
ėmrcmr p`r dmtrm uz`yİeİ dmyo`e` lmtkrmjmatkr. ^`r`dmtrm uz`yİ ik kcm
lùstmrkckrsm, > m G gc j`atİr.
> om olkck em lkfk t`bdke vm kstkoc`ccmr sùz ageusuour 7
Fuec`ro`e fkrkejksk egat` t`bdke omokėkdkz y`ac`ŗİdoİr. Fu
y`ac`ŗİdo` ùrema omėmrcmrkeome y`r`rc`eİc`r`a > t`bdke mookygr.
>(R,,R
6
,...R
e
) >'eİe ùrema omėmrcmrkeke igeaskygeu gc`e t`bdke mok-
jkskokr. '
Egat` t`bdke y`pd`a ymrkem fkckedmyme aótcm p`r`dmtrmskek fmcck
fkr gc`sİcİac` kìkem `cd sİ sùz ageusu gc`e kak tms oóik omėkŗame y` o`
lóvme sİde fmckrtdma om dódaóe. >İ(R İ,R
6
.. .R
e
) vm >
6
(R
c
,R
6
...R
e
)
ùrema fed`o`e ùejm fkrmr tms oóik omėkŗame gc`j`a. Fùycmckacm fkr egat`
omėo `r`cİa ŗmackeom t`bdke y`pdİŗ gcuygruz.
S
Fokedmyme aótcm p`r`dmtrmcmrk kcm kclkck óìóejó fkr y`ac`ŗİd o` fkr
p`r`dmtrm kìke fmcck omėmrcmrk bkpgtmz ŗmackeom kcmrk sórdma vm ùrema
omėmrcmrk duv`jmbmskeom fu bkpgtmzke tmst'kek y`pd`a ŗmackeom fmckrkygr.
Bkpgtmz tmst'keom p`r`dmtrm uz`yİeİ kak aİsd` `yİrİygruz, w vm (£6‟w).
Vmo bkpgtmzk vm ctmre`tki bkpgtmz ŗmackeom kak bkpgtmz fmckrtkygruz.
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Vmo bkpgtmzk8 B
>
8 > mw
@ctmre tki bkpgtmz8 Bİ 8 > mG‟w. U
@ccİėİdİz ùrematme fmcck omėmrcmr mcom mokcokėkeom Bg'İ rmo mokygr,
`ask b com a`fuc mtdma zgrueo a cİygruz. B
>
'İ rmoomtdmym smfmp gc e
ùrema omėmrcmrk ùrema uz`yİeİe fmcck fkr ct smtkokr, e b`jkdck ùremacmrke
fótóe dubtmdmc omėmrcmrkek, fkrmr e fgyutcu egat gc r`a kbtkv mome
fkr ùrema uz`yİ Z oóŗóemckd. B
>
'İ a`fuc mtdmdkzm ygc `ì`j`a ùrema
omėmrcmrk Z ` ct uz`yİd, Bg'İ rmoomtdmdkzm ygc `ì`e ùrema uz`yİ omėmr-
cmrk om Z V `ct uz`yİeİ tmŗaó mtske.
>(xİ . . . x
e
) fkr tmst igeaskygeu y` o` B
>
'İ rmoomtdm gc sİcİėİ gcsue.
Mėmr xİ.. .x
e
mZV ksm >(x İ .. . x h 4 0 gc j a y ek B
>
rmoomokcmjma1
xt.. .x
e
sZ gcouėu t`aokrom ksm >(x
c
.. ,x
e
) 4 > gc j`a y`ek B
>
a`fuc
moómjmatkr.
Fu óì y`ac`ŗİd, kst`tkstkak t`bdke vm kstkoc`ck dmyo`e` lmtkrkr vm
kst`tkstka tmgrkskeke dmramzkek tmŗakc momr. Fótóe fu y`ac`ŗİdc`rİe grt`a
yùeó bmr fkrkeom fkr a`r`r cd prgfcmdkeke dmvjut gcd`sİoİr. Egat`
t`bdkeom emyk t`bdke mokjk gc r`a aucc e`j`ėİdİzİ, `r cİa ŗmackeom t`b-
± *
dkeom ksm >
0
‟ >
6
`r cİėİd t`yke mokygruz. Bkpgtmz tmst'keom ksm bkpgtmzk
a`fuc y o rmo mokygruz. Fótóe fu y`ac ŗİdc ro fkr `askyge lùstmr-
dmdkz sùz ageusu. Dubtmdmc fótóe `askygec`r, `askyge uz`yİ @'eİe
fkrmr mcimd eİ gcsue, m@.
A`r r cİrame fkr askyge fkzk lùtórmjma ygc em gc j`atİr7 ùejm
fkr a`r`r cİe aur cİ y o str`tmhksk tmsfkt mtdmckykz. Fueu o kcm lùstmrm-
ckd. Dmsmcæ, tms oóik fkr ùrema c j`ėİd, grt c d`sİeİ fuc j`ėİd vm fuc-
ouėud omėmrk, fkckedmyme aótcm grt c d`sİ ik'eóe fkr egat t`bdkek gc -
r`a aucc e`j`ėİd. Ymy , ùrema grt c d c rİeİe o`ėİcİdİ fóyóa ùremacmr
kìke egrd c gc`j`atİr. Fkr tms oóik ùrema cİp aótcm p`r`dmtrmsk kìke % ;=
lóvme a`ts`yİcİ fkr tms`oóik `r cİa tmŗakc momjmėkd vm fu tms oóik sİeİr-
c rİe coİėİd ùrematmak omėmrcmrkek fuc j`ėİeİ. [ o aótcm p`r`dmtrmsk
Q0,'eóe
hh.g
gcouėueu i`rzmomjma vm tms oóik fkr ùrematm ùrema grt c d`sİeİe
ikg' y`aİecİa omrmjmskem lùrm bkpgtmzk a`fuc vmy rmoomomjmėkd.
A`r r `cd` aur cİeİ t`yke mttkatme sger` fkr ùrema cİygruz. @c-
oİėİdİz e b`jkdck spmskika ùrema s gcsue, s mZ. ùrematme mcom mokcme sgeuj`
lùrm a`r`r cd aur cİeİ uyluc y`r`a fkr `askyge lùstmrkygruz. Lùróc-
oóėó lkfk a`r`r cd aur cİ ùrema uz`yİ kcm `askyge uz`yİ `r`sİeo fkr
kckŗakyk s ėcİygr. Igrdmc gc`r a t`rki momrsma,
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_ `rki 8 A`r r `cd` aur`cİ, o1 ogd ke'k ùrema uz`yİ Z, r`elm'k `a-
skyge uz`yİ @ gc`e fkr igeaskygeour.
o 8 Z -5 @ 4 o(s)
Lùstmrkcme bmr `askyge` kckŗake gc`r`a "z`r`r" sùz ageusu gc`j`atİr.
Egat` t`bdke om 9, ; y` mŗkt ksm z`r r sİikr, `ask b`com pgzktki fkr omėmr
gc`j`atİr. @r`cİa ŗmackeom t bdkeom >, tms oóik ù"‟
o
6
`r cİėİ kìkeom ksm
z`r`r sİiİr `ask b com pgzktki gc`j`atİr. Ekb`ymt bkpgtmz tmstcmrkeom B
>
'İ
rmoomtdm vmy` a`fuc mtdmeke z`r`rİ sùz ageusu gc`j`atİr. X`r`r ogėru
gc`e fkr Bg bkpgtmzkek rmo vmy` y`ecİŗ gc`e fkr B
>
bkpgtmzkek a`fuc b`c-
cmrkeom pgzktki `ask b`com sİiİr gc`j`atİr.
Lùrócoóėó lkfk z`r r igeaskygeu, c(`,>) ` m@, > mG, lùstmrkcme `a-
skyge` vm fkckedmyme aótcm p`r`dmtrmskem f`ėcİ gc`j`atİr. @yrİj`,
c( ,>)ŕ5G gc j`atİr.
Lùstmromjma `askyge fmcck gcd`oİėİ sórmjm fu `askyge` kckŗake z`r`r
o` fkr tms`oóik omėkŗam e gc`j atİr. X`r r igeaskygeueue fmacmeme omėmrk
Vksa'k vmrmjmatkr.
4 o(s)
c(`,>) 4 0 Qo(s), >T
V(o, >) 4 M Qc(`, >)T
Ìmŗktck a`r`r `cd` aur`cc`rİ `r`sİeo` tmrjkb sgrueu a`r`r tmgrkskeke
jmv`p vmrdmym ì`cİŗtİėİ ìga ùemdck fkr prgfcmdokr. Fu ageuo` d`tmd`-
tkaìkcmr vm kst`tkstkaìkcmr `r`sİeo` fkr ikakr fkrckėk ygatur.(c)
Aucc`eİc`fkcmjma smìdm arktmrcmrk `r`sİeo`, rksa'k `sl rk y`p`e fkr
a`r`r `cd` aur`cİeİ tmrjkb, kca `ac` lmcmekokr. Mėmr o vm o' aur`cc`rİ `r -
sİeo > eke
P
kìkeomak fótóe omėmrcmrk kìke,
V(o', >)UV(o, >) kckŗaksk dmvjut ksm o', o ym f`saİe ìİaİyg r
omekr. _`fkk bkì omėkcsm > de f`zİ dubtmdmc omėmrcmrk kìke V(o')3V(o)
gcd`a a`yoİyc`.
^r`tkatm fùycm f`saİe ìİa`e a`r`r aur`cc`rİ fucd`a kdaæesİz omėkcsm
ìga zgrour. Aótcm p`r`dmtrmskeke f`zİ omėmrcmrk kìke fkrk, f`ŗa omėmrcmrk
0 Fu akt`pt`ak y`ac`ŗİd ms`s ktkf`rkycm gfhmatkvksttkr. Zófhmatkvkst, pmrsge`ckst, vmy`
F`yms'jk y`ac ŗİd, ak sgİİ yİcc ro ùemdck bİr lmckŗdm kìkeomokr, t d`dkycm a`ps`d oİŗİ tutuc-
duŗtur. Fu tmrjkb, dmtgoue lmìmrskzckėk oóŗóejmskeome ìga, lkrkŗ ektmckėkeomak fkr akt pt tmdmc-
ome ìmckŗak b ckeomak y ac ŗİdc rİe fkr r o vmrkcdmskeke s aİej cİ gc j ėİ oóŗóejmskeke sgeuju-
our.
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kìke om okėmr fkr a`r`r aur cİ o`b aóìóa rksa vmrmfkckr. Bmrb`elk fkr
a`r`r aur`a, f`ŗa fkr a`r`r aur cİ ameokskem f`saİe ìİad`oİėİ sórmjm
"a`fuc moomfokr" fkr aur`coİr. Fóyóa kbtkd`ccm a`fuc mokcmfokr a`r`r
aur cc rİ smtk pma ìga mcmd`eİ kbtkv momjmatkr.
ŕkdokym a`o`r okaa`ttme uz`a tuttuėuduz pma ùemdck fkr pr`tka
lóìcóa om z`r r igeaskygeueue amske ŗmackek fodmym kdaæe gcd`d sİoİr.
Fueue emomek igeaskygeue fokedmyme aótcm p`r dmtrmsk >'yİ kbtkv` mt-
dmskokr. j(>‟;)
6
ŗmackeomak bmr igeaskyge z`r`r igeaskygeu gc`fokr.
Ìóeaó >4> b`ckeom fu'igeaskygeue omėmrk sİiİr, ask b`com pgzktkitkr.
Fu a`or`tka z`r`r igeaskygeu rksa bms pc`d`c`rİeo` me ìga aucc`eİc`e
ŗmaóokr.
A`fuc mokcmfkckr a`r r aur`cc`rİ `r sİeo`ak tmrjkbtm aucc`e fomjmėk-
dkz fkr arktmr dkekd`x aur`cİ 'oİr. Bmr a fuc mokcmfkckr aur c kìke
d`x V(o,>) yİ fucur vm d`x V'k me aóìóa gc`e a`fuc moomfokr a`r`r
aur cİeİ smìmrsma fu aur c uyduŗ gcuruz. Fu aur c okaa`tk ìmatkėk ózmrm,
aùtódsmr fkr y`ac`ŗİdc` ageuy` y`ac`ŗd`at`oİr. O`b` ìga gyue tmgrk-
skeom, r`akpcmrke fkrfkrcmrk cmybkeom ŗuurcu gc r`a o`vr`eİŗ lùstmrmjma-
cmrkeke i`rzmokcmjmėk b ccmrom aucc`eİcd`at`oİr. Fkzkd ageuduz f`aİ-
dİeo`e >'eİe fmcck fkr omėmr gcd`sİ fkzkd oİŗİdİzo vm em cmbkdkzm em om
`cmybkdkzm gc e fkr ourud'our.
Dkekd`x aur`cİ oİŗİeo` fkrìga aur`c grt`y` `tİc`fkckr vm `todİŗtİr.
Dmsmcæ s`pd`sİz t`bdke mokjomrm(6) `ėİrcİa t`eİd`a vm fuec r `r`sİeo`e
rksa'k dkekdud gc eİeİ smìdma lkfk.
åak a r r cd` aur cİeİe rksacmrkeke dua ymsmsk fkzke ksfk mtakecka
a`vr`dİe` lùtórór, oİ ke o
6
ym lùrm eksfk mtakeckėk r(oİ,o
6
) `ŗ`ėİo`ak lkfk
t`rki mookr8
V(o
6
,>)
r(o―o
6
) 4
V(o―>)
r(oİ,o
6
)5c ksm fmcck > omėmrcmrk kìke oİ,o
6
ome o`b kyk fkr aur c, ogc -
yİsİyc` >İ, >
6
ome o`b f`ŗ`rİcİ fkr t`bdke mokjkokr.
Lkrkŗ aİsdİeo`, a`r`r tmgrksk y`ac`ŗİdİeİ aucc`e`r`a kst`tkstkak t`b-
dke vm kstkocæcke tmdmc a`vr`dc`rİd, dódaóe gcouėu a`o`r f`skt ŗmakcom,
kz`b` ì`cİŗtİa. ŕkdok egat` t`bdke ózmrkeom o`b` `yrİetİcİ ŗmakcom our-
d`dİz lmrmakygr. I`a`t fueo`e ùejm a`r`r cd prgfcmdkem kckŗake
6 Egat t bdke aİsdİeo ózmrkeom ouruc j atİr.
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gc`r`a `ec`ttİac`rİdİzİ kak dksæc ózmrkeom fkr`z o`f` sgdutc`ŗtİrd`y`
ì`fŗ`fd8
Dksæc 08 R tms oóik omėkŗamekeke gc`sİfa igeaskygeu,
m-e;(e;)
x
i(x) 4 x 4 >,0,6.. . gcsue. Fu tms oóik omėkŗameke om-
x
ėmrcmrkeke o`ėooİėİ aótcmeke p`r`dmtrmsk >'yİ t`bdke mtdma kstkygruz.
A`fuc mttkėkdkz z`r r igeaskygeu c(`,>) 4 (>‟G)
6
gcsue. A`r r `cd`
@
x
aur`fdİz, e b`jkdck fkr ùrema `c`r a, >4 omėmrkek >'de t`bdke
emokjksk gc r`a aucc ed`a.
ŕkdok, fu a`r`r cd aur cİe tma`fóc mome rksa'k fucd`y ì`fŗ`fd.
x U x
6
V(o―2) 4 MQc(o,2)T 4 M Q ( >) T 4 0 ( >U i(x)
« / * R
6
m-±;(e >)
s
Y / x
4>
0
w m
-e; (e >)*
6 (x‟e >)
6
e
6
x4> x
m-e>
w
(e>)
x
m-
e
> 6e> (e>)
x
6 x
6
Z x
e
6
x e
6
x
m-e> e
6
>
6
― (e>)
x
+ 6
e
6
*4> x
w
(e>)
x
ÌP
(e>)
x
Q 6 x(x‟ 0) b 6 x
e
6
*4> x *4±
m-"; 6e> e> ― (e>)
xW
± e
6
>
6
6 + (:)
e
6 x
4> (x‟0) e
6
« 3
e>
5* eG
: Ìóeaó, M 4 m oİr.
x
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m-e; jg D r
6 >4
(
e
>)6 6 + e> Z
]
6 C
x
4> (x‟6) (
x
W cUH
jg * m r
İ
‟ m-eù 6>
6
M 0- >6
x 4 >
(x‟0)
m
-e>
Q(e>)
6
meÙ + e> meùT W
m
-e9 6>6 m*; + >6
e
6
e
6
>6
e
>
e
6
e
6
x
ŕkdok fkr f`ŗa a`r r cd aur cİ, dmsmcæ o 6 4 c cİd vm o
e+0
eke Vksa'kek fuc`cİd.
r
x
d
. x v
6
(e>)
x
V(o
6
,>) 4 M ( ‟ G)
6
4 M ( >) m-e;
C
e + 0
H
x - > Be+0) ' x
jg /
x 6
6>x x (e>)
x
4 M ( f >
6
) m-e9
x -G S (e+c)
6
e+0 ' x
m-e> gg D ) ' jg
M x
6
6(e+c)> M x
C
y
―e yK v
4
e
e+0)
6 C
x4> x x.-G x
>> D)"-,
+ (e+c)
6
>
6
Z ‟
x 4> x
m-">
D
(e>)
x
6> m-"> ― ie>)
x
M x
6
Z x
(e+0)
6
x 4> x e+0 x 4>
« D)"
+ m-e> >
6
M
r '
x 4> x
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ŕkdok agc`ycİa gcsue okym tmrkdcmrke bmrfkrkek `yrİ `yrİ kejmcmymckd.
-eù gg • (e>)
x
m-e;
Z x
6
- (e >)
6
m"> + e; m*5>
x ie-t-c] C H
e+0)
6
x 4> x (e+0)
6
m-¾; e>(e>+c)
4 m±>(e
6
>
6
+e>)4
(e+0)
6
(e+0)
6
6>m-e;
w
(e>)
x
m-*> 6e>
6
― (eÙ)
0
-' 6e>
6
Z x 4 M
e+0 x 4> x e+0 x 4> x e+0
G b`com,
e>(e>+c) 6e>
6
V(o
6
,>) 4 + >
6
(e+0)
6
e+0
e>(e>+c)‟ 6e>
6
(e+c)+(e+c)
6
>
6
(e+0)
6
e
6
>
6
+e>‟ 6u
6
©
6
‟6e>
6
+e
6
>
6
+6e>
6
+>
6
(e+0)
6
e>+>
6
G(e+>)
(e+0)
6
(e+0)
6
Lùrócoóėó lkfk, kak i`racİ a`r`r `cd` aur`cİeİ aucc`ed`eİe rksacmrk
> >(e+>)
sİr sİ kcm vm . Fu kak rksatme b`elksk aóìóasm g t`bdke mokjkyk
e (e+0)
6
smìdmdkz ogėru gc j`a.
Fur`o fkr lóìcóacm a`rŗİc ŗİygruz. Vksa >'y f`ėcİ vm >'eİe f`zİ
omėmrcmrk kìke oİ, okėmr omėmrcmrk kìke om o
6
a`r`r aur`cc`rİ o`b` aóìóa rksa
vmrkygrc`r. Fu ourudu `ŗ`ėİo`ak lr`ikatm lùrmfkckygruz.
Vksacmrke mŗkt gc j`ėİ > omėmrkek fucd`a kìke,
> >(e+>)
e (e+0)
6
0;;
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mŗktckėkek vmrmjma > omėmrkek fuc bd.
>(e+c)64 e;(e+ >)
>(e+c)64 >(ti+e>)
(e+c)64e(e+>)
(e+0)*
(
e + >
)
4
(e+c)
6
6e+c
> 4 e 4
e e 0
6e+c
> 3 kìke oå o`b kyk.
e
6e+c
>4 kìke r o` fkr rksa i`racİcİėİ yga.
e
6>>
Y
- &(
e@rL
c
j
)
6
;
J/h JľGccr İi t å u h
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6e+c
95 kìke oİ o`b akyk.
e
kak a`r`r aur`feo`e bkìfkrk okėmrkem f`saİe ìİadİygr.
Dksæc 68 Iky`tİ =>> _C gc`e fkr o`y`eİacİ tóamtkd d`cİeİ `cİp `c-
d`d`a ageusueo a`r`r vmrdmdkz lmrmakygr. D cİe fgzua ìİad`sİ
dódaóe vm l`r etk moodkŗ omėkc. A`r r vmrdmome ùejm fu cmtcmrome
fkrkek tmst mtdma kdaæeİe` s bkfkz. D` cmsmi d`cİ y`p`e i`frka`eİe fu
d`ducó kìke fgzua yózomsk p fokedkygr. _mst ójrmtk om kbd`c mokcmjma
a`o`r ùemdskz.
@yeİ kŗtm aucc`ed`a ózmrm o`b` okaa`tck fkr ŗmaoom kstkbs`c moodkŗ,
a`cktm agetrgcueo`e lmìdkŗ, fgzua ìİad`y`j`ėİ l`r`etk mokcdkŗk fkr
f`ŗa ikrd d`ducó 0>>> _C ome s`tİbygr. Mėmr =>> _C cka d cİ cİr vm
fgzua gcouėueu lùrórsma fu t`aokrom bmdme 0>>> _C o`b vmrmrma ùfór
ikrd`eİe d`cİeİ `c`j`ėİz.
@cİjİ f`aİdİeo`e aucc`eİc`fkcmjma a`r`r `cd` aur`cc`rİeo`e : t`emsk
`ŗ`ėİo sİr c edİŗtİr8
Aur c 08 _mst y pd`o`e =>> _C cka d`cİ `cd`a.
Aur`c 68 _mst y`pd`o`e 0>>> _C cka d`cİ `cd`a.
Aur c :8 Fkr t em =>> _C cka tmst mtdma, s`ėc d ksm =>> ckėk cd`a,
fgzua ksm 0>>> _C vmrkp l r`etok gc`eİeİ s`tİe cd`a.
ŕkdok fu aur cc r `r`sİeo e`sİc tmrjkb y`p`fkcmjmėkdkzk kejmcmym-
ckd. Jh, h aur`feİ uyluc`d`eİe _C jkeskeome d`ckymtkek lùstmrme fkr
tms`oóik omėkŗame gcsue.
Aur c c'om `cmt s ėc d ksm d`ckymt s`omjm =>> _C, i`a`t fgzua ìİa-
tİėİeo 0>>> _C cka d c cİed`a zgrueo a cİe`j`ėİeo`e d ckymt 0=>>
_C'ym ìİaİygr. =>> _C cka d`cİe fgzua ìİad` gc`sİcİėİ p gcouėu t`atkrom,
Jİ 4 =>> _C (0‟p) gc`sİcİac`
4 0=>> _C p gc`sİcİac
D`sr iİe fmacmeme omėmrk,
M(j,) 4 =>> (0‟p) + 0=>> p 4 =>> -+ 0>>> p 4 =>> (c + 6p)
Aur c 6 kìke
j
6
4 0>>> _C vm M(j
6
) 4 0>>> _C
Aur`c : kìke,
6>0
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j
:
4 =>> _C. (0‟p)
6
gc`sİcİa kcm. (_mst sgeuju coİėİ =>>
_C cka d c s`ėc d ìİa`rs`)
4 0>>> _C p gc`sİcİa om (_mst sgeuju =>> _C cka d c
s`ėc d ìİad`oİėİ kìke 0>>> _C cka d cİ cİrs`)
4 0=>> _C (0‟p)p gc sİfa kcm (_mst sgeuju coİėİ =>> _C
cka d`c fgzua ìİa`rs ) ,
_`fk tİyc` (0‟ p)*+p+(c‟ p)p 4 0‟6p+p
6
+p+p‟p
6
4 0
M ( j å) 4• =>>(0‟p)
6
+0>>> p+0=>>(0‟p)p
4 =>>(0‟6p+p
6
)+0>>>
p-i 0=>>
p‟0=>> p
6
4 =>>‟0>>> p+=>> p
6
+0>>> p+0=>> p‟0=>> p
6
4 =>>‟0>>> p
6
+0=>> p
4 =>>(0‟ 6p
6
+:p).
ŕkdok fu óì a`r`r aur cİeİe fmacmeme d`sr ic rİeİ, fokedmyme aótcm
p`r`dmtrmsk p'eke fkrmr igeaskygeu gc`r a fkr lr ika ózmrkeom lùstmrmckd.
Lr ika ózmrkeom lùrócoóėó lkfk p 4 £ kìke bmr óì aur cİe fmacmeme
d sr iİ 0>>> _C., p 3 S kìke aur`c c'ke, p 5 H kìke aur`c 6'eke fmacmeme
d`sr iİ me aóìóa. Aur c :, p 3 H kìke aur c 6'ome f`ŗ rİcİ, aur c c'ome
f`ŗ rİsİz, p 5 | kìke ksm aur c 0 ome f`ŗ rİcİ aur c 6 ome f`ŗ rİsİz.
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A`r r aur`cc`rİeo`e bkì fkrk okėmrkem f saİe ìİa`dİygr. Fu ourudo`
bmpsk om a`fuc mokcmfkckr gc e fu aur cc r (st`tmhkcmr) `r`sİeo cİmİ e`sİc
fkr smìkd y`p`fokr7
Dmsmcæ bmr a`r`r aur cİeİe d`askdud d ckymtkek fucup, fu d`a-
skdud d ckymtcmr `r`sİeo me aóìóa gc eİeİ smìmfkckr, ùycmysm bmr fkr
aur c kìke d`askdud d ckymtk fuc cİd. > p ŗŕ 0
Aur c 08 d`x M(j,) 4 0=>> _C (mėmr p 4 c ksm)
Aur c 68 d`x M(j
6
) 4 0>>> _C
Aur c :8 d`x M(j
:
) -4 0>96.= _C Mėmr p 4 £ ksm)
G b com sùzó mokcme arktmrm lùrm me `aİccİj b`rmamt t`rzİ ogėruo`e
ogėruy` 0>>> _C yk vmrkp l`r`etok d`cİ `cd`a-gc`j`a.
Fu dksæc fmckrskzcka b`ckeom tmrjkbke prgfcmdcmrkek aİsdme grt`y`
agy`fkckygr.
K. EGA_@ _@BDľE
_`bdke moodma kstmeme aótcm p`r`dmtrmsk 9 vm z`r`r igeaskygeu
0(9,>) gcsue. 9 y`ek t`bdke mokjkeke omėmrk aótcm p`r`dmtrmskem mŗkt gc-
ouėueo` z`r r igeaskygeueue omėmrk sİiİr `ask b`com pgzktki gcouėueo`
fkr egat` t`bdke sùz ageusu gc`j`a.
9 4 o(Rh,. . .R
`
) ùrema cİed`o`e ùejm fkr tms`oóik omėkŗame vm
ùrema omėmrcmrkeke fkr igeaskygeu. Dubtmcki t`bdke mokjkcmr `r sİeo`ak
tmrjkbtm, rksa a`vr`dİeo`e b`rmamtcm rksa'k dkekdud gc`e t`bdke mokjkyk
aucc`ed`a `ac` uylue oóŗme fkr y`ac`ŗİd. Vksa'k fucd`a kìke z`r`r igea-
skygeueue fkckedmsk lmrmack gcouėue` lùrm, z`r r igeaskygeueue ektmckacm-
rkek b`kz fkr ki`omyk z`r r igeaskygeu gc`r a `o`ptm mtdm ourudu v`r.
Fkrìga a`r`r cd prgfcmdkeom,
0(>, >) 4 j(9)(9‟ 9)
6
j(>)5>
@
ŗmackeom fkr z`r r igeaskygeu d`as o` ymtkygr. j(>) 4 0 cİeİrs`, 0(>‟>)
4 (9‟>)
6
ŗmackeom o`b f`skt fkr igeaskyge mcom mokckygr. Fu f`skt ki -
omyk aucc`e`r`a rksa'k bms`pc`y`cİd. Fmcck fkr a`r`r aur`cİ kìke rksa,
V(o,>) 4 M Q0(>, >)T 4 MQ(>‟ >)
6
T
6>:
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> b com MQ(>‟ >)
6
T omėmrk dkekdud gc e t`bdke mokjkyk smìdma
fkzkd kìke me uylue ygc gc`j a. İ
MQ(Ù‟>)*T'y
m
"grt`c`d` b`t` a`rmsk " (DZM) (?) okymjmėkz.
Lmrìmatme ki omom, > kcm > r sdo`ak i ra b`t gc r a cİeİrs (ak ùycmokr),
y`po`e kŗcmd b`t a`rmcmrkeke o`ėoİdİde fmacmeme omėmrkek y`ek grt -
c d`sİeİ fucd`at`e f`ŗa fkrŗmy omėkcokr.
DZM'yk pr`tkatm bms`pc d`dİz dódaóe omėkcokr, ìóeaó G'yİ fkc-
dkygruz. @yrİj p`r`dmtrm uz`yİeo`ak dubtmdmc fótóe > omėmrcmrk kìke
DZM'sk dkekdud gc e t`bdke mokjkcmr fucd`a o lmemcckacm dódaóe
omėookr. Fu ourud t`bdke mokjomrom f`ŗa ùzmcckacmr `r`ed`sİeİ zgruecu
aİcdİŗtİr.
Egat t`bdkem kckŗake gc r`a t`bdke mokjomrom `r`e`e f`ŗbj ùzmc-
ckacmr8
k) Z`pd`sİzcİa
kk) _ut`rcİcİa
kkk) Mtakecka, `skdptgtka mtakecka, me kyk `skdptgtka egrd`ccka
kv) Dkekdud v`ry`escİ s`pd`sİzcİa
v) [mtmrcoka'tkr.
ŕkdok fuec rİe ózmrkeom o`b `yrİetİcİ gc r`a our cİd,
k) Z`pd`sİzcİa8
Grt c`d` b`t` a`rmsk, M Q(>‟ >)
6
T'yk fkr`z o`b y`aİeo`e kejmcm-
ymckd.
MQ(>->)
6
T 4 MQ(>‟ M(>))‟ (>‟ M(>))T
6
4 M Q>‟M(>)T6‟6 Q>‟M(&)T Q>‟M(>)T+Q>‟M(>)T6
4 MQ>‟ M(>)T
6
+ Q>‟M(9)T6‟6M Q>>‟>M(>)‟GM(>)
+ QM(>)T
6
H
Zge tmrkdk mcm c cİd8
>M(>)‟ QM(>)T6‟ >M(>)+ QM(*>)T6 4 > gcouėu kìke,
M Q(9‟9)6T 4 M Q>‟M(>)T6+ Q>‟ M(>)T
6
0 Dm e Zqu İmo Mrrgr a rŗİcİėİ.
6>?
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Fur`o`, s ė t`r it`ak oa tmrkd fkr tms oóik omėkŗame gc`r a, >'ke
v`ry`esİoİr. ľakejk tmrkd ksm ù'ke o`ėİcİdİeİe fmacmeme omėmrk y`ek grt`-
c d`sİ om lmrìma aótcm p`r dmtrmsk > `r`sİeo`ak i`ra y`ek fkr t`bdke
mokjk gc r`a G'ke s`pd`sİoİr. Z`pd`yİ f(>) kcm lùstmrkrsma,
f(>) 4 >‟M(>)
. * k (
Fùycmjm ìga ùemdck fkr mŗktckėk mcom mtdkŗ gcuygruz.
DZM(>) 4 Y r(>) -i Qf(>)p
Grt`c`d` b`t` a`rmsk eml tki gc`d`y e kak tmrkdke tgpc`dİoİr.
DZM v`ry`es vm s`pd`y f`ėf gc r`a omėkŗmjmatkr. Y`ry`esc rİ mŗkt
kak t`bdke mokjk `r`sİeo s`pd`sİ aóìóa gc e tmrjkb moodmckokr. @ŗ`ėİ-
o`ak ŗmakc DZM, Y`r vm s`pd `r`sİeo`ak kckŗakyk lùstmrdmatmokr.
^r`tkatm > fkckedmokėk kìke s`pd`eİe s`yİs`c omėmrkek bms`pc`d`a
dódaóe gcd`z. Mėmr s pd eİe sİiİr gcouėu fkckekrsm y`ek, M(>) 4 > ksm
DZM(>) 4 Y`r(>)'m mŗkt gc`j ėİeo`e DZM kìke Y`ry es fkr ùcìó gc`j ėİ
lkfk s`pd`sİz t`bdke mokjomr `r`sİeo`ak tmrjkb tm agc`yc`ŗ`j`atİr.
Z`pd`sİz gcouac`rİ fkckeme t`bdke mokjkcmr `r`sİeo` DZM (ogc`yİ-
sİyc` v`ry`es) arktmrkek aucc`e`r`a tmrjkbke agc`y gcd`sİe` a`rŗİcİa s`p-
d cİ vm s`pd`sİz t`bdke mokjkcmr `r`sİeo`ak tmrjkbcmrom lóìcóa v`roİr.
@ŗ`ėİo`ak ŗmakc fu lóìcóėóe `ec ŗİcd`sİe y`roİd momjmatkr.
6>=
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k K
K
•
;
ŕmakcom ; kìke ? t em t bdke mokjk v`r1 9İ, >6, >:, >?. Fuec r kìkeom
> İ
vm >: s pd`sİz t bdke mokjkcmr. [`ek M(>İ) 4 M(>
:
) 4 >. >
6
vm >
?
s`p-
d`cİ. >
6
s pd`cİ i`a t v`ry esİ aóìóa, >
:
s pd`sİz i`a t v`ry`esİ fó-
yóa. Fu t`bdke mokjkcmr `r`sİeo Gİ lkfk fkr t ckdke mokjk v`rs t`fkk g
tmrjkb mokckr. Ìóeaó bmd s`pd`sİz bmd om v`ry`esİ aóìóa. >? ìga aùtó
6>9
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fkr t`bdke mokjk. I`a`t y >, lkfk fkr t`bdke mokjk dmvjut omėkc vm tmrjkb
26 vm >
:
`r`sİeo y`pİc j`as ourud em gc j`atİr 7
Lùrócoóėó lkfk sgrue'ue ìùzódó agc y omėkcokr. Fu ourud ùejmcmrk
s`omjm s`pd`sİz t`bdke mokjkcmrk aucc ed ŗmackeom ameokek lùstmrkygrou.
I`a`t y`aİe yİcc ro mėokd s`pd`b t`bdke mokjomrk om ymrkem lùrm auc-
c ed`a ŗmackeomokr.
Z`pd`sİzcİa a`vr`dİeİ fkr dksæc ózmrkeom `ìİac`d`y` ì`cİŗ`cİd8
' Dksæc8 (R ,,. . -R
e
), grt`c`d`sİ Qz(ix'yó fkcdkygruz) gc`e fkr aótcmome
cİe`j`a e b`jkdck fkr ùrema ksm, bmd x bmd om Rh'Kmrke bmrfkrk Qk'eóe
s`pd`sİz t`bdke mokjkcmrkokr. Fuec ro`e f`ŗa dmsmcæ,
e e
[ 4 6 `h R h vm £ `, 4 0 gcsue.
M([) 4 M ( Z , R ,) - Z , M(R h) 4 Z `
k (
İ4 Qk. Z , 4 p
k4c 0‟k k4c h4c
[`ek, [ , (k'eóe s pd`sİz fkr t bdke mokjkskokr.
Fu ageuy` kckŗake gc`r`a, omrkomak kz`bc`rİdİzo` (dmsmcæ D`askdud
Ckamckbggo t`bdke mokjomrk) vm prgfcmdcmrom ymekome ouruc`j`atİr.
kk) Dkekdud Y`ry`escİ Z`pd`sİzcİa8
t
_`bdke mokjkcmr `r`sİeo`ak smìdm kŗcmdkek s`omjm s`pd`sİz t`bdke
mokjomrm kebks`r mttkrokėkdkz t`aokrom DZM arktmrk ymrkem v`ry`es ark-
tmrkek ka`dm momfkckrkz, ìóeaó o`b ùejm om fmckrttkėkdkz lkfk s`pd`sİz
fkr t`bdke mokjkeke v`ry`esİ, DZM'skem mŗkttkr.
Z`pd`sİz t`bdke mokjkcmr `r`sİeo v`ry`esİ dkekdud gc e t`bdke
mokjkyk smìdma fkzm gptkdud smìkdk s`ėc`y`j`atİr. ^r`tkatm DZM (y` o`
s`pd`) bms`pc`e`d`oİėİ kìke v`ry`esc`ee dua`ymsmsk fóyóa agc`ycİa
s`ėc r.
Fkr t`bdke mokjkeke dkekdud v`ry`escİ s`pd`sİz (DY]) gc`fkcdmsk
kìke,
k) M (>) 4 >
kk) M (9*) 4 >
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Y`r (> *) 5 v`r (>) fótóe >*'cmr kìke,
ŗ`rtc rİ s`ėc ed`aoİr.(=)
Lmrma s`pd`sİzba lmrmasm dkekdud v`ry`esa s`pd`sİzcİa ùzmcckacmrk
bmr tórcó ùrema b`jdk kìke lmìmrck ùzmcckacmrokr. @cİe`e ùrema kstmr aóìóa
kstmr fóyóa gcsue t`bdke mokjkeke fu ektmckacmrk v`rs y o ygas sgeuì
omėkŗ dmymjmatkr. - 5
Fue dua`fo ŗkdok lùrmjmėkdkz okėmr f`zİ ùzmcckacmr ùrema b`jdk
kcm y`aİeo`e olók vm `ej`a fóyóa ùremacmr kìke lmìmrck ektmckacmrokr.
Fóyóa ùrema ùzmcckacmrk ŗmackeom ektmcmeokrmjmėkdkz fu ùzmcckacmrm s`bkp
t`bdke mokjomrke omėmrcmeokrkcdmskeom fu busus lùzome uz`a tutucd -
d`cİoİr.
kkk) _ut`rcİcİa8
ùrema b`jdkek `rttİr`r`a rksa'k `z`ctd`eİe dódaóe gcd`sİ b`c-
cmrkeom, fu ùzmcckėm s`bkp a`r`r aur cİ vm fue f`ėcİ gc r`a aucc eİc e
t`bdke mokjk kyk fkr ùzmcckėm s`bkp omdmatkr.
0 b`jkdck fkr ùrematme mcom mokcme t`bdke mokjk, >İ 4 oİ(R İ), kak
b`jkdck ùrematme mcom moomek >
6
4 o
6
(Rİ,R
6
), lkomrma e b`jkdck fkr ùremas
tme fucue`e t`bdke mokjk >
e
4 o
e
(R İ, R
6
.. .R
e
) gcsue.
± ± ± w
>İ, >6-. .9
e
okzkskek >
e
ŗmackeom lùstmrmckd.
ckd V (o
e
, >) 4 > y > m U ksm y`ek ùrema b`jdk sgesuz gcouėue-
e -5mg
o aótcm p`r`dmtrmsk em gcurs gcsue, t`bdke mokjkeke rksak sİiİr gcuygrs`
tut`rcİcİa ùzmcckėk s`ėc`edİŗ omdmatkr.
X`r r igeaskygeueu (>
e
‟ >)
6
gc`r`a `cİrs`a (e4c,6.. .jg )
ckd M Q(§―‟ >
)6T
4 ckd Q[`r (>
e
) + Q>‟
M(>
)T6T 4 > gcd`sİ
e -5jg e -±gg
±
y`ek ùrema b`jdkeke sgesuz omėmrcmrk kìke bmd v`ry`es bmd om s`pd -
eİe sİiİr gcd sİ b ckem a`rm b`t` tut`rcİ cİa okygruz.
= D tmd tkasmc kst tkstkatm dkekdud v ry escİ s pd sİz t bdke mokjkcmrke fucued sİe`
kckŗake gc r`a ms`s ktkf`rkycm kak y`ac ŗİd aucc eİcd`at oİr8
k) Jr dmr - V`g ŗ ėİ sİeİe.
kk) Fc javvmcc - V`g tmgrmdk.
A`ps`d oİŗİ fİr`atİėİdİz fu y`ac ŗİdc r kìke f`aİeİz, @. D. Dggo, I. @. Lr`yfkcc .l.m. Zb. 0<=.
6>2
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Mėmr bmrb`elk fkr >
e
t`bdke mokjksk kìke m5> gcd`a ózmrm,
ckeİ ^( | m‟9 | 3 m)4 ckd ^(‟ m3>‟ > 3 m)
e-5jg e
-5gg
4 ckd ^ (> ‟ m3 >3 >+m )4c
v
> l G
e -*jg
ksm >
e
f`skt tut`rc İ'oİr omekr. Fueu ìgėu z`d e s omjm tut`rfcİa ŗma-
ckeom fmckrtkrkz. A`rm b`t` tut`rcİba, f`skt tut`rcİaėİe o` s`ėc`edİŗ gc-
ouėu `ec`dİe` lmckr. Z`pd`sİz fkr t`bdke mokjkeke dutc`a` tut`rcİ gc-
d`sİ lkfk fkr zgruecucua ygatur.
_ut`rcİba ùzmcckėk ùzmcckacm magegdmtrk tmgrkskeom skdóct`em omecmd
skstmdcmrk kcm olkck t`bdke mokjkcmrm ]kŗake gc r`a ózmrkeom ùemdcm ouruc e
fkr ùzmcckatkr.(9)
kv) @skdptgtka Mtakecka vm Me ľyk @skdptgtka Egrd`ccka
(F@E)
Mtakecka, lkrkŗ aİsdİeo` fmckrtookėk lkfk t`bdke mokjkcmrke rksacmrkeke
a`rŗİc`ŗtİrİcd`sİeİ kbtkv` momr. @skdptgtka mtakecka ùrema b`jdkeke ìga
fóyóa omėmrcmrk kìke `yeİ dua`ymsmyk y`p`r. Mckdkzom o vm o* lkfk kak
a`r`r aur`cİ gcsue. Fu a`r`r aur`cc`rİeİ uyluc`y`r`a ùrema b`jdkek
`rttİroİėİdİzo §― vm ù
e
* lkfk kak t`bdke mokjk smrksk mcom momrkz.
Mėmr,
MQ(9
e
*‟ 9)6T
ckd 5 0
v
>
e
*,
v
> mit
MQ(>
e
->)`T
y`zİc`fkckygrs` y`ek aótcm p`r`dmtrmsk em gcurs` gcsue >
e
'eke rksak okėmr
fótóe >
e
* t`bdke mokjkcmrkeke rksakeome aóìóasm >
e
`skdptgtka mtake
fkr t`bdke mokjkokr.
9 Zİeİrcİ fkclk d askdud ckamckbggo, kak s if cİ me aóìóa a rmcmr... lkfk dmtgtc r cmbkem ùem
sórócme ùemdck rlód`ec ro`e fkrk fu dmtgtc rİe vmrokėk t bdke mokjkcmrke tut rcİcİa ùzmcckėkokr.
r tkatm lmemcckacm ózmrkeom ì cİŗİc e ùremacmt i zc fóyóa omėkcokr. Aóìóa ùremacmr ózmrke-
om ì cİŗİrame tut rcİcİėİ fkr smìdm arktmrk gc r`a aucc ed`a fóyóa s`aİej c r ygc `ì`fkckr. @yrİj`
ùrema b jdk fóyóoóaìm t bdke mokjkeke e sİc fkr G'v y ac ŗd gcuŗudu kìkeom fucueouėu o`
ìgėu z d e fkckedmz. Fu oóŗóejmcmrcm1 " tut rcİcİa ìgėu amrm lmrmatkėkeome i zc `ėİrcİėİ gc e fkr
ektmcka lùróeódóeomokr" okymfkckrkz.
Fİİ aueuy kckŗake gc r a f`aİeİz. ]. Aurud "Magegİemtrka Dgomccmr kt _óra Magegdkjk
kìke fkr Omemdm" Zb. 02-6:.
6>;
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Me kyk `skdptgtka egrd`ccka8 F@E
@ŗ`ėİo`ak ŗ rtc`rİe s`ėc ed`sİ b`ckeom >
e
| me kyk skdptgtka egrd c
t`bdke mokjkokr.
`) e jg Yæ(>
e
‟ 2) e(>, *)
f) 95>, ckd ^ (| 9
e
‟ 2| 5m) 4 >
v
e-±jg
j) 2
e
* f`ŗa` fkr tut`rcİ t`bdke mokjk vm,
e
-5 gg
vU(>
e
*‟ ;) ‟ e(>,
ii
(_ )
v m
r
"
6*
5 0 gcsue.
6
Fu ŗ`rtc`ro`e fkrkejksk `skdptgtka o`ėİcİdİe egrd`cckėkek, kakejksk
t`bdke mokjkeke tut`rcİcİėİeİ, óìóejósó om `yeİ ŗ`rtc`e b`kz okėmr t`bdke
mokjkcmrm óstóecóėóeó (`skdptgtka egrd`c o`ėİcİdİe v`ry`esİeİe dkek-
dud gcd`sİ ŗmackeom) lùstmrdmatmokr.
Dks`c8 e((k, `
6
) o`ėİbdcİ fkr aótcmome,
― 0 e
2
e
Z R h t`bdke mokjkskek (ùrema grt`c`d`sİ) `cİrs`a,
e k4c
fueue F@E gcouėueu ki`om momfkckrkz.
Lmrìmatme, e jg y_ (
R‟Q
)
‟ e(>, `
6
)
ckd ^ (Q x‟ik | 5 m) 4 G vm f`ŗa` fótóe `yeİ ektmckacmrm s`bkp t`b-
e‟jg
dke mokjkcmr kìke,
5 ? v
e
9 `
v) [ mtmrckc ka8
i(x,2) o`ėİcİdcİ fkr aótcmome `coİėİdİz e b`jkdck fkr ùrematme 2'yİ
t`bdke mtdma kstmokėkdkz z`d e ùrema omėmrcmrkeke igeaskygeu gc`e
ìmŗktck st`tkstkacmrk fkrmr t`bdke mokjk gc`r a aucc`e`fkckrkz. Dmsmcæ R ,, 9
kìke fkr t`bdke mokjk gc`fkckr. I`a`t fùycm fkr ourudo` e b`jkdck fkr ùrema
0
±
lmrmadmz. B`cfuak ùrema grt`c`d sİ x 4 6 R
(
ùrematm dmv-
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j`a rİ b`jkdck fkr ùrema tmŗakc mokygrs , f`ėİdsİzcİa vm `yeİ o`ėİcdİŗ
gcd emomekycm,
l(R,.. -R
e
,9) 4 i(x―>) ... i(x
e
,>) 4 e i(
R k
,>)
k4İ
Fkr `e kìke fokedmyme >'eİe fokeokėkek vm >
G
gcouėueu oóŗóemckd.
Lmcdmsk kbtkd`ck me yóasma gc`e ùrema omėmrcmrk, (x/ ,. . .x
e
'), l(x'
K5
. . .
.. .x'
e
, >
g
)'İ d`askdud y`p`e omėmrcmr gc j`atİr.
> fokedmokėkem vm xİ...x
e
ùrema omėmrcmrk fmcck gcouėue lùrm
sgrd`dİz lmrmame sgru y o ùėrmedmyk kstmymjmėkdkz ŗmy, b`elk p`r -
dmtrm omėmrkem s bkp fkr sİaaa vmy gc sİba igeaskygeueo e fu ùrema
omėmrcmrkek mcom mtdkŗ gcd`dİz gc sİcİėİeİe `z`dk gc j`ėİoİr. F`ŗa fkr
omykŗcm, ùycm fkr > mik omėmrk fuc`cİd ak fu, l(R İ. . .R
e
,>)'yİ d`askdud
y`psİe. Mėmr > fùycm fkr t`bdke mokjk ksm fu t`bdke mokjkym DC t`bdke
mokjksk okymjmėkz.
Rİ.. .R
e
e b`jkdck fkr ùrema ksm,
C(>)4 e i(Rh,g)
' k4c
>'k fucd a kìke, ùejm ckamckbggo igeaskygeueue y`zİcd`sİ1 o`b`
sger` fkr igeaskygeue d`askdudue` kckŗake fmcck "rmluc`rktm" i`r zkymcmrk
o
y`pod`a surmtkycm, C(>) 4 > omeacmdkeke >'k vmrmjma ŗmakcom ìù-
o>
zócdmsk lmrmakr. F`zİ b ccmrom C(>) ymrkem ľe C(>)'yİ aucc ed`a o`b`
pr`tka gcur. (;)
ľe C(>) 4 å ľe i(x―>)
k4c
o
ľe C(>) 4 >
o>
Cgl`rktd oùeóŗtórdmsk smfmfkycm ì`rpİdc r tgpc d b ckem lmckejm
tórmv `cd`a o`b` agc`y gc`j`atİr.
; C(>) vm ľe C(>), >'eİe yeİ omėmrkeom d`askdud gc j ac rİ kìke, > f`aİdİeo`e fkr i ra-
cİcİa sùz ageusu gcd z.
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'-
c a r , cb
*" "
0
igeaskygeu a t`em p`r`dmtrm kbtkv` mttkėkeom, a t em
t`bkeke mokjk, a omeacmeok fkr skstmdke mŗ`ecİ (skdóct`em) ìùzódó sgeuju
fucueur.
C(>―. . .m
a
)4 e [email protected].ùa)
k4c
vm
2, 4 o U, . . . U)
;k m
£6
>
a
4 o
a
(R, . , .R
e
)
gcsue. Ckamckbggo igeaskygeueu d`askdud y`p`e (>
t
... >
a
) t`bdke
mokjkcmr smtk, (fmcck i`r zkymcmrcm) `ŗ ėİo`ak aİsdå tórmv omeacmdcmrk smtk-
eke mŗ`ecİ ìùzódó surmtkycm fucueur.
2
‟ C(>,...>
a
) 4
G
6>,
Z
C(>,...>
a
) 4 >
2o
a
Fur`o` o` cgl`rktd` oùeóŗtórdmsk y`pd`a kŗcmdcmrk agc`yc`ŗtİr`-
fkckr.
ŕkdok DC t`bdke mokjkcmrkeke ùzmcckacmrkek lùrmckd.
Lùrócoóėó lkfk DC t`bdke mokjomrk gcouaì` pr`tka ŗmaoom mcom
moodmatmokr. Lmìmrck ùzmcckacmrm s`bkp gcd c rİ b ckeom omėmrcmrk `rt -
j`atİr. _`bdke mokjkcmrom `r e`e ùzmcckacmrk sİr`sİyc` DC t`bdke mokjk-
cmrk f`aİdİeo`e kejmcmymckd8
k) DC t`bdke mokjomrk f`z`e s`pd`sİz, f`z`e o` s`pd`cİ gc`fkckr-
cmr, y`ek dutc`a` s`pd`sİz gc`j`ac`rİ sùycmemdmz. Fueuec` fmr`fmr,
t`bdke mokjk ózmrkeom f`skt gye`d`c`r y`p`r`a s`pd` lkomrkcmfkckr.
Fueu, o`b sger lùrmjmėkdkz dksæccmrom dmsmcæ aótcm v`ry`esİ -'eke
DC t`bdke mokjksk kìke uylİo`y`fomjmėkz.
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kk) DC t`bdke mokjkcmrk, fkrìga fóyóa ùrema ùzmcckėkem s`bkptkr.
DC t`bdke mokjkcmrk a`rm b`t` tut`rcİoİr, y`ek ùrema b`jdk sgesuz gc-
ouėueo` > 4 > gcur.
kkk) DC t`bdke mokjómrk `skdptgtka mtake vm me kyk `skdptgtka egr-
d`c (F@E) o`ėoİdcİoİr.
kv) DC t`bdke mokjómrk, dmvjut ksmcmr, ymtmrck st`tkstkacmrke fkr
igeaskygeuour. O`b` o` kyksk dkekd`c ymtmrck st`tkstkacmrke igeaskygeu-
our. (0>) Fu ùzmccka ymtmrcoka ùzmcckėkem s`bkp st`tkstkacmrke `r`ŗtİrİc-
d`sİeo` DC dmtgoueue aucc`eod`sİe` ygc `ì`r.
Fu ùzmcckacmr oİŗİeo` fkr f`ŗa` ùzmccka K ev`rk`ejm ùzmcckėkokr. Fu
ùzmccka Dľ t`bdke mokjomrkeke igeaskygec`rİeİe DC t bdke mokjkcmrkeke
gtgd`tka gc`r`a fucued`sİe` kdaæe vmrkr.
> 4 o(R İ.. .R
P
) >'eİe DC t`bdke mokjksk vm u(>), >'eİe tma omėmrck
fkr tmrs'k gc`e fkr igeaskygeu ksm, u(>) ed DC t bdke mokjksk u(>) tkr. [`ek
DC t`bdke dmtgou oùeóŗtórdmome z`r`r lùrdmz. E`sİc C(>), 2 kìke
d`askduds`, CQu(>)T o` u(>) kìke d`askdudour.
Dmsmcæ, egrd c o`ėİfdo `
6
'eke DC t`bdke mokjksk,
0 ―
3İ
6
4 ‟ Z (R, ‟ x )
6
e
k4
±
de DC t`bdke mokjksk
¾ H
`
H ~ | Rk‟x)6 gc`j atİr.
k40
ľe®
6
de t`bdke mokjksk,
@ r
0
" 0
ľe
jt
6
4 ľe Z (R k‟ x)
6
H
gc`j`atİr.
Fu ùzmcckėke pr`tka ùemdk grt`o`oİr. Fùycmckacm tmar`r DC t`bdke
mokjómrk mcom mtdm lmrmėk grt`o`e a cad`at`oİr.
0> Dkekd c ymtmrckcka, st tİ tkėke fkckedmsk b ckeom Ckamckbggo igeaskygeueue o fkckedmsk
`ec dİe lmckr. Fkz tkbk Ckamckbggo igeaskygeu o dkekd c ymtmrck fkr st tkstka gc r`a oóŗóeócm-
fkckr.
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DC dmtgoue kckŗa İİ lmemc kz`bc ro`e sger ìmŗktck amskack vm omv`dcİ
o`ėİcİdc`rİe p`r`dmtrmcmrk kìke DC t`bdke mokjkcmrkek fuc`cİd.
DC _ `bdke Dmtgoue` ùrema cmr8
0. Mckdkzm fkr p`r` vmrkcok vm s`pd`cİ gcouėu sùycmeok. ^`r`eİe fkr
t`r iİeİe lmcdm ŗ esİ okėmr t`r iİeo`akeke ? dksck. I`a`t b`elk t`r`i
gcouėueu fkcdkygruz. : `tİŗ y`pd`dİz` kzke vmrkckygr. Fu óì `tİŗt` p`-
r`eİe y`zİ y o tur cmbkem s`pd cİ gcouėue a`r`r vmrmjmėkz.
R , fkr `tİŗt` lmcme tur` s yİsİeİ lùstmrske8 R 4 >,0
Fkr omi` p`r` `tİcoİėİeo`, mėmr tur` cmbkem s`pd` v`rs`, y`ek tur`
? 0
lmcdm gc`sİcİėİ > 4 ksm, > t`em tur lmcdmsk gc`soİėİ tkr.
= =
0 ?
^(>) 4 , ^(c) 4 . @askem p`r` y`zİ cmbkem s pd`cİ ksm, fu omi`
= =
? 0
o` ^(c) 4 , ^(>) 4 gc`j atİr.
= =
? 0
i(x,>) p`r`dmtrmskeke vm gcd`sİ vm R 'ke > vmy` 0 omėmr-
= =
cmrkeome fkrkek cd`sİ lmrmėkeke fkr sgeuju gc r`a,
? v 0 , ?
x
?
- ) 4 ‟ i ( c , W )
4
W
= ' = S = ' =
i
r
( , )
i
( ' ' t )
4
/
0
S
?
/
0
S
0
(_-) "_ (
0
't)
4
_
ŕkdok óì `tİŗ y`ptİėİdİzİ vm _[_ lmcokėkek oóŗóemckd1 ùrema aİy-
dmtcmrk,
Rİ
‟ 0, x
6
4 >, Zj
:
4 0 •Ckamckbggo igeaskygeueu y`z`cİd.
C(>) 4
i(x
x6
,x
:
1
>) 4 i(c,>,c1 >)
- i(c,>)i(G,>)i(c,>)
? / ? S / ?
x /
c
x /
? s 09
> 4
, 4 (_) (_)(_)-«
60=
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?
> omėmrcmrkeome kìke lùzcmeme omėmrcmrm lùrm Ckamckbggo igea-
=
skygeu o`b yóasma fkrcmŗka gc soİa vmrokėkem lùrm >'eİe DC t`bdke
? U ?
mokjksk fu dksæcom ‟ - gc`j`atİr. Ìóeaó, > 4 , ikkcme lùzcmeme ùr-
= =
ema omėmrcmrkeke mcom mokcdm gc soİėİeİ o`b fóyóa y`pİygr.
6. Fkrfkrkeome f`ėİdsİz gc r`a Q>,>T `r cİėİeo smìkcdkŗ e t`em s`yİ
v`r. _ma folkdkz >5G gcouėu, xİ...x
e
ikome `be`e s`yİc`r ksm >'eİe DC
t`bdke mokjkskek fucueuz. Q>,>T r`cİėİeo` R tms oóik omėkŗamek fkrùrema
o`ėİcdİŗtİr. ,
0
i(x1 >) 4 G3x3>
>
4 > `ask b com,
e t`em R
0
,
eke bmrfkrk f`ėİdsİz vm `yeİ o`ėİcİdcİ gcouėueo`e,
0
C(>) 4 i(x,.. .x
e
1 9) 4 e i(xhå >) 4 (
k4İ >
G b`com C(>)'yİ d`x. y`p`e omėmr >'eİe me aóìóa omėmrkokr. C(>),
>'eİe fótóe x omėmrcmrkeome fóyóa gcd`sİ b ckeom ( H , `ask b com sİ-
S > /
iİroİr. ùycm ksm >'ed DC t`bdke mokjksk, e t`em ùrema mcmd`eİ kìkeom
omėmrk me fóyóa gc e x
1
omėmrkokr.
> ‟' d`x.(xİ.. .x
e
)
:. Egat fkegdk c o`ėodİŗ fkr aótcmome e b jkdck fkr ùrema smìk-
ckygr.
i(x1 p) 4 p
x
q
K W x
x 4 >,0 G lpUc
R İ.. .x― > vm c'cmrke sİr`c eİŗİeo`e kf`rmt gc`j atİr.
C(p) 4 it p
x k
q
0
"
xk
4 pZ« q«-Z"k
k‟0
Zx, 4 y gcsue.
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C* 4 ľe C(p) 4 y ľe p -i (e‟y) ľe q
o U y e‟ y y
e
‟ y
op ^
q
4
G
q
y(k‟p) 4 p(e‟y)
y 4 pe
< 0 e
p
4 ‟ 4 ŗ R h 4 x
e e
k ‟ 0
Ùrema grt`c`d`sİ p'eke DC t`bdke mokjkskokr.
0
±
0
M
x)
4 6 M(Rh) 4 ep 4 p
R,
p'eke s`pd sİz fkr
e
k 4 0
e
t`bdke mokjksk.
?. Egrd`c o`ėİcdİŗ fkr aótcmome `cİedİŗ e b`jkdck fkr tms`oóik
ùrematme Qx vm `
6
kìke DC t`bdke mokjómrkek fuc`cİd. Ckamckbggo igea-
skygeu,
(x‟( )6 0 ―
6
0 6`
6
, 0 v―
63H
6
«4«
C(Qx, 4 KK m 4 ( ‟ : - ) m
Y åe Uy/ zåmH
0 e
‟ - ‟ 6
0 v 6 6j*
k40
- ( ‟ )
`
6
e 0
e
ľe C(Qk, `
6
) 4 Qľe 0‟ce(6rgr
6
)T 6 (x,‟(k)
6
6 6`
6 =40
e e 0
e
4 ľe 6tj ce3rU 6 (
R c
‟ik)
6
6 6 6 3 t
6 0 4 0
* 0 e
ľe C 4 6 (x,‟(z)
oy. `
6 k 4 c
K
60<
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Z (
R k
- | x )
6
o e 0 k4c
ľe C 4 +
o`
6
6
`
6
6
*
0 e
6 ik) 4
G
3y6 k4c
Omeacmd skstmdkek ìùzmckd.
0 e
‟ Z 4
G
6`*
Å 4 0
6`
0
Fkrkejk omeacmdom, • . "
e
6 Rk
Z (x,‟(k) 4 G 45 6 x
s
4 ehz 45 Qk. 4• 4 x
k4c k4c
e
Qz'ekke DC t`bdke mokjksk x, fueu kakejk omeacmdom hx ymrkem aucc`e`cİd.
0 e
‟ 6 (x , - x )
6
- ‟
6`* 540 6`*
6e`*46`
6
6 (x
t
‟ x)
6
k4c
e`
6
4
Z (
R h
W
x
)6
k4İ
s (x,-x)
6
k4c
Fu dksæcom, aİsdå tórmv omeacmdcmrkeke ùzmcckėk sgeuju, Qx'yó
`
6
'
eke
t`bdkek gcd`o`e t`bdke momfkcokėkdkz b`com, `
6
'eke DC t`bdkek kìke
x'd aucc`eİcd`sİ zgruecucuėu ìùzódóe mŗ `ebcİėİeİe fmckrtkskokr.
x'İe (k'eóe s pd`sİz fkr t`bdke mokjksk gcd`sİe` a`rŗİcİa `
6
s`pd -
cİoİr. I`a`t agc`ycİac` rh
6
'eke s`pd`sİz fkr t`bdkek om mcom mokcmfómjmatkr.
602
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M(R,)
6
4 [ `r(R
k
) + QM(Rh)T
6
4 Y r(R) + QM(R )T
6
4
3<6
+
―
6
`
6
M(x
6
) 4 Y r R )
+
Q M (R
)T6
4 + U
RK '
0 e 0
•M(g±) 4 M Q 6 (
R k
- x)6T 4 M Q6 x,6 -ex6T
e ±40
e
k4c
0
e 0
e
`
6
- ‟ 6
M
(R
ľ
6)‟
M
(R6) 4 6 (3<6
+Q@
6)W( + U
e 0 4 0
e k4c e
o
6
ii
6
e
‟ İ
‟ `
6
+ |x
6
ik.
6
4 `
6
‟ 4 , `
6
e e e
M ( 3 H
6
)
`
6
, •
00
`
6
yİ s`pd`sİz ŗmacm oùeóŗtórdma kìke om ì`rp`cİd.
e‟0
6 (x
s
- x )
6
k4c
Z
6
‟ Aótcm v`ry`esİ `
6
eke e b`jkdck fkr ùrematme
e‟0
mcom moome s`pd`sİz t`bdke mokjkskokr.
ùrematme lkomrma aótcm v`ry`esİeİ t`bdke lmrmatkėkeom t`bdke
mokjk gc r`a lmemcckacm Z
6,
eke aucc`eİcd`sİeİe smfmfk s`pd`sİz gcuŗuour.
EGA_@ _@BDľE ľCM ľCLľCľ ^VGFCMDCMV
0. R ― R
6
grt`c`d`sİ fkckedmyme fkr hx vm v`ry`esİ 0 gc`e egrd`c
o`ėİcdİŗ fkr aótcmome `cİed`sİ oóŗóeócme kak fkrkdcka fkr tms oóik ùr-
ema gcsue, | x'yó t`bdke mtdma kstkygruz. Fu `d`ìc` ŗ`ėİo`ak : t`bdke
mokjkyk aucc`ed`yİ oóŗóeóygruz.
Q6İ 4 oİ(R İ,R
6
) 4 § R
0
+ £ R
6
Q6
6
4 o
6
(R,,R
6
) k R , -i å R
6
QRh
4 oh(Rİ,R
6
) 4 H Rİ + S R
6
Aucc eoİėİdİz z`r r igeaskygeu 0(hhc,hx) 4 :ix- (|x‟Qx)-
0;
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Fu fkclkcmrk aucc`e`r`a1
k) @askyge vm p`r`dmtrm uz`yc`rİeİ t`eİdc`yİeİz.
kk) V(oİ,(x), V(o
6
,Qz), V(o
:
,Qx)'yó fucueuz.
kkk) Fu t`bdke mokjomrome b`elkskeke rksa'k me aóìóatór7
kv) _`bdke mokjomrke bmpskeke s`pd`sİz gcouėueu lùstmrkekz.
v) oİ'ke o
6
vm o
:
, o
6
'eke os'm e`z`r`e eksfk mtakeckėkek fucueuz.
Jmv`p8
k) @askyge uz`yİ @ 4 hİ,‟
jg
3(k3 jg
U @ @ 53
4 |Rİ, (06 (k
:
1 JG 3(Rk 3 jg
^`r`dmtrm uz`yİ 4 pİ8‟ jg 3(k3jg
kk) R , vm R
6
f`ėİdsİz vm `yeİ o`ėİcdİŗtİr.
0 ‟ k (x,‟ (k)
6
i ( x ) 4
W W
m
YX t j
i(xİ,x
6
) 4 i(
x İ
) i(x
7
)
V(oİ, (h.) 4 M Q% , * ) T 4 / / ZUr - t i ± i(x―x
6
) ox, ox
6
4 :(h,6 H H (u.0
6
‟6p.İ(ht+(x6) i(xİ,x
6
) oxİ ox
6
M(Qk) 4 (x gcouėueo e, (x 4 H'H Qk, i(xİ,x
6
) oxİ ox
6
M QQ
kc
6W6(K
K
(k+
(H
C6T
4
£(U6) ‟ (06
/
6 0
S
M(| @,
6
)4 H'H ( x, + x
6
6
i(
R c
) i(x
6
) ox, ox
6
S : : '
? ? 0
4 H'H' ( x|6-c x İ xB x
6
6 ) i(xİ) i(x
6
) oxİ ox
6
; ; ;
? ?
4 H x,6 i(x,) oxB H x, i(x,) oxİ H x
6
i(x
6
) ox
6
; ;
0
+ H R
6
6 i(
R 6
) ox
6
;
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= ?
4 W H x
6
i ( x ) o x + U
; ;
B`cfuak H x
6
i(x) ox - M(R
6
) 4 [`r(R) + U 4 0 + h
6
= ? =
M(|@,
6
) 4 (0 + |R
6
) + i@
6
4 + @
6
; ; ;
= 0=
V(o
,,tc) 4 :Q@
6
( 0 U6‟U6) 4 Qk.
6
; ;
V(o
6
,Qk) 4 :Qk
6
QM(hc
6
6
)‟Q`
6
T
M(kU)
6
4 / / (k x,.+ | x
6
)
6
i(x,) i(x
6
) oxİ ox
6
Y 0 0
4.
H
* İ
6
i(xİ) oxİB H Rİ i(xİ) ox
t
/
x
6
i (x
6
) ox
6
09 09
;
+ H R6
6
i(x
6
) ox
6
09
0> 9
4 Hx
6
i(x)oxB (@
6
09 09
0> 9 0>
4 (0+B
6
)+ U 4 + B
6
09 09 09
0> 0=
V(o
6
,ihİ) 4 :(h.
6
( -ipİ
6
‟| `
6
) 4 Qk
6
09 2
:
Fmezmr ŗmakcom V(o
:
,Qk) 4 hx
6
(00)
6
0= 0= 0=
kkk) 3 3
0> ; 2
V(o
:
,k) 3 V(oİ,(x)3V(o
6
,(h.)
ľC E' sİc fucoua7
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1
/
Fu ourud lùrm o
:
y`eİ kak omėmrke f`skt grt c d`sİ rksa'k me `z
gc`e t`bdke mokjkokr.
kv) M(håİ) - § M(R ,) + k
M(R
6
)
4 | + k
pC
4 y.
M(£
6
) 4 k M(Rİ) - i K M(R
6
) 4 k kk + i
(R
4 hk
M &) - k M(R,) + | M(R
6
) 4 k y. + İ Qx 4
v) r(oh, oh) eksfå mtakeckėk lùstmrske.
±(oh.m)
rUoh) 4
r(oİ, o
6
)' 4
r(o―o,) 4
r(o
6
,o
:
) 4
V(o― 9)
V(o
6
, (x) 0= ; ;
V(oİ, ik.) 2 0= 2
V(o
:5
U 0= ; ;
V(oİ, hk.) 0> 0= 0>
V(o
:
, |x) 0= 2 2
V(o
6
, (k) 0> 0= 0>
oİ, o
6
ome o`b` mtake S
' 45 o
:
, o
6
ome o`b mtake.
o
:
, o, ome o`b` mtake /
Fu ourudo` | x
:
'ó aucc ed`a me d`auc b`rmamt t`rzİ gcuygr.
0
6. i(x) 4 ‟ >3x3^ o`ėİcİdcİ fkr aótcmome 9 fkrkdcka fkr
^
ùrema coİa vm 0.:, .9, 0.<, 6 .6, .:, 0.0 omėmrcmrkek mcom mttka. Aótcm
grt`c`d`sİ vm v`ry`esİde DC t`bdkecmrkek fucueuz.
Jmv`p8 i(x) >3x3(: `r fėİeo` fkrùrema fkr o ėİcİdoİr.
0
C(p) 4 i(x
K
...x
e
1 p) 4 e
i
(x―
(H)
4 ‟
ľ 4 İ
C((å)'yk d`x. y`p`e omėmr (:'eİe dkekdud omėmrkokr, (:'eİe me aóìóa
omėmrk ksm `ej`a d`x.(x,. . .x
e
) gc fokr. Ìóeaó Q:3x gcurs sİacİa igea-
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skygeu sİiİr gcur. Fu ourudo`
x
S cC t bdkek p 4 D`x.(x
(
.. .x
e
) 4 6.6
iF
0 0
^ ^
M(R h) 4 K x ox 4 ‟
Hg ik ;it
0
Y`r(Rh) 4 ‟ [ ‟ o * 4 i ( c U + k - ) o*
Hg S 6 / ^ Hg S p ?. /
0 0 p6 pz
:p 6 ' ? 06 ,
Aótcm grt`c`d` vm v`ry`esİeİe ùrematme fucue`e t`bdkecmrk,
* - W İ
6
6 6
K
6
(6.6)
6
4 0 . 0
4 4 .?>::
06 06
:. İİ b`jkdck fkr ùrema kìke ^gkssge o`ėİcİdİeİe p`r`dmtrmsk R'ed
DC t`bdke mokjkskek fucueuz vm s`pd`sİz gcup gcd`oİėİeİ t`rtİŗİeİz.
@'ke v`ry`esİeİ fucueuz. R
6
eke DC t`bdke mokjkskek fucueuz, s`pd`sİeİ
t`rtİŗİeİz, s`pd`cİ ksm R
6
kìke s`pd`sİz fkr t`bdke mokjk igrdócó vmrkekz.
Jmv`p8
i(x,R) -
m - Y
R
m - Y
C(R) - i(x,...x
e
1R ) 4 KK
ľ4t x
' R 6 R,
m~ Rk4c
e R1
k4c
ľe C 4 Z ľe i(x
i
1 R)
k4c
4 ce(m-
eR
) + ľe ( £ *,) ‟ ľe ( ik x, )
R
k-0
66:
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e rt
‟ ‟eR + 6 Rh ceR‟ 6 ceR h
k4c k4c
oľeC ±4c |
4 W
e +
8
oS R İ 4>
`
6 x,
k4c
R 4 4 x Æ'eİe DC t bdke mokjksk.
6 M(x
i
)
54•
0
eR
M(R) 4 4 4 R Fu sgeuì R'ke s`pd`sİz gcou-
e e
ėueu lùstmrkygr.
e
6 x,
ľ 4 0
0 e 0
Y`r(R) 4 Y r( ) 4 6 Y r(R,) 4 e Y`r(R)
e e
6 k 4 0
e
6
Y r(R) 4 R gcouėueu fkckygruz.
0 R
Y r(Æ) 4 eR 4
e
6
e İ
R
6
4 u(R) DC t`bdke mokjkcmrkeke kev`rk ejm ùzmcckėkek aucc`e`r a,
R
6
‟ u(R)
R
6
4 R
6
R
M (x
6
) 4 Y r(x) + QM(x)T
6
4 + R
6
R
6
.
e
G b`com R
6
, R
6
eke s`pd`sİz fkr t`bdke mokjksk omėkcokr. Mėmr x
6
R
ymrkem, (x
6
) ŗmackeom fkr t`bdke mokjk aucc`eİrs`a,
e
R 0 R 0
M(x
6
) 4 M (x
6
) M(x) - ‟ + R 4 .-
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?. İİ b jkdck fkr ùrema kìke aótc m grt`c`d`sİeİe fk cke okėkek
i`rzmomrma, aótcm v`ry`esİ kìke DC t`bdke mokjkskek fucueuz vm s`pd`
ourudueu t`rtİŗİeİz.
.mv`p8
i(x1e,jİ6) 4
6(H6
•s/6-a `
(k fkckekygr.
`
6
‟ > fkckedkygr vm t`bdke moodma kstmekygr.
0 e
C(Rh.. ,x
e
1 (x,>) 4
Z
(
R k
W
Q @
)
6
0 6> k4İ
6/ e e/ 6
(6tj) >
e e 0
6(xr-| x)5
6 6 6> k4k
4 (6<k) > m
e e 0
ľe C 4 ľe (6~) ľe > Z (x‟ik)6
6 6 6> k4c
o ľe C
:>
e
6 Z (
R k
- (x )
6
k4c
6>
+
?>6
4 >
Z (x
k
-
t
x)
k
k4c
e
>6
e>
6
4 > Z(
R k
‟ik )
6
45 >
k 4 c
6 (R
ľ
-(R)6
k4c
j
6
'eke DC t`bdke mokjksk.
e
66=
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M(9) 4 M Q"‟ Z (
Rc
‟(R)* 0 4 ‟ M i Z
R ľ
6
-6QR Z
x,+Yľ
C
e
İ4İ H
e
C k4İ . k4İ H
0 e
•4 ‟ 6 M(R
Z
6
) ‟ 6ik
6
+ Qk
6
4 M(Rh
6
) ‟ Qc
6
e k4c
M(R1
6
) 4 Y`r(R) + |x
6
4 s
6
-i Qk
6
M(>) 4 `
6
+ y. ‟ hx
6
4 `
6
Z (x
k
‟k4c
Fu ourudo`, j7
6
4 t`bdke mokjksk, ik, fokeokėkeom
e
egrd`c o`ėİcİdİe v`ry`esİ gr
6
'eke s pd sİz fkr t`bdkekokr. ^r`tkatm
fokedmymjmėk kìke lmemcckacm dmtkeom ymr c e t`bdke mokjk aucc eİc-
d`at`oİr.
=. e(Qk
0
, `
6
) o`ėİcİdcİ fkr aótcmome e
t
1 e(ik
6
, `
6
) o`ėİcİdcİ f`ŗa`
fkr aótcmome om e6 b`jkdck fkrfkrkeome f`ėİdsİz kak ùrema cdİygr,
` 4 ‟ QR
6
'eke DC t`bdke mokjkskek fucueuz, e 4 eh- (-e
6
'yk s`fkt a`fuc
momrma, «'de v`ry esİeİ dkekdud y pd`a kìke tgpc`d ùrema b`jdk
e, kak aótcm `r`sİeo` e`sİc fùcóedmckokr 7
Jmv`p8
` Ue(Qkİ‟ hh.6, `b+oz
0
)
æ 4 Rh ‟ R
6
M(Rc R
6
) 4 @c ‟ QR6
`,
6
z
6
Y`r(xİ‟ R6) 4 ‟ b (kak ùremėke f`ėİdsİzcİėİ sgeuju)
İ eİ e
6
e
6
4 e ‟ eİ
- (_c
6
®6
6
[ `8(`) 4 +
eİ e‟eİ
o [`r (`) 3kİ
6
`
6
6
o eİ eİ
6
(e‟eİ)
6
4 >
669
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3_İ
6
3H
6
ľ
eİ
6
(e‟eİ)
6
3_ 3_6 e
6
ti
6
eİ e
6
d İ
Fu ourud lùrm, e t`em lùzcmdk kak aótcm `r`sİeo g ŗmakcom fùc-
dmckykz ak, yua`rİo`ak mŗktckacmr s`ėc`e`foske. [ `ek, ùrema b`jkdcmrkeke
gr`d st`eo`rt s`pd`c`rİe gr`eİe` mŗkt gcurs`, 'ke v`ry`esİeİ dkekdud
y`pdİŗ gcuruz.
0 ^
9. i(x1 `, p) 4 x
`
m >3 x3p
` p
`
+'
4 > `ask b com.
sİacİa igeaskygeu vmrokygr. `'yİ fkckekygr i`rzmomrma e fkrkdcka fkr
tms oóik ùremėm o`y`e`r`a £ kìke DC t`bdke mokjkskek fucueuz. M(R)
‟ | :(x-k-c) vmrkcokėk t`atkrom, fucouėueuz t`bdke mokjkeke s pd b gcup
gcd`oİėİeİ t`rtİŗİeİz.
Jmv`p8
C(x―. . .x
F
1`, p) 4 it i(x1 `, p)
0
4 ( )± e (x
`
) m
` p
+ 0
`
4 - ( e x
`
) m
(` )
e
p
e`
+
e
S
k 4 c
'
e ±
ľe C 4 ‟` ce(` ) ‟ (e`+e) ľe p+ce ( e x )
Z x,
k4İ
66<
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/
: ľe C
Ùp
e
Z R,
k4±
Z R,
e` -i ñ
0‟ 0
+
^
e«-i-e
^
6
4 G
p 6
x
.
4 7
İ ( ―
`
x
e )
6 x, 4 p(e -(-e)
k‟0
e
6 x,
k4c
p 4
e ?" e
6 M(xh)
Ueİe DC t`bdke mokjksk
M(^) 4
e`-i-e
• ( t - ) "
eQ:(`-rk)T :3`-ic)
e`+e e( -(-c) *- i c
- ^
,'. ^ s`pd sİz fkr t`bdke mokjkokr.
<. i(x1 >) 4 > m-9* x5>
4 > `ask b com,
vmrokygr. DC dmtgoueu aucc`e`r`a > kìke fkr t`bdke mokjk fucueuz.
6
2. i(x, ) 4 ‟ (`- x )
`
6
>3x3`
sİacİa igeaskygeueo` 6 b`jkdck ùremacmr kìke 'eİe DC t`bdke mokjkskek
vm aótcm grt`c`d`sİeİe DC t`bdke mokjkskek fucueuz.
;. Q`,fT `r cİėİeo` f`ėİdsİz vm tms oóik gc`r`a smìkcdkŗ e t`em
s`yİ dmvjut gcouėueo` ` vm f'eke DC t`bdkecmrkek e`sİc fucursueuz 7
0>. Fkegdk c o`ėoİd p`r`dmtrmsk p'eke, e b`jkdck fkr tms`oóik
ùrema kìke, DC t`bdke mokjkskek fucueuz.
662
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KK. EGVD@C O@ĕKCDKŕ AÓ_CMCMV ÅÌÅE FÅV@X O@B@
O@ĕKCKD _MGVÅZÅ8 y
6
, t vm I O@ĕKCKDC@VK
. K
Egrd`c o`ėİcİd om olok dmvjut folkdkz, kejmcmeme omėkŗameke
o`ėoİ dİ eke egrd`c gcouėu aótcmcmrome `be`e tms oóik ùremacmrom, ùr-
ema st`tkstkacmrkeke o`ėoİddİe o`b` y`aİeo`e kejmcmedmskek b`acİ lùs-
tmrmjmatkr. @r`cİa ŗmackeomak t`bdkek kejmcmdmome ùejm egrd`c o`ėİcdİŗ
aótcmcmr kìke sùz ageusu gc`j`a fkra`ì ùemdck o`ėİcİdİ fodmdkz lmrm-
amjmatkr. Fu o`ėoİdc`r -/
6
, t vm I o`ėİcİdc`rİoİr. Ms s ktkf`rkycm L`dd ,
_, igeaskygeueue fokedmskek lmrmatkrme fu o`ėİcİdc`rİe sİafa igeask-
ygec`rİ ózmrkeom ourd`y`j`a, s`omjm egrd`c o`ėİfdo`e e`so tórmtodkŗ
gcouac`rİeİ fmckrtdmacm ymtkemjmėkz. I`a`t fueo`e ùejm egrd`c o`ėİcdİŗ
aótcmcmrome `cİe`e tms oóik ùremacmrke grt`c`d`c`rİ óm olok ùemdck fkr
tmgrmdk fmckrtmckd vm ksp`tcİy`cİd.
_mgrmd8 R
t
,. . .R
e
, grt`c`d`sİ p vm v`ry`esİ `
6
gc`e egrd`c o`-
ėİcdİŗ fkr aótcmome `cİe`j`a e fkrkdcka fkr tms oóik ùrema (R ~ e((x, `
6
))
`
6
vm R ùrema grt c d`sİ ksm, x‟ ' e( , ) gc j`a, sùzcm ki om mookrsm
ľ -)'
ùrema grt`c`d`sİeİe o`ėİcİdİeİe ŗmack egrd c gc`j`atİr. Fu folk, yua`-
rİo` sùzóeó mttkėkdkz o`ėİcİdc`r` lmìdmom me ùemdck rgcó gye`y`j`atİr.
e
ksp`t 8 [ 4 Z R , tms oóik omėkŗamekek t`eİdc y cİd.
k4c '
S k4c /
(x,+ ...+x
e
) t
d
y
( t ) 4 d
e
(t) 4 M Qm T 4 M Qm T
Z x,
k4c
4 M Qm*'
0
m
x
'
0
.... mYT
Rk'cmr f`ėİdsİz gcouėueo`e,
4 M Qm
x
İ
c
T MQmYT, ..MQmYT
Rh'cmr `yeİ o`ėİcdİŗ gcouėu kìke,
4 Qd
x
(t)T-
0
R 4 Z R , gcouėue lùrm,
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dW (t) 4 d (t) 4 d / (06)
0
* y
Xİ Rh X, x
r
e k4c • k4c
e
3r
6
t
6
Dt B
6
Egrd c o`ėİcİd om olok fùcódome d
x
(t)4 m gcouėueu
f okygruz.
R, x
e
R 4 + . . . +
e e
Q@t ii
6
t
6
/ t v e 6e
6
d
xk/
`
\ 4
d
* k H ‟
m
, Q@t `
6
t
6
v
`
6
t
6
( ‟ + ‟ ) + ‟
S e 6e
6
' 6e
d- (t) 4 m 4 m Fu ksm grt`c`d`sİ Q vm
v`ry`esİ `
6
/e gc e egrd c o`ėİcdİŗ fkr omėkŗameke dgdmet ìİa`r`e igea-
skygeuour. Dgdmet ìİa`r`e igeaskygec rİ mŗkt gc e kak o`ėİcİd fkìkdjm
fkrfkrkeke `yeİ gc j`ėİeo`e, x w± eU
Q@
U tmgrmdk, y`ek x'İe o`ėoİ-
dİeİe ŗmackeke egrd cckėk ksp`tc edİŗ gcur.
R
6
O`ėİcİdİ8
R
t
3•* e (Q@1, 3hh
6
) vm R
t
'cmr stga`stka f`ėİdsİz gcsue.
Rİ‟(R,
[ , 4 oùeóŗtórdmskek y p`rs a [ , e(>,c) y`ek [ ,'cmrke
o`ėİcİdİ st`eo`rt egrd`c gcur.
06 Ekìke7
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u
e /
R
k B-k S
6
e
4
6 ( 0 4 6 [ h
6
omėkŗamekek t`eİdc`y`cİd,
•40 S ii, / k4c
Zùzcm ki`om momrsma ], st`eo`rt egrd c o`ėİcdİŗ omėkŗamecmrke a`rm-
cmrkeke tgpc`dİoİr. Dgdmet ìİa`r e igeaskygec`ro e y`r`rc`e`r`a(0:)
e‟6
i(e) 4
u5> sİacİa igeaskygeu mcom mookr.
e
6
r
e‟6
6
Q ‟ T '
] omėkŗamekeke fu sİacİa igeaskygeu
/
o ėİcİdİ `oİeİ br v m ó U i
`
gc`r`a lùstmrkckr. Ìgėu akt`pc`ro`,
e / R,‟QR, S 6
y
6
‟ X ( ) ŗmackeom ymr `cİr.
' v ii, /
e o`ėİcİdİe p`r`dmtrmsk `yeİ z`d`eo smrfmstcka omrmjmskokr. @ŗ -
ėİo`ak ŗmakc e'ke dubtmcki omėmrcmrkem lùrm sİacİa igeaskygeueue ŗmackek
lùstmrdmatmokr.
Zmrfmstcka omrmjmsk, f`ėİdsİz tms oóik omėkŗame s`yİsİ-tms oóik om-
ėkŗamecmr ózmrkem age`e a`yİtc r mŗkttkr, y
6
o`ėİcİdİeo` e t`em f`ėİdsİz
[ h tms oóik omėkŗamek fucueouėue` vm ik y` o` `
6
fokedmokėk kìke omėkŗ-
d
g k X
t, Z (, 0 $ 0 « «
0: Fu ageuo f`aİeİz8 Dggo, Lr yfkcc, .l.m. Zb. 669.
6:0
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amecmrke omėmrcmrk ózmrkeom bkì a`yİt aged`dİŗ gcouėue lùrm smrfmstcka
omrmjmsk e gc j`atİr. A kt`fİe o`b sger`ak fùcódcmrkeom smrfmstcka omrm-
jmsk a`vr`dİ omv`dcİ ŗmaoom a`rŗo`ŗ`j ėİdİz fkr a`vr`d gc j`atİr.
Ìga f`skt fkr dksæc vmrmckd8
= t`em s`yİ gcsue. Fu s`yİc ro`e ? t`emskeke omėmrk vm fu fmŗ s`yİeİe
tgpc`dİ y` o` grt`c`d`sİ fokeokėkeom = kejk s`yİ o` gtgd`tka gc`r`a
bms`pc edİŗ gcur. Fkcdmokėkdkz s`yİ kìke fkr smrfmstcka sùz ageusu gc-
d`oİėİeo`e smrfmstcka omrmjmsk ?'tór. Mėmr grt c d`yİ fkcdmsmyoka ='kejk
s`vİ kìke om smrfmstcka gc j`a vm smrfmstcka omrmjmsk = gc j`atİ(0?).
@ŗ`ėİo`ak t`fcg dubtmcki smrfmstcka omrmjmcmrk vm dubtmcki fkrkadkŗ
gc sİcİac r tma`fóc mome
y
6
omėmrcmrkek vmrdmatmokr.
Fkrkakdck
y
6
O`ėİcİdİ
Z. O
.>0 .>=
.0> .;>
.;=
.;;
0 .>>?
.>09
6.<0
:.2?
9.9:
6 .>6> .0>: .600
?.90 =.;; ;.60
: .00= .:=6
.=2? 9.6=
<.20 00.:?
?
.6;<
.<00 0.>9? <.<2
;.?;
0:.62
:
.==? 0.0= 0.90
;.6? 00.><
0=.>;
9 .2<6
0.9? 6.6> 0>.9?
06.=; 09.20
< 0.6?
6.0< 6.2: 06.>6
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02.?2
2 0.9= 6.<:
:.?;
0:.:9 0=.=0
6>.>;
;
6.>; :.:: ?.0< 0?.92 09.;6 60.9<
0> 6.=9
:.;?
?.2< 0=.;; 02.:0
6:.60
00 :.>= ?.=<
=.=2
0<.62 0;.92 6?.<:
06
:.=<
=.6:
9.:> 02.==
60.>: .69.66
0: ?.00 =.2; <.>? 0;.20 66.:9 6<.9;
0? ?.99 9.=<
<.<;
60.>9
6:.92 6;.0?
0=
=.6: <.69 2.== 66.:0
6=.>> :>.=2
09 =.20 <.;9
;.:0
6:.=?
69.:> :6.>>
02 <.>0
;.:;
0>.29
6=.;;
62.2<
:?.20
6> 2.69 0>.2= 06.??
62.?0
:0.?0
:<.=<
66 ;.=? 06.:? 0?.>?
:>.20
::.;6
?>.6;
6? 0>.29 0:.2= 0=.99
::.6> :9.?6 ?6.;2
6= 00.=6 0?.90 09.?<
:?.:2 :<.9= ??.:0
:>
0?.;= 02.?;
6>.9>
?>.69 ?:.<< =>.2;
:= 02.=> 66.=>
6?.2>
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=>
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9:.0<
9<.=> <9.0=
9> :<.?2 ?:.0;
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2=.=:
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>>>09
Z. O. Zmrfmstcka omrmjmsk
0? Z yİc r 0,:,9,2 vm grt c d o ? ksm fmŗkejk s yİeİe 6 gcd sİ zgruecuour.
6:6
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Dmsmcæ 0? smrfmstcka omrmjmskeom .;= fkrkadkŗ gc sİcİė tma`fóc mome
R
6
omėmrk 6:.92 okr. Zmrfmstcka omrmjmcmrkek sgco`e, fkrkadkŗ gc sİfac e
o yua`rİo`e fucouat`e sger s`ė vm `ŗ`ėİy ogėru b`rmamt momrma fu
kak omėmrm tma`fóc mome y omėmrk amskd egat`sİeo vmrkcdkŗ gcd`at`oİr.
-/ o`ėİcİdİeİe dgdmet ìİa`r`e igeaskygeu, e smrfmstcka omrmjmsk
vm t 3 gcd`a ózmrm1
e
35
3 d
R
6
(t) 4 (0‟6t) okr. (0=)
R
6
o`ėİfdİeİe ùemdck fkr ùzmcckėk,
yh-
o`ėİcdİŗ f`ėİdsİz tms oóik
omėkŗamecmrke tgpc`dİeİe o` o`ėİcİdİeİe
y
gcd`sİ vm smrfmstcka omrmjm-
skeke, tma tma omėkŗamecmrke smrfmstcka omrmjmcmrk tgpc dİe mŗktckėkokr.
Rİ
6
5 R*
6
5 • • • Rd
6
5 f`ėİdsİz vm smrfmstcka omrmjmcmrk sİr sİyc` eİ,e
6
...e
d
gcsue.
(Rc
6
+R6
6
+ • • - +R
6
d) U y.
6
e
0
+e
6
+...+e
d
Fu tmgrmdke ksp`tİeİ dgdmet ìİa`r e igeaskyge y`roİdİ om y`p`-
fokrkz. F`ėİdsİz tms`oóik omėkŗamecmrke tgpc`dİeİe dgdmet ìİa`r`e
igeaskygeueue, dgdmet ìİa`r`e igeaskygec r ì`rpİdİe` mŗkt gcouėueu
fkckygruz.
R , [ f`ėİdsİz vm Z 4 R -)- [ gcsue.
d,(t) 4 M Qm
st
T 4 M Qm3
x+y
5
0
T 4 M U' m " T
R [ f`ėİdsİz gcouėueo` R vm [ eke igeaskygec rİ gc e m*' vm m
y 0
om
f`ėİdsİz gc`j`ėİeo`e,
d.(t) 4 MQm±TMQm5"T 4 d
x
(t) d
y
(t)
Fu sgeuju, d`tmd`tka meoóaskyge ygcuyc` sİeİrcİ fkr tgpc`d kìke
lmemccmymfkckrkz.
Fu ourudo`,
eİ e
6
e
d
6 6 6
d (t) 4 (0‟ 6t) (0‟6t) ...(0‟ 6t)
d+e
6
+. . .+e
d
v .. İ
U Ck
4 (0‟6t) • 6
ľZ ik o`ėİcİdİeİe dgdmet ìİa`r e igeaskygeueue mcom mokckŗk kìke f`aİeİz8 S cggo, Lr`yfkcc,
.l.m Zb. 669.
6::
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Fu ksm smrfmstcka omrmjmsk e
c
+ e
6
?-• ••+e
d
gc e y o`ėİcdİŗ fkr
tms oóik omėkŗameke dgdmet ìİa`r e igeaskygeuour. |
Eg rd`c O `ėİcdİŗ A ótcmcmrom ùrema G rt`c`d`sİ vm
[ `ry`esİe F`ėİdsİz cİėİ8
(@ y`ek aótcm grt`c`d sİ lmemcckacm fkckedmokėk kìke ùrema v`ry`esİ
s
6
'yk aótcm v`ry`esİ `
6
'eke t`bdke mokjksk gc`r`a aucc`eİrİz.
Z (R,‟ x)
6
k4t
Z
6
4
e‟0
x
İ‟D-
[ , 4 gcsue. [ ‟ e(>,c)
3_
e
Y 4 Z ([h‟ y)
6
tms oóik omėkŗamekek t`rki momckd.
k40
0
f) [ w± e(>, )
e
j) [ vm Y f`ėİdsİzoİr.(cù)
Egrd c o`ėİbdo`e f`ŗa bkìfkr o`ėİcİd kìke ùrema grt c d c rİ
o`ėİcİdİeİe ŗmackeke egrd`cckėk vm ùrema grt`c`d`sİ kcm v`ry`esdİe f`-
ėİdsİzcİėİ kcmrk sórócmdmz.
t O`ėİcİdİ8
R ~ e(Q@,3H
6
), ] ~ £
6
a
vm ] vm R f ėİdsİz gcsue.
R-(@
[ 4 eİe o`ėİfdİ st`eo`rt egrd`c gc`j atİr.
`
R (@
3y [ [Yľ_
_ 4 4 ‟ tms oóik omėkŗamekek t`eİd-
/ Å_ i~Ó~ Y __
v a Y a
09 _mgrmdke ksp tİ kìke f`aİdz Dggo, Lr yfkcc .l.m. Zb. 662.
6:?
K F dB B
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c`rs`a, _ ~ t
a
gc`j atİr. [`ek t o`ėİcdİŗ fkr omėkŗame, st`eo`rt egrd`c
o`ėİcdİŗ fkr omėkŗameke ameokskeome f`ėİdsİz gc e
y
o`ėodİŗ fkr omėkŗ-
ameke smrfmstcka omrmjmskem fùcódóem gr`eİoİr. O`ėİfdİe p`r`dmtrmsk,
smrfmstcka omrmjmsk a'oİr. t o`ėoİdİde sİafa igeaskygeu,
•
i(t) 4 ‟
gg
3 t 3>>
a‟65 t
6
(a+c)/ 6
Ya _J
S r - k
0
" )
Q
0 +
_ ľ
t o`ėİcİdİ sger`ak fùcódcmrom kst`tkstkak kstkoc`c kcm kclkck gc`r`a me
ìga aucc`e`j`ėİdİz o`ėİcİdc`ro`e fkrk gc`j`atİr. Fueue f`ŗcİj` emomek
fokedmyme aótcm p`r`dmtrmcmrkeome dóst`akc t o`ėodİŗ fkr st`tkstkėke
mcom mokcmfkcdmskeke dódaóe gcuŗuour. @ŗ`ėİo`ak t`fcg fkrkakdck t o`ėİ-
cİd fmcck smrfmstcka omrmjmcmrk vm gc sİcİac r lùrm vmrdmatmokr. _`fcgy`
f`aİcoİėİ z`d`e skdmtrka gcd`sİ lmrmėk `ìİaì lùrócdmatmokr, t o`ėoİdİ
ŗmao ktkf`rkycm egrd`c o`ėİcİd` fmezmyme i`a t geo`e o`b` y`tİa fkr
o`ėİfdoİr. @ej`a smrfmstcka omrmjmskeke sgesuz gcd`sİ b ckeom `yİİİ
fkrkadkŗ gc sİfė tma`fóc mome t omėmrcmrk egrd c o`ėİcİdİe `yeİ omėmr-
cmrkek `c`j`atİr.
I O`ėİcİdİ8
I o`ėİcİdİ (0<) fkrfkrkeome f`ėİdsİz kak / o`ėİcİdcİ omėkŗameke ameok
smrfmstcka omrmjmcmrkem fùcódóeóe gr`eİoİr. ] ~ y
6
d
, Y 3‟5 y
6
e
vm ] kcm
Y f`ėİdsİz gcsue.
]/ d ] e
Y/ e Y d
I ~ I(d,e) I o`ėİcİdİeİe kak p`r dmtrmsk dmvjuttur. ^`y vm p`y-
o`o`ak
y
6
o`ėİcdİŗ omėkŗamecmrke smrfmstcka omrmjmcmrk.
I o`ėİcİdİeİe sİacİa igeaskygeu,
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@ŗ ėİo ak t fcg .;= fkrkadkŗ gc sİcİa vm p`y vm p yo eİe dubtmcki
smrfmstcka omrmjmcmrkem tma fóc mome I omėmrcmrkek vmrdmatmokr.
Fkrkakdck t O ėİadİ @c e yózomsk
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eİ p y kck smrfmstcka omrmjmsk
İİ. p yo`eİe smrfmstcka omrmjmsk
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I o`óİcİdİde ùemdck fkr ùzmcckėk8
g G
0
‟ kckŗakskeke j rk gcd`sİoİr. Fu okŗak s`ymskeom
, K
I
―3d5c-«
o`ėİcİdİe sgc t`r`iİe` tma`fóc mome I omėmrcmrkeke `yeİ t`fcgo`e y`r`r-
c`e`r`a fucued`sİ dódaóe gcur.
R
6
, t, I o`ėİcİdc rİ `r cİa ŗmackeomak t`bdke vm bkpgtmz tmstcmrkeom
egrd`c o`ėİcİdc` fkrckatm aucc`eoİėİdİz me ùemdck `r`ìc`r gc`m`atİr.(02)
KKK. @V@CKA ŕMACľ.EOM _@BDľE
Fkckedmyme aótcm p`r`dmtrmsk > kìke, egat` t`bdke ŗmackeom tma fkr
t`bdke y`pd`a ymrkem, `ŗ ėİ yua`rİ sİeİrc`rİ kak tms oóik omėkŗame gc`e
fkr lóvme `r cİėİ kìkeom fucued gc sİcİėİeİ fmckrtkrsma `r cİa ŗmackeom
fkr t bdke y`pdİŗ gcuruz. Lóvme r`cİėİeİe kak uju lóvme sİeİe `oİeİ
cİr vm ùrema omėmrcmrkeke fkrmr igeaskygeu gc`r a fu kak sİeİr, ùrema
`cİed`o`e ùejm fkrmr tms oóik omėkŗameokr. 9İ(R ,. . .R
e
) vm 9
6
(Rİ. .
.
R―)
`r`sİeo a c e `r cİa o tms`oóik fkr r cİatİr. Fmckrtkcme gc`sİcİa lóvme
a`ts`yİsİ `oİeİ cİr vm 0‟x kcm lùstmrokr. @ec ŗİc j`ėİ lkfk * p`r`dmtrmeke
lmrìma omėmrkeke tms`oóik `r cİa oİŗİeo` fucued`sİ gc`sİcİėİoİr.
.-k -
^(2, 32 3>
6
) 4
0
‟
@
>
6
52_
iZ B
>6‟ >İ lóvme `r`cİėİd` uzuecuėueu vmrmjmatkr. Fmcck fkr (0‟`)
lóvme a`ts`yİsİ em a`o`r o`r fkr lóvme `r`aėİ kcm s`ėc eİrs t`bdke g
ùcìóom f`ŗ`rİcİ gcur.
Fkrmr kst`tkstkak t`bdke dmtgou gc r`a egat vm `r cİa ŗmackeom
t`bdkecmr fkrfkrcmrkeke `ctmre`tkik gc`e y ac`ŗİdc`r ŗmackeom oóŗóeócdm-
dmckokr. Fkr p`r`dmtrmyk `r cİa ŗmackeom t`bdke mtdma, y`eİcd vm
b`t`yİ oóŗóejm dgomckem o`bkc mttkėk kìke fokdsmc ektmckėk egat t`bdkem
e`z`r`e o`b lóìcó a`fuc moomfokr. Fkr lóvme `r cİėİeİe, y o kcmrkom
lùrócmjmėk ózmrm, `r cİėİe tmŗakckem kdaæe vmrmjma folómrke vmrodmsk
b`ckeom egat` t`bdkeke em ùcìóom lóvmekckr gcouėu `ec`ŗİar. I`a`t
fu kz`bc`rİ egat` t`bdkeke lmrmaskzckėk ŗmackeom ygrudc`y`ec`yİz. ^r`-
tkatm pma ìga a`r`r vm pgcktka prgfcmdkeom y o ùejmome t`bdkecmrom
ľF y
6
, t vm I o`ėİcİdc rİe kckŗake tmgrka ektmckatm prgfcmd vmrdmykŗkdkzkİİ emomek fİİ o`ėİ-
cİdc r kìke C' o`ėİcİdİeİe fkckedmsk lmrmėk vm kŗcmdcmrke lmrmatkrokėk d tmd tka smvkymskokr. Cylu-
c İe kcm kclkck cİŗtİrd c r ksm z tme sger ak fùcódcmrom y pİc j ėİ kìke lmrmaskzokr.
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p`r`dmtrm t`bdkecmrk y o ùejmome t`bdkecmr fkrmr egat ŗmackeom
vmrodma zgrueo`oİr.
Egat` vm `r`cİa ŗmackeomak t`bdkecmrke t`d`dc`yİjİ ektmckėkek fkr-
a`ì dks`ccm fmckrtmckd8
0. Eóius s`yİdİ sgeuìc rİ lmì mcom mokcokėk kìke % 0 ùremacmdm
sgeuìc`rİ amske s`yİd sgeuìc`rİeo`e ùejm y`yİec`eİr. 0;9= yİcİe` `kt gc`e
ùremacmdm sgeuìc rİeİ omėmrcmeokrkrame % ;= lóvme a`ts`yİsİ ms`sİe`
lùrm fucueduŗ lóvme sİeİrc rİeİ o fkcdmdkz lmrmakr.(0;).
6. Fkr f`ŗa` dksæc gc`r`a, 0;<> yİcİeo` ùzmc tmŗmffósóe d`ake`
tmìbkz`t y`tİrİdİd ùejmome t`bdkem ì`cİŗtİėİdİzİ oóŗóemckd. Fu `d`ìc`
rmlrmsyge dmtgoc`rİeİ aucc`e`r`a fkr ùejmome t`bdke mcom momckd.
Dmsmcæ ? doy`r _C. Mėmr fu omėmr mtr iİeo fkr lóvme `r cİėİ tmŗakc mt-
dmz y o bkì omėosm t`bdkeke st`eo`rt b`t`sİeİ fmckrtdmzsma, fu ùe
t`bdkem o`y`e`e katks`t pgcktka`c`rİ ìga y`ecİŗ fkr tmdmcm o`y`e`fkckr.(6>)
Fu kak dksæcke om lùstmrokėk lkfk, egat` t`bdkecmrk y`p`e, b`t`
ùcìócmrkek (Zt`eo`rt b`t`, t`bdkeke st`eo`rt b`t`sİ... lkfk) om fkrckatm
vmrmfkckr vmy` r`cİa ŗmackeom t`bdkecmrk om vmrkr vm fu `r`fac`r
aucc`eİjİ f`aİdİeo`e egat` t`bdkeke y` o` t`bdke prgsmskeke omėmr-
cmeokrkcdmskeom aucc`eİc`fkckr. .- ' 1
@r`cİa ŗmackeom t`bdke kcm sger`ak fùcódom lùrmjmėkdkz bkpgtmz tmst-
cmrk mŗcmeka y`ac`ŗİdc`roİr. Fkr bkpgtmzk a`fuc y` o` rmoomtdma kìke
y`ac ŗİdc ro`e fkrk rmo bkpgtmzkeom ùelùrócme p`r`dmtrm omėmrcmrk
mtr iİeo` lóvme r`bac`rİ tmŗao mtdìa vm lùzcmeme t bdkeke fu `r`cİa
kìkem oóŗóp oóŗdmokėkem f`ad`atİr.
@r`cİa ŗmackeom t`bdkecmr y` tma p`r`dmtrm kìke vmy` fkrome i`zc`
p`r`dmtrm kìke `yeİ `eo lóvme fùclmcmrk ŗmackeom oóŗóeócór. Fkr okėmr
sİeİic`d` o` r`cİėİe kak t`r`icİ vmy` tma t`r icİ gcd`sİe` lùrmokr. F`zİ
b ccmrom lóvme `r cİac rİ,
0; OľM 0;9= İİóius s yİdİ % 0 ùremacmdm sgeuìc rİeo smìkcdkŗ fóyóacóacmr kìke lóvme
sİeİrc rİ vmrkcdmatmokr. Dmsmcæ @ea r ŗmbrkeom smrfmst dmscma s bkpcmrk fkr egat t bdke gc r a
t fcgc ro lùrócórame `yrİ fkr t fcgo`e, fu r`a`dİe lóvmekckrcka omrmjmsk, mtr iİeo ak % ;='cka
lóvme r cİėİeİe lmekŗcka omrmjmskeome `ec ŗİcd`at oİr. Fkr `e kìke fu s yİdİe :>>>> vm lóvme
sİeİrc rİeİe o =>>> vm ==>>> gcouėueu oóŗóemckd.Fùycm fkr ourudo bmrb com :>>>> r a`dİeİ
aucc e j a jms rmtk ameokdkzom fuc d yİz. Fue a rŗİcİa dmsmcæ fu sİeİrc r 0<?>> vm ?69>>
gcs`yoİ :>>>> r`a`dİeİ o`b i zc lóvmemrma aucc e`fkcmjmatka.
6> r tkatm fu tkp ùejmome t bdkecmr ìgėu z`d`e egat t bdke ŗmackeom vmrkckr. Egat
t bdke y`ac ŗİdİ, lóvme `r cİėİeİe lmekŗ gcuŗu, ogc yİsİyc fu `ec do t bdkeke lóvmekckr gc-
d`d sİeİe sgeuju ksm fkckdsmccka ektmckėk ìga fóyóa ùcìóom a`yfgcur. @r`ŗtİrİjİeİe y`yİec d`s`
fkcm,, r cİa t bdkem kdaæe vmrme fkclkcmrk om mcom mtdkŗ gcd sİ kj f momr.
6:;
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^(m3Ù
6
) 4 0 ‟ ` vmy` ^(95>,) 4 0 ‟ ` ŗmackeom vmrkcmfkckr.
Egrd c o`ėİcdİŗ aótcmcmrke p`r`dmtrmcmrk y`ek hx vm `
6
kcm olkck t`b-
dkecmr vmy gr`ec rc olok t`bdkecmr ózmrkeom `yrİj ourucd`sİ vm
spmskika `r fa igrdóccmrkeke vmrkcdmsk lmrmakr. Fkz om fu uyluc`d`yİ
kzcmymrma ùejm ih. vm `
6
kìke (t`fkk egrd c o`ėİcdİŗ aótcmcmrom) sger o`
gr`ec`r kìke kak t`r icİ vm tma t`r`icİ lóvme `r`cİac`rİ vm aİs`j` lóvme
fùclmcmrk ózmrkeom our`j`ėİz.
Eg rd`c O `ėİcİdİe G rt`c`d`sİ , Qk kìke L óvme @ r`cİac`rİ8
Fur`o kak b ck `yİromomjmėkz.
k) `
6
'eke fokeokėk b`c,
kk) O`b` rm`ckst fkr y`ac`ŗİd kcm `
6
'eke fokedmokėk b`c.
åca ùejm kca ŗka ózmrkeom our`cİd8
k) `
6
fkckekygr.
• kìke me uylue egat` t`bdke pma ìga b com ùrema grt`c`d sİ x'okr.
R (R
z 4 e(>,c) o`ėİcdİŗtİr.
L
•/k_ 3r
Aótcm v`ry`esİ, ogc`yİsİyc` st`eo`rt s pd`sİ (`) fkckeokėkeome |x
mtr`iİeo` fkr lóvme `r`fėİeİ agc`yj` tmŗakc momfkckrkz.
Egrd c o`ėoİdİe skdmtrk ùzmcckėk sgeuju, lóvme `r`fėİde fgyu
grt`c`d`eİe kak y`eİe` 0‟` `c`eİeİe mŗkt ŗmakcom o`ėİtİcoİėİ ourudo`
dkekdud gcur.
Lóvme .a`ts`yİsİ 0‟` gcouėu t`atkrom, kak t`r icİ fkr lóvme `r cİėİ
kìke,
^(‟ z
`
/6 3z3 z
`
/ 6) 4 0 ‟ ` y`z fkckrkz.
6?>
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x‟ `
z ymrkem agy`cİd vm hİ'yó grt`o` y`ecİz fİr`ad`y` ì`cİŗ`fd8
vY
p(‟ X`6 ‟-3R‟u. 3 X`6
S
4 0 ‟ `
/
`
-
L
S '
^
‟ R ‟ X /6 3‟ KR 3 ‟ R + X /6
) 4 0 ‟ `
v
vY
p ( x ‟
X`
/6
3iR
3R +
X /6 )
4 0
‟ `
Ùrema aed`o`e ùejm x fkr tms oóik omėkŗame gcouėue lùrm lóvme
sİeİrc`rİ o` fkrmr tms oóik omėkŗameokr. Lóvme `r cİėİeİe fgyu ksm,
rs
6 X`6 gc`j atİr.
vó
ùrema `beoİat`e sger` ksm lóvme sİeİrc`rİ fkrmr s`yİo`e kf`rmt gc`-
j`atİr. Dmsmcæ ^(‟ .=3Qx36) 4 .;= ŗmackeomak fkr ki`omeke y`ecİŗcİėİ
ùejmak fùcódom fmckrtkcdkŗtk. Qx fu `r cİa kìkeom gcouėueo` fu gc`sİcİa 0,
oİŗİeo gcouėueo ksm sİiİr gc j`atİr, ùremacmdm sgeuju mcom moome spm-
skika lóvme sİeİrİ omėmrcmrk "(0‟`) lóvme `r`cİėİ prmeskfkeome y`r`rc`eİ-
c`r`a fucueduŗ lóvme sİeİrc`rİeİe g ùrema kìke spmskika omėmrcmrk" gc`r a
ygrudc`ed`a vm fkr gc`sİcİa ki omsk ymrkem, dmsmcæ (‟. =, 6) lkfk fkr ki`om
tmrjkb mokcdmckokr.(60)
0 :
S
Lóvme `r cİėİeİe fgvueu vmrme h
6 z
`
/6
K ki`omsk, fmcck fgyo`
fkr lóvme `r cİėİeİ fmcck fkr lóvme sİeİe kcm mcom mtdma kìke, s`fkt kame,
ùrema b`jdkeke e`sİc omėkŗtkrkcdmsk lmrmamjmėkek om vmrmjmatkr. F`ŗa`
omykŗcm, `r cİėİe fgyu, lóvme a`ts`yİsİ vm ùrema b`jdkeome 6 sk kstmeome
smvkymom tutuc r`a, s`fkt kame, omėkŗdmskem kzke vmrkcme omėmrke fóyóa-
cóėó t`yke momfomjmatkr.
60 Fu f skt ygrud b t sİ ùzmcckacm t rkismc ektmckatmak fkrìga kst tkstka akt fİeo vm kst tkstka
uyluc d c rİeo lùrócór. Dmsmcæ OľM 0;9= Eóius Z yİdİ % 0 ùremacmdm sgeuìc rİeo gcouėu
lkfk.
6?0
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/ '
/
Lóvme `r cİėİeİe tma t`r icİ gcd`sİ b ckeom om fmezmr kŗcmdcmrcm,
^(>3>
6
) 4 0 - ` kìke ^(Y 3R +z
`
) 4 0 ‟ `
^(25>İ) 4 0 ‟ x kìke p/ pC5R‟z
`
) 4 0 ‟ ` `r cİac`rİ tmŗ-
akc mokcmjmatkr. Fur`o` 'eİe t`d`dİeİe, o`ėİcİdİe fkr t`r`iİe` tgpc`e-
oİėİe` okaa`t mokcdmckokr.
ŕkdok fkr ùrema ózmrkeom y`pİc j`a bms`pc d c rİ lùrmckd8
Dksæc8 Y`ry esİ 09 gc e egrd c o ėodİŗ fkr aótcmeke fkcdmokėkdkz
grt c d`sİ b`aaİeo % ;= lóvme a`ts`yİcİ fkr `r cİa tmŗakc mtdma kstk-
ygruz. Fu `d ìc` 9 fkrkdcka fkr ùrema cİygr vm .=,0.9, .;,6.0,:.>,0.=
omėmrcmrkek mcom mokygruz.
k) % ;= lóvme `r cİėİ prmeskfkeome b`rmamtcm fu ùrematme mcom mom-
jmėkdkz lóvme sİeİrc rİeİ fucueuz.
kk) Lóvme `r`bėİeİe fgyueu ? y`pd`a kìke lmrmack ùrema b`jdk em
gcd`cİoİr7
kkk) ùrema b`jdk 9 kame b elk lóvme a`ts`yİsİ fkzm ?'cóa lóvme `r -
cİėİd vmrmjmatkr7
Jmv`p8
k) åstmeome kak t r`icİ lóvme `r cİėİeİe igrdócó,
` `
^
(R ‟ z
`
/ 6 3h k 3 R + X
`
/ 6 ‟ ) 4 0 ‟ R
y/ e Y
`
6?6
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ik'eóe DC t bdke mokjksk x'İe fu ùrematme fucue`e omėmrk 0.9Dİr. % ;=
? ?
cka lóvme sİeİrc`rİ1 (0.9 ‟ 0.;9) ) vm (0.9+ 0.;9 ) oİr. F`skt -
9 9
cmŗtkrkejm ‟ 0.9 vm ?.2 omėmrcmrk mcom mokckr. Lóvme `r`cİėİeİe uzuecuėu
9.? gcd`at`oİr.
kk) ùrema b`jdkek mcom mtdmdkzk s`ėc`y`j`a ki`om,
?
0.;9 4 6 ** 09
kkk) ? v'_
X / 6 4 6, X / 6 4 4 0.66=
Y _ 6
0.66= z omėmrkem tma`fóc mome gc`sİcİa, sİacİa igeaskygeu t`fcgsueo`e
. :; gc r`a fucueur. G b com ùrema b`jdk 9 kame ? fgyueo lóvme `r -
fėİ . <2 lóvme a`ts`yİsİ kcm mcom mokcmfomjmatkr.
_ma t`r`i cİ lóvme `r cİac`rİe` dksæc gcd`a ózmrm `ŗ ėİo`ak sgru-
c`rİ jmv`pc`eoİr`fd.
k) [ ua`rİo`ak dksæcom aótcm grt`c`d`sİ % ;= cka tma t r`icİ lóvme
`r cİėİe lùrm b`elk omėmrome aóìóa gc j`atİr7
kk) @yeİ dksæcom % ;= cka lóvme sİeİrİeİe : gcd`sİ kìke lmrmack ùrema
b`jdk emokr7
kkk) ùrema b`jdk 9 kame lóvme sİeİe : gcouėueo` lóvme a`ts`yİsİ
em gc`j`atİr7
Jmv`p8
`
k) ^(ik.3x+z
`
) 4 0 ‟ x
Ye
0.9+0.9= 4 0.9+6.< 4 ?.:
Y_
?
kk) 0.9= 4 0.?- - * YU" 4 ?.<0 e 6: gcd`cİoİr.
Y
?
kkk) z
`
40.?‟ - * z
`
4 2<=
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.2<= z
`
omėmrkem tma`fóc mome fkrkadkŗ gc soİa .2>; (7«.20) gcouėue`
lùrm 4 . 0; vmy f`ŗa ki`om kcm lóvme a`ts`yİsİ . 20 gc`j`atİr.
kk) J_
6
fkckedkygr
Aótcm v`ry esİ ìgėu z`d`e fokedmz. Fùycm b ccmrom 3İ
6
'yk fkckekygr
a`fuc momrma uyluc y`j`ėİdİz y`ac ŗİdİ aucc e`d`yİz, ymrkem ŗma-
ckeom fkr t`bdke agy`rs`a fu t`atkrom gc`sİfa ki`omcmrk amskeckėkek a`y-
fmomr vm aóìóa ùremacmr kìke y`eaŗ sgeuìc r vmrkr. g
6
'ome dóst`ao gc`e,
f`ŗa omykŗcm bms`pc d c rİeo mr
6
tmrkdkek kbtkv` mtdmyme tms`oóik
lóvme sİeİrc e igrdóccmrk mcom mtdmdkz vm kstkoc ccmrom fueu aucc`e-
d`dİz ogėru gc j`atİr.
Fu ageuo`, \.Z. Lgssmtt (Ztuomet) t r`iİeo`e grt`y` ìİa`ec`e t
o`ėİcİdİ fkzm y`roİd momjmatkr.
R w e(Qx,(_
6
) vm > 3`
6
3jg ksm
Fokeokėk lkfk t o`ėİcİdİ, Zt`eo`ro egrd c o`ėİcdİŗ fkr tms`oóik
omėkŗameke, y
6
o`ėİcİdcİ fkr omėkŗameke smrfmstcka omrmjmskem fùcódóeóe
a`rm aùaóem gr`eİoİr. Egrd c vm y
6
o`ėİcİdcİ omėkŗamecmrke f`ėİdsİz
gcd c rİ o `yej lmrmackokr.
R‟|ľ Ye(x-ik)
Y *
' e(>,c)
e
e
(R , -R )
6
Ùrema v`ry`esİ Z
6
(e‟0) Z
6
4 6 (R,‟x)
6
e‟0
(e‟0) Z
6
ŕkdok kcmrkom i`yo c ed`a ózmrm, w±
y
e
Wt gcouėueu ks-
p t momckd. `
6
(e‟0) Z
6
4 R (R,‟x)
6
4 6 Q(R,‟hx) - (x - kx )T
6
6 (R,-(x)
6
+ e(x-kx)
6
- 6 6 (R ,-
Q
x) (x-ix)
ľ4İ ľ4İ
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Gys`,
Z (R,‟ix) (x‟(t) 4 ľ (RhR‟R,hk.‟ | xx+. ix
6
)
W İİ e
R -R h ‟(R Z R, ‟eİx R+e`
6
k4c k‟0
4 e R
6
-i eİx
6
‟İİİx R‟euR
4 e(x‟1HC)
6
(KK
‟ 0)
Z
6
4 M (R,‟hx)
6
‟e(x‟1x)
6
( ±-
0
)
Z 6
W |
(
R
İ-Y Y
/ R - 1x S
6
3r
6
•41 S ` ' \ Y e /
66)
@ 4 F ‟ J ŗmackeom mŗktckėke bmr kak t r`iİd smdfgccmŗtkrmckd.
F 4 @ + J
d
F
(t) 4 d
@ +j
(t)
Z
6
vm x'd f`ėİdsİz gcouėueu fkcokėkdkz kìke fuec`rİe igeaskygeu
gc`e @ vm J om f`ėİdsİzoİr. F`ėİdsİz kak tms`oóik omėkŗameke tgpc`dİeİe
dgdmet ìİa r`e igeaskygeu tmrkdcmrke d.ì.i. c`rİ ì rpİdİe` mŗkttkr. [ `ek1
d
@+j\ 4
d
@ (
c
)
d
j(
c
)
d
F
(t) 4 d
@
(t) d
j
(t)
d
F
\
d
@
(t) 4
dj(t)
e
6 Rh‟hk
d
F
(t) 4 (c‟ 6t) gcouėueu fkckygruz. Ìóeaó -5Ue(>,c)
R
e / U‟
.=, y )
o k r
-
(e‟0) Z*
Z(R
(
‟‟e(R‟(k)
0
e
/ R‟(x S 6
/R‟ikS6
66
' o
6
fur o`e o dmtkeomak igrdóc mcom mokckr.
60=
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- a
d
j
(t) 4 c - 6 t )
e
eW c
6
(0‟6t) 6
Fur`o`e d
@
(t) 4 4 (0‟6t)
(c-6t)
(e‟0)Z
6
Fu
ksm U R
6
e-' gcouėueue ksp tİeİe fktdmsk omdmatkr.
`
6
ŕkdok _ omėkŗamekek tmŗa] momckd.
Y_(x‟(k)
_ 4
(e‟0)Z
6
3<
HQ
e‟K)®
6
/
R‟ Qk ik
F
r
‟ Z (R,‟R )
6
YUr k k4İ
h e(e
e-0)
Lùrócoóėó lkfk, _ tms`oóik omėkŗamek, fokedmyme aótcm v`ry`esİ
_
6
'yk kbtkv mtdmdmatm vm mr
6
kìke fkr t`bdke y`pİp aucc ed lmrmėkek
grt`o`e a coİrd`at`oİr. Fueue ymrkem ùrema v`ry`esİeİe s`pd`sİz
omėmrk aucc`eod`at`oİr. ùzmcckacm aóìóa ùremacmr f`aİdİeo`e t o`ėİ-
cİdİeİe aucc`eod`sİ ygcuyc fucue`e sgeuìc r egrd c o`ėİcİdo`akeome
i`racİ gc`j`atİr. Lmemcckacm :> vm o`b` yua`rİ b`jkdck "fóyóa" ùremacmr
kìke t vm egrd c o`ėİcİdc rİ aucc e`e sgeuìc r fkrfkrcmrkem y`ac ŗ`j`atİr.
Fu ourud, t o`ėİcİdİe` f`zİ akt`pc`ro` "aóìóa ùrema y`ac`ŗİdİ" ome-
dmskeke smfmfkek grt`y agyuygr.(6:)
6: Fkzjm fu ageuo sİc ùemdck egat aóìóa ùremėm uyluc d`o`e ìga, t o`ėİcİdİ kcm t b-
dke kŗcmdkeke aótcm p r dmtrmsk `
'eke omėmrkeke fkckedmskek lmrmatkrdm dmekokr.
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ŕkdok t o`ėİcİdİd aucc`e`r`a lóvme `r`cİėİeİe e`sİc tmŗakc mokcokėkek
lùrmckd. [kem ` b`t` p`yİeİ, (0‟`) o` lóvme a`ts`yİsİeİ lùstmrske.
/•t /6
^(‟ t / 6 3_3t / 6) 4 i(t1 e‟ 0) ot 4 0 ‟ `
H Wt / 6
R‟(k
^(‟t / 6,e-c 3 3 t
`
/ 6,e- c) 4 0 ‟ `
6 (R
c
-x)6
k4c
e(e-c)
fur`o`e, lmrmack kŗcmdcmrk y`p`r`a,
(x‟ t / 6.
| Z. (R
r
x)6 | s (R ,-x)
6
e-0 / 3(HC3R+t / 6,e-c / )4c - `
Y e(e‟0) Y e(e‟0)
(e‟0) Y e(e‟0)
kak t`r`icİ lóvme `r`cİėİ mcom mookr. Lóvme `r`cİėİeİe fgyu1
6 (R,-x)
6
. ľ40
6t
`
/ 6,e-c
H e(e‟ 0)
Mx `etm, fkrmr tms oóik omėkŗame gc`e lóvme sİeİrc`e kìke ùremacmdm
ygcuyc ùrema omėmrcmrk aucc eİc`r`a spmskika omėmrcmr mcom mookr vm (k)
ŗİaaİeo`ak lkfk ygrudc`eİr.
_ma t`r`icİ lóvme `r`bac`e o` (k) ŗİaaİeo` gcouėu lkfkokr.
Z (Rk‟x)
6
, k4c
^(| @3R+t`,e-c / 4 0 ‟ `
Y e(e‟0)
6 (R,‟x)
6
k4c
^(tc5R ‟ t`,e-c / 4 0
Y e(e-
(e- c )
6?<
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Egrd`c O`ėİcdİŗ Aótcmcmrom Grt`c`d`c`r @r`sİeo`ak
I`ra kcm kclkck Lóvme @r`cİac`rİ8
kak aótcm grt c`d sİ `r sİeo`ak i`racİcİa pr`tkatm pma ìga b`com,
kejmcmdmyk kstmokėkdkz fkr ŗmyokr. Dmsmcæ aİz vm mrama ùėrmejomrke fmcck
fkr kdtkb`eo`ak f`ŗ rİ i`racoİėİ, kak tgbud jkeskeke vmrkd i`raİ... lkfk.
Mckdkzom R vm [ tms oóik omėkŗamecmrkeke o`ėİcoİėİ kak aótcm gcsue.
R ‟ e(Qk
x
, g
x
6
)
[ e(hx
y
, 3r
y
6
)
Fur`o amske `r cİa omėmrcmrkeke mcom moomfomjmėk kak b ck `yİromt-
dmdkz lmrmakr.
k) Aótcm v`ry esc`rİeİe f okedmsk b`ck,
kk) Aótcm v`ry`esc`rİeİe s`yİs c omėmrk fkckedmdmacm fmr`fmr mŗkt
gcouac`rİ i r zkymskeke y`pod`sİ (ak ìgėu amrm rm ckst fkr i`r zkym gc -
fkckr)
3_
R
6
4 3_
y
6
4 o
6
ŕkdok fu kak b ck tmamr tmamr kejmcmymckd.
k) R , [ aótcmcmrkeome, fkrfkrkeome f`ėİdsİz gc`r a `ae j`a kak ùr-
ematme (e
x
, e
y
ùrema b`jkdcmrkek lùstmrske) fucue`j`a ùrema grt c`d c`rİ
`r`sİeo`ak
R ‟ [
i raİ
(hİ
x
‟
hx
y
)
eke s`pd`sİz fkr t`bdke mokjkskokr.
6
6
3‟ 4 ,
L y
~
e
*
v m e
y f`ėİdsİz smìookacmrkeome x, [
e
x
e
y
f`ėİdsİzoİr.
(_
6
3H
6
Y`r(x‟[) 4 Y r(x) + Y r([) 4 ‟ + ‟
e
x
e
y
(R -[ ) ‟ ((*,‟u
y
)
‟ e(>,c)
e.
(R‟[) ‟
(Qk,‟k
y
)
?
(‟X /6 3 3 X 6 ) 4 0
H
`
6
js
y
6
e.
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ki`omsk fkzm kstmeome lóvme `r`bėİeİ vmrmjmatkr.
/
i i
x
6
3 Y W / j r
x
6
`
y
6
^(R - [-z
`
/ 6 U + 3
( h c x
W
( k y 3 x
W
[ + X ` / 6
H
+
) 4 0 W
`
e
x
e
r e
x
e
y
_ma t`r`icİ lóvme `r`cİac`rİ kìke om tma fkr aótcmeke grt`c`d sİ kìke
oózmecmeme lóvme r cİac rİeo gcouėu lkfk b`rmamt moomjmatkr.
ó) 3t
x
6
4 jr
y
6
4 g
6
omėmrk fokedmokėkem lùrm fueo`e f`ėİdsİz
o`ėİcdİŗ st`tkstkacmr mcom mtdmdkz lmrmackokr. Fueue kìke t o`ėİcİdİeo`e
y`r`rc`eİrİz.
( e - 0 ) Z
x
6
6
( e
y
- c ) Z
y
6
6
• U Y İ , U^" Y
0
F`ėİdsİz kak y o`ėİcİdcİ omėkŗameke tgpc dİ o y gc j`ėdo`e,
( e
x
- c ) Z
x
6
+(e
y
- c ) Z
y
6
i `
x
+ e
y
-6
`
6
(x‟[) ‟ (kx
x
‟iR
y
)
e(>,c)
+ ‟
e
x
e
y
(R‟[) ‟ (iR
x
‟(k
y
)
H
e
x
e
y
(e
x
- c )Z
x
6
+(e
y
- c )Z
y
6
`
e
x
e
_ 4 ‟ t e
y+
e
y
- 6
`
6
(e
x
+e
y
‟ 6)
(e
x
- c ) Z
x
6
+(e
y
- c ) Z
y
6
Fu ki`omom 4 Z
6
grt`a v`ry`esİe fkr
e
x
+e
y
‟ 6
`r`y` lmtkrkcdkŗ t`bdkekokr. Z
6
yk omeacmdom ymrkem agy`r`a.
00;
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(x‟ [ ) ‟ (iR
x
‟IR[)
_ 4 - -
t
`
x
+ e
y
- 6
+ ‟
^(‟ t 3_ 3 t ) 4 0 ‟ ` o`e kstmekcme ló-
/ 6, u
x
?-e
y
‟ 6 / 6, e
x
- ie
y
‟ 6 vme `r cİėİ mcom mokckr8
/ e
x
+e
y
^ T(x -[ )-t Z H
3 (
x
x
-«.
y
3(R-[)
/ 6,e
x
-)-e
y
‟ 6 e
x
e
y
/
e
x +
e
y k
+ t Z H 4 c-gj
/ 6,e
x
-i-e
y
‟ 6 e
x
e
y
/
Egrd`c O`ėİcİdİe Y`ry`esİ kìke Lóvme @r`cİac`rİ8
s ( x
- x )
6
k 4 c
Egrd c o`ėİcdİŗ aótcmcmrome cİe`e ùremacmrom1
‟
U
y―Wİ
jr
6
gcouėueu fkckygruz, y
6
o`ėİfdİeİ aucc`e`r`a,
ľ c (R , -x )
6
^
(R
6
« 3 3R
6 `
) 4 0 ‟
`
lóvme `r -
e‟0, jt
6
e‟0, 0
6 6
cİėİeİ tmŗakc momrkz. O`b ùejmak egrd c y o t o`ėİcİdc rİ skdmtrka gc-
ouac`rİ kìke kŗ rmt i`raİ kcm o ėİcİdİe kak ujueo` `yeİ dutc`a fóyóacóa
t vmy z omėmrk gc r`a cİeİygrou. Fur`o ksm kak i racİ omėmr fucd`a
zgruecuour. Dmsmcæ ` ‟ .>= ksm x
6
e-k± .>6= omėmrk o`ėİcİdİe sgc t`r iİeo`
fu omėmrke sgcueo a c e c eİ .>6= y`p`e1 y
6
`
- u -;<= om fu omėmrke
s`ėİeo a c e c eİ .>6= y`p`e y
6
omėmrcmrkokr.
Gc`sİcİa ki`omskeom `
6
'yk y`ceİz fİr`ad`y` ì`aŗ`r`a kŗcmdm omv`d
momckd.
6=>
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^( 3 ‟ 3 4, 0 - «
ľ (R
t
‟R)
6
* k (R ,-x)`
ľ4İ k4c
v *
^( 3
;
6 3 ) 4 0 ‟ «
R
6
` R
6
`
e‟ 0, 0 e‟0,
6 6
Dksæc8 Egrd`c o`ėİcİdcİ fkr aótcmeke fkcdmokėkdkz v`ry`esİ `
0
kìke
fkr `r`cİa t`fdke y`pd`a `d`jİ kcm 62 fkrkdcka fkr ùrema `cİedİŗ vm
`
ùrematme. M Rh‟ x)
6
4 ;:6 fucueduŗtur, `
6
kìke % ;2 lóvme a`t-
k‟0
s`yİcİ lóvme sİeİrc`rİeİe, fu ùrema kìke omėmrcmrkek mcom mokekz.
Jmv`p8 Lóvme `r`fėİeİe igrdócóeó uyluc`y`r`a1
;:< ;:6
3
(H6
3
R
6
R
6
6<,. ;; 6<,. >0
;:6 ;:6
3 `
6
3 fu ùrema kìke lóvme sİeİrc`rİeİe spmskika omėmr-
?< 06.;
cmrkokr. * kìke tma t`r icİ lóvme `r`cİac`rİ lmrmatkėkeom,
ľ (R , -x )
6
k4c
^(
J_
6 3 ) 4 0 ‟ `
R
6
e-İ5 *
vmy`
e
6 (R,‟x)
6
0‟k
^(
`
6 5 4 0 ‟ ` igrdóccmrkeome fkrkek aucc`ed`-
R
6
e-0
dİz lmrmamjmatkr.
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Egrd c O `ėİcdİŗ A ótcmcmrom G rt`c`d` vm Y `ry`es kìke
Lóvme Fùclmcmrk8
Em kz, em om mr
6
b`aaİeo` fkr folkym s`bkp omėkcsma kak fgyutcu
oózcmd ózmrkeom, sİeİrc`rİ tms`oóik gc`e fkr fùclm, ix vm 3r
6
eke fmcck gc`-
sİcİac` kìkeom fucue`j`ėİ omėmrcmrk vmrmjmatkr.
Mėmr lóvme fùclmsk kìke1 ix'ym uyluc`oİėİdİz t vm 3r
6
kìke uyluc`oİ-
ėİdİz x
6
o`ėİcİdc`rİeİ gcouėu lkfk aucc`ed`y` a`ca`r vm,
6 (RH‟R)
6
Z (R
_
‟ R)
6
‟ľ
K
c4k
^
(x‟t
`
/ 6
,e-c / 3QR 3R+t
`
/ 6
,e-c /
Y e(e‟ 0) Y e(e‟0)
e
6 (Rk‟ x)
6
6 (Rh‟ x)
6
c4k c4k
.
3 ( h 6
3 ) 4 (0‟ ) (ľ - ^)
R
6
^ R
6
^
0 -,e‟0 e‟ 0,‟
6 6
Z (R,‟R)
6
K k‟k
Z 4 / k ymrkem agy`r a,
Y e‟0
Z Z
(R‟t /6,e-c 3QR 3R+t
`
/ 6,O-c ,
-S/k_ -y/ e
(e‟0) Z
6
(e‟ 0) Z
6
- 3`
6
3 ) 4 ( c - «) (0‟p)
R
6
^ R
6
^
e‟0, 0 e‟0,
6 6
y`z`rs`a y`ecİŗ gcur, ìóeaó1 fùycm fkr ki`om `ej`a,
(e‟0) Z
6
‟ix)
R
6
e-5
k
m t
e
W İ
ti
6
Z
İ
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omėkŗamecmrkeke stga`stka f`ėİdsİzcİėİ b ckeom ogėru gcur. Fu kak ki`om
ksm f`ėİdsİz omėookr. Fu y`ac`ŗİd ymrkem x vm Z (R ,‟ x)
6
'eke f`-
c4k
ėİdsİz gcd`sİeo`e y`r`rc`ed`a dódaóeoór.
K
(e‟0)Z
6
^
(‟X /6 3 3 X`6 , R
6
±-c
. /6 3 3 R
6
e-c.c-|:/ 6 )
- (0-`) (0-ŕ)
^(C,U3H
6
3C
6
) C, 4
(e- c )Z
6
R
6
^
e‟0, 0
6
3<
6
,
u
4
(e‟0)Z
6
R
6
^
e-0,
6
YZ
(x‟(k)
(R‟tk)
6
U z
6
/ 6
U X 6
3_
6
ŕmakcom t`r cİ c e
(HHC,
jr
6
) sİr`cİ kakcksk kìke lóvme fùclmskek vmrmjmatkr.
Lóvme fùclmcmrk kakome i`zc` p`r`dmtrm kìke sùz ageusu gcouėueo`
"lóvme mckpsgko" cmrk sùz ageusu gcur ak fu ìga omėkŗameck kst`tkstka tmgrksk
vm d`trkas fkclkskek lmrmatkrokėkeome ageuduz oİŗİeo` a`cd`at`oİr.
6=:
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Gr`ec`rc` kclkck Lóvme @r`cİac`rİ8
Fmcck gr`ec`rİe aótcm kìke omėmrcmrk, uyluc`d`o` pma ìga omi` t`bdke
mtdma kstmymjmėkdkz omėmrcmrokr. Fkr kstkbs c prgsmsk sgeuju mcom mokcme
d`duccmromak fgzua gr`d, fkr dmdcmamttmak lkzck kŗskzcka gr`eİ, yİc vmy`
sùdmstkr a`yfmtdkŗ óekvmrsktm ùėrmejómrkeke gr`eİ ... lkfk pma ìga dksæc
oóŗóemfkckrkz. Aótcmomak gr`ec`rİ t`bdke mtdma kìke ùrema `cİr vm aótcm
. . . -
Z R
5
p`r dmtrmsk p kìke p 4 ŗmackeom fkr t`bdke mokjk aucc`eİrİz. Fó-
e
yóa ùremacmr kìke p 'ke o`ėİcİdİ dmramzk ckdkt tmgrmdk sgeuju egrd c
gc`j`atİr.
D
p ~ e(p,
‟‟)
st`eo`rt egrd`cm oùeóŗtórócoóėó z`d`e,
e
R
p‟p
~ e(>,c) Fu ourudo ,
pi
e
p‟p
(‟X /6 3 3 X /6) Z 0 ‟ * gc sİcİa ki omsk tmŗaó mom-
Up( c‟ p) fomjmatkr.
e
Fu ki om kŗcmdm t`fk tutucurs`, .
/ p ( k- p )
(p‟p) 4 ° X
`
/ 6 U
e
ep
6
‟ 6epp + ep
6
‟ (z / 6)
6
p+(z«/ 6)
6
p
6
4 >
(e +
z
6
/ 6)
p
6
‟ (6ep+z
6`
/ 6) p+ep
6
4 >
6ep + z
6
`
/ 6
°
Y
/
(6ep+z
6
`
/ 6)
6
‟?ep
6
(e+z
6
«x/ 6)
^4
6 (e+X
6
/ 6)
6ep+(z
`
/ 6)
6
-I
z
/ 6 S / ?ep(c‟ p)-i-(z
`
/ 6)
6
bmr kak t r iİ 6e'm fùcmrsma
6(e + z
6
/ 'k)
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(z / 6)
6
p(c‟p) (z
`
İ
6
y-
B °X /6
6e S H e ?e
6
^ 4
S i e
(X / 6)
6
0 + e
e'ke fóyóa omėmrcmrk kìke y`ac`ŗİa gc`r`a,
^ Z ^ ľ z / 6S H ‟
^
- ~
^
'- y`zİc`fkcmjmatkr.
e
G b`com fóyóa ùremacmr kìke1
^ ( p -
X å | 6
H k z k c 3p3p+z
`
/ 6 H U ‟
e
[
e
fkzm kstmokėkdkz lóvme `r`fėİeİ vmrmjmatkr.
^)
p ‟ p
Fu gc`sİcİa ki`omsk, ke y`ac`ŗİa gc`r a e (>,0)
H
p(k-p)
e
o`ėİcdİŗ gcouėu `ec dİe lmcdmatmokr.
Fu ùzmccka fótóe fóyóa ùrema DC t`bdke mokjomrk kìke ogėru gc`e
fkr ùzmcckatkr. Aótcm v`ry`esİ ymrkem fu v`ry`esİe ùrematme fucue`e
t`bdkek `r`cİa ŗmackeomak t`bdkecmr vmy` bkpgtmz tmstcmrkeom aucc`eİc`-
fkcdmatmokr.
Dksæc8 ùėrmejk omremėk smìkdcmrk ùejmskeom y`pİc e e`fİz ygac -
d`sİeo` 2> ùėrmejk kbtkv` mome fkr f`skt tms oóik ùrematm ?2 akŗk `o`y-
c`ro`e fkrkem gy vmrmjmėkek fmckrtdkŗtkr. Fu ùrema sgeujue` o`y`e`r`a
yùemtkd aurucu f`ŗa`e `o`yİ ameokskek mdekymttm bkssmomfkckr dk 7
Jmv`p8
e
― k4. R, ?2
p 4 4 ‟ .9
e 2>
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'p (c - p) / (.9) (.?) / .6?
t
4 k / 4 Y ->>: 4 .>==
2> Y 2>
` ‟ .>= cİeİrs 8 .9 ‟ (0.;9)(.>==)4 .?;
.9 + (0.;9) (.>==)4 .<0
.
;=
lóvme `r cİėİ ms`s cİeİrs fu `o`y ameokskek fu smvkymom mdek-
ymttm bkssmomdmz, ìóeaó `r cİa
.
=> eke ctİeo p omėmrcmrk om kbtkv`
mtdmatmokr. Fue a`rŗİcİa
` 4 .0> `cİeİrs .9 ‟ (0.9=) (.>==) 4 .=0
.9 ‟ (0.9=) (.>==)4 .9;
Fu sgeuj lùrm f`ŗa`e `o`yİ .;> lóvme `r cİėİ prmeskfkem lùrm
ameokskek mdekymttm bkssmomfomjmatkr.
..
t.
Gr ec`rc` kclkck tma t`r`icİ lóvme `r`fac`rİ o` ùejmakcmrm fmezmymjmatkr8
ľD
D
, W / p( k - p)
^(p5p‟X«
@
/ ) 4 0 ‟ `
vmy`
p c - p )
^(p3p + z* ) 4 0 ‟ `
Gr`ec`r I`raİ kcm ľclkck Lóvme @r`cİac`rİ8
Fkrfkrkeome f`ėİdsİz kak aótcmomak gr`ec r `r`sİeo a`yo omėmr
fkr i`ra gcup gcd`oİėİ prgfcmdk kcm sİa sİa a`rŗİc ŗİrİz. Dmsmcæ, aİz vm mr-
ama óekvmrsktm ùėrmejkcmrk `r`sİeo y`z oùemdkeom
sİeİi
lmìme ùėrmejomrke
gr`eİ fkrfkrkeome em ùcìóom i`racİoİr7 Bmr kak aótcmome `cİe`e ùremacmrke
ymtmrk a`o`r fóyóa gcd`sİ b ckeom1
pİ e(p,, )
eİ
p
6
q
6
p
6
e(p
6
, )
e
6
p , ‟ p
6
U e |
6=9
,pİqİ pzq6 S k
p İ
- p
6
) , + )
Y eİ e
6
' İ
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ľstmeme 6 t`r icİ lóvme `r cİėİ ` b`t` kbtkd`ck vmy` (0‟ `) lóvme
a`ts`yİsİ kìke1
^ " v /
^ c q
' ,
^ 6 q 6
- . / ^' *
| (p5‟^
6
)'
z
«/ 6 0 3pİ‟ p
6
3(p.‟p
6
)+z«/ 6 ± /
eİ e
6
S e
t
^
6
+ 4 İ ‟ *
e
6
gc`j`atİr. _ma t`r`icİ lóvme `r`cİac`rİeİ o` ùejmakcmrom gcouėu lkfk agc`y-
cİac` y`zd`dİz dódaóeoór.
@V@CKA ŕMACľEOM _@BDÅE ÅCM kCLÅCc ^VGFCMDCMV
0. Grt`c`d` vm v`ry`esİ fokedmyme egrd`c o`ėİcdİŗ fkr aótcmeke
grt`c`d`sİ u. b`aaİeo` `r`cİa ŗmackeom fkr t`bdke y`pİcd`a kstmekygr.
Fu `d`ìc` 06 fkrkdcka fkr ùrema `cİe`r`a, ùrema grt`c`d`sİ x 4 02 vm
. £ (R,‟ x)
6
4 0?? mcom mokckygr.
k‟0
k) .;= lóvme a`ts`yİsİ om `r`cİa ŗmackeom t`bdkeke fu ùrematme
fucue`e lóvme sİeİe omėmrcmrkek bms`pc`yİeİz.
kk) @yeİ ùrema b`jdk kcm, : fkrkd fgyueo` fkr lóvme `r`cİėİ b`elk
lóvme a`ts`yİsİ kcm dódaóe gc`fkckr7
Jmv`p8
k)
/X (R
ľ
‟ x)
6
W , / Z(Rh‟ x)
6
.
^(R ‟ t / 6,e-c H W H C 3(c 3 R+t
`
/ 6,e-c H H W h 0 4 0‟`
U e(e‟ 0) U e(e‟ 0)
Fu ùrema kìke1
/ 0??
`ct sİeİr8 02‟ t.
>6s
,İİ H U ~
0 2
‟ (6.6>) (0.>?:) 4 0=.<>=
óst sİeİr8 02‟ t'.±,.,, 4 02 + (6.6>) (0.>?:) 4 6>.6;=
Fu ùrema kìke tms`oói' ckóvmrİ `r`cİėİeİe uzuecuėu8 ?.=;
6=<
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kk) Ka k t r icİ lóvme `r cİėİeİe fgyu : gc j ėİe vm fueu (k mtr iİeo`
skdmtrka gc r`a o`ėİt`j`ėİdİz lùrm,
06
t 4 0.= t 4 0.??
00.=
0.??'m tma`fóc mome t omėmrk t o`ėİcİdİ t`fcgsueo`e t
> ; e
gc r`a
fucueouėu kìke lóvme a`ts`yİsİ 0‟ .024 .26 gcur.
Lmrìmatme ùrema b`jdk omėkŗdmaskzke o`b o`r fkr lóvme `r cİėİ
`ej`a o`b aóìóa fkr lóvme a`ts`yİsİ óm fkrckatm oóŗóeócmfkckr.
6. Fmcck fkr skl r`o`e 06 skl`r cİa fkr tms`oóik ùrema cİedİŗ vm ekag-
tke dkat`rc`rİ (dóklr`d gc`r`a) `ŗ`ėİo`ak lkfk fucueduŗtur8
60.6< 09.66 0?.:6 6>.=9 02.<9 0;.:6 6>.>0
02.2= 09.;> 66.62 66.;; 0;.6:
Fu lùzcmdcmr kìke1
6 R , 4 6:>.<0 vm 6 R
(
6
4 ?=>2.99 oİr.
k‟0 k‟0
k) Fu skl`r`c`rİe kbtkv` mttkėk ekagtke dkat`rİeİe fkckeokėkek vm 6>
dóklr`d gcouėueu i`rzmomrma ekagtke dkat`rİeİe fkckedmyme v`ry`esİ
3<
R
6
kìke .;> lóvme a`ts`yİcİ fkr lóvme `r cİėİ aurueuz.
kk) (k) ŗİaaİeo` mcom mttkėkekz `r`cİėİ ygrudc`yİeİz.
kkk) Fkr purg d`ra`sİeo`e 0> t`em purg cİygruz vm ekagtke dka-
t`rİeİe ùrema grt`c`d` vm v`ry`esİeİ `ŗ`ėİo`ak lkfk fucuygruz8
0 e
[ 4 Z [, 4 6?.<
0> k4İ
0 ―
Z
y
6
4 6 ([,‟[)
6
40=.6
e‟ 0 540
Fu purg d`ra`sİ kìke (x
y
vm `
y
6
omėmrcmrkek fódkygruz. Mckdkzomak
fótóe fkclómrk aucc`e`r a kìke .;='cka fkr lóvme `r cİėİ aurueuz.
`
y
6
6=2
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Jmv`p8
k) fkckeokėkem lùrm,
v (
R k
- u) 6 å (R ,-HR)
6
k4c k4c
^( 3`
x
6
3 ) 4 .;>
R
6
]. .;=
R
6
06">=
Z (R
t
‟(Hk)6 ,4 k R
1
6
‟ 6(k Z R
k
+e
İ
6
k4c. k4c k4c
4 ?=>2.99 ‟ ?>(6:>. <0) + 06(?>>) 4 2>.69
2 > .6 9 2 > .6 9
3 ¾ R
6
3 )
60.>: =.6:
:.26, 0=.:= jr
x
6
kìke .;> lóvme a`ts`yİsİ prmeskfkeome b`rmamtcm
fu spmskika ùrematme fucue`e lóvme sİeİrİ omėmrcmrkokr.
kk) Mėmr `yeİ aótcmome sgesuz s`yİo` ùremacmr `cİp fu tkp lóvme
`r`cİac`rİ bms`pc`s`yoİa, fuec`ro`e % ;>'İ (<
R
6
yk kìkem `c`j`atİ.
( e
y
- c ) Z
y
6
d
)
yc
Y Y
0
; Z
y
6
~ R
6
±
`
6
v
Z (R,‟ 6>)
6
6
~ R 06
e
6
ľak ùrema fkrfkrkeome f`ėİdsİz gcouėu kìke,
İ (R ^- 6>)
6
k4c
06 ,
6
I―,
;Z
y
6
/ ; t ,
6
6=;
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6 (R, ‟ 6>)
6
ľ4R
L
6
^
(
I
.6,;,.>6= 3 3I― ,,<=)4 ";=
06 Z
y
6
06 Zy
6
' (Hy
6
06 Zy
6
( I
061
,..>6= 3 ‟ 3 I
06 `
.
;<=
) 4 .;=
c
6
J<
R
6
06
6 (R,‟6>)
6
6 (R,‟6>)
6
•
" k4İ k4İ
ľstmekcme lóvme `r cİėİ kìke auruc`j`ėİe lùrm fu ki`omyk ge`
Y
lùrm omėkŗtkrdmdkz lmrmackokr". Fueue kìke,
0
I
d
İ
e
5
`
‟ kckŗakskek aucc`e`cİd.
Ie'd'c
- `
0
I
C
;06.>6=
' 06;-;<=
06
I. UG P< : . ><
6 (R,‟6>)
6
6 (R,‟6>)
6
k4İ
`x
6 k4İ
I( I
; k65 >6 =
I
;
,
6
;<=) ‟
-;=
06 Zy
6
3<y
6
06 Zy
6
ùrema omėmrcmrkek fu ki`omom ymrkem agy`r`a,
2>.69 0 2>.69
, (6.2>) lóvme sİeİrc`rİeİe fu
(06)(0=.6) :.>< (06)(0=.6)
ùrema kìke omėmrcmrkek vmrmjmatkr.
:. ľak dİsİr tgbudueue egrd c kackd ŗ`rtc rİeo vmrkdk dua`ymsm
mokcdma kstmekygr. Fu `d`ìc , bmr tgbud jkesk kìke bmr fkrk 0 oùeódcóa
2'mr `r`zk p`rì`sİ makckygr. @ vm F tgbud jkescmrk kìke oùeód f`ŗd al.
gc r`a vmrkd omėmrcmrk ŗùycmokr8
@ 8 29
1
2< =9 ;: 2? ;: <= <;
F 8 2> <; =2 ;0 << 26 <? 99
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_gbud vmrkdcmrkeke egrd`c o`ėİcdİŗ gcouėueu vm fkckedmyme v`ry`es-
0 rİeİe mŗktckėkek i`rzmomrma1 kak tgbudue grt`c`d` vmrkdcmrk `r`sİeo`ak
i`ra kìke % ;='cka fkr lóvme `r`cİėİ tmŗao mokekz vm fu kak ùrematme e`sİc
fkr sgeuj` uc`ŗİc`fomjmėkek fmckrtkekz.
Jmv `p8 Aucc`eİc`j a igrdóc,
^ ( ( x - [ ) - t Z H‟+‟ 3
QR
x
‟ix
y
3 (R -[ ) +
` -
,e
x
- ie
y
‟ 6
6
+t s h ~ + ‟ ) 4 0 - `
`
e
*
e
y
- ,e
x
+e
y
‟ 6
6
-H-
M (R
ľ
- R )
6
+Z([
0
- [ )
6
e
x
+e
y
‟ 6
(6 R,)
6
6(Rk‟x)
6
4 ZRh
6
4 =?:60 ‟ =::>0 4 0>6> x420.96=
e
(Z [,)
6
6
(
[
« ‟ [)
6
4 Z[,
6
?9<<0 ‟ ?9>=9 4 <0= [ 4<=.2<=
e
-H-
0<:=
4 Y06: ;: 4 00.0:
0?
t.>6=,0? 4 6.0?=
HHC
R
‟ Qcy i`raİ kìke % ;='cka lóvme `r fėdİe fu kak ùrematme mcom
mokcme `ct vm óst sİeİr omėmrcmrk8
@ct sİeİr8 =.<= ‟ (6.0?=) (=.=9=) 4 ‟ 9.0;
Óst sİeİr8 =.<= + (6.0?=) (=.=9=) 4 0<.9;
Lùrócoóėó lkfk, R, [ o`e fóyóa ìİadİŗ gcd`ac` fmr fmr, fu i ra
t`d`dkycm ùremacmdm omėkŗdmsk emomek kcm grt`y` ìİadİŗtİr vm | (@
R
‟Qk
y
T
5> gcouėu, f`ŗa` omykŗcm
KHC
x
vm İx
y
`r`sİeo` % ;= smvkymskeom fkr i`ra-
690
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cİcİa fucueouėu sgeujue` v`r`dİygruz. Fu ùremacmr kak tgbud jkesk
`r`sİeo` fkr `ìİa tmrjkb kdaæeİeİ fkzm vmrdkygr.
?. Fkr p`r`eİe ?> tİdİeo 6? tur lmcdkŗtkr. Fu folkyk, tur lmcdm
gr`eİ kìke, % ;= cka fkr lóvme `r`cİėİ aurd`o` aucc`eİeİz. % ;= cka lóvme
`r`cİėİeİe fgyueue . 0> gcd`sİ kìke lmrmack ùrema b`jdkek fucueuz.
Jmv`p8
/ . /p (0‟ p)
x
/ p(0-^A
cp‟X / 6 U 3p3p + z
`
/ 6 U )
* S e e '
. 9- 0.;9 H 3p3.9+(0.;9) H
Y
?> U ?> '
C6Æ
.>0;
U ?>
0.;9 R .><; 4 .0==
Fu ùrema kìke % ;= cka sİeİrc`r8 .??= ‟ .<==
@r`aėİe fu ùrematm fgyu8 .:0
Lóvme `r cİėİ kak t`r icİ gcouėueo` `r cİėİe fgyue` 6M omrsma, z
>
'o`
fmcck fkr lóvme a`ts`yİsİe` (dmsmcæ . ;=) tma`fóc mome z omėmrkek lùstmrkrsm,
/ i ( k - i )
z
>
. / 4 M gc`j atİr. Fu ki`omyk e kìke ìùzmrsma1
zg
6
p(c‟p)
e 4
M
6
.6= zg
6
fucueur, ùrema bmeóz `cİed`dİŗ gcouėueo`e
p omėmrkek fomdmykz. @ej`a p(c‟ p) ki`omskeke
d`askdud omėmrk .6= gcouėue lùrm,
fkzm pr`tka gc r`a lmrmack ùrema b`jdkek fucd`
M
6
kdaæeİeİ s`ėc y`j`atİr. ^rgfcmdom M 4 .>= vm
zg 4 0.;9 gcouėue lùrm, lmrmack ùrema b`jdk,
(.6=)(0.;9) .;<
e 4 4 4 :22 gcd cİoİr.
(,>=)
6
.>>6=
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Lmrìmatme mėmr :22 b`jkdck fkr ùrematm p 4 .9 gcs`yoİ % ;='cka lóvme
sİeİrc rİeİe ùrema kìke omėmrcmrk1
:22
0>Y:.22
.=
.9‟ .>= 4 .==
:22
.9= gc`j a vm lóvme `r`bėİeİe fgyu fu ùrema
kìke . 0> ìİa`j`atİr.
=. Y`ry esİ 09 gc`e egrd`c o`ėİcdİŗ fkr aótcmome 6= fkrkdcka fkr
ùrema `cİedİŗ vm ùrema grt`c`d`sİ 60 ìİadİŗtİr.
k) Fu f o lky aucc`e`r`a % ;>'cİa fkr lóvme `r`cİėİ tmŗakc mokekz.
kk) Aótcm grt`c`d sİde % ;= kbtkd`ccm `ctİeo` a`c`j`ėİ fkr óst
sİeİrİe ùrematmak omėmrkek fucueuz.
kkk) Fu óst sİeİrİe grt`c`d`o`e i`raİeİ : fkrkd y`p`fkcdma kìke
lmrmack ùrema b`jdkek bms`pc`yİeİz.
9. Fkr p`r`eİe ?>> `tİdİeo 0<= tur vm 66= y`zİ lmcdkŗ gcsue.
_ur` lmcdmsk gc`sİcİėİ kìke % ;='cka vm % ;;'cua lóvme `r`cİac`rİeİe, fu
ùrema kìke lóvme, sİeİrc`rİeİ fucueuz. Fu sgeuìc`r` f`a`r`a p`r`eİe
b`t`sİz gcouėueu sùycmymfkckr dkskekz7
<. Aİz vm mrama ùėrmejomrke d`tmd`tka omrskeomak f`ŗ`rİc`rİ (f`-
ŗ`rİ y`z oùemdk sİe`vİeo` = vmy` o`b` yua`rİ egt `cd`a ŗmackeom t`eİd-
c`edİŗ gcsue) `r sİeo` fkr i`racİcİa fucueup fucued`oİėİeİ t`baka mt-
dma kstmyme fkr mėktkdjk 9= mrama vm =6 aİz ùėrmejkyk tms oóik gc r`a
smìdkŗ vm mramacmrome :>, aİzc ro`e 09'sİeİe fu `ec do f`ŗ`rİcİ gc-
ouėueu lùrdóŗtór.
Fu folkyk aucc`e`r`a, % ;> lóvme a`ts`yİsİ om, mramacmrke aİz ùė-
rmejkcmrm lùrm d`tmd`tka omrskeom o`b f`ŗ`rİb gcouėueu kook momfokr
dkskekz 7
69:
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å 1s
8 FÙCÓD YKK K
Bľ^G_MXCMVľE _MZ_'ľ
Kst`tkstkak t`bdke vm bkpgtmz tmstcmrk ageuduzue me ùemdck fùcód-
cmrkek tmŗakc mtdmatmokr. Fu fùcódome sger lùrmjmėkdkz rmlrmsyge `e -
ckzk om olok fùcódcmr ms`s ktkf`rkycm kst`tkstkak t`bdke vm kstkocæcke uylu-
c`d` `c`ec`rİeo`e fkrkokr.
Bkpgtmz tmstcmrk om olok fùcódóe pcæeİ kak aİsİd ŗmackeomokr, ùejm
a`r`r tmgrksk y`ac`ŗİdİ óm bkpgtmzcmrke tmst'keke lmemc d`etİėİ kz`b moo-
dmym ì cİŗİc j`a, o`b sger uyluc d`o me ìga aucc eİc e, Ùzmcckacm
egrd c o`ėİcdİŗ aótcmcmrke p`r`dmtrmcmrkem kckŗake tmstcmr ózmrkeom `yrİe-
toİ ŗmakcom ouruc`j`atİr.
K. Bľ^G_MX _MZ_'ľEM LMEMC FľV [@AC@ŕKD
ľst`tkstkak t`bdke fùcódóeom p`r`dmtrm, `askyge, ùrema uz`yc`rİd
t`ddc`dİŗtİa. Bkpgtmz tmstcmrkeom om yd a vr`dc`ro`e y`r rc`e`j`ėİz,
ùejm bkpgtmz tmst'keome em `ec`oİėİdİzİ fmckrtmckd.
_`rk i 8 Bkpgtmz, p r`dmtrm uz`yİeİe fkr p rtksygeu (fgcóeód)
our. £å p`r`dmtrm uz`yİ, Bg rmo bkpgtmzk, Bİ `ctmre tki bkpgtmzk lùstmrkrsm,
Bg8 9 mw
w ó ( Ó -
w
) - P
Bk 8 9 mÑ‟w
Bkpgtmz P yİ `yrİa kak fùcódm, (w vm ľ6‟w), `yİrİygr. B
>
bkpgtm-
zkeom, fokedmyme aótcm p`r`dmtrmsk >'eİe w aİsdİeo omėmrcmr coİėİeİ,
`ctmre`tki Bİ bkpgtmzkeom ksm w kìkeom fucued`oİėİeİ pgstócm mokygruz.
F`skt R A `rd`ŗİa Bkpg tmzcmr8
Bmrb elk fkr bkpgtmzke w y o ik‟ w kìkeom tma fkr omėmr kìke auruc-
d`sİ b ckeom f`bks ageusu bkpgtmz f`skt fkr bkpgtmzokr. Dmsmcæ,
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B
>
8 (hc 4 6 *
B, 8 ( 4: om bmd B
>
bmd om B f`skt bkpgtmzcmrokr. O gc`yİsİyc`
f`skt fkr bkpgtmzke, f`skt fkr `ctmre`tkim a`rŗİ tmst'k y`pİcd`at`oİr. Lmrma
w lmrmasm (P‟ w) ct smtcmrk s omjm c'mr mcmd`e (omėmr) kbtkv mtdmatmokr.
Fue` a`rŗİcİa1 h
Bg 8 Qx 4 Qİg
Bİ 8 Qx U hxg o` B
>
f`skt fkr bkpgtmzokr, ìóeaó w, p`r`dmtrm
uz`yİeo` tma fkr egat` t r`iİeo`e tmdso moodmatmokr. Fue` a`rŗİcİa
B, a`rd`ŗİa fkr bkpgtmzokr, ìóeaó ix
>
oİŗİeo`ak fótóe dubtmdmc (R omėmr-
cmrk fu ct smtke mcmd`ec rİoİr.
O`b` `z r`stc`ed`ac` fmr`fmr, a`rd`ŗİa fkr bkpgtmzke f`skt fkr `c-
tmre`tkim a`rŗİ tmst'k om dódaóeoór1 dmsmcæ,
Bg 8 jr
6
3?
Bİ 8 mr
6
4 -?
Ekb`ymt bmd B
>
bmd om Bİ a`rd`ŗİa gc fokr. Dmsmcæ,
Bİ 8 (x 3 QRg
Bİ 8 |x ŕl hxg fu ŗmaoom aurucduŗtur.
[`ptİėİdİz sİeİic`d yİ tmar`r momrsma1 f`ŗcİj` ? tkp bkpgtmz tmst'k
dmvjuttur8
k) F`skt fkr bkpgtmzke f`skt fkr `ctmre`tkim a`rŗİ tmst'k
kk) F`skt fkr bkpgtmzke a`rd`ŗİa fkr `ctmre`tkim a`rŗİ tmst'k
kkk) A`rd`ŗİa fkr bkpgtmzke f`skt fkr `ctmre`tkim a`rŗİ tmst'k
kv) A `rd ŗİa fkr bkpgtmzke a rd`ŗİa fkr ctmre tkim a`rŗİ tmst'k.
@ŗ`ėİo`ak bkpgtmz tmst'kek okaa`tcm kejmcmymckd8
R e(Qk,`
6
) o`ėİcİdcİ fkr aótcmome e fkrkdcka fkr ùrema `c`r`a,
Bg 8 Qx 4 6
Bİ 8 Qx U 6 bkpgtmzkek tmst mtdma kstkygruz. Fur`o` oa f`-
aİŗt` f`skt fkr bkpgtmz `ctmre tki fkr a`rd`ŗİa bkpgtmz kcm tmst mokckygr
lkfk lùróeóygr. Bt'İe a`rd`ŗİa gcouėu `ìİa. B
>
'ke f`skt vmy a`rd`ŗİa
gcd`sİ ksm aótcm v`ry`esİ `
6
'eke omėmrkeke fokedmsk vmy` fkckedmdmskem
f`ėcİ, `
6
4 (_
6
G fkckeokėkeom B
>
f`skt fkr bkpgtmz, `ask b com a`rd`ŗİa fkr
bkpgtmzokr.
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5
r
|k 4 6 omėmrkem tma`fóc mome ogėru ózmrkeom sgesuz `
6
omėmrk v`roİr.
Z`omjm hhc 4 6 gcouėueu fkcdma o`ėİcİdİe ŗmackek t`yke mtdmz.
Fu dksæc f`skt bkpgtmzcmrke fkr ùzmcckėkek `ec`d`dİz` y`roİd mttk.
F`skt bkpgtmzcmr gc`sİcİa vmy` sİacİa o`ėİbdİeİe amske ŗmackek t`yke mome
bkpgtmzcmrokr, `
6
fkckeokėkeom, R'ke o`ėİcİdİeİe ŗmack egrd`c gcouėueo e
Qk 4 6 o`ėİfdİe amske ŗmackek t`yke momr. r
6
'eke fkckedmdmsk b ckeom,
grt c d`sİ 6 gc e pma ìga o`ėoİd gc fomjmėkem lùrm o`ėİcİdİe amske ŗmack
grt`y` ìİad`z.
Okaa`t moook ksm, tms oóik omėkŗameke o`ėİcİdİeİe ŗmackeke (egrd`c,
fkegdk`c, pgkssge . . . lkfk) fokeokėkek i`rzmttka. O`ėİcİdİe ŗmackeke fkcke-
dmokėk y` o` fu ageuy` okŗake fkr i`r`zkym y`pİcd`oİėİ b`ccmrom fu fù-
códomak bkpgtmz tmst'k tmaekacmrk uyluc`e`d`z. Fu b`ccmrom fkzkd akt`-
fİdİzo` a`ps`d oİŗİ tut`j`ėİdİz "p`r`dmtrka gcd`y`e kst`tkstka" y`a-
c`ŗİdİ uyluc`eİr.
_mst mokcmjma bkpgtmzcmrke aurucd`sİ f`ŗcİ f`ŗİe ùemdckokr. Bmr
fkckd o`cİeİe ameok s`b`sİeo` s`ėc`d tmaeka folkyk lmrmatkrkr. Bkpgtmzke
ùrema `cİed`o`e ùejm aurucd`sİ lmrmakr, ùrema `cİeoİat`e sger` dut-
c a rmo y o a`fuc mokcmjma bkpgtmzcmr auruc fokr. Fueu fkr dksæccm
`ìİac`y`cİd8 Fmcck fkr kŗke em a`o`r z`d`eo` y`pİcoİėİeİ tmsfkt kìke ùrema
`coİeİz, ùrema grt`c`d`sİ ?> se. ìİatİ, ùrema st`eo`rt s`pd`sİ o` 6 gc-
sue. J`deİz fmcck fkr gc sİcİac rmoomtdma kstmokėkdkz fkr bkpgtmz aurd`a
kstmrsm (k 4 => omr vm rmo momrskekz. A`fuc mtdma kstmrsmekz hhc 4 ?6 omr
vm a fuc momrskekz. Fùycm fkr uyluc`d` lmrmack gfhmatkickatme ygasue
gcd`sİ emomek kcm t`vskym moomdmz.
Emyke rmo bkpgtmzk gc r`a age`j`ėİ o ìga ùemdckokr. Lmemcckacm
ìórótdma kstmokėkdkz bkpgtmzk rmo bkpgtmzk y`p`rİz. Dmsmcæ mramacmrke
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fgyc`rİeİe aİzc`rİe fgyc`rİeo`e `ec`dcİ ŗmakcom i`racİ gcouėu oóŗóejm-
skeom ksma
Bg
bkpgtmzkek `r`o` fkr fgy i`raİ fucued`oİėİ ŗmackeom aur`rİz.
Vmo bkpgtmzk1 `ej`a rmook sùz ageusu gc`e, rmoomoodmsk kdaæeİeİ
s`ėc`y`j`a ùrema vmromrkeke ygacuėu b`ckeom a`fuc mtdma zgrueo` gc-
ouėuduz bkpgtmzokr. Vmo bkpgtmzkek aur`rame dutc`a` rmoomoomjma ŗm-
aóom aurd`a bkì `ec`dcİ gcd`z. F`zİ katks`tìİc`r rmlrmsyge `e`ckzk sİr`-
sİeo` a`ts`yo`r kìke uyluc`oİac`rİ t tmstcmrkeom sİa sİa fu b`t`yİ y`p`rc`r.
Fue` fkr ùrema vmrmckd8
J
p
4 i([
o
) y`ek ùzmc tóamtkd b`rj e`fkckr lmckrke fkr igeaskygeu
gcsue vm igeaskygemc kckŗakeke ŗmackeke om ogėrus c gcouėu a`fuc mokcske.
J
p
4 :g -i- (:İ [
o
omeacmdkeom (0) (:İ d`rhke c tóamtkd mėókdkeke fkr
t`bdkekek vmrkr. D`rhke`c tóamtkd mėokdk (: b`aaİeo` `ŗ`ėİo`ak lkfk fkr
bkpgtmz aur`rs`a bkì om `ec`dcİ gcd`z8
B
>
8 (: 4 > /
B, 8 (: 5 >
D`rhke`c tóamtkd mėokdkeke sİiİro`e pma ec`da ŗmaoom i`racİ gc`-
j`ėİ `ìİatİr. B
>
fur`o` dutc`a` rmoomoomjmatkr. Fue` a`rŗoİa,
Bg 8 Q: 4 :/ ?
Bİ 8 (: 5 :/ ?
ŗmackeom, kìkeom o`b` ìga katks`t fucue`e fkr bkpgtmz aurouėuduz z`d`e
Bg'İe a`fucó vmy rmook (:'ke o`ėoİdİeİe v`ry`esİe f`ėcİ gc j`atİr.
ŕkdok om tmst amckdmskeke t`rkikek y`p`fd8
/
_`rki 8 _ms oóik fkr ùremėm o`y eo`r`a Bg'İe Bİ'm a rŗİ tmst'k
tms oóik ùremėke omėmrcmrkeke fkr igeaskygeuour.
>(x, . . .x
e
) > U >(x, . . .x
e
) U 0
>(xİ.. .x ― ) ùrema sgeuìc rİe` o y eİc r a Bg'İe rmoomok cdmsk
gc`sİcİėİ'oİr. _mst, ùrema uz`yİ Z kcm >‟0 `r cİėİ `r sİeo` kckŗak aur`e
fkr igeaskyge gcuygr.
e fkrkdcka fkr ùrema `cİeİygrs` ùrema uz`yİ Z, e fgyutcu fkr uz`yoİr.
Fu uz`yo ak bmr egat eİe aggroke tc rİ, R İ . . .R
e
tms`oóik omėkŗ@me-
cmrkeke R| .. .x― omėmrcmrkem, f`ŗa` fkr omykŗcm, `cİed`sİ dubtmdmc ùrema-
cmrm tma`fóc momr.
C Vmlrmsyge fùcódóeom ózmrkeom our j ėİz.
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_mst ùrema uz`yİeİ ameok kìkeom kakym fùcmr. Z
B
vm Z
v
ZV4
x İ
. . .x― 8 >(x, . . .x
e
) 4 0
Z@4xİ . . .x
e
8 >(R .. .x
e
) 4 >
Fu smt ki`omcmrkeke `ec dİ `ìİatİr8 ZV bkpgtmzke rmookem smfmp gc -
j`a ùrema omėmrcmrkek Z @ o` B
>
bkpgtmzkeke a`fuc moomjmėk (y o rmoom-
okcdmymjmėk) ùrema omėmrcmrkek a`ps`r.
Mėmr >(xİ.. .x
e
) s omjm > vmy` 0 omėmrcmrkek aygrs` tms`oói kcmŗ-
tkrkcdmdkŗ tmst, `ask b`com tms`oóikcmŗtkrkcdkŗ tmst `oİeİ `cİr.
^r`tkatm lmemc gc`r`a tms`oóiomŗtkrkcdmdkŗ tmstcmr aucc`eoİr.
_mst ùrema cİed`o`e ùejm fkr tms`oóik omėkŗame, ùrema cİeoİat`e
sger ksm Bg'd rmook vmy a`fucóeó lùstmrme 0 vmy > lkfk fkr s`yİoİr.
_mst, kst`tkstkak t`bdke fùcódóeom lùroóėódóz a`r`r `cd` aur`cİe`
fkr ùrema tmŗao momr.
1 v
Ùzmtcmrsma1 ameok fkckd o cİdİzo kejmcmdmcmrkdkz sgeuju tmst mtdma
kstmokėkdkz bkpgtmzcmr mcom mokygruz. [mtmrck b jkdom fkr tms oóik ùrema
cİygruz. Ùrematme mcom moome sgeuj lùrm Bg'İ a`fuc vmy rmoomokygruz.
Bg'd a`fucó vmy rmook İ vm `
6
ŗmackeom ki om momjmėkdkz kak `askyge'-
our. Bmr `askyge` okŗake gc`r`a z`r`r a`vr`dİ ózmrkeom ùejmak fùcódom
ourduŗtua. ŕkdok `İ vm `
6
`askygec`rİeİe z`r`rİd kejmcmymckd.
Z ùrema omėmrcmrkek lùstmrske.
Z 4 (
R k
. . .xh
Mėmr s mZ@ ksm `askygeueu lùstmrkygr, y`ek B
>
'İ a`fuc mokygruz,
s mZ V ksm `
6
`askygeueu lùstmrkygr, y`ek B
>
'İ rmoomokygruz.
@askygec`rİdİz sgeuju uėr`d`dİz dódaóe gc`e z`r`r `askyge`
vm fkckedmyme aótcm p`r`dmtrmskem f`ėboİr.
Mėmr 9 mw ksm c(`
t
, >) 4 >
> mP ‟ w ksm c(`
6
, >) 4 > gcur.
^(s
ZZ@S >) @
(
`askygeueu1 ^(s mZVS >) o``
6
`askygeueu lùstmrdm
gc`sİcİac`rİoİr. X`r r igeaskygeueue fmacmeme omėmrk Vksa kìke,
V(o,>) 4 MQc(`,>)T 4 c(`,,>) ^(s 9Z@S >) + c(`
6
,>) ^(smZVS >)
y`z`fokrkz. Fueue ki`om mttkėk ŗmy ŗuour8 Fmcck fkr aótcm p`r`dmtrmsk >
fkr vmrk gc r`a ùrematme `ae`e sgeuìc r lùrm ^(s mZ
@
S >) gc`sİaėİ kcm
`İ askygeueu, ^(s mZVS >) gc soİėİ kcm om `
6
`askygeueu lùstmrkr vm fu
o`vr`eİŗc`rİdİz a`rŗİcİėİ c(`İ,>) vm c(`
6
,>) a`o`r z`r`r lùróróz.
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A`r rc`rİdİzo y`ecİŗ y pd gc`sİcİėİ o a`r`r aur cİdİz vm aótcm
p`r`dmtrmsk >'y f`ėcİoİr. B`t y`pd`yİ, M(o,>) gc`r`a lùstmrmckd.
@j`f em tkp f`t y pd`dİz dódaóeoór7
Aótcm p`r`dmtrmsk > lmrìmatme w kìkeom ksm vm fkz ( `askygeueu
lùstmrokysma, y o >,(P‟ w) kìkeom ksm vm fkz `7 askvgeueu lùstmrokysma
fkr f`t sùz ageusu gcd`z.
Mėmr lmrìmatm >
Mw
ksm i`a t fkz ùrema sgeuìc`rİe o`y`e`r`a İ
`askygeueu smìtkysma, y`ek B
>
'İ rmoomttk ksma fkr f`t y`pdİŗ gcuruz.
(_kp K )1 lmrìmatm ; sñ‟ w ksm i a t fkz `İ `askygeueu smìtkysma y`ek
Bg' İ a`fuc mttkysma lmem fkr b`t y`pdİŗ gcuruz. (_kp KK).
m,(o,>) 4 ^(s ZZVS > mw) 4 ^(K)
m
6
(o,>) 4 ^(s LZ@S > mtk‟\) 4 ^(KK).
Fueu `ŗ`ėİo`ak lkfk fkr t`fcg kcm lùstmrmckd8
^`r`dmtrm >
> mw > m G‟w
İ (Bg'd
a`fucó)
‟
_kp KK
`
6
(Bg'İe
rmook)
_kp K
‟
_mar r momckd8 _ kp K b`t , a`fuc mokcdmsk lmrmame fkr rmo bkpg-
tmzkeke ùrema sgeuìc rİe` o`y`eİc`r`a rmoomokcdmsk, _ kp KK b`t`, rmo
mokcdmsk lmrmame fkr rmo bkpgtmzkeke a`fuc mokcdmsk b ckeom sùz ageusu
gcuygr.
Fkzkd kìke kom c gc e tmst prgsmoóró, >'eİe fótóe dubtmdmc omėmr-
cmrk kìke Vksa'k `sl rk y`p`e fkr tmst (a`r r igeaskygeu) fucd`atİr. Fu
lmemcckacm rUódaóe gcd`z. Fkr tmst >'eİe f`zİ omėmrcmrk, f`ŗa fkr tmst om
>'eİe f`ŗa omėmrcmrk kìke dkekdud Vksa'k s`ėc`y`fkckr. 9'yİ fkcdmokėk-
dkz kìke, b`elk tmstke fmcck fkr prgfcmdom dkekdud Vksa'k vmrmfkcmjmėkek
t`yke mome `ìİa smìka fkr dmtgt fucued`y`fkckr.
Vksa'k bms pc`rame okėmr fkr lóìcóa om z`r`r igeaskygeueue fkcke-
dmdmskokr. Fu ourudo , b`t gc`sİcİac`rİeİ dkekdud y`p`e tmstcmrk
aucc`ed`a me d`auc ygcour.
K. tkp b`t`y` `(;), KK . tkp b`t`y` (:(>) okymckd.
]vluc eİ dİz lmrmame ygc, ùrema b`jdk vmrk kame, b t c ro`e bmr-
cİ`euk kİke krke fmcck fkr gc`sİcİa tmsfkt mtdma vm okėmr tkp b`t`yİ dkekdud
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y`p`e tmst'k smìdmatkr. Dmsmcæ (
9)
4
.
>= gc r`a tmsfkt mokcok ksm, fu
ŗ`rtİ s`ėc y`e tmst'Kmr `r`sİeo`e £k(>) 4 dkekdud gc eİ smìkcmjmatkr.
Ùrema b`jdk vmrk kame vm p b`t c rİeo`e s`omjm fkr t`emskek age-
trgc `ctİeo` tut`fkckrkz. Bmr kak tkp b`t`eİe fkrome agetrgcó `ej`a ùrema
b`jdkek lmrmack gc e smvkymym yóasmctdmacm dódaóe gcur.
@j`f` ùrema b`jdk vmrk kame fu b`t`c`ro`e b`elkskek agetrgc
mtdmėm ì cİŗ cİd7 Lmemcckacm `(>) b`t agetrgc moodmym ì cİŗİcİr. Fueue
smfmfkek, rmo bkpgtmzkeke aurucuŗueo`ak y`ac ŗİdo `r`d`a lmrmakr.
Vmo bkpgtmzk B
>
, rmoomtdma kstmokėkdkz bkpgtmzokr. B
u
'İe ogėru gcouėu
b com rmook gc sİcİėİ, gì(>)'yİ yóasma tutd`ac ameok oóŗóejmcmrkdkzke
ogėru gcd`oİac rİ b com ogėru lùróedm gc sİcİėİeİ `rttİrdİŗ gcuruz. Fu
smfmpcm bmrb`elk fkr tmst'ke `ec dcİcİa smvkymsk omekejm `ac (0 ‟ d`a-
skdud kx(>)) lmckr.
_ mst'ke A uvvmtk8
_`rki8 >(xİ. . .x
e
) tmst'keke auvvmtk rmo bkpgtmzkeke rmoomokcdmsk
gc`sİcİėİoİr. A uvvmtk ^(>) ŗmackeom lùstmrkrsma1
> mvv ksm ^(>) 4 (>)
> mG - w ksm ^(ù) 4 0 ‟ (:(>) gc`j atİr.
^(>) İİİe kom c omėmrcmrk > mw kìke >, > ‟w kìke ksm c'okr. I`a`t,
pr`tkatm kom c auvvmt omėmrcmrkem s`bkp tmstcmr uyluc e`d`z. Fu ourud-
o vmrk `(>) kìke auvvmtk d`askdud y`p`e tmstcmrk smìdm ygcue lkomrkz.
Ìóeaó fùycmckacm ogėru gc e B
>
bkpgtmzkek rmoomtdm gc sİcİėİeİ kstmeme
fkr smvkymom tutduŗ, fueu y`p`rame om y`ecİŗ bkpgtmzcmrk rmoomtdm gc -
sİcİėİeİ d`askdud y`pdİŗ gcuruz.
Q0‟^(©)T y` o` tmst'ke kŗcmyme a`r`atmrkst kėk oİ vmrkckr.
ŕkdok fkra`ì dksæccm, ŗkdokym a`o`r ózmrkeom ourouėuduz a`vr`d-
c r fkr`z o`b `ìİacİa lmtkrdmym ì`fŗ`fd.
Dksæc 08 Zky`s c Fkclkcmr I`aóctmsk ùėrmejkcmrkeome ìgėu, _órakym'eke
o`b f`ėİdsİz fkr oİŗ pgcktka uyluc d`sİeİ `rzu mokygr du7 Fu sgruy`
jmv p `r`y e fkr `r ŗtİrd`jİ, f`ėİdsİz pgcktka` t`r icİc`rİeİe masmrkymttm
gcouėu bkpgtmzkek tmst mtdma kstkygr.
Bkpgtmzkek, B
>
8 p =ŕ .= ,
B 8 p 5 .=
ŗmackeom auruygr, p f`ėİdsİz oİŗ pgcktka` kstmyme ùėrmejomrke yózomskek
lùstmrkygr. Fu d`as`tc ymrkem agy`r`a 6> ùėrmejkcka fkr ùrema cİygr.
A`r r `cd` aur`cİ (tmst) ŗùycm8
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R tms`oóik omėkŗamek G, 0 omėmrcmrkek c fkcme fkegdk c o`ėİcdİŗ fkr
omėkŗame gcsue. G o b` f ėİdsİz oİŗ pgcktka` kstmdmdmyk, c'om o`b`
f`ėİdsİz pgcktka`yİ lùstmrske. @r`ŗtİrd`jİ ùremėkem f`a`j a vm
6> ‟ - ,
Z Rh 5 0< ìİa`rs B
>
'İ rmoomomjma `ask b com a`fuc momjma.
/
Z r 4 02,0;,6> >(x
0
/ ..x
e
)U4 c 0 mėmr Z
R h
U02
K
6 >
Z@ 4
G
‟ 0< > " Z Rhlc<
k4c
_mst'ke auvvmtk8 ^(p) 4 `(p) (p mw)
6>
6 >
^(p) 4 Z (Z,) pZ
0
(p m G‟w)
x 4 0 2
Lmrìma aótcm gr`eİ p'eke .= om 0 `r`sİeo`ak omėmrcmrk kìke ogėru
`askyge Bg'İe rmookokr. @j f` .= U p 0 `r`sİeo`ak ìmŗktck p omėmrcmrk
kìke y`ecİŗ gc`e Bg'İ rmoomtdm gc`sİcİėİ," ogc`yİsİyc` fu tmst'ke auvvmtk
emokr 7 Fueu `ec d`a kìke omeacmdom p ymrkem omėmrcmrkek agy`r`a bms`p-
c`d` y`p`fd. Fu bms pc`d`c r fkzm oŗ ėİo`ak t`fcgyu vmrmjmatkr8
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p
^(B
>
,
İe rmook)
.=>
.>>>6
.==
.>>>;
.9>
.>>:9
.9=
.>060
.<>
.>:==
.<=
.>;06
.2>
.6>90
.2=
.?>?;
.;>
.9<9;
.;= .;6?=
0.>>
0.>>>>
ŕmakcom fu tmst prgsmoóróeóe auvvmt mėrksk vm kom c auvvmt mėrksk
fkrckatm lùstmrkcdkŗtkr. åom c auvvmt mėrksk (tmstmrm ŗmackeom)
.
='m a`o`rak
p omėmrcmrk kìke B
>
'İ rmo gc`soİėİeİ >,
. =
tme fóyóa omėmrcmr kìke om 0 gc -
r`a lùstmrdmatmokr. ŕkdok `r ŗtİrd`jİeİe uyluc`oİėİ tmst'm f`a fd.
Bg'İe ogėru gcd`sİ b ckeom fkrkejk tkp b t y`p`r`a B
>
'İ rmoomtdm
rksak `(p) ìga aóìóa. Fue a rŗİcİa H:(p) ìga fóyóatór, p'eke, .= tme yu-
a`rİ fótóe omėmrcmrk kìke B
>
'İ rmoomtdmdkz lmrmatkėk b com dmsmcæ p 4
.
2
kìke B
>
'İ .<;:; kbtkd ccm a`fuc momjmėkz.
@j`f e s`fkt a cd`a ŗ`rtİ kcm o`b auvvmtck f`ŗa fkr tmst uyluc -
6>
y`fkckr dkykz7 ŕkdok Z x, 0? gcuİs B
>
'İ rmo, `ask b com B
>
'İ
k4c
a`fuc mtdm ŗmackeom fkr tmst'k uyluc`y cİd. Fu tmst kìke om auvvmt omėmr-
cmrkek vm mėrkeke lr ikėkek, ùejmak kcm dua`ymsmck ŗmakcom lùstmrmckd8
^
^(B
>
'İ rmo)
.=>
.>=<<
.==
.06;;
.9>
.6=>>
.9= .?099
.<>
.9>2>
.<=
.<2=<
.2>
.;0::
.2=
.;<20
.;>
.;;;9
.;=
0.>>>>
0.>>
/
0.>>>>
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ľakejk tmst'tm `(p) fkr z `rttİ, i`a t .= iŕ p 3 0 `r cİėİeo` bmr ega-
t`o` kakejk tmst'ke auvvmtk ìga o`b` i`zc`.
Fu dksæcom fkr egat` okaa`tk ìmadkŗ gcd`cİoİr8 tmst'ke auvvmtkek
bms`pc d`a kìke (y o mŗcmeka fkr ki`om kcm kakejk tkp b`t`yİ bms`pc d`a
kìke) `ctmre`tki bkpgtmzomak p`r dmtrm omėmrkeke fmcck gcd`sİ lmrmackokr.
Dksæc 68 e(ix,c) o`ėİcİdcİ fkr aótcmeke fodmokėkdkz grt`c`d`sİ k.
b`aaİeo`, fmcck kak omėmrome fkrkek vmy` okėmrkek `coİėİ ŗmackeom fkr bkpg-
tmzk tmst mtdma kstkygruz. ^`r`dmtrm uz`yİ8
O 4 ik8 >,0 vm B
>
8 ix 4 > w 4 x 8 hx 4 >
Bh 8 Qk 4 0 G‟ w 4 Qk 8 hx 4 0
X`r r igeaskygeueue i`rzmokcme omėmrcmrk om `ŗ`ėİo`ak lkfk gcsue8
c( , 1 m w) 4 >
c(`İ 1 (HC m£å‟ w) 4 6
c(`
6
1 (x mP‟ w) 4 >
c(`
6
1 (x mw) 4 :
_mst prgsmoóródóz y` (c` a`r`r `cd` aur cİdİzİ1 t fkrkeoka fkr tms`oİkck
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ùrema cd`a vm ùrema grt c d`sİ x ŕk > ìİa`rs Bg'İ rmoomtdma, x 3>
ìİa`rs B
>
'İ a`fuc.mtdma ŗmackeom fmckrcmymckd.
Fue lùrm,
Z@ 4 x8 R 3>
ZV 4 R 8 R U >
Fu tmst'm kckŗake gc`r`a rksa, K vm KK. tkp b`t`c`rİ vm tmst'ke auvvmtkek
bms`pc y cİd8
V(o, e mw) 4 :^( R Y 4 + > ( x 3 >Y 4 >) 4 :(. =>)44 0.=(6)
V(o,(k mP‟ w)46^( x3> Y 40) +>^ ( x ŕ>Y 40)46( . >66<)4. >?=?(:)
w P‟w
h 4 > (k. 4 0
İ B
>
'İ a`fuc .=>
_ kpck ^((k.) 4 .>?=?
`
6
Bg'İ rmo _kp K
gj(H@) 4 .=> .;=?9
`(u) 4 .=>
(:(u) 4 .>?=?
_mst'ke auvvmtk8 Umw kìke
^ 1H.)
4 (|x) 4 .=>
kk m£6‟w kìke ^ İİ) 4 0 ‟ .>?=? 4 .;=?9 (?)
Ckamckbggo Gr`eİ _mst'k(*)
[ua`rİo`ak kak dksæcom lùrócoóėó lkfk, a`r`r aur cİ vmy` str`tmhkeke
smìkdk, f`ŗa` omykŗcm tmst'ke t`ykek, fu smìkdk agc`yc`ŗtİr`e fkr t`aİd
arktmr vm dmtgtc`rİe fucued`sİeİ lmrmatkrkr. Ckamckbggo gr`eİ tmst'k1
f`skt fkr bkpgtmzke `ctmre`tki fkr f`skt bkpgtmzm a`rŗİ tmst'k y`pİcİrame,
a`fuc mokcmfkckr str`tmhkcmr vmrme fkr y`ac ŗİd gc r`a, fu ageuo fkzm
y`roİdjİ gc`j`atİr.
* Fùcódóe okėmr aİsİdc rİe lùrm o`b` ŗkkì gc`e fu ageu, lmrt-ack lùrócoóėóeom kbd`c
mokcmfkckr.
/ R‟ (@ ‟(@ S
^(R ŕ>) 4 p( Z ‟ ) ^(z6å>)-
S 3HľY e / Y e /
.=>>>
R‟(@ >‟0 W
: z 4 4 4 ‟ 6 |z| 46-*.?<<: ^(R3>0 (@ 4 0)4.=>>>‟.?<<:
g/ y_ k 4.>6"
? Fu tmst kŗcmdkeke fkr arktkėkek y`pİeİz. @ctmre tki tmstcmr y o a`r`r aur cc rİ tmacki mokekz
vm fuec r kìke om `Uik), (:(|
@), p((@)
yó bms pc yİeİz.
6<?
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Fu tmst'ke aucc`eİc fkcdmsk ckamckbggo igeaskygeueue y zİc`fodm-
skek lmrmatkrkr. F`skt bkpgtmzcmr, tms oóik omėkŗameke gc`sİfa vmy sİaba
igeaskygeueue amske ŗmackek `ec`d`dİz kdaæe vmrme bkpgtmzcmr ŗmackeom
om t`eİdc`eoİėİe lùrm, f`skt bkpgtmzcmrke fkrfkrkem a`rŗİ tmst'keomfu
dmtgou uyluc`y fkckrkz. ŕkdok tmst'k igrdmc gc`r a t rki momckd.
_`rki8 i(x,>) o`ėİcİdcİ fkr aótcmome,
Bg 8 2 4 ;,
Bİ 8 2 4 26 bkpgtmzkek tmst mtdma kìke e fkrkdcka fkr tms oóik
ùrema cİeoİėİeo ckamckbggo gr`eİ R,
i(x―>,)i(x
6
,>İ)...i(x
e
,>İ)
R 4 y z`cİd.
i(R
K
,>
6
)i(R
6
,>
6
),..i(R
e
,>
6
)
R
5 a ksm Bg'İ a`fuc mtdmdkz,
R
U a ksm Bg'İ rmo mtdmdkz (=) ŗmackeomak tmst ckamckbggo gr`eİ tmst'k-
okr. Fu tmst Z @ vm ZV'yk y`ek b`elk ùrema omėmrcmrk kìke Bg'İe a`fuc,
b`elkcmrk kìke rmo mokcmjmėkek t`yke momr. _mst'ke uyluc`eİŗİeİ dksæccmrcm
`ìİac`y`cİd.
Dksæc 08 (9) R,e(Qx,c) o`ėİcİdcİ fkr aótcmome cİe`j a 0 fkrkdcka
fkr tms oóik ùrema gcsue.
B
>
8 e 4 ‟ 0
B İ 8 ik. 4 >
İ - D * + k )
6
i(x,c) v U
Ckamckbggo gr`eİ8
R
4 4
i(x,>) 0 - H x*
m
y/ ååj
‟ S (x6+6x+c‟ x6) ‟ S (6x+0)
4 m 4 m
- x
‟ m m
= Fu tms`oóikcmŗtkrkcdmdkŗ fkr tmst'k ki om momr. Mėmr R ‟ a b ckeom fmcck fkr gc sİcİac
B―'İe a fuc vmy rmook sùz ageusu gcs`yoİ, fu t atkrom tmst tms`oóikcmŗtkrkcdkŗ gc j`atİ.
9 Dggo, Lr yfkcc .l.m. Zb. Ì29.
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a 4 m c cİd.
R
5 a
-‟
m m 5 m
. *
m~* 5 m
B`elk x omėmrcmrk fu mŗktskzckėk s`ėc`y j`atİr8 Bmr kak t`r iİe t`fkk
cgl rktd`sİ `feİrs , ‟x 5 01 Fur`o`e o` x 3 ‟0 fucueur.
G b`com 0 fkrkdcka fkr ùrematm x 3 ‟0 ksm B
>
'İ a`fuc momjmėkz, `ask
b com rmo momjmėkz. Z 4 x 8 x 3 ‟0, Z 4 x 8 x ŕ5 ‟0
Dksæc 68 e(Qx,c) o`ėİcİdcİ fkr aótcmeke grt c d`sİ y. om olkck gc r`a,
Bg 8
QR
4 6
Bİ 8 (R 4 > bkpgtmzkek tmst mtdma kìke e fkrkdcka fkr ùrema `beİvgr.
0 - H Z (
R k
- 6 ) 6
m
e i(
R c
,6) Y6Z
k4c
Ckamckbggo gr`eİ R 4 4
0 - k
e i(xQ,g)
‟ S QM
R c
6‟ ?Zx
0
+?e‟Z
R k
6T 66x
t
‟ 6e
4 m 4 m
6e x‟6e
4 m
6e x‟6e
Mėmr m 5 a gcurs Bg'İ a`fuc momjmėkz. Bmr kak t`r iİe
cgl`rktd`sİeİ c r`a vm f`sktcmŗtkrmrma1
6e
R
5 ľe
a
+ 6e
0 0
R
5 ľe
a -i- 0
ľe
a + 0 4 j okymckd.
6e 6e
R 5 j ksm Bg'İ a`fuc momjmėkz.
R 3 j ksm Bg'İ rmo momjmėkz.
Fkr tms oóik omėkŗame gc`r a x'İe o`ėİcİdİeİ B
>
vm Bİ i`r`zkymcmrkem
lùrm ìkzmckd.
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Fu prgfcmdom m'eke omėmrk, `(u.) vm h:(ik) b`t c rİe vmrmjmėkdkz
omėmrcmrm f`ėcİoİr.
`(
i k
) 4 ^(K) 4 ^ ( x 3 j Y 4 6)
(|x) 4 ^(KK) 4 ^ ( x 5 g Y 4 >)
Mėmr ùrema b jdk vm ^(K)'k fmckrtkrsma dmsmcæ e 4 ?, `(Qk) 4 .>= ksm
st`eo`rt egrd c o`ėoİd t`fcgsueo ,?=>>'m tma`fóc mome z omėmrk
0.9?='tkr. (x 4 6 ksm1
0.9?=
j 4 |@ ‟ 0.9?= ‟‟ 4 6 4 6‟ .266= 4 0.0<<=
y/ e 6
Fu ourud lùrm tmst kŗcmdkdkz ŗùycm gc j`a1 ? fkrkdcka fkr ùrema
`c`j`ėİz, ùrema grt`c`d`sİ 0.0<<='tme fóyóa ìİa`rs` Bg'İ a`fuc, `ask
b`com rmoomomjmėkz. Fu tmst kìke ^(KK) vm tmst'ke auvvmtk ^(Qk.)'yó bms`p-
c`y`cİd8
^(| k) 4 ^(KK) 4 ^( x 5 0 •0<<= Y 4 >) 4 . >>;? (<)
^(( ) 4 0 ‟ p(e) 4 0 W .>>;? 4 .;;>9
R ‟|R 0.0<<=
< (k 4 > ksm 6 4 4 4 6.:== Zt eo rt egrd c o`ėİcİd sİacİa igeask-
s/ Y~ .=>>>
ygeu t fcgsueo`e 6.:=='m tma`fóc mome gc sóİa .?;>9 gcouėue lùrm .=>>>‟ -?;>9 4 .>>;?
mcom mokckr.
6<<
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Bmd ((x) bmd om H:(
H@
) eóe
`yeİ `eo agetrgcó ksm `ej`a ùrema b`j-
dkek lmrmack smvkymskem ìİa`rd`ac s`ėc e`fkckr. Dmsmcæ, ^(K ) 4 .>6 vm
(KK) 4 .>0 gcd sİeİ kstmymckd8
(K)'ke-.>6 gcd`sİ kìke,
6.>=? 6.>=?
j 4
Q@g
4 6 gcd cİoİr.
•y/ e Y
e
(KK)'eke .>0 gcd sİ kìke,
6.:6: 6.:6:
j 4 hx
t
B 44 gcd cİoİr.
Y Y e
G b com bmr kak tkp b`t`yİ o kstmekcme smvkymcmrkeom agetrgc momjma ùrema
b`jdk,
6.>=? 6.:6:
6 4 mŗktckėkeke ìùzódóeome fucue`j`atİr.
Y'e Y
e
?.:<< .?.:<
6 44
Ye S 6
6.:6:
4 0.>9
/ ±•±"v
Y:
Fùycmckacm, = fkrkdcka fkr ùrema b`jdk kak b`t`yİ o` kstmekcme smvkymom
tutd`dİzİ s`ėc`y`j`a vm tmst,
A`fuc B
>
8 Q@ 4 6 mėmr R 5 0.>9 ksm,
Vmo B
>
8 (@ 4 > mėmr R 3 0.>9 ksm ŗmackeom gc j atİr.
^r`tkatm lùrócme tmst'cmr fu dksæccmromak lkfk f`skt tmst'Kmr omėkc,
ìgėu amrm a`rd`ŗİa bkpgtmzcmrke fkrfkrcmrkem a`rŗİ tmst'cmrk ŗmackeomokr.
Fueue y`eİeo bkpgtmzcmr o`ėİbdİe tma fkr p`r`dmtrmskem kckŗake gc r`a
omėo, fkr p`r`dmtrm smt'k kcm kclkck gc r`a o auruc fokr. Fu lkfk b ccmrom,
"lmemccmŗtkrkcdkŗ ckamckbggo gr`eİ tmst'k" aucc`eİcİr. Fu ageu
ms`s ktkf`rkycm a`ps`d oİŗİ fİr`aİcoİėİ kìke s`omjm ms`sİeİe em gcouėueu
aİs`j fmckrtdmym ì cİŗ cİd.
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Rt . . .R
e
8 i(x8>İ...>
a
) sİacİa igeaskygeue` s bkp fkr aótcmome
`cİe`j`a e fkrkeoka fkr ùrema gcsue.
B
>
8 (;İ, ..>
a
)mw
Bİ 8 (> ...>
a
)me‟ w
e
Ckamckbggo igeaskygeu8 C
44
KK i(x, 8 2İ.. ,>
a
)
k4c
Fu igeaskygeue w kìkeomak p`r`dmtrm omėmrcmrk kìke d`askdud'u
C(w),
Ñ
y`ek p`r`dmtrm uz`yİeİe tódó kìkeomak d`askdud'u o` C(P)
gcsue.
C(w)
Lmemccmŗtkrkcdkŗ ckamckbggo gr`eİ R 4 tkr.
C(P)
C(w) U C(ó) gcouėu kìke > 3 R U 0 okr.
R'eİe eml tki gc`d`d`sİ kak fkrcmŗka sİafa igeaskygeueue fkr gr eİ
gcd`sİeİe sgeujuour.
Fu dmtgtt` fkr B
>
bkpgtmzkeke tmst'keom Vmo fùclmsk > 3 R 3 @
`c eİoİr. Fur`o` @, h" l(RS B
>
) oR 4 ` 4 ^(K) gc`j a ŗmaoom tmsfkt
mookr.(2)
Fùcódóe fueo`e sger`ak aİsdİeo` bkpgtmz tmst'cmrkem pr`tka yùe-
ome y`ac`ŗ`j a vm pr`tkatm me ìga aucc`eİc`e tmst'cmr ózmrkeom o`b` `y-
rİetİcİ gc`r`a our`j`ėİz. Ckamckbggo gr`eİ tmst'keke ùemdk, pr`tkatm lùrm-
jmėkdkz tmst'cmrome ìgėueue ms`s ktkf`rkycm fkr C. gr`d tmst'k gcd`sİ y`
o fu tmst'm keokrlmemfkcdmskokr.
KK. ^V@_ľA_M ÌGA A]CC@EKC@E FľVA@Ì Bľ^G_MX _MZ_'ľ
Fùcódóe bu aİsd`eo` egrd`c o`ėİcdİŗ aótcmcmrom grt`c`d`c`r,
grt`c`d`c`r i`raİ, aótcm v`ry`esİ vmy` v`ry`esc`rİ i raİ om olok tmst'cmrcm,
fóyóa ùremacmr kìke gr`ec`r vm gr`ec`r i`raİ om olok tmst'cmrk vm jgetke-
lmejy t`fcgc`rİeİ (x
6
tmst'cmrk) lùrmjmėkz.
2 _mgrmdke fmckrcmokėk ŗ rtc r ctİeo 1 B
>
8 >, 4 >¾― >
6
4 >¾
6
... >
(
4 >¾, t 3 a gcsue,
ùrema fóyóa vm B
>
ogėru gcouėu t atkrom.‟6 ceR yh
t
ki omsk ogėruour. Fu ourudo mėmr
-" ce@, x smvkymskeomak yi t fcg omėmrkeome fóyóasm B
>
'İ rmoomomrkz, `ask b com B
P
'İ a`fuc
momrkz.
Fu ageuc ro o`b i zc fkclk kìke f`aİeİz8 Dggo, Lr yfkcc . l.m. 6;>-:>0.
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0. Egrd`c O `ėİcİdİe G rt`c`d`sİ (hz) kcm kclkck _ mst' cmr8
Rh.. .R
e
1 i(x) U e((x,o
6
) o`ėİcİdcİ fkr aótcmome `cİe`j`a e fkrkdcka
fkr tms oóik ùrema gcsue. Aótcm v`ry`esİde fokedmsk vm fokedmdmsk
b`ccmrkeom uyluc`e`j`a tmst'cmrk `yrİ `yrİ kejmcmymckd8
) A ótcm Y `ry`esİ 3r
6
'eke Omėmrkeke Fkckedmsk B`ck8
ùejm kak t`r icİ, o`b` sger` o` tma t`r icİ bkpgtmz tmst'cmrk ózmrkeom
our`cİd.
L
6
R e(iz, )
e
k) ľak t`r icİ tmst8 B
>
8 hz 4 (Xg L
6
4 L
>
6
fókekygr.
0
Bİ 8 (x QXg `
6
‟ Lg
6
fókekygr.
ŗmackeom ksm ùejm st`eo`rt egrd c o`ėİfdİ aucc e`fódma kìke fkr oùeóŗ-
tórdm y`p`rİz.
R ‟
QXg
z - e(>,c)
Lgc y/ æ
_mst kìke fkr `ec`dcoİa smvkymsk y` o` lùzm `c`j`ėİdİz fkrkejk tkp
b`t smvkymsk 'yk tmsfkt momrkz. Fu tmst'tm hz o`e bmd o`b aóìóa bmd
om o`b fóyóa Qz omėmrcmrk ctmre`tki bkpgtmz ŗmackeom vmrkcokėkeome
'yİ grt c d`sİ > gc e egrd c o`ėİcİdİe kak y`eİe mŗkt ŗmaóomU‟U fùc-
dmdkz lmrmakr. Fuc j`ėİdİz z
`
/ 6 omėmrk ùycm fkr z omėmrkokr ak sİaaa
igeaskygeu lr ikėkeke s ė t r iİeo fu omėmrke s`ėİeo a c j`a c e z®6
fmezmr ŗmaóom, skdmtrk ùzmcckėk sgeuju, o`ėİadİe sgc t`r iİeo o z
`
/ 6
`
omėmrkeke sgcueo a c e c e okr.
6
_`fcgo`e fucouėuduz omėmrm t `f z, st`eo`rt egrd cm oùeóŗtórdm
sgeuju mcom mttkėkdkz z omėmrkem om j`c z okymckd. [`po`j`a kŗ j c z
om t`f z'yk a`rŗo`ŗtİrd`atİr.
Mėmr hj c z
|
3 t`f z
`
/ 6 ksm B
>
'İ a`fuc momrkz.
| j c z | t`f z
`
/ 6 ksm B
>
'İ rmo momrkz.
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vm fu a`r`eİeİzo , lmrìmatm a`fuc mtdmdkz lmrmame fkr rmo bkpgtmzkek
rmoomtdmdkz rksa'k gcur.
[`ptİėİdİz tmst kcm lóvme `r cİėİ tmŗakc mtdmeke mŗcmeka kŗcmdcmr
` `
gcouėu lùrócóygr,
pu,
‟ z
`
/ 6 ) vm
Q@g
-i z
`
/ 6 ) ŗmackeom kak
Ye" Ye
omėmr `r`sİeo ìİa`e fkr ùrema grt c d`sİ Bg'İ a`fuc mtdmdkz, fu kak
omėmr oİŗİeo ìİa`j`a fkr x omėmrk om B
>
'İ rmo mtdmdkz sgeujueu ogėu-
r`j`atİr.
kk) _ma _`r`icİ _mst'cmr
0) Bg 8 Q@ Q@g @
6
4 @G
6
fokekygr.
Bİ 8
Q@
3
izg
3t
6
4 g
6
fokekygr.
vmy`
6) Bg 8 Q@ U Q@g `
6
‟ ±
6
fokekygr.
Bİ 8 (@ 5 Q@g `
6
‟ og
6
fkckekygr, ŗmackeom grt`y` ageuc`-
fokr.
Bmr kak b com uyluc e`j`a tmst kŗcmdcmrkek sİr kcm lùrmckd.
R ‟ @g
0) Bkpgtmzke aurucuŗueue d`bkymtk lmrmėk1 j`c z 4 bm-
J_g / Ye
s`pc eİr.
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j c z 3 ‟ t`f z
`
ksm B
>
rmoomokckr,
j c z 5 ‟ t`f z
`
ksm B
>
a`fuc mokckr.
Fur o` ‟ z
`
, z'eke sİacİa o`ėİfdİeİe sgc t`r`iİeo` ùycm fkr omėmrokr
ak, fueue sgcueo` a`c`e `c`e 'y` mŗkttkr.
6) Fur`o o ùejm1 j c z bms`pc eİr,
Mėmr j c z 5 t`f z
`
ksm B
>
rmoomokckr.
j c z 3 t f z
`
ksm B
>
a`fuc mookr.
z-x, z'eke sİacİa igeaskygeueue s ė t`r iİeo` ùycm fkr omėmrokr ak
fueue s`ėİeo a c e c e gj'oİr. @ŗ`ėİo`ak ŗmaoom (0) vm (6) ŗİac rİ `yrİ
`yrİ lùstmrkcdkŗtkr.
Fu tmstcmrom vm tmst'ke auvvmtk (Qk)'yó fuc`d`oİa, ìóeaó fu
omėmrcmr ej`a ctmre`tki bkpgtmzom tms oóik omėkŗameke o`ėİcİdİeİe ŗma-
ckeke t`d gc`r`a fkckedmsk kcm dódaóeoór.
Dmsmcæ1 B
>
8 ik 4
ikg
s
6
‟
m
>
6
fokekygr.
Bİ 8 hx 4 (kİ t
6
4 jrg
6
fkckekygr, ŗmackeom bkpgtmzcmr gr-
t`y` ageduŗ gcs`yoİ, g z`d e ` vm ŕ'yİ vm tmst'ke auvvmtkek bms pc -
d`dİz dódaóe gcurou.
Dmsmcæ, (kg 5 Q@t ksm1
Fur`o vmrome fkr ùrema b`jdkem lùrm vm (k fucue`fkckr, y o `
vm (k ed fmcck omėmrcmrkek s`ėc y`j a ùrema b jdk tmsfkt mokcmfkckr.
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A m o A ` f u c
Bkpgtmz tmst'keom y`ptİėİdİz kŗcmdk ùzmtcmrsma1 fkr `ec`dcİcİa smvk-
ymsk, ogc yİsİyc fkr t`f z omėmrkek fucuygruz vm fu omėmrcm j c z omėmrkek
a`rŗİc`ŗtİrİygruz. Fu y`ac`ŗİd bkpgtmz tmst'cmrkİİm ìgėu z`d`e s`aİej`cİ
gc`fkcmjma fkr rkhkocka vmrkygr. Fueue ymrkem ykem fkr j`c z omėmrk fuc`-
fkckrkz vm fueue b`elk smvkymom Bg'İ `ec dcİ gc r`a rmo mtdmdkzk s`ėc -
y`j`ėİd fucuruz. Dmsmcæ j`kz 40.?> ìİatİ ksm Bg'İ rmoomtdmdkz, tma
t`r icİ fkr tmst y`pİygrs`a x .>2 smvkymskeom, kak t`r icİ fkr tmst y`pİ-
ygrs`a ` .09 smvkymskeom a`fkcokr. Ogc`yİsİyc` sİr`sİyc` .;6 vm .2?
smvkymcmrkeom `ec`dcİcİa s`ėc`e`fkckr. Fu y`ac`ŗİd fkzm 'ed mx `etm
omėo, mx pgst gc`r`a t`ykek kdaæeİeİ vmrkr vm `coİėİdİz ùremėke sgeuì-
c`rİeİ o`b` smyy`c ŗmakcom tmst mtdmdkzk s`ėc`r. Bmrb`elk fkr tmst y`pd`a
3<>
ymrkem s`omjm mr‟ 4 omėmrkek vmrdmacm ymtkedma fkcm dódaóe-
• H e
oór. ľstmyme fu fkclkyk, bmrb`elk fkr bkpgtmzk, bmrb`elk fkr `ec`dcİcİa
smvkymskeom tmst mtdmom aucc`e`fkckr. Vmlrmsyge `e`ckzk kcm kclkck fùcód-
cmrom, rmlrmsyge a`ts`yİc`rİ kcm kclkck t tmst'cmrkeom fu y`ac`ŗİdİe ìga auc-
c`eİcoİėİeİ lùrmjmėkz.
ŕkdok fkr a`ì dksæc ózmrkeom `ìİac d c rİdİz omv`d momckd.
Dksæc 08 LÅD@, fkr fksaóvk i`frka`sİe` => fksaóvkcka autuc`r skp`rkŗ
mtdkŗtkr. Lmcme p`rtkyk agetrgc `d`jİ om :9 autucua fkr ùrema `cİeİygr.
Dutc`a rmook lmrmame aótcm ektmckėk autu kìkeom ?= fksaóvk gcd`sİoİr.
LÅD@'eİe a`r`r aur`cİ ŗùycm gcsue8 :9 fkrkdcka ùrematm grt`c`d` ?2 vmy`
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o`b `z ìİa`rs p`rtk rmoomoomjma, `ask b com a`fuc moomjma. A ótcm
st`eo`rt s`pd`sİeİe ; gcouėu o`b ùejmak skp`rkŗcmrke `e ckzkeome fkck-
ekygr gcsue.
k) Fu a`r`r aur`feo` K vm KK. tkp b`t` kbtkd`ccmrkek fucueuz.
kk) Bmr kak tkp b`t`yİ % 6.= y`pd`a kìke t`akp mokcdmsk lmrmack
a`r`r vmrdm usucóeó tmsfkt mokekz.
Jmv`p8
k) B
>
8-u ‟ =>
B, 8
|x
4 ?=
e 4 :9
/ ` 4 ; .
_]]ľ D.'* a`fuc
R ‟ (ľ>
?2 ‟ =>
gh-y/ e ;/ 9
| j c z |
4 0.::
.:: omėmrkem tma`fóc mome t f z gc sİbėİ .?>26 gcouėue lùrm,
^(K) 4 «((x) 4 .=>>> ‟ .?>26 4 .>;02
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J c z 4
R'‟ (kİ
4 6
45
t f z omėmrk .?<<: gcouėue lùrm
Ye
u
^(hk) 4 ^(KK) 4 .=>>> ‟ .?<<: 4 .>66<
]gS \
i Y -
a4C
o(/ )-.g6Z
ľk)
•4 .>6= gcouėue` lùrm x 4 =>‟ 0.;9 ‟‟ gcd`cİoİr.
Y
e
^(Qk) 4 . >6= gcouėue lùrm x 4 ?= -i- 0.;9‟‟ gcd cİoİr.
Ye
Fur`o`e,
; ;=> ‟ 0.;9 ‟‟ 4 ?= -i- 0.;9 mŗktckėkeke ìùzódó fkzm e U =>
Y
e
Y
e
omėmrkek vmrmjmatkr. G b com => fkrkdcka fkr ùrema cİe`j`a vm
;
R 4 => ‟ 0.;9 4 ?<.= t`e aóìóa ìİa`rs` B
>
rmoomokcmjma, `ask
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b com Bg a`fuc mokcmjmatkr. Fu a`r`r vmrdm aur cİ, bmr kak tkp b`t`yİ o`
. >6= gc`r`a t`bokt mtdkŗ gc`j`atİr.
Dksæc 6i8 Fkr a`fcg ikrd`sİ, grt c d lmrokd auvvmtk 6>> al. vm
v`ry`esİ 0?? al. gc e a`fcgc r kd c mtdmatmokr. ]yluc ed`sİ oóŗóeócme
ymek fkr kstkbs c prgsmskeke lmrkckd auvvmtkek `rttİrİp `rttİrd`y j`ėİ
`r`ŗtİrİcd`at`oİr.
k) ?; fkrkdcka fkr ùrematm msak kstkbs c prgsmskeke .;= `ec dcİcİa
smvkymskeom rmook b`elk b com dódaóe gc fomjmatkr 7
kk) Fkrkejk ŗİat`ak a`r`r vmrdm aur`cİ uyluc`eoİėİeo`, ymek prgsm
lmrkckd auvvmtkek 6>= al.d . ìİa`roİėİ b com msak prgsmym omv`d mtdmym
a`r`r vmrdm (B
>
'İ a`fua mtdm) gc`sİcİėİ em a`o`roİr7
kkk) Fu prgfcmd om kclkck kŗcmyme a`r`atmrkstka vm auvvmt mėromrkek
ìkzkekz.
Jmv`p8 k) _mst mokcdma kstmeme bkpgtmz ymek kstkbs`c prgsmskeom
aótcm grt`c`d sİ kcm kclkck8
Bg 8 (k 4 6>> al. `
>
6
4 0?? al. (lmrkckd auvvmtk f`aİdİeo`e
`r o` i`racİcİa yga)
B
(
8 ik 5 6>> al. L
>
6
4 0?? al. (ymek prgsm o`b yóasma
lmrkckd auvvmtk s`ėbygr)
_mst8 j c z 5 t`f z
`
ksm B
>
rmoomookr, `ask b com a`fuc mookr.
t f z.g= 4 0.9= (. 0=>> gc sİfė tma`fóc mome t fcg omėmrk)
G b com j kz 5 0.9= ìİa`rs Bg, -;= `ec dcİcİac rmoomokcmfomjmatkr.
R ‟ 6>>
0.9= 4 ‟ x 4 6>6.2:
06
R
5 6>6.2: ìİa`rs KK
>
rmoomoojjma, `ask b com a`fuc mokcjmatkr.
6>6.2: ‟ 6>=
kk) ‟• 4 ‟ 0.699
0.699 z omėmrkem tma`fóc mome gc`sİcİa .:;<> gcouėue lùrm
|x
4 6>=
gcouėueo B
>
.2;<> gc`sİcİac rmoomoomjma, .0>:> gc`sİcİac a fuc moom-
jmatkr. [`ek, p(hİ) 4 ^(KK) 4 .0>:> gc`j atİr.
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kkk) GJ vm auvvmt mėrómrkek ìkzdma `d`jİ kcm ymek prgsmekİİ grt c -
d`sİ kìke dubtmcki omėmrcmr vmrmckd vm bmr omėmrm tma`fóc mome :(tz) vm
(Qk) ‟ 0 ‟ (:(Qz) yk bms`pc y cİd. @ŗ`ėİo`ak t`fcg fkra`ì i`r`zk omėmr
kìke sgeuìc rİ lùstmrdmatmokr.
0;= 6>> 6>6 6>= 60>
d
0.>>> .;= .?22 .0>:> .>>>
>
.>= .=06
.2;<>
0.>>>
GJ vm mėromrkeke kejmcmedmsk mŗcmekackacmrkek grt`y agyuygr. GJ
mėrksk dubtmcki Qz omėmrcmrk kìke Bg'İe a`fucó, ksm dubtmcki hz omėmrcmrk
kìke Bg'İe rmook gc sİcİac rİeİ lùstmrkygr. @yeİ hz omėmrcmrkem tma`fóc mome
GJ
vm omėmrcmrkeke tgpc dİ o o kd 0.
GJ mėrksk1 ymek prgsmeke msakskeome o`b oóŗóa lmrokd auvvmtk s`ė-
c d`sİ b ckeom msak prgsmym omv`d mokcmjmėkek (İz 4 6>> b ckeomak .>=
b`t gcd`sİ a`yoİyc ), ymek prgsmeke grt c d`sİeİe 60> al. gcd`sİ b -
ckeom ksm msak prgsmym omv`d kbtkd`ckeke dmvjut gcd`oİėİeİ lùstmrkygr.
Bmr kak mėrk tma t`r`icİ bkpgtmz tmst'cmrk kìke tkpka mėrkcmr.
f) A ótcm Y `ry`esİe İe Fkc kedmdmsk B`ck8
Aótcm v`ry`esİeİe fkckedmokėk b`ccmrom kst`tkstkak kstkocæcom t o`ėİ-
cİdİeİe aucc`eİcoİėİeİ o`b` ùejmak fùcódom lùrdóŗtóa. Fueue smfmfk
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t o`ėİcdİŗ st`tkstkėkİİ mrlome f`ėİdsİz gcd`sİ kok. Ùzmcckacm aóìóa ùrema-
cmrom egrd`c vm t o`ėİbdc`rİ `r`sİeo` o`b` i`zc` i`ra gcouėueo e, f`zİ
akt`pc`ro` fu b`c "aóìóa ùrema y`ac`ŗİdİ" ŗmackeom ki`om moodkŗtkr.
(R h.. .R ―)1 i(x) e( .mr-) o`ėİcİdcİ fkr aótcmome `cİe`j a e fkrkdcka
fkr tms oóik ùrema vm tmst mtdma kstmokėkdkz bkpgtmz1
Be 8 44 txg > 3g
6
3 jg
B Q 8 e ug > 3l
6
3 jg gcsue.
Fur`o` uyluc`e`j`a tmst lmemccmŗtkrkcdkŗ ckamckbggo gr`eİ tmst'keke
fkr sgeujuour.
_ 4
x ‟
0R>
R
‟
(Rg
•t
e
W İ gcouėueu `r`cİa ŗma-
ckeomak t`bdkeome fk-
―
W s
/ Z
k
- k ( R
k
‟ x)
6
ckygruz.
Y - ‟ w
Y
e(e-c)
Fur o o tmst j c t kcm t f te-c,`
/ 6
omėmrcmrkek a`rŗİc`ŗtİrd`a
surmtkycm y`pİc`j`atİr, t`f
te-c
,
`
/ 6 ùycm fkr t o`ėİcİdİ omėmrkokr ak,
(e‟0) smrfmstcka omrmjmsk kìke t o`ėİcİdİeo fu omėmrke s`ėİeo a c e
c e y. 6'ym mŗkttkr.
_mst8 Mėmr hj`c _
|
5 t f t ksm Bg'İ rmoomomrkz.
e‟0,
6
k
j c _ h l t`f t « ksm Bg'İ a`fuc momrkz. (;)
e‟0,
6
Dksæc8 D`el`emzke mrkdm egat`sİ kcm kclkck gc r`a,
B 8 İx ‟ 069> j±
Z
•; Fu y`ac ŗİdc `r cİa ŗmackeom t bdke mŗcmeka y`ac ŗİdc roİr. (x ‟ /6 ‟‟- vm
Z Y±
]. t ― x/6 ŗmackeom kak omėmr fucur vm hx,*İe omėmrkem f`a rİz. Mėmr U fu kak omėmr r -
y'.rİ
,İdc
vmr `cİygr-.± ],*' t`fgc
momrkz, ask b com B
>
'İ rmoomomrkz.
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Bİ 8 (k 069> j¾ bkpgtmzk tmst mokcdma kstmekygr. Fu `d`ìc ?
fkrkeoka fkr ùrema cİeİygr vm 069;,06<0,069:,069= fucueuygr. % ;=
`ec`dcİcİa smvkymskeom tmst'k y`pİeİz.
Jmv`p8
R 4 069<, e 4 ?
069< ‟ 069> <
j c _ 4 ‟ 4 4 :.2:
y?>06 0.296
t f te-c, / 6 4 t f t
:
,.
>
6s 4 :.026
j`c _ 5 t`f t gcouėu kìke % ;= `ec`dcİcİa (% = fkrkejk tkp b`t` rksak) kcm
Bg'İ rmoomomr vm d`elmemzke mrkdm egat sİeİe `ec dcİ ŗmakcom 069> j¾'ome
i`racİ (`z y` o` ìga) gcouėu sgeujue` v`rİrİz.
`
6
'eke fokeokėk b`cm p`r cmc gc`r a fur`o` o` tma t`r`i cİ tmst'-
cmrke e`sİc y`pİc j`ėİeİ lùrmckd.
k) Bg 8 U Hkg > 3 `
6
3 «
Bİ 8 Qhİ 3 (cg > 3 g
6
3 d
_mst8 j c _ 3 ‟ t`f t
e
W İ,` ksm B
>
'İ rmoomomrkz,
j c _ ŕ ‟ t`f t
e
W İ,` ksm B
>
'İ a`fuc momrkz.
kk) Bg 8 hk l (htg > 3 `
6
3 4
Bİ 8 5 ix« "
_mst8 j c _ 5 t`f t
e
W İ,` ksm B
>
'İ rmoomomrkz.
j c _ U t f t
e
Wİ,x ksm B
>
'İ a`fuc momrkz.
Fótóe fu tmst'cmrom, `ec dcİcİa smvkymsk (vmy mŗcmeka gc r`a K. tkp
b`t y`pd rksa'k) ek mx `etm gc r`a tmsfkt mttka. Fu tkp tmst'cmrom om fmcck
fkr B
>
bkpgtmzkeke, fmcck ùrema omėmrcmrk a rŗİsİeo % a`ì `ec`dcİcİac`
rmo vmy a`fuc mokcmfkcmjmėkek om sgr fkckr y`ek `ec dcİcİa y 3c ( )'yó
mx pgst gc r`a tmsfkt momfkckrkz.
t
6. Grt`c`d`c`r @r`sİeo` I`raİe _mst'k8
^r`tkatm, omėmrcmrk fokedmyme kak aótcm grt c d`sİeİe dua`ymsmsk
vm fuec`r r sİeo` `ec`dcİ fkr i`ra fucueup fucued`oİėİeİe tmst'k ìga
y`pİcİr. Fu tkp tmstcmrm pma ìga dksæc vmrkcmfkckr. ľak i`racİ suek lófrm
jkeskeke fmcck fkr tkp tgpr`at fuėo`y vmrkdkem mtaksk, a`oİe vm mrama
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kŗìkcmrke fmcck fkr kŗk y`pd sórmcmrk `r`sİeo `ec dcİ fkr i`ra gcup gcd -
0
oİėİ, kstkbs`c prgsmskem macmeme ymek fkr `cmtke vmrkdcokėk `rttİrİp `rttİrd`-
oİėİ lkfk... ľatks`tt`e o fkr a`ì dksæc vmrmckd8 0;6:-0;:2 omvrmsk om
0;?=-0;9; omvrmcmrk `r`sİeo fóyódm bİzc rİ `r`sİeo `ec dcİ fkr i`ra
v`r dİoİr7 0;=>-0;=2 omvrmsk vm 0;=;-0;9; omvrmsk `r`sİeo d`rhke c
tóamtkd mėkckdkeom `ec dcİ fkr oóŗdm dmyo`e lmcdkŗ dkokr... lkfk.
Bkpgtmz tmst'cmrkeom lmemcckacm y`pİcoİėİ lkfk fur`o o aótcmeke o -
ėoİdc`e b`aaİeo` fmcck i`r`zkymcmr y`pİcİr vm kak aótcmome, fkrfkrkeome
f`ėİdsİz ùremacmr cİeİr. Aótcm v`ry`esc`ede fokekp fokedmokėkem lùrm
i`racİ y ac`ŗİdc`r uyluc`eİr.
`) A ótcm Y `ry`esc`rİeİe F kckedmsk B `ck8
S , 0
Mckdkzom R İ vm R
6
tms`oóik omėkŗamecmrkeke dmyo`e` lmtkrokėk kak
egrd`c o`ėİcİd gcsue.
R , e(Q@İ,3<İ
6
)
R
6
e(Q@
6
,3R
6
6
)
_mst mtdma kstmokėkdkz bkpgtmz8
B
>
8 Q@İ 44 Q@6 vmy Qxİ ‟ Q@
6
4 > jrİ
6
vm jt
6
6
fkckekygr.
Bİ 8 Q@İ
U Q@
6
vmy | Q@İ‟- QR6 H 5 > 3<İ
6
vm İ
6
fokekygr.
Fur`o B
>
bkpgtmzkeke dutc`a Q@İ ‟ Q@
6
ŗmackeom aurucd`sİeİe
lmrmack gcd`oİėİeİ fmckrtmckd. Q@İ ‟ Q@6 4 j lkfk (j fkr s`fkt) fkr bkpgtmzk
om ctmre`tkik |Q@İ ‟ Q@60 5 m ym a`rŗİ tmst momfokroka. Bkpgtmzcmrke auru-
cuŗ ŗmack g fokd o cİ kcm kclkck akdsmcmrke uylue lùrmjmacmrk ŗmakcom y`po -
fkckr vm ms`s ktkf`rkycm bmr fkckd o cİeİe uėr`ŗİsİoİr.
_mst'k y`pd`a kìke fkrfkrkeome f`ėİdsİz gc`r`a bmr kak aótcmome eİ
vm e
6
b`jkdck ùremacmr `cdİygr vm Rİ, R
6
grt c d c rİ mcom mokckygr.
Q@İ
‟
Q@
6
eóe t`bdke mokjksk gc r`a,
(_C
6
JI
6
6
Rİ ‟ R
6
e(Q@İ‟Q@6,
+ ) ŗmackeom o`ėİcİr.
e, e
6
( R İ ‟ R
6
) ‟ (Qkİ tU
6
)
X 4 ‟ e(>,c)
/ (_c* 3_6
6
eİ e
6
6;0
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Aurouėuduz bkpgtmzcmrke ŗmackem lùrm j c t vm t f t omėmrcmrkek a`r-
ŗİc`ŗtİr`r a kak vm tma t`r icİ tmst'cmrk y`p fokrkz.
0) ľak t`r`icİ
Bg 8 (@İ ‟ (k.6 4 > 3rİ
6
5>, J_
6
6
5> 3<İ
6
4 j76
6
4 `
6
Bİ 8 (x, ‟ hx
6
hkz > .
_mst8 Mėmr Qj c 00 5 t f t / 6U+U-6 ksm B
>
'İ rmoomomrkz.
Mėmr | j c 00 l t f t
gj
/ 6,e
0
+e
6
-6 ksm B
>
'İ a`fuc momrkz.
6) _ma t`r`icİ8
k) B
>
8
(@İ
‟ (x
6
85
G
_mst8 j c _ sŕ‟ t`f t
`
,
eİ
+e
6
-6 ksm B
>
Bİ 8
(Rİ
‟ (
6
3
G
rmoomokckr, `ask b com a`fuc mookr.
kk) Bg
8 (@İ ‟ (@
6
Æ
G
_mst8 j c _ ŕŗ t`f t
`
,00,?-00,-6 ksm B
>
rmo-
Bİ 8 (K.İ ‟ (@
6
5 G omokckr, `ask b com a`fuc mokckr.
Fkr a`ì dksæccm `ìİac`d c`rİdİz omv`d momckd8
Dksæc 08 ľst`efuc vm ľzdkr'om p`duacu ogaud s`e`ykkeom s``t
f`sİe grt c`d ójrmtke `ec`dcİ ŗmaoom i racİ gcup gcd`oİėİeİ tmsfkt
`d`jİ kcm fu kak ŗmbkrom :9'ŗ`r fkrkdcka kak ùrema cİedİŗ vm ľst`efuc'o`ak
GIt c d s` t f`ŗİe ójrmt ľzdkr'omakeome .6= _C i zc fucueduŗtur.
ľst`efuc'o`ak ùrematm tmrkdcmrke ùrema grt c`d`sİeo`e s`pd c`rİeİe
a`rmcmrkeke tgpc`dİ 6.=, ľzdkr'om ksm 6.6 ckr`oİr.
Fu ourudo , aótcm v`ry`esc`rİeİ mŗkt i rzmomrma, ľstefuc'o`ak gr-
t c`d ójrmtke ľzdkr'omakeome o`b yóasma gcouėu ŗmackeomak fkr bkpg-
tmzk <0 ‟ .>= kcm tmst mokekz.
Jmv`p8
e, 44 :9, u
6
4 :9,.Rİ‟Rz4 .6=,0 (R..‟R
4 '' 6
•x
.
>=
Bg 8 |@C 5 (@Å
Bİ 8 İ ė Qkz
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(R,‟R6) H
e İ
+
e 6
(.6=)(YÅ2)
j c _ ‟ 4 4 ?.6:
/ 6(x ,
k
‟x, )
6
+k(R
6k
- R
6
)6 r
Y e
c
+e
6
‟ 6 Y "
6.=+6.6
<>
_mst8 j c _ 3‟ t`f t ,e,+e
6
-6 ksm B
>
'İ rmoomomrkz,
t`f t.
>=
,
<>
4 0.99<
?.6: 5 ‟ 0.99< gcouėu kìke Bg'İ a`fuc momr vm kak ŗmbkromak s``t
f`ŗİe ójrmtcmr r`sİeo lùzcmeme .6= _C. cka grt c d ójrmt i`raİeİe
% ;= smvkymskeom `ec`dcİ gcouėueu fmckrtkrkz.
S -
Dksæc 68 Fkr kcagauco zmaæ tmst'kem t`fk tutuc e 09 mrama ùėrmejk
kìke ùrema grt c d`sİ 0>< pu`e, ùrema st`eo`rt s`pd`sİ 0> pu`e1 0? aİz
ùėrmejk kìke ksm ùrema grt c d`sİ 006 pu`e, ùrema st`eo`rt s`pd`sİ 2
pu`e fucueduŗtur. A ótcm v`ry esc`rİeİ mŗkt a`fuc momrma aİz vm mrama
ùėrmejkcmr `r sİeo bmrb`elk fkrk cmbkem fkr zmaæ i`racİbėİ fucueup fu-
cued`oİėİeİ, . ;= `ec dcİcİa smvkymskeom tmst mokekz.
Jmv`p8
B
>
8 Qkİ 4 (k6 İ
6
4 jr
6
6
fokekygr.
Bİ 8 (kİ U Qk
6
`İ
6
4 3r
66
fokekygr.
(R
İ-x
6
) H (0><-006)H.
j c _ 4
09.0?
eİ+e
6
y
09+0?
ľZ (R ―‟ x,)
6
+ 6 (R
6
h‟ x
6
)
6
k4c k‟0
H 0=(0>)
6
+0:(2)
6
09+0?‟6
eİ + e
6
‟6
0.= (00)
_mst8 | j`K_ | 3 t`f t / 6,e,+e-6 ksm B
>
a`fuc mokckr, `ask b com
rmoomookr.
/ 6( R ― -x , )
H
00 Zİ 4 / igrdócóeome y`r`rc`e`r`a.
Y e
t
‟ 0
6;?
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Dksæckdkzom 0.= 36.>= gcouėueo`e B
>
'İ a fuc momrkz. [`ek .;=
`ec`dcoİac` aİz vm mrama oagauc ùėrmejomrk `r`sİeo` zmaæj` fkr i`racİcİa
fucued`oİėİ sgeujue` uc`ŗİrİz.
kk) Aótcm v`ry`esc`e om olok folk gcd`d sİ b ckeom ej`a y`ac`ŗİa
tmst'cmr uyluc`e`fodmatmokr. Fu y`ac`ŗİa tmst'cmrome fkrk, ùremacmrke
bmr kakskeke om fóyóa ùrema (e ŕå :>) ektmckėkeom gcd`sİ b`ckeom,
(Rİ‟R
6
) ‟ (hk.İ‟HC
6
)
j c z 4 ‟
H
Z,
6
s
6
*
‟ +
eİ e
6
omėmrkek fucd`a vm fueu tmst'ke kak vmy` tma t`r icİ gcd`sİe` lùrm
t`f z
`
/ 6 vmy` t`f z
`
om o`b` ùejm e`sİc y pİc`j`ėİ fmckrtookėk ŗmakcom
a`rŗİc`ŗtİrd`atİr.
:. Egrd`c O`ėİcİdİe Y`ry`esİ (`
6
) kcm kclkck _ mst' cmr8
Fu tmst om o`b ùejm lùroóėódóz tmst'cmr lkfk, lmemccmŗtkrkcdkŗ
comckbggo gr`eİ tmst'keome ìİa`r. @r`fa ŗmackeom t`bdke fùcódóeom,
`
6
kìke1
£ (R1‟x)
6
£ (R,‟ x)
6
x
k4İ k4İ S
3 (t
6
3 İ 4 0 ‟ >j
R
6 `
R
6 `
e‟00 e‟0 k
6 6
ŗmackeom lóvme `r`fėİeİ lùrdóŗtóa. _mst mtdma kstmokėkdkz bkpgtmz1
B― 8 `
6
4 3h
>
6
Bİ 8 `
6
3r
>
6
gcsue.
Z (R
k
- x )
6
k4c
] 4 omėkŗamekek fu `d`ìc aucc e cİd.
e fkrkdcka fkr ùrema `cİr vm j`c ] omėmrkek fucuruz.
Mėmr, j`c]5t`fx
6
* vmy` j`c]3t`fx
6
« ±
sm
" e‟0, e‟0,0
6 6
Bg'İ a`fuc momrkz.
6;=
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Mėmr, j c ] 3t`f
`
vmy` J c ]5t`f / - ` ksm
e‟0, e‟0,0
6 6
Bg'İ rmoomomrkz. (06)
_ma t`r`icİ bkpgtmzcmr8
k) Bkpgtmz Bg 8 3r
6
U
3<g
6
Bİ 8 m
6
3 (_
>
6
ŗmackeom ksm,
İ
Mėmr, j c ] 3 t`f x
6
e-k'
`
*
sm
Bg'İ rmoomomrkz.
" j`c ] 5 t`f x
6
e-kİ
`
k
s m
Bg'
0
a`fuc momrkz,
kk) Bkpgtmz Bg 8 3r
6
jr
>
6
Bİ 8 m
6
5 jig
6
ŗmackeom ksm, -
Mėmr j c ] t`f x
6
―Wİ,İW` ksm B
>
'İ rmoomomrkz.
" j`c ] 3 t`f x
6
e
-t±k-« ksm B
>
'İ a`fuc momrkz.
Dksæc8 D`el emz'ke mrkdm egat`sİe okŗake gc`r a ? ùcìdm y`pİcdİŗ
vm 069;,06<0,069:,069= fucueduŗtur. Fu ùrema sgeuìc rİeİ aucc e`r`a
vm ùcìdmcmrke o`ėİcİdİeİe egrd cckėkek i`rzmomrma,
Bg 8
3r
6
4 6
Bİ 8 3H
6
U 6'yk .;= `ec`dacİa kcm tmst mokekz.
Jmv`p8
£ (R,‟x)
6
?>
k4c
j c ] 4 4 46>
(_g
6
6
06 Fur o kca f`aİŗt tmrs fkr ourud v r lkfk lùzóadmatmokr.
e
Z (Rh‟x)
H
ymrkem (e‟0) Z
H
agy r a,
k 4 c
(e-c)Z*
^( 3 3f) 4 0‟ ŗmackeom fkr `r cİa tmŗakc momfkckrkz. Fur`o`e e
6
kìke
*
`r`cİa aurd`a kstmrsma,
0 f (e‟ 0)Z
(e‟ 0)Z*
^( 3 3 ) 4 0 ‟ ` vmy` ^( 3 `
6
3 ) 4 0 ‟ ` fucueur.
(e‟0)Z
6
. `
8
(e‟0)Z
6
fr `
` 4 y
6
, f 4 R
6
agy r a dmtkeomak tmst ki omcmrk mcom mokcdkŗ
' `‟ c,`/ 6 `‟0,0 ‟ / 6 gcur.
6;9 '
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t`f x
6
4 t f x
6
4 -609
e‟ c, :,.>6=
6
t`f x
6
4 t f x
6
4 ;.:=
e‟ 0,0 , :,.;<=
6
j c ] 5 t`f x
6
:±-;<= gcouėu kìke Bg'İ rmoomomr vm ùcìócmrke o`ėİf-
ddİe v`ry esİed 6'ome i`racİ gcouėu sgeujue` uc`ŗİrİz.
?. Eg rd c O`ėİcdİ ŗ ľak A ótcmeke Y `ry`esc`rİ @r -
sİeo`ak I`rac` kclkck _mstcmr8
R
c
e(Rİ,3_|6)
R
6
e((R6,3r
6
6
) vm tmst moodma kstmeme bkpgtmz1
Bg 8 (_İ
6
4 3k6
6
B, 8 (_İ
6
U 3_
6
6
Fu tmst kìke I o`ėoİdİeİ aucc`e`j`ėİz. Fkrkejk aótcmome d, kakejk aótcm-
ome e
6
b`jkdck kak f`ėİdsİz ùrema `cİedİŗ ksm1
Z (R,,‟Rİ)
6
/ d‟0 Z (R―‟ Rİ)(e
6
‟0)
k4c k4c
I 4 4 Ie - c, g,‟0
Z (R
6k
‟ x
6
)
6
/ e
6
‟ 0 = (R
60
‟ x
6
)(e,‟ 0)
k4c k4c
_mst8 Mėmr j c I l t`f I
x
,eİ‟ c,e
6
‟ 0
6
vmy j c I ŕåt`f I i ksm B
e
'İ rmoomomrkz
x
0 ,eİ‟ c,e
6
‟ 0
6 H
t f I 3 j c I 3 t f I ksm B
>
'İ
` «
,u
6
‟ c,eİ‟ 0 0 ,eİ‟ c,e
6
‟ 0
6 6
a`fuc momrkz.
6;<
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_ma t`r`icİ tmst'cmr8
k) Bg 8 mrk
6
(_6
6
Bİ 8 ji
6
5 3r
6
6
kìke,
j c I U t f I
`
, 00,-0,00
-0
ksm B
>
'İ rmoomomrkz, `ask b com a`fuc
momrkz.
kk) Bg 8 mrk
6
U 3r
6
6
Bİ 8 (_İ
6
3 jt
6
6
kìke,
j c I ŗŕ t`f I , e,-c,İİ
6
-c ksm B
>
'İ rmoomomrkz, `ask b com a`fuc momrkz.
Dksæc8 Egrd`c o`ėİcdİŗ kak aótcmeke v`ry`esc`eeİe mŗkt gcup gcd`-
oİėİeİ % 0> `ec dcİcİa smvkymskeom -tmst mtdma `d`jİ om eİ 4 0> vm
e6 4 0< b`jkdcka kak f`ėİdsİz ùrema `aeİygr vm Zİ
6
4 0>.6? vm Z
6
6
4 ;.>
fucueuygr. Fu ùrema omėmrcmrkek aucc`e`r`a tmst'k y`pİeİz vm sgeuju
fmckrtkekz.
t ,
Jmv`p8
W . (d‟ c)Zİ
6
/ e,‟ 0 ;(0>.6?)/ ; 0>.6?
j c I 4 4 4 4 0.0?
(e
6
‟ 0) Z6
6
/ er- 0 09.;/ 09 ;
0
t`f I 4 t`f I 4 (t f I )"±4 4.::=
.>=,;,09 .;=,09,; 6.;2
,eİ‟ c,e
6
‟ 0
6
t`f I 4 t f I 46.=?
x .;=,;,09
0 ,e 0‟0 ,e
6
‟ 0
6
t`f I U j c I U t`f I ksm Bg'İ
` `
,eİ‟ c,e
6
‟ 0 0 ,eİ‟ c,e
6
‟ 0
6 6
a`fuc momrkz.
Fur`o` . ::= 3 0.0? 3 6.=? gcouėue lùrm B
>
'İ a`fuc momr vm % 0>
fkrkejk tkp b`t` rksak kcm kak aótcmeke v`ry`esc`rİ `r`sİeo` `ec`dcİ fkr i`ra
fucued`oİėİ sgeujue` v`rİrİz.
6;2'
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=. G r`ec`rc` åc lkck _ mst'cmr8
Gr`ec`rc` kclkck tmst'cmr, ùzmcckacm meoóstrkom, sgsy`c fokd o`cc`rİeo`
pma y`ylİe aucc`eİdİ gc`e tmst'cmrokr. Fu tmst'cmrom fkegdk`c o`ėİcİd`
fóyóa ùremacmrom egrd c o`ėİcİd om y`ac ŗİc fodmsk ùzmcckėkeome y`r`r-
c`eoİr. Fu aİsİdo` fkegdk`c o ėİcİdİeİ aucc`eİdİeİ kbtkv` mome aóìóa
ùremacmr ózmrkeom ourd`y`r`a, s`omjm fóyóa ùremacmrom egrd c o`ėİ-
cİdo`e y`r`rc`e`r`a gr`ec`rc` olok kak vm tma t r`icİ tmst'cmrke e`sİc
y`pİc j`ėİeİ lùstmrmjmėkz.
k) ľak t`r`icİ _mst8
_mst mtdma kstmokėkdkz bkpgtmz,
Bg 8 p 4 p
>
'
Bİ 8 p p
>
:> vmy` o`b` fóyóa b`jkdom fkr ùrematm p'eke t`bdke mokjksk gc`-
rİ
Z
R k
k4c Z
r`a p 4 4 st`tkstkėkek aucc`e`cİd. Fkr tms oóik omėkŗame
e e
gc`r a, fóyóa ùremacmr kìke, p U e(p, ) gc`j`atİr.
e
p‟pg
j c z "4 e(>.0)
H-
g3g
G b com tmst j c z vm t`f z
`
/ 6 omėmrcmrkek fookėkdkz ŗmaoom dua -
ymsm mtdma surmtkycm y`pİc`j`atİr. [`ek,
Mėmr | j c z
|
t f z
`
36 gcurs B« a`fuc mokcmjma,
Qj c z | 5 t f z
`
/ 6 gcurs B
>
rmoomoomjmatkr.
kk) _ma t`r`icİ tmst'cmr8
0. Be 8 p 5 pg
Bİ 8 p "hŕ p
>
ŗmackeom bkpgtmz aurucduŗs tmst,
j c z ‟ t b z
x
ksm B,, rmoomokckr, `ask b com a`fuc mookr.
6>;
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6. Bkpgtmz1 B
>
8 p 3 p
>
Bİ 8 p U p
>
ŗmackeom vmrkcdkŗsm tmst,
j c z 5 t`f z
`
ksm B
>
rmoomokckr, `ask b com a`fuc mokckr.
ùrema gr`ec`rİ ymrkem ùrema tgpc`dc`rİeİ aucc`e`r`a o` tmst'cmr
y`pİc`fkckr. R , egat` fkegdk`c o`ėİcİdcİ fkr tms oóik omėkŗame gcsue.
[`ek ùrema mcmd`eİ fmcck fkr ektmckėk b kz gcup gcd`d`sİe lùrm > vmy`
0 omėmrcmrkeome fkrkek csİe. Ùrema tgpc dİ, Z R
?
4 Z fkr tms`oóik
k4c
omėkŗame gc r`a, fóyóa ùremacmr kìke, Z e(ep, epq) ŗmackeom o ėİc-
dİŗtİr.
Z ‟ ep
j c z 4
‟
e (>,0)
Yepq
Fu ourud` lùrm kak vm tma t`r icİ tmst igrdóccmrkek y`z`fkckrkz8
ľak t`r icİ8 Z ‟ epg
Bg 8 Z 4 epg j c z 4
Bİ 8 Z ep
>
Y
e
pgqg
_mst8 | j cz| 3 t`f z ksm B
>
a`fuc mookr, `ask b com rmoomookr.
/ 6
_ma t`r`icİ8 k) B
>
8 Z 5 ep
>
B, 8 Z l ep
>
_mst8 j c z 3 ‟ t`f z
`
ksm B
>
rmoomookr, `ask b com a`fuc mokckr,
kk) B
>
8 Z 3 ep
>
B, 8 Z ŕŗ ep
>
_mst8 j`kz 5 t`f z
`
ksm Bg rmoomokckr, `ask b com a`fuc mokckr.
ŕkdok fkr a`ì dksæccm fu tmst'cmrke y`pİcİŗ t`rzİeİ kz`b omv`d momckd.
Dksæc 08 Ùėrmejk omremėk f`ŗa`ecİa smìkdcmrk ùejmskeom. I`aóctm
ùėrmejkcmrk `r`sİeo y`pİc e fkr e`fİz ygac d`sİeo 0>> ùėrmejkcka fkr
f`skt tms`oóik ùrematm 96 ùėrmejk `o`yc ro`e fkrkek omstmacmokėkek fmckrt-
dkŗtkr. Fu `o`y .;= gc`sİcİac ameokskek smìkdk a`z`edİŗ oomomfkckr dk7
Jmv`p 8 Bkpgtmzk tma t r icİ fkr bkpgtmz ŗmackeom aurd dİz lmrmakr.
B
>
8 p 5 .=
B, 8 p æ .=
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p‟ g .96‟ .= .06 .06
j c z 4 ‟ W ‟ 4 6.?
HU- H'
(.=)(.=) Y->>6= >=
0>>
6-? 5‟ 0.9= gcouėueo e B
>
a`fuc mokckr, y ek `o`y .;= gc`sİcİac`
ameokskek lóvmeck bkssmomfkckr.
K
@yek tmst'k mŗcmeka fkr y`ac`ŗİdc` ŗùycm om y`p`fkckroka8
B, 8 Z 5 => 96‟=> 06
j c <. 4 ‟ 46.?
B, 8 Z =>
v
3 ••"5)(-=) Y6=
vm `yek sgİİİİj` İo`ŗİroİa.
Dksæc 08 Aùycmrom y`po`e fkr sgsy c `r`ŗtİrd`o , ùremėm lkrme 2>>
akŗkome 96<'sk fóyóa ŗmbkrcmrom gturd`yİ tmrjkb mttkėkek fmckrtdkŗtkr.
.>= fkrkejk tkp b`t` kbtkd`ckek a`fuc momrma, fóyóa ŗmbkrcmrom gturd`a
kstmymecmrke gr`eİeİe .<= gcouėueu tmst mokekz.
Jmv`p8
B
`
8 p 4 .<= .<2?‟ .<=> .>:?>
j
`
cz 4 ‟ 4 4 6.6>2
B, 8 p ;9 .<= / (. <=)(. 6=) ->0=?
U 2>>
96<
p 4 4 .<2? | j cz| 5 t f z gcouėueo e B
`
'İ rmoomomrkz.
2>> / 6
6.6>2 5 0.;9
Zùzó lmìme gr`eİe .;= `ec dcİcİa smvkymskeom . <='tme i`racİ gcouėu sg-
eujue , v`rİrİz.(0:)
9. Gr`ec`r I`raİ kcm ľclkck _mst'cmr8
ľak aótcmome mcom moodkŗ gr`ec`r `r`sİeo` `ec`dcİ fkr i`racİcİa fu-
cueup fucued`oİėİ, bmr kak aótcmome, fkrfkrkeome f`ėİdsİz gc`r`a `cİe`e
fóyóa ùremacmrome y`r`rc`e`r`a egrd`c o`ėİcİdİe aucc`eİcd`sİ ygcuyc`
0: @veİ ±geuj ùrema tgpc dİeİ aukóİİriu mŗcmeka tmst kcm e sİc uc ŗİcoİėİd lùstmrkekz.
:>0
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tmst mokcmfkckr. Zùz ageusu aótcm gr`ec rİ p, vm p
6
gcsue. Aótcm gr`ec`rİeİe
t`bdke mokjkcmrk gc r`a,
eİ . e
6
6 R1 6 R h
k4İ
Zİ . U k4İ Z
6
pİ ‟ ‟ 4 vm p
6
4 4 ùrema omėmr-
eİ e
(
e
6
e
6
cmrkek aucc`e`cİd.
k) ľak t`r`icİ tmst8
B
>
8 pİ 4 p
6
4 p
B, 8 pİ p
6
Zİ Z
6
/ pİ3hİ p
6
q
6
S
pİ ‟ p
6
/ ^k?k ^
6
?6 S
(pİ‟^6, 0 )
S e. e-5 '
İ e
6
E
eİ e
6
Bg bkpgtmzk `ctİeo` pİ‟p
6
'eke v`ry`esİ, p vm q omėmrcmrk grt`a gc j`ėİ kìke
-Y /
0 0
S
v`r(p
t
‟ p
6
) 4 pq K (- K gc`j atİr.
* eİ e
6
'
p fkckedmokėk kìke grt`a gr`e p'ym kak ùremėke omėmrcmrkek aucc e`e
`ŗ`ėİo`ak t`bdke mokjk kcm y`ac ŗ`fkckrkz8 Bmr kak ùremėk fkr `r`y lmtkr-
Z,+Z
6
W
okėkdkzom f`ŗ`rİ gr`eİ p kìke, ki`omskek aucc`e`fkckrkz.
eİ + e
6
G b`com,
Zİ Z
eİ e
6
j`c z 4 ‟‟ gc`j atİr.
/ / Zİ -i -Z
6
S / Z İ + Z
6
S , 0 0 S
Y )
0
) ( ‟
E
eİ + e
6
' S eİ + e
6
' S eİ e
6
'
_mst8 | j c z | 3 t`f z / 6 ksm Bg a`fuc mokckr.
| j c z | t`f z
`
/ 6 ksm B
>
rmo mokckr,
kk) _ma t`r`icİ tmst'cmr8
0) B
>
8 pİ 5 p
6
Bİ 8 pİ l p
6
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_mst8 j c z 3 ‟ t`f z
`
ksm B
>
rmoomokckr, `ask b com B― a`fuc mokckr,
6) B
>
8 p, 3 p
6
B, 8 p,
_mst8 j`c z5 t`f z
`
ksm B
>
rmoomookr, `ask b com a`fuc mokckr.
Fkra`ì dksæccm `ìİac d c rİdİz omv`d momckd8
Dksæc 08 Oóŗóa lmckr lrufue lkrme kcm rmkscmrk `r sİeo`e smìome
0>> akŗkcka fkr ùrematm 96 akŗk, p`rcmdmetgy vmrkcme fkr a`eue t`s`rİsİeİe
cmbkeom, :2 k cmybkeom1 yóasma lmckr lrufue lkrme `om rmkscmrk `r`sİeo`e
smìkcme 0>> akŗkcka ùrematm ksm ?0 akŗk cmbtm, =; akŗk cmybtm gcouėueu fo-
okrdkŗtkr. Fu ùrema vmrkcmrkeome y`r`rc`e`r`a oóŗóa lmckr lrufueo`
t`s`rİyİ omstmacmdm gr`eİeİe yóasma lmckr lrufueo`e o`b yóasma gc-
ouėu bkpgtmzkek .;= `ec dcİcİa smvkymskeom tmst mokekz.
Jmv`p8
Bg 8 pİ 5 p
6
Bİ 8 pİ p
6
.96‟.?0 .60
j c z 4
/ 96+?0 96+?0 _ k 0>: ;< 6~~
H ( - ) o ) (‟ ) H ( ‟ ) ( ‟ ) ( ‟ )
E
6>> 6>> 0>>
v
6>> 6>> 0>>
.60 .60 ?6> ?6>
4 -‟ •4 4 4 ‟ 4 6.;2
K 0;;26 YÅ;226 Y0;226 0?0
Y
0.>>>.>>> 6>>>
Fu ourudo bmr kak lmckr lrufu `r sİeo ageuy kckŗake gc r`a .;=
smvkymskeom `ec`dcİ fkr oóŗóejm i`racİcİėİ dmvjut gcouėu sgeujue` v`rİ-
ygruz.
Dksæc 68 @ d`ra cİ fkr d`ake kcm kd c mokcme 6>> p`rì`o`e 0;'u,
F d`ra cİ d`ake kcm kd c mokcme 0>> p`rì`o`e 9'sİ b`t cİ ìİadİŗtİr. Fu
ourud` lùrm kak d`ake`eİe kd`cæt a`cktmsk f`aİdİeo`e, .;= smvkymom
`ec`dcİ ŗmakcom i racİ gcouėu sgeujueu ìİa`r`fkckr dkskekz7
Jmv`p8 Bg 8 pİ 4 p
6
Kcİ 8 pİ p
6
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0; 9
6>> 0>> < / 6>> :=YÅF
j `
c
z
4 4 ~BX X X KX
4
•
40.>::
/ 6= 6<= 0 0 092<= : Y6>96=
* / ‟ ) ‟ ) ‟ + ‟ )
H
‟ ‟ )
v
:>> :>> 6>> 0>>
v
;>>> 6>>
| j c z
|
3 t`f z
`
/ 6
0.>:: 30.;9 gcouėueo`e B
>
'İ a`fuc momr vm fu kak d`ake `r -
sİeo` .;= `ec`dcİbat` fkr a`cktm i raİ fucued`oİėİ sgeujue` v`rİrİz.(0?)
<. a _`em Gr e @ r`sİe o`ak I`ra8
^`r`dmtrmcmrk p(.. p
a
gc e a t`em fkegdk c o`ėİcdİŗ aótcmome fkr-
fkrkeome f`ėİdsİz gc`r`a eİ.. ,e
a
b`jkdck fóyóa ùremacmr `cİedİŗ gcsue.
Z
1
bmr ùrematm ùrema tgpc dİeİ lùstmrske.
Z
k‟
`
k^k
e(>,c) k4c..,a
Y
e
k^ k ( c‟ ^k )
Zt`eo`rt egrd c o`ėİcdİŗ fkr omėkŗameke a`rmsk, smrfmstcka omrmjmsk
0 gc`e fkr*
6
o`ėİcİdİoİr, a t`em f`ėİdsİz y o`ėİcdİŗ omėkŗameke tgpc dİeİe
o`ėİcİdİ o 1 fu o`ėİcİdİe ùzmcckėk sgeuju, ykem -/ - gcur. Zmrfmstcka omrm-
mm.y -om smrfmstcka omrmjmcmrk tgpc dİe mŗkttkr. [`ek,
v /@
(Z‟Bk^k)
6
'
4 K u
k^k(*‟^k)
Bg 8 pİ 4 p
6
4 .. 4
^ a
4 p
Bİ 8 pİ ;4 . . . 4£p
a
_mst8 Mėmr p fkckekygrs` ki`omskeom p
1
ymrkem p age`r a j c'/
bms`pc eİr. Mėmr j c -/ ŕ / ,a ksm B
u
rmoomokckr, `ask b com a`fuc mokckr.
^r`tkatm ìgėu z`d`e p fkckedmz. Fu omėmr ymrkeì ùremacmrke fótó-
eóeome y`r`rc`eİc`r`a fkr "fkr`r`y` lmtkrkcdkŗ t`bdke"' aucc`eİcİr.
Zİ+Z
6
-i-... +Z
a
eİ+e
6
+ . . . +e
a
00 Bkpgtmzk tma t r icİ aurduŗ gcs yoİa
sgeuì
omėkŗkr dkyok7
:>?
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j c y
6
4 6
k4c
(Z‟Pk
"p)
6
e
k^
(c‟p)
v _mst8 Mėmr j c y
6
U x
6
3*5 a-0 ksm B
>
rmoomokckr, `ask b com a`fuc mookr.
Fur`o smrfmstcka omrmjmcmrkeome fkrkek a`yfmtdmdkzke emomek p
ymrkem t`bdkekek (p) aucc`edİŗ gcd`dİzoİr.
e t`em f`ėİdsİz fóyóa ùrema kìke, kejmcmokėkdkz prgfcmdk `ŗ`ėİo`ak
ŗmakcom om igrdócm momfokrkz8
ùremacmr8
f`ŗ`ef
0 6 a Fur o Z
1
vm e1‟Z
1
'cmr lùz-
s,
Z
6
..
Z
a
cmeme ìgacuac`roİr. Fuec`rİ
eİ‟
Z İ
e
6
‟Z6
e
a
‟ Z
a
i1h gc`r a lmemc fkr egt`syge
eİ
e
6
e
a
om lùstmrmfkckrkz.
B
>
8 pİ 4 p
6
4 ... 4 ^a
4
bkpgtmzk `ctİeo` fmacmeme lùz
ìgacuac`rİ'eİ bms`pc`y`cİd.
Fkrkejk sİr` kìke , İkhp h 4 0. . .a
ľakejk sİr` kìke ' eUc‟ p) h 4 c . . . a
Z0+Z6+.. . s
a
p vmrkem p 4
yİ aucc`e`cİd
eİ - ie
6
+... e
a
Fmacmeme lùz ìgacuac`rİ mU 4 e. p
m
6h
4
P
h(c p)
a
(ihk‟m
6 ‟ ‟
m
u
j c x
6
6
8 6
k‟0
u)
6
Fu j c y
6
omėmrkek x
6
6Wİ) (
a
W İ) om a`rŗİc`ŗtİr`j ėİz. Fu o yS..İ gc -
j`ėİe lùrm fkr ùejmak sgeuj `yeme uc ŗ`j`ėİdİz `ìİatİr.(0=)
ŕkdok fkr ùrema ózmrkeom `ìİac d c rİdİz omv`d momckd8
Dksæc8 Dubtmcki dmscma s bkpcmrk kìke, gėucc rİe em ùcìóom f`f`
dmscmėkek smìtkacmrk `r`ŗtİrİcd`a kstmekygr. 6>> ogatgr, 0=> dóbmeoks,
0= Zmrfmstcka omrmjmskeke ekìke a‟ 0 gc j ėİeİ z sger jgetkelmejy t fcgc rİd kejmcmrame
ìİac y j ėİz.
:>=
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02> ùėrmtdme vm ľ>> `vua`tİe (ìgjuac`rİ gc`ec`r `r`sİeo`e tms`oóik
gc`r`a smìookatme sger`) ìgjuac`rİ fu `ìİo`e kejmcmeokėkeom `ŗ`ėİo`ak
sgeuìc`r mcom mokcdkŗtkr8
Ogatgr
Dóbmeoks
Ùėrmtdme @vua`t
`veİ dmscma :?
6< 62
0;
0>2
i racİ dmscma 099
06: 0=6
20
=66
_gpc`d8
6>>
0=>
02> 0>>
9:>
Fu vmrkcmrm lùrm `4 .>='a`fuc momrma, sùzó lmìme dmscmacmr kìke,
f`f` dmscmėkek smìme ìgjuac`rİe gr eİeo` i`raacİa fucued`oİėİ bkpg-
tmzkek tmst mokekz.
Jmv `p8 ùejm m
t h
cmrk fucd`cİyİz.
Z0+.. .+Z? 0>2
^ 4
eİ + . .. +e
?
9:>
0>2
m,, 4 6>> ‟ 4 :?.: m
60
4 09=.< :?.: 6=.< :>.; 0<.0
9:>
Fmacmeme lùz ìgacuac`rİ
0>2
0>2
m
06
4 0=> 4 6=.< m
66
4 06?.: 09= < 06?.: 0?;.0 26.;
9:>
=66
0>2
m
0:
4 02> 4 :>.; m
6:
4 0?;.0 6>> 0=> 02> 0>> | 9:>
9:>
0>2 0<.0 26.;
m
0?
4 0>> 4 m
6?
4
9:> 0>2.> =66.>
(.:)
6
(0.:)6
(6.;)6
(0.;)6
(.:)6
(0
.:
)6
(6
.;
)6
(0.;)6
j c
:?.: 6=.< :>.; 0<.0 09=.< 06?.: 0?;.0 26.;
4 .999
t`f x
6
-«=,: 4 <.20=
:>9
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Fu ourudo kejmcmeme ageuo , dmscmacmr `r`sİeo fkr i`racİcİa
fucued`oİėİ sgeujue` v`rİygruz.
2. "Jg etkelmejy" _ `fcg c`rİ8
Fkr`z ùejm ózmrkeom ourouėuduz dksæc jgetkelmejy(cù) t`fcgc`rİ
kìke kyk fkr lmìkŗ egat`sİ tmŗakc mokygr. Ymrkcmrk kak i`rab sİeİic`eoİrd`
arktmrkem lùrm lrupc`oİėİdİz z`d`e jgetkelmejy t`fcgc`rİ mcom mokckr.
@ arktmrkem lùrm r, F arktmrkem lùrm om a i`racİ lrup gcouėueo , t`fcgeue
lmemc lùróeóŗó8
F,
F
6
..
.. F
a
_gpc`d
- @,
i.İ
iİ ••
.. i
ca
i±.
@
6
i
6
, i
66
••
.. i
6a
i
6
.
- G
irc
i
r6
C ir-
_gpc`d
i.İ i-6 •
.. i.
a
i
Zİeİic`eoİrd` arktmrcmrk kìke gauyuju pma ìga dksæck `afe` lmtkrm-
fkcdmckokr8 Lmckr lrupc rİ vm armok om cİŗvmrkŗ b`aaİeo`ak oóŗóejmcmr,
mėktkd smvkymsk vm mvckckatm mŗcmr `r`sİeo uyuŗd omrmjmsk, mėktkd vm
lmckr, uyau kcæjİ `cd` vm uyud`... Lmemcckacm fu sİeİic`eoİrd` arktmrcmrk-
eke fkrfkrkeome f`ėİdsİz gcup gcd`oİėİ `r`ŗtİefr. Dmsmcæ, uyau kcæjİ
`cd` uyud`y` y`roİd mokygr du, mėktkd smvkymsk vm lmckr `r`sİeo` f`ė-
c`etİ v`r dİ7... lkfk sgruc`rİ jmv`pc`eoİrd`a kìke jgetkelmejy t`fcgc`rİd
aucc`eİygruz.
i
u
cmrm lùzcmeme ìgacuac`r okygruz, i b`jdkeom fkr ùrema @ vm F
sİeİic`eoİrd` arktmrcmrkem lùrm lrupc`eoİec`r`a d`trkas ŗmackeom fkr t`fcg
tmŗakc mokygrc`r.
Z`ėo` vm `ctt` ymr `c`e tgpc`dc`r d`rhke`c tgpc`dc`r,
V
6 i
( H
4 i,. sİr` tgpc`dc`rİ,
h4t
09 Jgetdlmejy' ke cól t d`e sİ, fktkŗdm, tmd s, r slmcm gc e ŗmy, kbtkd c, tms oói ŗmakc-
cmrkdcm vmrkckygr.
:><
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6 ihh 4 i.h sótue tgpc`dc rİ
k4r
i 4 £ ik. 4' 6 i.,
040 h4İ
_mst mtdma kstmokėkdkz bkpgtmz8 @ vm F sİeİic`eoİrd` arktmrcmrkeke
f`ėİdsİzcİėİ. Fu bkpgtmzk e`sİc igrdócm momfkckrkz7
Bg 8 ^
u
.4 (^,.) (^.h) k 4 0,. . .r
Bİ 8 ^
u
U (^,.) (^.h) h 4 c , . . . a (0<)
Fur`o` ^h. vm ^.h ymrkem t`bdkecmrkek aucc`ed`a ourudueo`yİz.
ik-
^ 1
4 W W
i
Fmacmeme lùz ìgacuac rİe mU omrsma B
>
bkpgtmzk `ctİeo`
, ― (i
k
-)(i-
H
)
m
?
h 4 (^(-) (^- h) i 4 gc`j atİr. Fu igrdócm lùrm m,, 0mr bms p-
i
c`eoİat`e sger`,
a (
i
İh‟
m
u)
6
j c -i 4 6 6 bms`pc e`j`a vm fu omėmr
k4t h - c m
u
R
6
,(
t
Wt) i
a
Wİ) om dua ymsm mokcmjmatkr.
_mst8 j`c y
6
r
Wİ) (
a
W İ) ìİa`rs Bg rmoomokcmjma, `ask b com
a`fuc mokcmjmatkr.
Fur`o` smrfmstcka omrmjmskeke (r‟ c) (a‟0) gcd`sİeİ ŗùycm kz`b mom-
fkckrkz8 sİr` vm sótuec`ro`, lùzcmrome fkrkeom fucue`j`a fkrkd s`yİsİ,
`yeİ sİr vm sótueo`ak okėmr lùzcmromak mcmd`e s`yİc`rİ fokeokėkeom gtg-
d`tka gc`r`a fucue`j`ėİeo`e (ìóeaó sİr` vm sótue tgpc`dc`rİ vmrkokr)1
(r‟0) sİr` vm (a‟0) sótue kìke smrfmstcka sùz ageusuour.(02)
0< _ms oóik omėkŗamecmrom f`ėİdsİzcİa b ckeom fkrcmŗka gc sİcİėİe, d`rhke c gc soİac r ì r-
pİdİe mŗkt gc j`ėİeİ lùrdóŗtóa. B― bkpgtmzkeom fu mŗktckėk ki om mtdkŗ gcuygruz.
02 Zmrfmstcka omrmjmskeke fkr f ŗa kz b t rzİ kìke fa. Irmueo .l.m. Zb. 62?.
:>2
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Fu tmst'k uyluc`rame okaa`t mtdmdkz lmrmame fkr egat` fmacmeme
lùz ìgacuac`rİ kìke m
u
'cmrke bmrfkrkeke ='tme `z gcd`d`sİoİr, mUcmrome
f`zİc`rİeİe ='tme `z ìİad`sİ b`ckeom f`zİ lùzcmrk fkr `r`y` lmtkrmrma o`b`
fóyóa b`jkdom lùzcmr tmŗao mtdma uylue gc`j`atİr.
Jgetkelmejy t`fcgc`rİ, ùzmcckacm sgsy`c fkckd o`cc`rİe` lkrme ageu-
c`ro` `r`ŗtİejo`ee ùemdck t`bco `cmtcmrkeome fkrkokr. @ŗ`ėİo`ak dksæc
mėktkd smvkymsk kcm mvckckatmak uyuŗd` `r sİeo` fkr f`ėc`etİ gcup gcd`oİėİd
`ec`d`dİz` kdaæe vmrmjmatkr.(0;)
?>> mvck mramatme dmyo`e` lmcme fkr ùrema, mvckckatm uyuŗd` omrm-
jmsk vm lùroóėó mėktkdm lùrm `ŗ`ėİo`ak lkfk lrupc`eoİrİcdİŗtİr8
| M Y C ľ C ľ A _ M ] [ ] ŕ D@
Mėktkd
Zmvkymsk
Ìga oóŗóa Oóŗóa [óasma Ìga
yóasma
_gpc`d
[óasma Gauc
Grt ùėrmtkd
kca Gauc
02 (6<)
0< (0:)
00 ( 9)
6; (:;)
62 (0;)
0> ( ;)
<> (9?)
:> (:6)
00 (0?)
"00= (0>6)
?0 (=0)
6> (6:)
6:6
009
=6
_gpc`d
?9
9< 000 0<9
?>>
_`fcgo` p`r`etmz kìkeomak r`a`dc`r bmr lùzm tma`fóc mome fmacmeme
ìgacuac`rİ lùstmrkygr. Dmsmcæ1
(iİ-5
(i.İ) (6:6) (?9)
m,, 4 4 D 6<
i ?>>
_`fcgo`ak lùzcmeme vm fmacmeme ìgacuac`rİ aucc`e`r`a bms`pc`oİ-ėİdİz j`c
y
6
omėmrk 6>.< okr.
t`f x
6
.gs,(h-k) ]Wİ) 4 t`f £-.>=,9 4 06.=;
j c y 5 t`f y
z
.>=,9 gcouėueo e mėktkd smvkymsk vm mvcokatm uyuŗd`
`r sİeo` fkr f`ėc`etİ fucued`oİėİ bkpgtmzkek .;= `ec`dcİcİat` rmoomok-
ygruz. _`fcgeue tmtakak yóasma gauc dmzuec`rİeİe mvckckėm o`b` kyk uy`-
fkcokėkd grt`y` agyuygr.
Fu ageuo` sge gc`r`a A. ^m`rsge'ue jgetkelmejy a`ts`yİsİ ózmrkeom
our`cİd.
e r
(.getkİİlmejy a`ts`yİsİ, J 4 . / (6>)
(@
r/
K 6>.<
Dks`ckdkzom J 4 . / 4 .66
U ?6>.<
0; Dksæck .L. BgmC, Mcmdmİİt ry Zt tkstkjs Zb. 6?0ome cİygruz.
K '/ S
S
' 6İ) _sjbİİpruii'u `kt mgetkekkmemv a t- vİsİ ksm _ 4 İ W W W W W ŗmackeomokr.
Dkcckdkzom c5u omėmr .0?2 5kkr. ' S i
v
(r‟ c) (a k)/
'
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;. ]yd` kykckėk (F`ŗ`rİsİ) _mst'k8
]yd` kykckėk tmst'k, lùzcmeme fkr vmrk smtkeke, fmcck ŗmakcom o`ėİcdİŗ
fkr tms oóik omėkŗamem kt omėmrcmr s`yİcİp s`yİcd`y`j`ėİeİ a`r`rc ŗtİr-
d`o` aucc`eİfr.
xİ . . .x
e
, gc`sİfa y` o` sİacİa igeaskygeu fokedmyme fkr tms oóik
omėkŗameke lùzcmeme omėmrcmrk gcsue. _mst mtdma kstmokėkdkz bkpgtmz8
B
>
8 i(x) 4 i
>
(x)
B, 8 i(x) U ig(x)
Fur o mėmr i
>
(x) fótóe p`r`dmtrmcmrk om fmckrcmekygrs` bkpgtmz
f`skt fkr bkpgtmzokr. O ėoİdİe s omjm ŗmackeke fmckrtodmsk i`a t p`r`-
dmtrmcmrm s`yİs c omėmrcmr timokcdmdmsk b ckeom ksm a`rd`ŗİa bkpgtmzcmr
sùz ageusuour.
ŕkdok uyd` f`ŗ`rİsİ tmst'keke e`sİc y`po`j`ėİeİ dksæccm `ìİac`v`-
bd.(60)
Zt eigro-Fkemt zmaæ tmstkeke 6;<> ìgjua ózmrkeomak sgeuìc rİ, zmaæ
o`ėİcİdİeİe egrd`c gcouėu sgeujue` fkzk lùtórmfokr dk7 Fu sgruyu
jmv`pc eoİrd`a kìke v`po`e kŗcmdcmrke sgeuìc rİ `ŗ`ėİo`ak t`fcgo lùs-
tmrodkŗtkr8
Zt eigro-Fkİİmt zmaæ tmstk sgeuìc rİeİe egrd c mėrkym uyd f`ŗ`rİsİ
R - ( x Egrd c
Xmaæ i Mėrkomakmaæ Mėrkomak
Omrmjmsk c e m
09>
c)
0=>
xi
.>>?0 06 0.::
xi
6.9?=
0?> ==
6.>=<
.>0=2 ?< 0.:9
0:> 06>
0.?92
.>=06 0=6 9.<?
06>
::>
.2<;
.0029 :=6
0.:2
00>
.
90>
.6;0
.0;=2
=26 0.:=
tgG
<0;
‟ .6;2
.6:09 922 0.?>
, ;>
=;6
‟.229
.0;=> =<; .6;
2> ::2
‟ 0.?<=
.00<<
:=> .?0
<>
0:>
‟ 6.>9?
.>=>9 0=> 6.9<
9>
?2
‟ 6.9=6
.>0== 09
.>;
=>
<
)
.>>?> 06
.>>
?>
? 06
:>
>
E 4 6;<>
.;;;;
6;<>
4 0<.>6
60 Dksæc, Pukee Dj Emre r. syjbgcglkj c Zt tkstkjs KKK. Mo. \kcmy 0;96 Zb. 6:6 ome cİe-
dİŗtİr.
:0>
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_`fcgo`ak kca sótue zmaæ omrmjmcmrkek, i ksm fu zmaæ lrufue lkrme
ìgjua s`yİsİeİ lùstmrkygr. Xmaæ grt`c`d`sİ 0>?.=9, st`eo`rt s`pd sİ
09.;;. Zt`eo`rt egrd cm krj mtdma kìke (R‟pİ) h` oùeóŗtórdmskek y`-
pİygruz. ľca kak vm sge óì sİeİi y omėmrkeke o`f lóvmekckr ŗmakcom bms`p-
c`ed`sİeİ s`ėc`y`fkcdma kìke fkrcmŗtkrkcdkŗ fucueuygr, z omėmrcmrkem
tma`fóc mome gc`sİcİac`rİ st`eo`rt egrd`c o`ėİfdİe sİafa igeaskygeueo`e
fucuygruz. Fu gc`sİcİac`rİe tgpc`dİeİe (yuv`rc`d` b`t`c`rİ oİŗİeo`)
0.>>> gcd`sİ lmrmack. Fu gc sİbac rİe bmr fkrkek 6;<> kcm ì`rp`r`a bmr zmaæ
lrufue` oóŗme fmacmeme ìgacuėu fucuygruz. Fmacmeme ìgacuac`rİe grt`-
c`d`sİ vm v`ry`esİeİe o` lùzcmeme ìgacuac`rİeakem mŗkt gcouėu fkr bm-
s`pc d kcm `ec ŗİc fkckr. Fueo`e sger ,
` (i-m)
6
R
6
4 6 igrdócó uyluc`e`r`a x
6
4 0<.>6 fucueuygr.
p4k
m
Fucouėuduz bms`pc`edİŗ y
6
omėmrkek1 sİeİi s`yİsİ-aucc`eo`e p`r -
dmtrm s`yİsİ (E,Qk.,
6
) smrfmstcka omrmjmck fkr y
6
omėmrk om dua`ymsm mtdm-
dkz lmrmakygr. Fur`o` 00 t`em sİeİi v`r.
E,(HC
vm `
6
ogc`yİsİyc` : smrfmst-
cka omrmjmsk a`yfmokygruz. G b`com y
6
.>=,2 omėmrkem f`ad`dİz lmrmab.
t`f R.
6
-
>=
*
2
‟
0=.=><
j c x
6
5 t`f y
6
gcouėueo`e vmromrom dóŗ`b`om moome egrd c mė-
rkome uz`ac`ŗd d`rhİeİe .;= `ec dcİcİa om ŗ`es f`ėc e`d`y`j`ėİ,
f`ŗa omykŗcm egrd c mėrkeke tmst sgeuìc rİe uylue oóŗdmokėk sgeujue`
v`rİygruz.(66)
Bľ^G_MX _MZ_'CMVľ ľCM ľCLľCľ ^VGFCMDCMV
0. R ‟ e(kx,c)
Bg 8 u. 4 9
Bİ 8
QK.
4 <
`) Fu prgfcmdk, kak `askygecu fkr a`r`r prgfcmdk gc r`a igrdócm
mokekz vm `askyge uz`yİeİ t`eİdc`yİeİz.
66 Bkpgtmzcmrke tmst'k kcm kclkck* fùcódom ózmrkeom ouruc fkcmjma tmst'cmrke fótóeóeó fu
fùcódom a`ps`dİŗ omėkckz, ùzmcckacm p`r`dmtrka gcd`y`e tmst'cmrm bkì tmd`s mtdmoka. @yrİj ks-
t tkstkak kstkoc cke ùemdck ageuc rİeo`e fkrk gc e vm ùzmcckacm tmjrófk kckdcmrom fóyóa aucc eİdİ
gc e v`ry`es `e ckzk, agv`ry`es `e ckzk lkfk ageuc rİ a`ps`d oİŗİ tuttua. Oózmecmedkŗ omemycmr
vm omemy oózmecmdmeke prgfcmdcmrk ózmrkeom bkì ourd`oİa. Fu y`ac ŗİdİdİz1 akt fİe b`jdk kcm
kclkck meokŗmcmr y eİeo , sùzó lmìme tmaekacmrke magegdmtrkomak aucc eİdİeİe akt pt ymr vmrkcme
okėmr tmaekacmrm lùrm eksfk zcİėİ kcm om b`acİ ìİa rİc fkckr.
:00
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f) ^`r`dmtrm uz`yİeİ t`eİdc`yİeİz.
j) Zİafa igeaskygeu fu gc`e fkr aótcmome : fkrkdcka fkr ùrema cİeİ-
ygr. ^rgfcmd kìke bmrb`elk fkr a`r r igeaskygeu y`zİeİz.
o) I`rzmomckd ak ? fkrkdcka fkr ùrema c j`ėİz vm `ŗ`ėİo`ak a`r`r
igeaskygeueu uyluc`y j`ėİz.
Mėmr R 3 < ksm `
t
`askygeu, y`ek B
>
'İe rmook,
Mėmr x U < ksm `
6
`askygeu, y`ek Bg'İe a`fucó.
Fu a`r`r aur`b uyluc`eoİėİeo` ^(K) vm ^(KK)'yk fucueuz.
m) o ŗİaaİ kìke `askyge gc`sİcİac`rİeİ fucueuz.
i) Fu prgfcmd kìke ŗ`ėİo`ak z`r r igeaskygeu vmrodkŗ gcsue8
c(`İ1 E49) 4 >, c(`
t
1 (x4<) 4 0, c(`
6
1 (HC49) 4 6, c ( `
6
1 HHC4<) 4 >
R tma fkrkdcka fkr ùrema ksm `ŗ ėİo`ak a`r`r igeaskygec`rİeİe rksacmrkek
bms pc`yİeİz vm lr ikatm kŗ`rmtcmykekz.
`
t
igeaskygeu `
6
igeaskygeu
igeaskyge mėmr mėmr
o, R 3 9.> R U 9.>
o
6
R 3 9.= R U 9.=
o, R 3 <.> R <.>
o* . R 3 <.= R U <.=
o
=
R 5 9.= R U 9.=
l) Fu a`r`r igeaskygec rİ (str`tmhk) cmrome f`zİc`rİ, okėmrcmrk t`r`-
iİeo`e óstóe ìİaoİygr du7
t
Jmv`p8
o) @ 4 ,,
6
4 o,(R ,.. .R
e
), o
6
(R,.. .R
`
)S
f) P 4 9,< 9 ó ‟ w 4 <
j)
> (xİ,x
6
,x
:
)
:
0 mėmr 6 Rk 5 6> ksm
k4c
:
£ mėmr Z x
k
4 6> ksm
k4c
:
> mėmr M R| 3 6> ksm
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G 3 > (xİ,x
6
,x
:
) 3 0
o) > (xİ...x
?
)4 G mėmr x 3 < ìİa rs
4 0 " x U < "
R ‟ e(ik , ‟ )
e
R e
(u.,
R ‟ U
z 4 4 6(x‟ 9) e(>,c)
3h-
R
^(x5<) 4 ^(z56) 4 0 ‟ ^(z36) 4 0 ‟ 3 (6)
r
jg
«((k.) 4 ^(K) 4 K > (z) oz 4 c ‟ 3O(6) 4 0 ‟ .;<<: 4 .>66<
H 6
4 ^(K_) yk fucd a kìke u. ymrkem fu omi` < agy`r`a z oùeóŗtórdmskek
ymekome y`pd`dİz lmrmakr8
R ‟ u.
X 4
rs-
- 4 6(x‟ <)e ‟ (>.0)
^(x3<) 4
^(z3>) 4 >5(>) 4 .=>>>
^(KK) 4
h:
(Qk) 4 .=>>>
`İ 8 x3< ìİa`rs`
Bg
8 (k 4 9 yk a`fuc mtdma.
`
6
8
x U<
ìİa`rs`
Bg
8 (k 4 9 yİ
rmoomtdma.
QC ‟
9
u.
4 <
.
.;<<:
.=>>>
`
6
.>66< .=>>>
0.>>>> 0.>>>>
B`t` Gc`sİcİėİ
Dksa
^(K)
^(KK)
(R 4 35
00
4 İ
o t
.=>>>
.0=2<
0
.0=2<
o
6
.:>2= .:>2= .90<> . :>2=
o :
.0=2<
.=>>>
.:0<? . =>>>
3b .>992
.9;0=
.0::9 9;0=
.0
9;0=
.9;0=
0.:2:>
.•5350=
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00
0 "
. 9i/ h- g
o .
• =" g±
G
G
ù
l) Mvmt. o
=
bmpskeome aùtó vm okėmr fótóe a`r`r aur cc rİ ameokskem
f`saİe ìİaİygr. Okėmr a`r`r aur`cc`rİ kìke `yeİ ŗmyk sùycmdma dódaóe
omėkc. "
6. R ‟ e(hx,c)
Bg 8 Qk3>
B, 8 QkUG
X`r`r igeaskygeu8 c(`İ1 |`3>) 4 >, c(`k1 QxU>) 4 Q`
6
, c(`
6
1 Q 3>) 4 h`
6
c(`
6
1hxU>) 4 >
oİ 8 R 36 ìİa`rs` `İ `askygeu (Bg'İe a`fucó)1 R 68 6 ìİa`rs` `
6
`ask
o
6
8 R 3 : ìİa rs` İ `askygeu1 R U : ìİa`rs` `
6
`askygeu.
Fu kak a`r`r vmrdm aur cİeİe bmr fkrk kìke rksa'k bms`pc yİeİz vm
rksa'cmrk u'eóe igeaskygeu gc`r a lr ikatm lùstmrkekz.
: . Fkr tgrf`o 9 aóp v`r. Fuec`ro`e 9 t`emsk fmy z, okėmrcmrk sky`b
fgy`cİ. B
>
8 2 4 : bkpgtmzkek, Bİ 8 > U :'m a rŗİ tmst mtdma kìke, ymrkem
agyd`o`e 6 aóp ìmakckygr vm bmr kak aóp `yeİ rmeatm ìİa`rs Bg rmoom-
okckygr, `ask b`com Bg a`fuc mokckygr.
`) Fu tmst arktmrkem lùrm fkrkejk tkp b`t gc sİcİėİ em a`o`roİr7
ygeu (Bg'İe rmook).
:0 t
k
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f) Fu tmst arktmrkem lùrm, > 4 >,0,6,?,=,9 gcouėueo kakejk tkp b`t`
gc`sİcİac`rİeİ bms`pc`yİeİz vm auvvmt mėrkskeke lr ikėkek ìkzkekz.
?. B`t`sİzbėİeİ tmst mtdma d`jİ kcm fkr p`r 0>> omi `tİbygr.
_ur lmcdm s`yİsİ ?>-9> `r`sİeo ksm (?> vm 9> o`bkc) p`r`eİe b`t`sİz
gcouėu a`fuc mookygr, `ask b`com b`t`cİ gcouėu sgeujue` v`rİfygr.
`) Fu prgfcmdom, K tkp b`t` gc`sİcİėİ em a`o`roİr7
f) 0>> `tİŗt =: tur lmcokėkeom p`r`eİe b`t`sİzcİėİ sgeujue v`r -
j`asİeİz. Fur`o` KK. tkp fkr b`t` y`pd`eİz dódaóe dó7
j) _ur lmcdm gc sİcİėİ 4 .< kame p`r`eİe b`t`sİz gcouėu sgeu-
jue` v`rd` gc`sİcİėİ em a`o`roİr7
o) p'eke dubtmcki omėmrcmrk kìke tmst'ke auvvmtkek bms`pc`yİeİz. >J
vm auvvmt mėrkcmrkeke lr ikacmrkek ìkzkekz.
K
=. Agesmrvmcmrke l yrk s ik `ėİrcİac`rİeİe 0 al. gcd`sİ lmrmakygr.
I`frka`eİe autuc`d` smrvksk fu bususu agetrgc mtdma `d`jİ kcm 20 autu-
cİİa fkr f`skt tms`oóik ùrema `cd`at` vm ùrema grt`c`d sİ ;2:.= lr'o`e
`z ìİatİėİ t`atkrom autuc`d` kŗcmdkeom fkr fgzuacua gcouėu sgeujue`
v`rd`at`oİr. Aótcm st`eo`rt s`pd`sİeİe ;> lr. gcouėu fkckedmatmokr.
Dutc a rmoomokcdmsk lmrmame aótcm grt c d`sİ o ;9:.= lr. oİr.
Fu a`r`r vmrdm usucóeom,
`) K. tkp b`t` em a`o`roİr7
f) KK. tkp b`t` em a`o`roİr7
j) Bmr kak tkp b`t`eİe o .>= gcd`sİ kìke cİed`sİ lmrmack ùrema
b`jdk emokr7
35 Omvcmt D czmdm Giksk fkr `dpuc i`frka`sİeİe `dpuccmrkeome
-`tİİİ 8İcd`a kstkygr. @dpuccmrke grt`c`d` ùdróeóe =>> s``ttme i`zc`
gceİ`-İ .İrzİİ mokckygr.
`) Bkpgtmzcmrk aurueuz.
f) ; fkrkdcka tms oóik ùrematm R 4 9>>, s- 4 6=>> fucueouėue`
lùrm y. - .>= aucc e`r`a tmst'k aurueuz.
<. A fcg kd`ckeom 6 i`racİ dmtgo uyluc`e`fkckygr. [cmtgoc rİe gr-
t`c`d` agpd` auvvmtk ózmrkeomak tmskrcmrkeke i`racİ gcup gcd`oİėİeİ
fkcdma kstkygruz. C`fgr`tu`r tmstcmrk sgeuìc`rİ `ŗ`ėİo`oİr8 (jr
6
'cmrke mŗkt
gcouėu fkckekygr)
R, 4 2.0<, . x
z
‟
00.6;, Z
6
4 =.6;, e, 4 G, İİ
6
•4 <
Bkpgtmzcmrk aurueuz vm tmst'k y`pİeİz.
:0=
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2. @ dmdcmamtkeom :< f`ea kìke grt c d i kz b`ook
g.8
F dmdcmamtkeom => f`ea kìke grt c d i kz b`ook % =.2 okr. @ dmd-
cmamtkeom st`eo`rt s`pd % 0.6, F dmdcmamtkeom ksm % 0.? tór. % ;=
`ec`dcoİa smvkymskeom fu kak ócamom grt`c`d` i`kz b`ookeke i`rab gcup
gcd`oİėİeİ t`rtİŗİeİz.
;. @ŗ ėİo` ymek fkr pmrbkz rmhkdk uyluc`y`e 2 b`eİdİe rmhkdm f`ŗ-
c`d`o`e ùejm vm sger`ak `ėİrcİac`rİ vmrkcdkŗtkr8
Vmhkdome ùejm
Zger
F`y`e @
9?
90
F 96 =<
J =9
=<
O
9<
9=
M
<> 99
I
92 9=
L
<= 9<
B <6
-<0
^mrbkz rmhkdkeke mtakck gcd`oİėİ ŗmackeomak bkpgtmzk 4 .>= om uylue
fkr tma t`r icİ `ctmre`tkim a`rsİ tmst mokekz.
*
0>. Egrd c o ėİcdİŗ aótcmcmrome `cİedİŗ, (0.2, 6.;, 0.?, 0.0) vm
(=.>, 2.9, ;.6) ùremacmrkek aucc`e`r`a aótcm v`ry`esc`rİeİe mŗkt gcup
gcd`oİėİeİ .>= smvkvmsİrİom tmst mokekz.
00. Fkr pky`s `r`ŗtİrd`sİ ikrd`sİeo`e mv a`oİec rİeİe me z % 9='k-
eke fmcck fkr omtmrh e jkeskek tmrjkb mttkacmrk ŗmackeomak bkpgtmzk tmst mt-
dmsk kstmedkŗtkr, ùremacmdmym lkrme =>> mv a`oİeİeo`e :00'k olkck omtmr-
h eİ tmrjkb mttkėkek fmckrtdkŗtkr. Fu ourudo`, x 4 .>= a fuc mokckrsm
v`r`j`ėİdİz sgeuì em gc`fkckr7
06 . Zkzm fkr p`r vmrokcmr vm s`pd`sİ gcup gcd`oİėİeİ t`yke mtdm-
ekzk kstmokcmr. ^`r`yİ 0>> omi `ttİeİz, 9? omi tur lmcok. .;= `e c`dc İ c İa
kcm v`roİėİeİz sgeuju fkcokrkekz.
0: . Fkr f -amtbgcjó lmìme ±mzgrİo •±% İİ oİėİ
:6
d`ìt grt c d gc -
r`a ?6 ŗót `tdİŗ, fuec ro`e cc'kkeİk -`vİ kcm sgİİİİìc`eo rdİ.-ame. ľd -0<.u
gye`oİėİ :? d`ìt grt c d kc 5ót `tİeİ- vm fuec ro`e grt c d gc`r a
06"sk s`vİ kcm sgeuìc edİŗtİr. Fu vmrkcmrk aucc e`r`a f hİamtfgcjudİe igrd
ourudueo fkr oóŗdm gcouėu sgeujue v`r`fkckr dkykz7
0?. Fkr z`rİe :>> `tİdİeİe sgeuìc rİ ŗùycmokr8
0 6 : . ? = 9
?: ?; =9 ?= 99 ?0
:09
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Fu vmrkcmr .;= smvkymskeom z`rİe b`t`sİz gcouėu ŗmackeomak bkpgtmz
kcm f`ėo`ŗİygr du7
• a (Z,‟e
1
p)6 6
a
(i,h‟m
u
)6
0=
•
x
6
4 6
v m
x
6
4 6 6
ľ 4 0 - k4c k4c m..
e
k^
(c-
^
) /
L , h
ki`omcmrkeke mŗcmeka gcouac`rİeİ ksp`t mokekz.
09. 0>>> akŗk, jkeskymt vm rmea aùrcóėó ourudue lùrm `ŗ`ėİo`ak
ŗmaoom sİeİic`eoİrodİŗtİr8
Mrama A`oİe
Egrd c ??6 =0?
Vmea Aùró :2 9
Lmemtka dgomcm lùrm eksfk ìgacuac`rİ t`yke momjma gc`sİcİac`r `yeİ
sİr`c`ed` kcm8
^ ^
6
‟ i- pq
6 6
q q
6
smackeom vmrkcdkŗtkr. Fur`o` q 4 0 ‟ p aót-
6 6
cmomak b`st` lme'cmrke gr`eİoİr. Fu vmrkcmrk aucc`e`r`a1
`) Ymrkcmrke dgomc om tut`rcİ gcup gcd`oİėİeİ t`rtİŗİeİz.
f) Vmea aùrcóėó vm jkeskymt `r`sİeo` fkr f`ėc`etİ fucueup fucue-
d`oİėİeİ t`rtİŗİeİz.
0<. @ŗ`ėİo`ak jgetkelmejy t`fcgsu, d`tmd`tka a`fkckymt vm kst`-
tkstkėm kclk `r`sİeo` fkr kckŗak fucueup fucued`oİėİeİ t`baka `d`jİ kcm
vmrkcdkŗtkr.
d`tmd`tkėm a`f
oóŗóa grt`
kckvmt
yóasma
oóŗóa
?:
6?
0=
kst`tkstkėm
kclk grt`
:0 ?9 :<
yóasma
06 6>
?;
:0<
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4 .>0 c r`a ùėrmejkcmrke kst`tkstkėm kclkskeke d`tmd`tka a`fkckymttme
f`ėİdsİz gcup gcd`oİėİe` a`r`r vmrkekz. Jgetkelmejy a`ts`yİsİeİ bms`p-
c`yİeİz.
02. 6x6 fgyutueo` fkr jgetkelmejy t`fcgsueo`ak r`a`dc`r
,f,j,o kcm lùstmrkcdkŗ gcsue.
(`+f+j+o) (`o‟fm)*
(`+f)(j+o)(f+o)(`+j) yİeİz.
gcouėueu ksp`tc`-
0;. @ŗ`ėİo`ak t fcg R óekvmrsktmskeom 0>> mrama ùėrmejkeke dmtrm
gc`r`a fgyc`rİeİ vmrdmatmokr.
Fgy (dmtrm)
0.9>-0.9=
0.99-0.<>
0.<0-0.<=
0.<9-0.2>
0.20-0.2=
Ùė8
rmejİ s`yİsİ
,=
02
?6
6<
2
0>>
Fu vmrkym fkr egrd`c mėrk uyourueuz.
•
arktmrkeome y`r`rc`e`r`a vmrk-
cmrke egrd c o`ėİcİd em omrmjm uyouėueu t`yke mokekz.
6>. @ŗ`ėİo`ak t`fcgo lùzcmeme vm egrd c o`ėİcİd i`r`zkymskem lùrm
ìgacuac`r vmrkcdkŗtkr8
06
0?
?:
:9
90
<0
0>=
0>6
0>:
0>;
2;
2=
=?
=>
0;
60
< 6
< 6
R
6
arktmrkek aucc`e`r`a lùzcmeme ìgacuac`rİe egrd`c o`ėİcİd` uyup
uyd`oİėİeİ fmckrtkekz.
:02
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FÙCÓD KR
F@Zľ_ VMLVMZ[GE
LÅVÅŕ
ùejmak kak fùcódom kst`tkstka `e`ckzkeke me ùemdck kak ageusu, ks-
t`tkstkak t`bdke vm kstkocæc ózmrkeom ouroua. Akt`fİe sge kak fùcódó,
kclok fùcódcmrom lmemc prmeskpcmrk vmrkcdmym ì cİŗİc e `e ckzcmrke, omėkŗ-
amecmr `r`sİeo`ak kckŗaomrke fmckrcmedmsk `d`jİ om aucc eİdİe `yrİc j`a.
Omėkŗamecmr `r`sİeo`ak kckŗaomrke `e ckzkeom, ùzmcckacm magegdmtrk'om me
ìga aucc`eİc`e y`ac`ŗİd gc`r`a rmlrmsyge `e`ckzkek kak `e` fùcódom
kejmcmymjmėkz8 Fùcód KR . f`skt rmlrmsyge y`ek tma `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗamek
kbtkv mome rmlrmsvge `e ckzkek, Fùcód R ksm ìgacu rmlrmsyge `e ckzkek
a`ps`y`j`a.
ľatks`ok omėkŗamecmr `r`sİeo`ak okŗakcmrke kejmcmedmsk, katks`t fkck-
dkeke tmdmc uėr`ŗİc`rİeo`e fkrkokr. O`vr`eİŗc`rİ (fu o`vr`eİŗc`r fkr
imroke, fkr ikrd`eİe, fkr f`ea`eİe, d`ck gtgrktmeke, fótóe tóamtkjomrke,
fótóe ikrd`c`rİe... o`vr`eİŗc`rİ gc`fkckr) igeaskygemc ókŗaomr ŗmackeom
kejmcmdma vm "em emym f`ėboİr" sgrusueu jmv`pc`eoİrd`y` ì`cİŗd`a,
katks`t ì`cİŗ`e fkr akdsmeke tmdmc lùrmvkokr.(0) ľatks`tìİ a`i`sİeo` tmst
mokcmfkckr bkpgtmzcmr ŗmackeom igeaskygemc kckŗak dgomccmrk lmckŗtkrkr. Dmsmcæ
fmcck fkr d`c` a rŗİ t`cmfke8 g d`cİe iky`tİeİe, tóamtkjk lmckrkeke vm kclkck
(r akp y` o` t`d`dc`yİjİ) d`cc rİe iky`tİeİe fkr igeaskygeu gcouėueu
oóŗóeór. [ o dmsmcæ t omvrmskeomak vmek skp`rkŗcmr, sİe k kstkbs c keomask,
rmmc emt aærc r, uzue v`om i kz b`ook vm ùejmak omvrmcmr skp`rkŗ smvkymcmrk
om okŗakcmeokrokr.
Fu s ib`o , y`ek tmst mokcmfkckr bkpgtmzcmrk igrdócm momrame uėr`ŗİ-
c`e fkckd o`cİ (fkzkd kìke katks`t) om olok fkclk vm gcluecua fkrkejk omrm-
0 "İİm emyke igeaskygeuour" sgrusue magegdmtrka dgomccmrom İİ Dľ jmv p r eoİėİ kcm
kakck gc r a t' Agrud .tt.m. Fkkcód 6 vm macmrkem f`aİc fkckr.
\
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jmom ùemdckokr. Igeaskygemc kckŗak dgomck lmckŗtkrkcokatme sger lmrkym,
a`etkt`tki dmtgtc`rc` kckŗak p`r dmtrmcmrkek t`bdke mtdma vm pgstócm
mokcme kckŗakcmrke lmìmrckėkek t`baka mtdma a cİygr. ľŗtm fu s ib rmlrmsyge
`e ckzkeome amski ŗmaoom y r`rc`ed`dİzİ lmrmatkrkygr.
[ f`ėİdcİ y o ìİac`e`e omėkŗame, R .'cmr om f`ėİdsİz y o `ìİa-
c yİjİ omėkŗamecmrk lùstmrske8 kckŗakeke me lmemc ki`omsk1
[ 4 i(R İ. .. R
a
) ŗmackeomokr.
Fur`o okŗakeke ŗmack kcm olok ùemdck fkr prgfcmd grt`y ìİa`r.
ľckŗakcmrk f`ŗfj` kak aİsd` `yİr`fkckrkz8
k) Omtmrdkekst kckŗakcmr. Fu tkp kckŗakcmrom `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗamecmr
smt'keke f`ėİdcİ omėkŗameomak omėkŗdmeke t`d`dİeİ kz`b momfkcmjmėk
oóŗóeócór. Fue` igeaskygemc kckŗak om okymfokrkz. D`tmd tkatm lmemcckacm
omtmrdkekst kckŗakcmr ózmrkeom ì`bŗİrİz.
kk) Ztga`stka okŗaomr. Fu tkp kckŗakom ìmŗktck emomecmrcm(6) `ìİac`yİjİ
omėkŗameke f`ėİdcİ omėkŗameke omėkŗdmskeke t`d`dİeİ kz`b momdkymjmėk
vm fkr b`t` tmrkdkeke igeaskygemc kckŗakom ymr `cd sİ lmrmatkėk a`fuc mokckr.
[ 4 i(Rİ...R
a) 9
)
Igeaskygemc igrd'o` ózmrkeom ourucd`sİ lmrmack fkr prgfcmdokr.
Fu igeaskygemc igrd ìmŗktck ŗmakccmrom fmckrmfokr. Fkz fu vm sger ak fù-
códom ogėrus c kckŗakcmr ózmrkeom our`j`ėİz. ľca f`aİŗt fóyóa fkr a`yİt-
cİcİa gc r`a lùrócme fu ageu, lmrmack oùeóŗtórdmcmrk y`p`r`a pma ìga
kckŗakeke ogėrus c b cm lmtkrkcmfkcmjmėk lùrócoóėóeom aİsdme om gcs`
ùemdkek a`yfmomjmatkr.
6 Magegdmtrkeke dmvjut gcuŗ smfmfkeke fu M tmrkdk gcouėueu kook mtdma dóf c ė s -
yİcd`d cİoİr. Omėkŗamecmr r sİeo`ak kckŗakeke omtmrdkekst omėkc, stga stka ŗmakcom t eİdc ed sİeİe
b acİ lùstmrkjk smfmpcmrk ŗuec roİr8
k) _mrkdcmrke bkì fkr z d`e, bmr uesuru okaa tm c e vm bmr ŗmyk kz b mome maskaskz kckŗakcmrome
kf rmt gcd`d cİ,
kk) _`eİdc e`e kckŗakcmrke idİa-kvgİİmc ŗmack kcm kclkck v`eİcre c r. Dmsmcæ bkpgrfgcka fkr kckŗakyk
ogėrus c a fuc miİrİma lkfk.
kkk) Omėkŗamecmrom cİmeİme o kd dmvjut gc u ùcìdm b t c rİ. ľckŗak igeaskygemc fkcm gcs ùcìdm,
b t c rİ «mfmfk kcm igeaskygeu ki om mome mėrk mtr iİeo fkr smrpkcdm dmyo`u lmckr. (Zmrpdm
oky`lr dİeo lùrmjmėkdkz lkfk)..
Dmsmcæ igeaskygemc kckŗak z 4 + (:R gcsue, z'yk b t sİz gc r a ùcìdma kdaæeİ ygas vm `ej`a
[ 4 z + v ŗmackeom lùzcmeme b t cİ fkr tmrkdk ùcìmfkckygrs`a1 [ 4 Å | v 4 İ | (:R + v gc -
j`atİr.
kv) ľst tkstka vmrkcmrom dmvjut gc e `lrml sygec r. Fu ageu kcm kclkck gc r a fa. ]. Agrud
.l.m Zb. 9.
:6>
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tŗtm, [ kcm R .'cmr r`sİeo`ak kckŗakeke stga`stka vm ogėrus c fkr kckŗak
gcouėueu a`fuc mtdmacm ìgacu rmlrmsyge dgomckek kejmcmdma kìke uylue
fkr egat`y lmcdkŗ gcuygruz. Ogėrus c ìgacu rmlrmsygeue me lmemc lùs-
tmrkckŗ ŗmack1
[ 4 p
>
+ (cİ R İ+ . .
.
+
a
R
a
?" 9 our. Fùcódóe bmdme f`ŗİeo`
fu tkp kckŗakcmrm fkr kak dksæc vmrmckd8
Dksæc 08 0D
^M
4 i(K
^M
, [
d `e
, I, s) ŗmackeom fkr t`eİdc`d`yİ tmst
momckd. Fur`o K D ^ M d`ake` tmìbkz`t ktb`cætİeİ, ľ ^ M d`ake` tmìbkz`t
y`tİrİdİeİ, [
d ` e
s`e`yk smatùróeom y`r`tİc`e lmckrk, I om ktb c momfodm
ådaæeİeİ(:) lùstmrske.
KD
pm
4 ‟ :<.;602 + =:.2:2> K
^ M
‟ 09.26;9 [
d ` e
+ .?6?> I
(:<.20>2) (00.;<>?) (?.>=>9) (.>26=)
0;=0-0;9= V6 4 . 2;= s 4 09.692 o 4 6.?=? (?)
Fu omeacmdomak bmr ŗmyk ŗu `eo kz`b ì cİŗ`j`a omėkckz. Dksæckdkzom
`oİ lmìme `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗamecmr d`ake tmìbkz`t ktb cætİeo`ak omėkŗdm-
cmrke % 2;.= ueu kz`b momfkckygr. KD
^M
eke ózmrkeomak " " kŗ`rmtk bms`p-
c edİŗ omėmrcmrk `atómc omėmrcmrome `yİrd`a kìke aucc eoİėİdİz fkr kŗ`rmt.
^k'cmrke t`bdke moome omėmrk `ctİeo` a`ts`yİc`rİe st`eo`rt b`t`c`rİ vmro-
dkŗ, fu smfmpcm kstmeokėkeom `r`fa ŗmackeom t`bdkecmr vm bkpgtmz tmstcmrk
y`pd`a dódaóe.
Fue fmezmr fkecmrjm rmlrmsyge omeacmdkek fulóe katks`t omrlk-
cmrkeom fuc`fkckrkz. Zge yİcc`ro` _órakym'om rmlrmsyge `e`ckzk katks`tìİc`rİe
tmdmc fkr `e ckz `r`jİ b ckem lmcdkŗ fucueuygr.(=)
Vmlrmsyge `e ckzkeke katks`t, o`b` spmskika gc`r a magegdmtrkomak
ymrkem omėkeokatme sger ŗkdok ageuy o`b tmaeka fkr `ìİo`e y`ac ŗ-
d`y ameokdkzk b`zİr bkssmomfokrkz. Fu fùcódom rmlrmsyge dgomckeke
me f`skt ŗmack gc e tma `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗameck ogėrus c kckŗak ózmrkeom t i-
soætcİ ŗmaoom our`j`ėİz. Fueu y`p`rame bms`pc d kŗcmdcmrkek, ìgacu
rmlrmsyge lmìkŗk `z`dk agc ycİac s`ėc y`j`a ŗmakcom oózmecmymjmėkz.
ľak Omėkŗameck Ogėrus`c Vmlrmsyge Dgomck8
[ 4 l(R, Xİ, X
6
.. .X
a
, m) gcsue.
Xh cmrke mtakskek `yrİ `yrİ kejmcmdmz vm m kìkeom tgpc rs`a kckŗak
: I 4 kbr`j t -+- lùróedmyme a cmdcmr (emt) -- meir`stróatór giisbgrm + smrd`ym b`rmamt-
cmrk ‟ oİŗ fgrì `e p`r ùomdmcmrk (dkcyge Z).
t ]. Agrud, .l.m Zb. 02?.
= Fu oueueu fkr rmlrmsyge meic sygeu ŗmackeom ygrudc d`a dódaóe.
:60
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[ 4 b(R , m) b`ckem oùeóŗór. Fu kckŗakeke igeaskygemc ŗmackeke ogėru-
s ccİėİ a`fuc mookrsm,
[ 4 x -i- (:R + m omİİacmdóİm uc ŗóİr.
åca f`aİŗt f`sktke f`sktk gc e fu omeacmd rm cktmom pma `z kŗm y`r -
y`fkcmjma fkr a`yİtc d lkfk lùróemfkckr. Lmrìmatme `ìİa ŗmakcom mcm cİe-
d`sİ lmrmack f`ŗa omėkŗamecmr gc fokr. I`a`t fu ogėrus ccİė omėo,
f`skt'ckėm y`ek tma `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗame kbtkv mtdmym a`rŗİ yùemctomfóme
fkr tmeakt. Ogėrus ccİa om kclok gc`r a fu igeaskygemc ŗmacke aucc`eİdİeİe
o`r gc j`ėİ kook sİ ùem sórócmfkckr. Fu kook yİ kca f`aİŗt ogėrus c gcd -
y`e fkrìga kckŗakeke f`skt oùeóŗtórdmcmrcm ogėrus c mŗcmeka okŗaomrm
ìmvromfomjmėkek ki`om momrma jmv`pc eoİr`fkckrkz8 ľŗtm fkra`ì ùrema1
@ŗ`ėİo`ak okŗaomrke bkì fkrkeom [ kcm R `r`sİeo`ak kckŗak ogėrus`c omėóokr8
k) [ 4 `mU
x
m
m
4 `m^
x
+
9
e) [ 4 gj m
s
0
ók) [ 4 ` + £ h- m
R
kv) [ 4 x + % R + |:
6
R
6
+ m
ŕkdok lmrmack oùeóŗtórdmcmrk y`p cİd8
k) ľe [ 4 ľe ` + ŕR + 9 ľe [ 4 [ S ce` 4 * gcsue.
[*4 `* -h- (:R -i- m ([ cmrke cgl`rktd`c`rİ om R 0mr `r`sİeo`
ogėrus`c okŗak)
kk) ľe [ 4 ľe ` + (: ľe R + m
[ *4 `* -i- (:R* -i- m ([ vm R cmrke cgl rktd`c rİ `r sİeo` ìkit
cgl`rktdka ogėrus`c okŗak)
0
kkk) Fu omeacmdom X 4 omrsma [ 4 x -i (:X + m gcur, y`ek
0 R
[ cmrcm 0mr `r sİeo ogėrus c kckŗak dmvjuttur.
R
kv) R 4 Rİ, R
6
4 R
6
omrsma tma `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗameck qu`or`tka fkr
kckŗak, kak `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗameck ogėrus`c fkr kckŗakym oùeóŗór8
[ 4 ` + ľ:.R, + £
6
R
6
+ m
Fueu [ 4 |å ?- £tR -i . . p
a
R
a
+ m ŗmackeom fkr pgckegdk`c'm
agc yj lmemccmymfkckrkz.(9)
9
Fu
İcgİİtcåtureİmkrrm kcmecm tk'ar`r tmd`e mİcmrmlkz.
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Mėmr m'c`rİ lùzcmdma dódaóe gcs`yoİ, f`ŗa omykŗcm m ùcìócmfkcme
fkr omėmr gcs`yoİ kŗkdkz em a`o`r agc y gcurou. ŕùycm ak8
[ , 4 ` + |: R , + ì,
S
6
4
gc-i- : R
6
-p 96 omeacmdcmrkek vm Q: kìke ìùzmrma,
[ , ‟ 9, 4 ` + £ R , ([,‟ m,)‟ ([
6
‟ m
6
)
ome |: 4 omėmrkek
[
6
‟ m
6
4 ` + (: R
6
R,‟R
6
fuc`fkckroka.
Gys lmrìmatm m'c rİe omėmrcmrkek fodkygruz. Fùycm fkr ourud f`ŗa`
t`bdke dmtgtc`rİeİ zgruecu aİcİygr. ľŗtm ŗkdok ózmrkeom our`j`ėİdİz
Me A óìóa A `rmcmr Dmtgou fu kbtky jİ a rŗİcİygr.
Me aóìóa a`rmcmr dmtgou ygcuyc vm (:'de t`bdke mokjomrk vm
(:'ke ([ 4 -i- (: R) ìİa`ebŗİeİ lùrdmome ùejm f`skt ogėrus c rmlrmsyge
dgomckeke stga`stka t`eİdİeİ igrdmc gc`r`a y`pd`dİz lmrmackokr. Fur`o`
stga`stka t`eİd'o`e `ec ŗİcd`sİ lmrmame ŗmy dgomcom sùz ageusu tms -
oóik omėkŗamecmrke o ėoİdc`rİ kcm kclkck i`r zkymcmr vm [ , R vm m'ue fkr-
fkrcmrkem a`rŗİ ourudc rİeİe kejmcmedmskokr.
F`skt Ogėrus`c Vmlrmsyge Dgomckeke Ztga`stka _`eİdİ8
[
t
‟ -i- (:R, + Zh k 4 0.. .e omeacmdkeom,
c`) R h agetrgc moomfkcme y`ek stga`stka gcd`y`e fkr omėkŗame.
cf) R h tms oóik fkr omėkŗame vm R'cmrcm m'c`r fkrfkrkeome stga stka
f`ėİdsİz y`ek,
l(x, m) 4 i(x) b( m)
6) 9, fkr tms oóik omėkŗame, ogc`yİsİyc` [ tms oóik omėkŗame.
:) M( m,) 4 >
M([,S R ,)4 M( -rpR,+ m,S R
t
) 4M ( `S R
k
) - M G R
k
S R,)+M(
m k
S R , )
4 «+7R ,
M([ ,S R ,) ym rmlrmsyge igeaskygeu omeokėkek fmŗkejk fùcódom fmckrt-
dkŗtka.
(?)Y`r( m,) 4 M Q m
t
-M( m,)T
6
4 M( m
t
*) 4 Um
Jgv(m
k
,9.)4> k Uh
Jgv( m―
£ h
)4 M S Q 9|‟M( £Q)T Q m- M ( m,)T
4 M 0
9k
m m , M(
9 h
)‟
9 h
M( m,)+ M( m,) M( m,)
4 M(m― £,)
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Fmckrttkėkdkz ŗ`rtc`r, m'c`rd v`ry esc`rİed dubtmcki lùzcmdcmr
f`aİdİeo`e omėkŗdmokėkek (bgdgsjmo`stkjkty) vm i`racİ omvrmcmrm kt m
omėmrcmrk `r`sİeo gtgagrrmc syge fucued`oİėİeİ ki`om mokygr.
Y`r([
k
S R
k
) 4 M Q[
1
‟•M([
k
S R
k
)S R , T
6
4 M Qgj+ŕR
k
+
£ k
-`‟ pR,S R , T6 4 M Q m, S R
1
T
H
4 4 ?
ùzmt gc`r`a1
9 (>,?)
[U(`j+:R,3rH)
Jgv([k, [.) 4 > k U h
Okaa`t moookėk lkfk, fur`y a`o`r macmrke o ėİcİdİeİe ŗmack om kclkck
fkr i`r`zkym y`pd`oİa. Fueue smfmfk me aóìóa a`rmcmr dmtgoueue uy-
luc e fkcdmsk kìke o`ėİcİdİe ŗmack kcm kclkck fkr i`r zkymeke lmrmack gcd -
d`sİoİr. Mėmr 9
1
e(>, JH|) gcouėu a`fuc mokckrsm fu t`atkrom DC dmtg-
oueue uyluc ed`sİ dódaóe gc j`atİr. Fu remtgoc rc t`bdke mtdma
kstmokėkdkz p`r`dmtrmcmr , p vm okr. ľcmrkom lùrmjmėkdkz lkfk DC
t`bdke mokjomrk om CZ t`bdke mokjkcmrkeke `yeİ igrdóccmrcm bms`pc e`j`a,
f`ŗa omykŗcm vm (:'eİe CZ vm DC t`bdkecmrk `yeİ omėmrcmr gc j`atİr.
G b com ùejm me aóìóa a`rmcmr (CZ) dmtgou kcm t`bdke mokjomrke fucu-
euŗueu lùrmckd.
ùrema lùzcmdcmrk8 R ,,. . . R
g
[ [
ZR
ľ
k 4 c
Z[ ,
x 4
[ S 4
Fucd`a kstmokėkdkz rmlrmsyge ogėrusu1
[ 4 x + (:R
vm p'ke ùrema omėmrcmrkeome mcom mokcdmskek s`ėc y`j`a igrdóccmr
fucd`dİz lmrmack. Fueue kìke vmrkcmrk ùejm fkr "smrpdm oky`lr`dİ"eo`
lùstmrmckd. Fu smrpdm oky`lr`dİeo agyouėuduz egat c ro fmckrme
mėokdk e sİc fkr ogėru kcm tmdso momckd7 ^(R ― [
t
) bmrb`elk fkr lùzcmdke
smrpdm oky`lr`dİeo`ak ymrkokr. ome R masmekem fkr okadm keokrmckd.
G_ 4 Rk, ^_ 4 [ , V_ 4 [k, m, 4 [
1
‟ [
1
4 ^V
:6?
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m
1
'cmrm " `r tİac`r " okygruz, mUmr lùzcmeme omėmrcmrcm bms pc`edİŗ
omėmrcmr r`sİeo`ak i`raİ lùstmrkygr.
m
1
> gc`fkckr, i`a t m1
6
> okr.3
e
Z mi, lùzcmdcmrke rmlrmsyge ogėrusu mtr iİeo`ak uz`acİac`rİe f`ė-
k4c
boİr. (`, |:) kaokskeke dubtmcki omėmrcmrk, dubtmcki rmlrmsyge ogėruc`rİ
vmrmjma, ogc`yİsİyc` egat`c`rİe ogėruo e uz`acİac`rİ o` i`racİ gc`j atİr.
ľ m
t
6
4 i(æ, (:)
k4İ
~ e
CZ, me aóìóa a`rmcmr prmeskfk x vm Q'k 6 m,
8
4 dke. gc j`a ŗmakc-
k 4 K
om smìdmatkr. Fu t`atkrom vmrkcmrm me kyk uy`e fkr ogėru mcom mokcdkŗ
gc`j`atİr.
Z 4 Z m7 4 Z ([
1
‟[.) 4 Ó ([‟ùc- R
t
y
k4c k4c k4c
Z'k dke. y`pd`a kìke Z'ke x vm Q:'m lùrm aİsdk tórmv omeacmdcmrkek
mcom mtdma fuec rİ G' mŗktcmdma vm omeacmd skstmdk ŗmackeom mŗ `ecİ
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ìùzód sgeuju vm Q: omėmrcmrkek fucd`a lmrmakr. (<)
s s
ŕkdok, 4 > vm 4 > omeacmdcmrkek fuc`cİd vm mŗ `ecİ
ZGC @^
gc`r`a ìùzmckd.
ZZ e « «
0) 4 ‟ 6 Z ([h‟GC‟pRh) 4 >
ZGC
6 4 ‟ 6 6 R ,([
0
‟*‟pR
t
)
44
>
Fu omeacmdcmrk f`sktcmŗtkrmrma eg rd`c omeacmdcmr `oİ vmrkcme
`ŗ`ėİo`ak 6 omeacmd mcom mokckr.
6 [
t
4 e`+p ľ R
r
k4c k4c
e ± e ― 6
6 R ,[ , 4 ` Z R ,+
p
6 Rk
k4c İ4c k4c
Fu omeacmd skstmdkeom fkckedmymecmr ` vm p, ùrema omėmrcmrkeome fucue`e
omėmrcmr ksm,
Z [ ― 6 R ― 6 R ,[, vm 6 R k
6
okr. (2)
040 k4c k4c k4c
Fkrkejk egrd`c omeacmdke bmr kak t`r iİeİ e'm fùcmrsma,
< Aİsdk tórmv omeacmdcmrkeke mŗ `ecİ ìùzódó sgeuju fucue j a omėmrcmr Z'k dke. y`p İİ
omėmrcmr gc j atİr, ìóeaó omeacmdke ektmckėk ogc yİsİyc Z'ke d x. gcd sİ `ej a vm Q:ke + vmy`
‟ sgesuz gcd sİ b ckeom dódaóe gc fkckr.
2 Fkrkejk egrd c omeacmd [ 4 x -+- (= R omeacmdkeke c'ome e'm a`o rak tgpc dİeİ ki om
mokygr. ľakejk egrd c omeacmd ksm R,[
(
‟
`R
1
-+- Q:Rk
H
omeacmdkeke c'ome e'm a`o r gc e tgp-
c dİeİ vmrkygr. Fur o`e ìgacu rmlrmsyge kcm kclkck egrd c omeacmdcmrm agc yj lmìkcmfkckr. Dmsmcæ
6 ìİac yİjİ omėkŗame gcd sİ b ckeom, óì egrd c omeacmd,
Z[h 4 eŕ, + | ,ZR, + p
6
ZR
H
ZR,[ 4 p―ZR
c
+ ^,ZR,« + ^,ZR,R
6
6R,[ 4 ^g6Rh + ^,ZR,R
6
?- ^h£R
6
å
ŗmackeom mcom mokcmjmatkr. (a4= kìke 9 egr-
d c omeacmdk y`zİeİz.
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[ 4 ` -(- (:x fucueur. Fu rmlrmsyge ogėrusueue R vm [ cmrke grt`-
c`d`c rİeİe aggroke`tc`rİeİ tmŗakc mttkėk (x, [) egat`sİeo`e dutk`a`
lmìmjmėkek lùstmrkr vm rmlrmsyge ogėrusueue lr ikacm ìkzkdkeom aucc -
e`j ėİdİz fkr egat` gcur (kakejk egat` ` y`ek [ masmekek amskd egat`sİ
gc`fokr) Fur`o`e ` fucueur.
*
r%
`
‟ [
‟ Z
R.
* omėmrkek 6 kejk omeacmdom ymrkem agy cİd8
e e
v v v Y
‟. k
k
-- -±-k
k4c ,4 0
0 T £
R k
+ p s x
t
1
H
k4c k4c
Z R , Z [ , p(k R
?
)6
k4c k‟c ľ40
+ p s R,
ľi`omcmrk agc yba gcd`sİ kìke Z ŗmackeom lùstmrmrma1
e ZR [ 4 ZR Z[ ‟ (:(KR)
6
+ ŕ ZR
6
4 K R Z[ + (:Qe6R
6
‟ (ZR)6T
e XR[ ‟ 6R X[ £(R‟ R) ([‟ [)
^ 4
e MR DZR )6 Z(R‟ R)
6
R
t
‟ x 4 x,
[Q ‟ [ 4 yh ŗmackeom ki`om mookrsm (grt`c`d`c`ro e s`pd`c`r
jkeskeome)
- y,
: ‟ mcom mookr.
k4İ
Fùycmckacm vm (:'ke CZ t`bdke mokjkcmrkeke igrdóccmrkek mcom mtdkŗ
mtdkŗ gcoua. ŕkdok rm ckst fkr dksæc ózmrkeom x vm (:'ke e`so bms`pc e -
:6<
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j`ėİd lùrmckd. Bms`pc d t`rzİdİz ìgacu rmlrmsyge kcm kclkck bms`pc d -
c r gtgd`tka lmìkŗk s`ėc y`j`a t`rzo gc j`a. Fu smfmptme kca f`aİŗt`
lmrmaskz lkfk lùróemjma fkr oózme kìkeom bms`pc i` yİ lùstmrmjmėkz.
Mcmatrgeka bms`pc d`eİe y`yİcd`sİ kcm d`s bms`p d`ake c rİ kcm bms`p-
c`d`y` kckŗake "igrd`t"cmr ùemdcmrkek a`yfmtdkŗ fkcm gcs`, fu bms`pc`-
d c rİe kbtkv mttkėk kŗcmdcmrke lmem om fótóe `ìİacİėİ kcm fkckedmsk lmrm-
akr. Fu, lmrmatkėkeom bms`pc d c rİ mccm y`pd kdaæeİ y`eİeo , mcmatrg-
eka bms`pc d`o prglr`dİe y`pİcd`sİ vm lmrmack omėkŗkackacmrke macmedmsk
f`aİdİeo`e o zgruecuour.
Dksæc8 Fkckeokėk lkfk magegdkom d`sr i meic sygeu f`sktcmŗtkrkcdkŗ
ŗmack om ŗùycm gcur8
`) Magegdkeke fkr ìùa smatùróeom dótmŗmffkscmr vm ŗkramtcmr iky`t-
c rİ, grt c d d`sroic r fmcck fkr yózom macmymrma tmsfkt momrcmr. Grt -
c d d`sr i yóasmckrsm iky`tc`r `asmomr.
f) Grt c d d`sr iİe me ùemdck uesurc rİeo`e fkrk kstkbs c fkrkdk
f`ŗİe ùomeme ójrmttkr.
j) ^`rì f ŗİe oóŗme ójrmt, kŗlójóeóe grt c d vmrkdk vm grt -
c d ójrmtm f`ėcİoİr.
o) Grt c d ójrmt `ŗ`ėİy ogėru b`rmamtcmrm a`rŗk okrmeìckokr. [u-
a`rİy ogėru b`rmamtk ksm fóyóa ùcìóom kŗvmrmeke okrmedm vm kŗìkcmrke
ľsr`rİe , y`ek eksfk p`z`rcİa ourudc rİe f`ėfoİr.
m) _`r ic`rİe eksfk p`z`rfa ourudc`rİ magegdkomak kŗskzcka gr -
eİeo`e mtakcmekr. ľŗskzcka gr`eİ om ójrmt omėkŗkdk `r`sİeo fkr f`ėc etİ
auruc`fokr. Fu kckŗakyk ogėrus`c gc`r`a ki`om momckd.
@w
t
]
t
0>> 4 + ( ) + m,
w,W, C
t
]«
C,
rmtcmrk.
4 t yİcİeo`ak grt`c`d` kŗskz s`yİsİ.
44 t yİcİeo skvkc kŗlójóem o`bkc kes`e s`yİsİ.
4 t yİcİeo kstkbs com ì bŗ`ro rİe s``t f`ŗİe grt c d j`rk ój-
:62
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@ŗ ėİo ak t`fcg lùzcmeme ùrema aİydmtcmrkek lùstmrkygr.
0
[İc
(R ) 0>>( )
[İc
]/C w w
t
W İ R+[4A
0;?<
:.;
0.66
0;?2
:.2
0.::
;.>
06.2
0;?;
=.;
0.:2
:.2
;.<
0;=>
=.:
0.??
?.:
;.9
0;=0
:.:
0.=9
2.:
00.9
0;=6
:.0
0.9=
=.2
2.;
0;=:
6.;
0.<?
=.= 2.?
0;=? =.9 0.<2 6.: <.;
0;== ?.?
0.29
~~ ?.=
2.;
0;=9
?.6
0.;= ?.2
;.>
0;=<
?.:
6.>=
=.0 ;.?
0;=2
9.2
6.00
6.; ;.<
0;=;
=.=
6.0;
:.2 ;.:
0;9> =.9
6.69
:.6
2.2
0;90
9.<
68:6
6.<
;.?
9<.?
99.> 0::.?
ľstmeómecmr8 fkr smrpdm oky`lr dİeo fu egat c`rİ lùstmrkekz, rmlrmsyge
ogėrusueu bms`pc`yİeİz vm `yeİ oky`lr`d ózmrkeom ìkzkekz.
_`fcgo`ak sge sótue fkr agetrgc tgpc`dİoİr. Fu tgpc`dİ bms`pc`d`
kŗcmdkeke ogėrucuėueu agetrgc mtdmom aucc`e`j`ėİz, ùzmcckacm vmrk prgf-
cmdk i`zc gc e ócamcmrom, bmcm mcmatrgeka bms`pc d kdaæeİ v`rs kŗke
me ùemdck s ib`sİ vmrkcmrke kstkbs ck s ib`sİoİr. Omėkŗamecmrke uylue
ŗmaóom t`rki mokcdmcmrk, fu t rkicmrm me uylue ùcìócmrke fucued`sİ `r`ŗ-
tİrİjİeİe z`d`eİeİe fóyóa aİsdİeİ `cİr. @yrİj` vmromrk bms`pc`d`c`rİe
y`po`j`ėİ aæėİo` ogėru agpy` mtdmym om okaa`t moodmckokr. @ask b`com
lmrìma kckŗakcmrk tmdskc mtdmyme sgeuìc`r` uc`ŗİfr. ùzmcckacm fkrkejk i`rac`r
`r`sİeo rmlrmsygec ro fu bususc r okaa`t mokcdmckokr.
Ymrkcmrke bms`pc d c r uylue fgyutc ro t`ezkdk om zgruecuour.
Lmemcckacm t`d s`yİ b`emsk 6,: amskr b`emsk om 6 vmy :'ó `ŗd`d cİoİr.
V`a`dİe fótóeóeó `z`dk =,9 b`em gc`j`a ŗmakcom `y`rc`d`cİoİr. @ask
b com bmcm ìgacu rmlrmsygeo bms`pc d kdaæesİz b cm lmcmfokr.
Ymrkcmrk bms pc`d` aæėİoİe` lmìkrokatme sger` XA 4 MR + Z[
gcup gcd`oİėİe` f`aİcİr. Fùycm ksm fu s`ib`o` bkì b`t` y`pİcd`dİŗ om-
dmatkr. (y/ ) kŗ rmtk kcm fu agetrgcóe y`pİcoİėİ fmckrtkckr.
:6;
ľľÓÓ
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ŕkeİok fu vmrkcmrk fkr smrpdm oky`lr`dİ kcm lùstmrmckd. @ìİac yİjİ
omėkŗame `psks'tm, f`ėİdcİ omėkŗame ([ ) om groke`tt lùróesóe.
-%D
ľC
R 4 ?.20?
[ 4 ?.<0?
A 4 ;.=62
vm (:'k bms`pc d`a kìke bmr s ib`sİeo agetrgc kdaæe vmrme vm
ìgacu rmlrmsyge gtgd`tka lmìkŗk s`ėc y`e `ŗ`ėİo`ak bms`pc d t`rzİeİ
uyluc`y`j`ėİz8
ùejm"f`ŗc`elİì egat`sİ mtr`iİeo`ak dgdmetcmrk"fucueuz.
R
[
A
R
[
ZR[
M[
6
A
ZRA
Z[A
MA
6
R
[
A
R
:?=.2? 6;6.6>
:90.92
A
9:2.>?
9::.22
06;0.<2U
Fur`o agetrgc MA5 4 £R
6
+ 6ZR [ + M[* gcup gcd`oİėİe
f`a`r a y`pİcİr. MR A vm M[A omėmrcmrk ùejm bms pc`ed`z. Mėmr agetrgc
tutduygrs fu kak omėmrke bms`pc ed`sİ ygcue lkookr.
::>
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XRA 4 6R6 + ZR[
Z[A 4 ZR[ + X[
6
gcd`cİoİr. Mėmr bmd MRA bmd om M[A
y`ecİŗ ksm b`t` £R[ om omdmatkr. Z omjm fkrk tutduygrs` fu t`atkrom
ge tma`fóc mome oky`lge c mcmd`eİe (ymrkem lùrm ZR
6
vmy` X[
6
) b`t`f
gcouėu grt`y ìİa`r.
Fueo e sger sİr` " grt`c`d` mtr`i İeo`ak dgdmetcmr" m
lmcdkŗtkr.
«4 KR
-
(Z[)
6
x y a
Zy
6
4 M[
6
x Zx
6
• Mxy 6xa
e y Zy
6
Zya
a Za
6
-'
(ZR) (Z[)
Xxy 4 ZR[
Za
6
4 6A
6
‟
e
(ZA)
6
e
Dks ckdkzom,
x y a
x 60.:9 ‟ 6=.90
y =>.=?
a 6>.92 @/
Fur`o` o` agetrgc Zx
6
-i- Zy
6
+ 6Xxy 4 Ra
1
mŗktckėkek s`ėc d`a
ŗmackeom y`pİcİr. Mŗktcka ìİad`oİėİ t`atkrom Zxa vm Zya bms`pc`eİr vm
`yeme f`ŗc elİì egat`sİ mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmrom y`pİcoİėİ lkfk b`t`
tmsfkt mookr.
Grt c d mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmr fucueouat`e sger x vm Q:'k fucd`a
kìke,
Zxy ‟ 6=.90
(: 4 4 4 ‟ 0.0;2
6x
6
60.:9
` 4
[
‟ 4 ?.<0? + (0.0;2) (?.20?) 4 0>.02
::0
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G b com omeacmdkdkz8 [ 4 0>.?2 ‟ 0.0;2 R tkr.
Omeacmdk katks`tìİc rİe o`b ìga fmėmeokėk ŗmaoom ki`om momckd8
U0>> - ‟ - h 4 0>.?2 ‟ 0.0;2U‟ U
[`ek magegdkom bkì kŗskzcka gcd`zs ójrmtcmrom yİcba grt c d yózom
`rtİŗ 0>.?2 gc j`a, kŗskzckatmak bmr yózom 0 `rtİŗ ójrmtcmrom % 0.0;2
R @
oóŗdmym smfmp tmŗakc momjmatkr, vm (: 'ke f`ėİdcİ omėkŗameke ùcìó fkrkd-
cmrk jkeskeome ygrudc`eoİėİe` okaa`t moodmckokr.
±A @
Fur`y a`o`r CZ t`bdke dmtgou kcm vm h:'ke fucueuŗu ózmrkeom
ouroua. @j`f fu CZ t`bdke mokjkcmrk em lkfk `rzu mokcme ùzmcckacmrm s -
bkptkrcmr. ľst`tkstkak t`bdkeke fkr uyluc`d`sİeİ tmŗakc mome fu ageuo`
L`uss D`ragv tmgrmdkek aucc e`j`ėİz.
CZ _ `bdke M okjkcmrkeke Ù zmcc kacmrk8 L `uss D`ragv
_mgrmdk8
_mgrmd8 F`skt ogėrus c rmlrmsyge dgomckeke stga`stka t`dd ŗ`rt-
c rİ ctİeo CZ t`bdke mokjomrk vm (:1 vm (:'eİe ogėrus c, dkekdud
v`ry`esb, s`pd`sİz t`bdke mokjkcmrkokr. Fu ùzmcckėm aİs`j FC] (;) o`
omeodmatmokr.
åsp`t8
k) Ogėrus`ccİa8
[ l(y1 9) vm >'om > eke fkr t`bdke mokjksk gcsue. Mėmr1
/s e @
; 4 6 j, [ , ksm y`ek >, ['cmrke ogėrus c fkr tmrakfk ksm > ogėrus coİr.
k4İ
@ @
G b com vm Q:'ke ogėrus c gcouėueu lùstmrdma kìke,
~ e
` 4 6 v, [ h
Q : 4 6 w, [Q gcouėueu lùstmrdmdkz lmrmakr. Ùejm (:'k `c`cİd.
; FC] kelkckzjm fmst, ckem r, uefk smo (me kyk, ogėrus c, s pd sİz) amckdmcmrkeke f ŗ b ri-
cmrkokr.
::6
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` £(R
t
- x) ([
t
‟ y) x) [
0
- Z ( R
0
- R)[
^ 4
6(R
0
- x )
6
Z ( R , - x )
6
1R,‟ x) [h‟ vZ(Rk‟ x)
Gys , 6(R k‟ x) 4 > oİr.
. Z(R
0
- x ) [
c
R,‟x
|: W W £ [
" 6 (R, -x )
6
Z( R
k
- x )
6
R , - x
4 okymckd.
-(R
s
‟ x)
6
^ 4 6 w, [,
ľ40
ŕkdok w, kcm kclkck gc r`a XvvU MS Y1
6
, XwhRh omėmrcmrkek fuc`cİd.
Z(R, -x )
Mwk 4 4 >
Z(R,-x)*
Z(R
ľ
‟ x)
6
0
Zwk
6
4
ZwhR
i
4 Z •
Q6(R,‟ x)
6
T
6
Z ( R , - x )
6
(R
k
- x ) R
k
X(R,-x)
6
(ZR)
6
Z(R
ľ
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6
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6
Z(R,‟ x)
6
e
6(R,‟ x)
6
v
\ h R k 4
4 0
Z(R
c
-x)
6
'ke ogėrus ccİėİ8
Z[ ZR 0 0
æ 4 : ‟ 4 Z ‟ [ ‟ x 4 Z ( [,‟w, x[,)
e e e e
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0
4 ŕ( xw,) [ ,
e
0
Yh 4 R w-, gcsue.
e
4• Y h [ h
Zvh 4 0 ‟ xZwh 4 0
. x
t
6v,R
t
4 Z ( xwhR| ) 4 x ‟ x(Zw,Rh) - x ‟ x 4 >
e
Fùycmckacm LD tmgrmdkeke ogėrus`ccİėİeİ ksp`tc`dİŗ gcoua,
kk) Z`pd`sİzcİa8
(: kìke8
p 4 -\.[ h [, 4 * + :R
(
?- Zk
4 Zw
k
(`+pR
k
+ ₣h) 4 `Xw,-i-(:Rw
k
R
k
-i 9h
p 4 (: +
9 k
4 (: + Zi,(x) m,
M(p) 4 M(i:) + M(Ki
k
(x) m,)
4 (: + ZMi
0
(x) m,
Fu ki`omom sge tmrkd (c`) vm (cf) t`eİd ŗ`rtc`rİeİe kaksk kìke om sİiİroİr.(cG)
M(| §) 4 Å:
x kìke8
Z[ MR
D *
e e
0
M
( ľ ) 4 W ZM ([ , ) ‟ RM(^)
e
0 0
4 ‟ Z(x+(:R,)‟ x(: 4 (eæ+Q:XR,)‟x| :4 +Q: x-Q:x
e e
4 `
0> Mėmr R'cmr agetrgc mokcmfkcme omėkŗamecmr ksm fmacmeme omėmrcmrk ameokcmrkem mŗkt gc j a
vm i
k
(x)ZM(m
k
) y`zİc j`a. M(Zh) 4 > gcouėueo`e tmrkd sİiİr gc j`a. R
(
'cmr tms oóik omėkŗame,
i a t m'o`e f ėİdsİz ksm, Z M(i(x)m
h
T 4 ZM Qi(x)) M(m
(
) 4 > s ėc e j atİr.
::0
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kkk) Dkekdud Y`ry`esacİa8
;* | :'eİe f`ŗa` fkr ogėrus c s`pd`sİz t`bdke mokjksk gcsue.
>* 4 Z(w
k
+Z
0
)[
k
4 | :+ZZ
k
[
k
M(;*) 4 p gcd`sİ lmrmack.
© •UA + s . D ` + p U+ m , )
- `6(w, + 2,)+p6(w
k
+ Z
k
)R
k
+ 6(w
k
+ 2
k
)
9 İ
>*'d s`pd`sİzcİėİeİe s`ėc`e`fkcdmsk kìke, Z(w
k
?- Z
k
) 4 > gcd`cİoİr.
Fu ksm 62h 4 > gcd`sİ kcm dódaóeoór. Fueo`e f`ŗa` M(w£-i-2| )R| 4 0
gcd`cİoİr. Fu o , 62U, 4 > gcd`sİeİ lmrmatkrkr.
>* 4 : + 6(w,+2,) m,
Y`r (p) 4 MY`r(w,[
k
) 4 MvUY ri[ ,) 4 6w,* @* 4 LS Mw,
6
X(R,‟ x)6 Mx
6
6 6
Igrdócom lùrócoóėó lkfk, `l l
£
kcm fkrckatm fóyóygr. R 'ke v`r-
y`esİ fóyóoóaìm | :'ke v`ry`esİ aóìócóygr.
Y`r(>*) 4 MQ>*‟ pT6
(>*‟p)64 Q6A +2,)
m k
T6
4
s(
\ k +
s
t
) 6
£
7 +6 Z (w
k
+Z
k
)(w
H
+Z
H
) m, m,
M(>*‟p)6 4 MQK(w
k
+2
k
)6 m,6T ìóeaó stga`stka t`eİd lmrmėk
k h kìke m'c`rİe o`ėoİdİeo L* s`fkt a`coİėİ kìke,
M(>* ‟ p)6 4
`
S 6 A+2,)
6
4 `T 6 U6 + U+ 6 w,2,)
4 mr
6
Xw,6 +
J_
6
62
.6
? - 6 `T 6w,2,
(R,‟ x) 62,R , x62,
6w,2, 4 62, 4 4 4 >
6(R,‟ x)6 6(R,‟ x)
6
6(R,‟ x)
6
Y`r(>*) 4 LS
6\ H
6
+ LS
6Z,
6
rr
P?İ
4
`
c -i " 62,6 gys` 62,6 U > oİr. G b`com f`ŗa` fkr
6
ogėrus`c s`pd`sİz t`bdke mokjkeke v`ry esİ me `z `- a`o`r gcd a
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Xgrueo`oİr. `
`
‟ `7 b`ck `ej`a 4 > ogc vİsİvc 2, 4 > b`ckeom
tk* p -
dódaóeoór. Fu t`atkrom ksm.
>
4
M(w,+>) [ h 4 ZU[ , 4 p gc`j atİr.
Ùycm ksm p, 'de ogėrus c s`pd`sİz t`bdke mokjkcmrk smt'k kìkeom v`r-
y`esİ dkekdud gc`e ymlæem t`bdke mokjkokr.
Fmezmr fkr ksp`tİ o` ` kìke y`p`fkckrkz.(cc)
Fùycmckacm LD tmgrmdkeke ksp`tİ t`d`dc`edİŗ gcur.
LD tmgrmdk kìke
m
'c rİe o`ėİfdİeİe ŗmack kcm olok bmrb`elk fkr
i r -
zkym y`pod`oİėİe` tmar`r okaa`tk ìmamckd, m'c`rİe o ėİcİdİ egrd c
gcurs , fu t`atkrom vm p ogėrus c gcsue gcd`sİe fótóe s`pd`sİz t ckdke
mokjomr kìkeom dkekdud v`ry`escİ gc`eİoİr.
'ke v`ry`esdİ lùrdóŗtóa `'ke v`ry`esİ vm jgv(`, ^)k om lùrmckd.
j 4
Z Y H [ H
4 Zv
k
(«+pR
k
+ m,) 4 `Zv.+pZvU+Zv, m,
4 `+Zvİ m
t
lU 44 M(æ‟x[ 4 M(Zvk 9h)
6
4 M(Zvk
6
m
(
6
+Z ì`pr`z tmrkdcmr)
? £R
6
4
?
‟ ‟ ‟
eMR
6
‟(ZR)
6
jgv(«,p) 4 M Q( `- `) (p- p ) T
`‟` 4 Zvh Lh
p - p 4 Zw, m,
jgv(æ,p)4 MQ(Zv, m,)(ŕw, m,)T
c
U ₣
t
4 K ( xw,) m, 4 ‟ k‟ m,
e
jgv(`,p) 4 M Q mMw| m
1
)
6
mZw
c
m, 4 m(w, £,+ .. .+w
e
m
e
)
\İ \
e
4 mİZ m,+ . . . ? m
e
z m
(
e e
00 E sİc7
d
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0
jgv( ,(:) 4 M Q 6wh 9,6+Z ì`pr z tmrkdcmr‟ x(£w
(
m,)
6
T
e
(Zw, m,)
6
4 (w, 9| + . . . +w
e
s
e
) (w, ..
.
+w
e
m
e
)
4 + Z ì`pr`z tmrkdcmr.
0 W •
jgv(gj,|:) 4 M Q m,
6
‟ x ì`pr z tmrkdcmr.
e
Ì`pr z tmrkdcmrom 9h 9h ki`omcmrk, M( m, Lh) 4 G gcouėueo`e tmrkd-
cmrke oóŗdmskem smfmp gcur.
0
4 Zw,M( 9)‟ x m,
6
)
e
0
4 G
s
Zw , R (_l
e
0
Zw, 4 > vm 4 gcouėueo`e.
Jgv(`,p) 4
‟ R
3r
m
Zw
t
*
4 4
e Z R D Z R )
6
` vm p'ke fkrcmŗka o`ėİcİdc`rİ om kclkck gc`r`a ŗkdokym a`o`r y`zoİac`rİdİzİ
ùzmtcmymckd8
M(«)4 ` . ― - ? (ZR )
M(p)4 p Jgv(«,p) 4
e 6 x
6
6
6
Fu ki`omcmrke sge óìóeom tmrkdk v`r. Gys fkz m'ue v`ry esİeİ
fodkygruz. Fu ourudo` U kìke fkr t`bdke mokjk fucd`dİz vm fueu
bms`pc`d`c`rİdİzo` aucc`ed`dİz lmrmakygr. Fu t`bdke mokjkyk lùzcmem-
jma ùrema omėmrcmrkeome y`r`rc e`r`a fuc fkckrkz.
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6
(<
m
`yek z`d`eo` ['cmrke om v`ry`esİ gcouėue` lùrm1
J_
m 4 M Q[,‟ M([ ,)T
6
.
M([ h)'eke ùrematme fucue`e fkr t bdkek [ 'tkr. ['m ùrema omėmrcmrk
kìke, M([)'eke c kìke y`ptİėİ igeaskygeue fmezmrkek y`ptİr`fd,
X([h‟[)
6
4 Zm
6
4 6([ pR,)
6
4 UQ ( U- « - U. - ( ľ - ` ) - ( p - p ) UT
6
.4 U([ k‟ `‟ pRk)6+e(æ‟ )
6
+Z(p‟ p)6R h6
- 6 M ( [
k
- ` - p R
k
) ( ` - « ) - 6 Z ( [
0
- « - p R
k
) ( p - p ) R
k
+6Z(`-`)(p -p)R
c
M(Zm
k
z
) 4 6M(m
k
6)+eU+6R
k
6gY+6(6R
t
)jgv(æ,p)‟ 6?‟ 6U(06)
6
K
e
"i +
£x
6
+
`cZR
i
6
ZR
6
6`* (RR,)
6
eZx
6
? c
4 etr. ‟?J_8 +6jr1
U (ZR )
6
CZx
6
e c x
6
H
e£R
6
‟(XR)
6
eMx
6
Z
6
eZx
6
4 e`c-?`c+6`
6
m
4 (e-6)3r*
M ( ‟ ) 4 ?
Zm
t
6
Z([
(
‟ [ )
6
Z([,‟`‟pR,)
6
eX x
6
e‟6
e‟ c
06 -Z([(Ux-pR
(
)(p-p)R,4 ‟6m~R
(
(U‟hå) 4 Xm
0
R
k
Zw
Q
m
1
MQ£m
k
R
(
6w
(
9
h
T 4 M£w
k
R
(
m
k
6
+MZ ì`pr z tmrkdcmr.
9h, Zh kckŗakskz gcouėueo e,
4 * Zw
t
Rh 4
Z([
(
‟3x‟px,)( ‟ ) 4 6m,(æ‟ )
ZJZhZvhl1) 4 X vUZm,
MQYh9(6mhT 4 MZvhZh
6
+ MZ ì`pr z tmrkdcmr
4 Zv
(
`U4 `7. Zv,
6
4 `c
r.
`‟`4w Yhm,
::2
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6 • w
, 'eke ùremėm o`y`e`e s pd`sİz t`bdke mokjkskokr. Fùcódóe
e‟6
o`b` sger`ak aİsdİeo` Mmh
6
eke bms`pc`ed`sİ kìke pr`tka igrdóccmr vmrk-
cmjmatkr. Fur`o` `ìİac`d`asİzİe fkr bms`pc`d` igrdócóeó vmrmckd8
ZmU4 My
6
‟ iH
6
Mx
6
4 My
6
‟ (:Zxy
lùrócoóėó lkfk, grt`c`d` mtr iİeo`ak dgdmet d`trkask omėmrcmrkeome
agc`yaac` ìİa`rİc`fkcmjma fkr omėmrokr.
m'c`rİe o`ėİcİdİeİe ŗmackeke egrd`c gcd`sİ b`ckeom,
vm p kìke DC t`bdke mokjkcmrk mcom mokcmfkcmjmatkr. Egrd c o`ėİfd i`r -
zkymsk om, m'c`rİe sİacİa igeaskygeu,
£İ
6
i( 9k) 4
6`
6
m
•y 6İz 3r
£
m kìke Ckamckbggo igeaskygeu,
0
Zm
(
6
6`
6
i (
9 c
. . . m
e
) 4
( 6 t t
e
6
e
6
M m,
6
63x
6
M
4 («*,) (6«)
['cmr m'c`rİe fkr igeaskygeu gc`r a lùstmrkcokėkeom,
m, m, K
m, 4 [
t
‟`‟pRİ
m
6
4 [
6
‟`‟pR
6
m
e
4 [
e
- * - i å R
e
>[,
j[,
m―
m―
`[―
0 ... g
g ... 0
::;
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oùeóŗtórdmeke _`agfk`e'İ, h H | 4 0 gcouėu kìke [ 'cmrke Ckamckbggo
igeaskygeu,
(
e e 0
6([k‟`‟pRh)
6
6 6 6
6
C'([
c
. . .[
e
) 4 (`U) (6*)
£
m
e e 0
ľe C' 4 ľe * ce(6<t) 6([,‟ `‟pR,)
6
6 6 6`
0
s
Fu igeaskygeu d`x. y`p`e , p, mr* omėmrcmrk `ŗ`ėİo`ak : aİsdk
tórmv omeacmdkeke mŗ `ecİ ìùzódó sgeuju mcom mookr8
o ľe C' 0
2gc
`
o
ľe C'
0
p L
6
m
o ľe C'
e
2(j
m
) 6L
6
m
Z( [
0
- ` -pR
0
)R
k
0
B (? )~
6
6 [İ‟«‟ :Rk)
6
6
Fu aİsdk tórmv omeacmdcmrkek sİiİr` mŗktcmykp mŗ `ecİ ìùzódó y`p`r-
ame kca kak omeacmd o`b ùejm lùroóėódóz egrd c omeacmdcmrke `yeİd
fkzm vmrmjmatkr, vm Ueke DC t`bdke mokjkcmrkem « vm (: omrsma,
([,‟`‟(:R,) 4 > S ` 4 x
w**± 5 45
([ ,- `- pR ,) 4 > ) p 4 p
Óìóejó omeacmdom vm hå'k ymrkem agy`r`a vm lmrmack kŗcmdcmrk y`p`r`a
ľ r - e 0
_
+ ‟
Z m
İ
6
c 4
>
mr
0 C
6 6g±
H
6&
m m
Zm,
6
Zmh
6
4 eiil r* 4 lùrócoóėó lkfk eke DC t`bdke mok-
:?>
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Zm,
6
jksk s`pd`boİr, fu smfmpcm aucc`eİcd`z, fueue ymrdm aucc`eİcİr.
e‟6
CZ vm DC dmtgtc`rİ kcm `yeİ ` vm
(:
t`bdke mokjkcmrkek mcom mtdmdkz,
me aóìóa a`rmcmr t`bdke mokjkcmrkeke `yek z`d`eo` DC t`bdke mokjk-
cmrkeke ùzmcckacmrkem om s`bkp gcd`sİe kdaæe vmrkygr. [`ek 3*, (: fmcck
stga`stka t`eİd ŗ`rtc`e `ctİeo` FC] t`bdke mokjomr gcd`c`rİe` kcævmtme1
tut`rf, mtake, me kyk `skdptgtka egrd`c t`bdke mokjkcmrokr, ymtmrck st`-
tkstkacmrke igeaskygeuour vm kev`rk`ejm ùzmcckėkem s`bkptkrcmr.
/ . , .
6 6 yv
m e(>, 3r
m
) gcouėueo , [ Ue(`+pR ,) , mr
m
) gcur. (:, egrd c
o`ėodİŗ gc`e [mcmrke ogėrus c fkr tmrakfk gcouėue` lùrm fu ourudo`
(:'ke o`ėİcİdİ o egrd c gcur.
(: U e K Q:, K Fmezmr ŗmaoom, ' om egrd`c o`ėİcdİŗ gc`j`atİr.
C
Z R Å
H
Fur`y` a`o`r y`ptİac`edİzİ fkr kak amckdm kcm ùzmtckymckd8 F`skt
ogėrus`c rmlrmsyge dgomckeke stga`stka t`eİdİeİ y`ptİa. Fu ŗ`rtc`r `c-
tİeo` me aóìóa a`rmcmr vm DC t`bdke mokjomrkeke mcom mookŗkek vm s`bkp
gcouac`e ektmckacmrk kejmcmoka, ` vm (:'ke o`ėİcİdc`eeİe p`r`dmtrmcmrkek
vm m'd v`ry`esİeİe fkr t`bdkekek mcom mttka. Fótóe fu kŗcmdcmr kst`tkstkak
t`bdke kcm olkck kok. Fueo`e sger`ak `oİd kst`tkstkak kstkocæc gcd`cİoİr,
y`ek ìmŗktck `r`cİa t`bdkecmr vm bkpgtmz tmstcmrk ózmrkeom ourucd`foİr.
vm p, f`ėİdcİ omėkŗameke ùcìó fkrkdcmrk jkeskeome ki`om mokcme om-
ėmrcmrokr, ogc`yİsİyc` fóyóacóacmrk t`d`dkycm ùcìó fkrkdcmrkeke smìkdkem
`
R R
f`ėcİoİr. Dubtmcki omeacmdcmrome mcom moome vm p omėmrcmrkeke dua -
ymsm mokcmfokrckėk fu ourudo` fóyóa ùcìóom sİeİrcİoİr.
@j`f` aucc`eİc`e ùcìó fkrkdcmrkeome f`ėİdsİz fkr kckŗak ki`omsk dmv-
jut duour7 Mvmt, fu o` msemacka omokėkdkz omėmrcmrokr. ľst`tkstkak ks-
tkocæcm lmìdmome ùejm aİs`j msemackacmr ózmrkeom our cİd.
Msemackacmr8
Msemacka me lmemc t`rkik om, fkr omėkŗameke fkr f`ŗa omėkŗameomak
omėkŗdmcmrm a`rŗİ b`ss`skymtkeke fkr ùcìósóoór. ľatks`tt` msemacka tmrk-
dkeke fu `ec`do` y`ylİe aucc`eİdİd b`tİrcİygruz. Msemackėm
kr)
okymckd.
[
44
i(Rİ. .
.
R
a
) gcsue.
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2[ R,
S x k v- '
GRH [
R
F`skt ogėrus c rmlrmsygeo` <= 4 |: gc`j`atİr.
[
^r`tkatm msemacka lmemcckacm grt`c`d`c`ro` (R,[) ùcìócór. Msema-
ckėke grt c d c ro ùcìócme t`bdkek, <T 4 (: gc j`atİr.(0:)
[
Ogėrus`c gcdİy`e okŗaomrom msemackacmrke fucueuŗu8
k) [`rİ cgl rktdka oùeóŗtórdm8
[ 4 ` «^
x
+
9
o[
4 m7
x
+
m
Q: 4
[Ì,
oR
o[ o[/ [
4 4 ^
oR.[ oR
Fur`o` o[ /[, [ 'eke % fóyódm eksfmtkokr. (:'o` R omak 0 fkrkdcka
omėkŗdm f`ŗİe` ['eke % fóyódm eksfmtkokr.
o[ R R
[`rİ cgl rktdka ki`omom msemacka8 . 4 [(: 4 (:R
oR [ [
Lùrócoóėó lkfk fu igeaskygemc ŗmaoom msemacka s`fkt gcd`yİp, R 'ke omėm-
rkem lùrm omėkŗdmatmokr. F`zİ b ccmrom s`fkt fkr msemacka omėmrk vmrme fkr
igeaskygemc ŗmacke aucc`eİcd`sİ ùzmcckacm kstmekr. Fùycm ourudc`ro` ìkit
cgl`rktdka oùeóŗtórdm uyluc`eİr.
kk) Ìkit cgl`rktdka oùeóŗtórdm8
[ 4 ` R^ m
s
o[
oR
0: Msemackacmrke aucc eİdİ kcm kclkck gc r a ìgėu z d`e uyluc e`e fkr y ac ŗİd, rmlrmsyge
omeacmdcmrkeom a ts yİc rc kclkck st eo rt b t c rİe ctİeo msemackacmrke om (ìgėu amrm grt c -
d c ro ùcìócme) vmrkcdmsk ŗmackeomokr.
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o[ R R
*)
4 . 4ŕ«m
m
R ^
- 0
4 (: (0?)
m
£
R [
` R
p . m
Fu tkp ùzmcckacm msemacka dua`ymsmcmrk f`aİdİeo`e i`yo`cİoİr.
VMLVMZ[GEO@ ľZ_@_ľZ_ľAľ ľZ_ľOCÆC
Me aóìóa a`rmcmr dmtgou kcm kst`tkstkak t`bdke, b`t` tmrkdk vm
ogc`yİsİyc` f`ėİda omėkŗameke o`ėoİdİeİe ŗmack kcm kclkck fkr i`r`zkymyk
lmrmatkrdmdmskem a`rŗoİa, `r cİa ŗmackeom t`bdkecmr vm bkpgtmz tmstcmrk
fùycm fkr i`r zkymyk zgruecu aİc`r.
m
k ~ «(>, 3xh), [ , e(« + pR― g* )
[ . - U`+Uk)
e(>,c)
e
m
6 ( [
k
- « - p R
k
)
6
k4İ
e
6
k4İ
Z ([,‟ ‟(:R| )6 4 Z ([ ,‟ ľ‟ pR ,+«+pR
0
‟`‟
K
k40
4 6 Q[ ,‟
[+px‟
ŕR
,+[‟
gj‟
px
k4c K
+(£W (*) (R ,- x) T* (0=)
00 Fu igeaskygemc igrdo a ts`yİc r `yeİ z`d`eo msemackatkr. Jgff-Ogulc s tkpk kstkbs c
igeaskygeu fue tkpka fkr ùrema tmŗakc momr. [`e cgl`rktdka igrd ksm f zİ b ccmrom, magegdkeke
fóyódm bİzİeİe rmlrmsyge `e ckzk ygcuyc bms`fİeo aucc eİcİr. Vmlrmsyge kckŗakskeke keoma`
s yİc rİ r sİeo aurucd sİ b ckeom ksm ogėrus c omeacmdke a ts yİc rİ, tmdmc yİc msemackacmrkek
vmrkr.
0= 4 [ ‟ R gcouėu b tİrc eİrs , aùŗmck p`r`etmz kìkeomak ki om,
4 [, ‟ æ ‟ px, + [ - ` - H R + px
h
‟ p R ‟ px, + pR
4 [h ‟ æ+([ ‟ p R) ‟ ` ‟ ^R
ľ 4
[,‟ £ + « ‟ ` ‟ pR,
4 [, ‟ x
‟
pRh.
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-4 K ([k‟ľ‟ pR,)6+e([‟ ‟ :x ) + iŗ‟p)
6
Z (R,‟x)
6
k4c ' t‟0
0 e 0 ― ľ e
M([)4M(‟ Z [,) 4 6 M([,) 4 6 (@+px,)
e k-
0
e
k ‟ K
e ' -
0
0
°4 (e +ŕ 6 R,)4`+px
0 e 0
3=
m
Y`r(y)4 Z Y`r([h) 4 e * 4 ‟
e
6 k40
e
6
Y e( [‟ ‟px)
‟ e(>,c)
`([ ‟ gc‟ px)6
x
6
,
6
pUe(p, )
6(R,-x)
6
J^-^) YZ(R
k
-x)
6
‟ e(>,c)
3_s
(^-^)6Z(R
ľ
-R)
6 6
,
Rİ
6
6 ([h‟`‟pR,)
6
6 ([
k
-«-pR
0
)
6
e([‟`‟px)
4 +
+
6 6 6
`
t
09 6(Rh‟ R) 4
G
gc j`ėİ kìke fótóe ì`pr z tmrkdcmr sİikr gcur, ogc yİsİyc oóŗmr.
:??
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(R1‟x)
6
k4K
+
6
L
m
Z ([k‟`‟^Rİ)
6
k4c
R
6
e 4 +
XÅ
+ Rå
`
6
Z ([k‟«‟(:Rk)
6
6m,
6
k‟0
(0<)
Fkckeokėk lkfk mėmr [ e(>,c), ] U vm ] vm [ f ėİdsİz ksm
[ Y a p Zm,
6
_ 4 e(>,c), x
6
e
-
6 v m
7
v m
U
m
İ
6
f`ėİdsİz
Y ó
J_
p
gcouac`ee` lùrm fuec`rİe igeaskygeu gc`e kak ki`om om f ėİdsİzoİr, ogc`-
yİsİyc`,
D
( Y e - 6 )
`
(:
_ ‟ t
e
W6 mcom mookr.
v .g
:
6
G
6
"
6
6
J_M
'
U4 omėmrkek ymrkem agv cİd.
^ Xx
6
Z x
6
( p - p ) Y e - 6 p ‟ p ^ - ^ p - p p - p
Y U
6
/ W
K
s
c
Z
^
U e‟6 6x* U Xx
6
U
0< Fu sgeuì, `ej a s ė t r it ak ~i ki omcmrkeke fkrfkrcmrkeome f`ėİdsİz gcd c rİ b ckeom
ogėru gcur. Fkz fu ksp tİ a`ps d oİŗİ fİr a j ėİz vm s omjm s ė t r it ak o`ėİcİdcİ tmrkdcmrke
fkrfkrcmrkeome f`ėİdsİz gcouac`rİeİ fmckrtdmacm ymtkemjmėkz. Hľ vm Cmh
6
, kst`tkstkak f`aİdo`e f`-
ėİdsİzoİr.
:?=
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Lùrócoóėó lkfk, t`d`dme ùrematme fucue`e omėmrcmrcm Q: kìke `r cİa
ŗmackeom t bdkecmr vm tmstcmr y`pd`yİ s`ėc y`j`a fkr ki`omyk mcom mtdm-
dkz dódaóe gcou.
^(‟t
e
-6. / 6 l _ l te-6, / 6) 4 0 ‟ `
^-^ •
^(‟te-6, / 6 l 3 te-6, / 6) 4 0 ‟ `
^( ‟te-6, / 6 Z . lp l (: -i te-6, / 6 Z * ) 4 K ‟ `
(: kìke lóvme `r cİėİeİ vmrmjmatkr. _ma t`r icİ lóvme `r cİac`rİ ksm1
^ ( t g - t
e
W
6
, ` Z £ ) 4 ľ ‟ gc
vmy`
`
^(^ 3 p + t
e
W
6
,xZp) 4 0 ‟ ` ŗmakccmrkeom gc`j atİr.
(:
kcm kclkck kak vm tma t r`icİ tmstcmr8
Bg 8
(:
4 Q:― ^‟Q:g
B, 8 p zir p
>
j`c _ 4
sp
| j c _
|
5 te-6,gr/6 ksm Bg'İ rmoomomrkz, `ask b com Bg'İ a`fuc
momrkz.
Bg 8 p l pg
Bİ 8 p 5 p
>
tmst8 j`c _ 5 t
`
,e-6 ksm B
>
rmoomokckr, `ask b com
a`fuc mokckr.
Bg 8 p U pg
Bİ 8 p 3 p
>
tmst8 j`c _ 3 ‟ t`f t
`
,e-6 ksm B
>
rmoomookr,
`ask b com a`fuc moókr.
kìke `r`fa ŗmackeom t`bdke vm bkpgtmz tmstcmrkem p`r cmc gc r`a
` kìke om `yeİ kŗcmdcmr y`pİc fkckr. Fu kŗcmdcmrom,
£-«
6
(Xmi
ce-6)
0―W
6
vm Z- 4 aucc`eoİr. (02)(0;)Z h
`
±Kx4
02 kcm kclkck r cİa t bdke vm bkpgtmz tmstcmrkek yrİj lùstmrdmyk cózudcu fucd`oİa.
Gauyuju o`b ùejmak fùcódcmrom mcom mttkėk fkclkyk aucc e r a, kcm kclkck gc r a egrd c, y
6
vm
t o`ėİcİdc rİd ìİa r fkcdmck vm kìke r fa t bdke vm tmstcmrke e sİc y pİc j ėİeİ lùrmfkcdmckokr.
0; ľst tkstkak kstkoc c aİsdİeo fmckrtkcme bususc r rmlrmsyge dgomckeke t eİdİeo R kcm
kclkck gc r`a (c ) vm (0f) ŗ`rtc rİeİe kaksk kìke om lmìmrckokr.
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Fur`y` a`o`r y`po`e tmstcmr a`ts`yo`rc` olok dóeimrkt tmstcmrokr.
@j`f , dmsmcæ,
B
>
8 4 g , : 4 (:
>
Bİ 8 ` U g ,
U (:
>
ŗmackeom fkr tmst y`po`d`z dİ7 _`fkk
y`po`fokr. Fueue kìke fkr`z o`f` o`ėİfd tmgrkskem kbtky`ì v`r.
0
P 4 Qe( ‟ )6+6e x(`‟ ) (*‟£) + U( p - p )
6
T
P
R
6
6
(6>)
Xm,
6
R
6
e-
6 v m
fu kak o`ėİcİdcİ ki`om fkrfkrkeome f`ėİdsİz gc-
6 .
oóėó kìke,
P/6 W P/6
(e‟6) Z
6
Z
6
I 4 4 I
6
,
e
W6.
? (
e
-
6
) U
e(æ‟`)6+6ex (x‟ `) ((£‟ (:)+MRk
6
((å‟p)
6
I
6
,
e
W
6
6 Z
6
4 g vm p 4 (:g omėmrcmrk ymrkem age`r a j c I omėmrk mcom mookr.
Fu omėmr, t`f I
`
,6,e-6 t`fcg omėmrk kcm a`rŗİc ŗtİrİcİr. Mėmr,
j c I 5 t`f I
`
,6,e-6 ksm B
>
rmoomokckr, `ask b com Bg a`fuc mookr.
jr* om olok tmstcmr uyluc`d`o` i zc` aucc`eİcd`z. Fu tkp tmstcmr
kìke x
6
o`ėİcİdİeo`e y`r`rc`eİcİr. kìke `r cİa ŗmackeom t`bdkeom1
/ (e‟6) Z
6
(e‟6) Z
6
D 3
R
6
`
R
6
*
-‟,e‟6 0 ,e‟6
6 6
3
aucc`eİcİr.
4 0 ‟ x lóvme `r`cİėİ
6> Fueue ksp tİd y`pd`a, ''qu`or tka igrd"K r b`aaİeo fkclk s bkfk gcd`yİ lmrmatkrokėk
kìke. ksp tİ ageu oİŗİ tuttua.
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]yluc d`o mİİ ìga a`ts`yo`rc olok t tmstcmrk vm fkr`z kcmrkom lùrm-
jmėkdkz uyd kykckėk om olok tmstcmr aucc eİbr. Vmlrmsyge omeacmdcmrkeom
a`ts`yİc`rİe `ctİe` p`r etmz kìkeom Z~ vm Z £ omėmrcmrk y`zİcİr. Gauyuju
kstmrsm, ùrematmak lùzcmd s`yİsİ, ogc yİsİyc smrfmstcka omrmjmsk b`aaİeo`
folk s`bkfk gc j`ėİ kìke (60) kstmrsm fmcck fkr `ec`dcİcİa smvkymskeom
(.;=, .;;, ... lkfk) tmst y`p`fokr, kstmrsm st`eo`rt b`t`c`rİe` f`a r`a
` vm p'ke b`elk smvkymom `ec`dcİ gc`fomjmėkek, ogc`yİsİyc` fkrkejk tkp
b`t`yİ t`yke momr. F`zme gauyujuyu t t`fcgsue` f`ad` aócimtkeome
aurt`rd`a kìke fmcck fkr `ec`dcİcİa smvkymskeomak t`f t
e
W
6
omėmrk om vmrk-
ckr. ((:‟^)/ Zp omėmrk om vmrkcme r`a`d a`rŗİc`ŗtİrİc`r`a bkpgtmzcmr a`fuc
vmy rmoomookr. Fkz ameok `r`ŗtİrd c rİdİzo okėmr pma ìga magegdmtrk
uyluc`yİjİsİ lkfk, yua`rİo` fmckrttkėkdkz, gauyujuy` o`b` i`zc` omėmr-
cmeokrdm smrfmstckėk t`dy`e y`ac`ŗİdİ uyluc`rİz.
AGVVMC@Z[GE A@_Z@[KZK
Agrrmc`syge a`ts`yİsİ vm fueue a`rmsk gc`e omtmrdke`syge a`t-
s`yİsİ, rmlrmsyge ogėrusueue uyd f`ŗ`rİsİeİe fkr ùcìósó gc r`a rmlrms-
yge `e`ckzk kìkeom ùemdck fkr ymr tuttuėu lkfk, agrrmc`syge a`ts`yİsİeİe
rmlrmsyge `e ckzk oİŗİeo ùemdck fkr lùrmvk v`roİr8 Bmrb`elk fkr smfmp
emtkjm okŗaksk aurd`asİzİe kak omėkŗame `r`sİeo` ogėrus`c fkr f`ėİetİeİe
fucueup fucued`oİėİd grt`y` agyd`a.
Vmlrmsyge `e`ckzk "em emyke igeaskygeuour" sgrusue` jmv p `r -
y`e fkr y`ac ŗİdoİr. Fu y ac`ŗİdo` [ 4 i(x) vmy` R 4 l([) `r sİeo`
smfmp emtkjm okŗaksk yùeóeome i`racİcİa `ìİatİr. Agrrmc syge `e ckzk ksm
R vm [ `r`sİeo` okŗakeke kstka`dmtk ageusueo` t`d`dkycm eùtr vm
skdmtrkatkr. Ogc`yİsİyc` kak omėkŗame `r`sİeo` ìİa`e yóasma fkr agrrmc`syge
em [ eke R 'ke smfmfk gcouėueu, em R 'ke [ eke smfmfk gcouėueu vm em om
R vm [ eke smfmpcmrkeke grt`a gcouėueu lùstmrdmz. Z`omjm kak omėkŗame
`r`sİeo`ak ogėrus c `ssgsky`sygeu ki`om momr.
Agrrmc`syge `e`ckzk sgsy`c fkckdcmrke katks`t o`bo pma ìga o`cİeo`
ùemdck `r`ŗtİrd cmtcmrkeome fkrkokr. I`a`t magegdmtrkomak j`rk mėokd-
cmr `ìİsİeo`e agrrmc syge fulóe ùemdkek rmlrmsyge a`ptİrdİŗ vm rml-
rmsygeue uyd` f`ŗ rİsİeİ ùcìdm igeaskygeu, `cmtke i`yo c`rİeo`e f`ŗ-
cİj`sİeİ tmŗao mtdmym f`ŗc dİŗtİr.
60 Vmlrmsyge omeacmdcmrk kcm fkrckatm, ùrematmak lùzcmd s yİsİeİ o vmrdma vmy z d`e
smrkcmrk kìke ùrema omvrmskek (dmsmcæ 0;?2-0;9<) vmrdma æomttkr.
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ŕkdok agrrmc`syge a`ts`yİsİeİe bms`pc`eİŗİeİ lùrmckd8
Fkr smrpdm oky`lr`dİeo` (R
k=
[ h) lùzcmdcmrkek kŗ rmtcmymckd. R vm
['cmrke grt`c`d`c`rİeo`e masmecmrm keokrokėkdkz okadmcmr smrpdm oky`l-
r`dİeİ ? a`or`e` fùcmjmatkr. K, KK, KKK, KY.
Bmr egat` kìke R1 4 R1 ‟ x
[k 4 [k ‟ "
y
y
c
6
g ¾
g
g
R1
K
p
G
c
6
g ¾
£
G
K
p
G
g ¾
> g
0
G
g
g
` 8
Zmrpdm oky`lr`dİeo 1
K. a`or`eo` Rhyk 5 >
KK . " x
İ y k
3 >
KKK . " x, y,5>
KY. " x ,
y k
3 >
G b`com Z
k4İ
x,yk, R vm [ `r`sİeo`ak ogėrus`c `ssgsky`sygeue fkr
ùcìósó gc r`a, oóŗóeócmfkckr. Mėmr Zxhyk 5 > gcurs egat c rİe o`b`
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ìga K vm KKK. a`or`ec`ro`, Mx
0
y
0
3 > ìİa`rs`, o`b` ìga KK vm KY. a`o-
r`ec`ro` tgpc`eoİėİeİ sùycmymfokrkz. Mxhyh, sİiİr` y`aİe ìİa`rs` g z`d e
egat c rİe a`or`ec r `r`sİeo gcouaì omelmck o`ėooİėİ `ec ŗoİr.
Zxhyh ŗmackeom fkr ùcìóeóe tma f`ŗİe` aucc`eİcd`sİe` d`ek gc`j`a
omrmjmom ùemdck fkr s aİej`sİ v`r8 Lùzcmd s`yİsİeİ vm/ vmy` ùcìó fkrkdkek
omėkŗtkrmrma Mxy'eke omėmrkeke omėkŗtkromfódmsk. > b com `d`jİdİz ùcìó
fkrkdcmrkeome `rİtİcdİŗ fkr omėmr aucc`ed`a gcd`cİ. Fueue kìke grt`c`d`-
o`e st`eo`rt s`pd jkeskeome ùcìócdmsk me ogėru ygcour. Fu ŗmaoom
ki`om mokckejm,
Zx
k y
, / Mx
6
/Mv 6
r 4 ‟ ‟ , Z
x
4
@
/ , Z
v
4
Zx6 /M y
6
v '
Z
y 4 S / ‟
eZ
x
Z
y
e e
x
k 5'k
* vm st`eo`rt ùcìó fkrkdcmrk gcuygr, e m fùcdmdkzke emomek ksm
Z
x
Z
y
lùzcmd s`yİsİeİ omėkŗtkrmrma ùcìóeóe omėkŗdmskek ùecm-
dma.(66)
Z x
h y k
Mx,
yk
Zx
0
y
0
eZ,Z
y
/ M
Rk
6 My
?
6 Y Ur M
yk
6
e
6
Lùrócoóėó lkfk, igrdóc r'İe grt`c`d` mtr`iİeo`ak dgdmet omėmr-
cmrkeome bmdme ìİa`rİcd`sİe kdaæe vmrkygr. F`ŗc elİì egat`sİ mtr -
iİeo`ak dgdmetcmrk aucc`e`r a bms pc`d` y pİcd`a kstmekrsm1
eKR[ ‟(MR)(M[)
Y QeMR
6
‟(MR)
6
T QeZ[
6
‟(M[)
6
T
r, aótcmom R om [ `r`sİeo`ak ogėrus c `ssgsky`sygeu lùstmrme p'eue
t`bdke mokjksk gcuygr.
> ŗŕ hr | l c vmy` - c l r l c
> U r
6
U 0 r
6
'ym omtmrdke`syg e a`ts`yİ sİ oİ vmrkckr.
Okaa t mokcdmsk lmrmame egat` r'eke R vm [ `r sİeo`ak ogėrus`c s-
sgsky`sygeu lùstmrdmskokr. R vm [ `r`sİeo dmsmcæ o krmsmc vm ìga auv-
vmtck fkr kckŗak fucue`fkckr vm r sİiİr` y`aİe ìİa`fkckr. Fu smfmptme r'eke
66 [`ek, y`ptİėİdİz kŗcmd fkr "omic syge" kŗcmdk.
:=>
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bms`pc ed`sİeo`e ùejm smrpdm oky`lr`dİeİ y`pd`a vm ogėrus caa
ŗ`rtİeİe y`ac`ŗİa gc`r`a s`ėc`edİŗ gcup gcd`oİėİeİ lùrdma lmrmakr,
r'eke 0 vmy` ‟ 0 gcd`sİ lùzcmdcmrke fkr ogėru ózmrkeom tgpc`eoİėİeİ lùs-
tmrkr vm ogėrueue mėkdkeke kŗ`rmtkek vmrkr, i`a`t mėkdke dutc`a fóyóa-
cóėóeó vmrdmz.
Y _
g g
g ¾
g
g
g
¾ g G
g
g
r f`aİdİeo`e R vm [ `r sİeo`ak skdmtrk1 r'eke [ eke R 'm vm R 'ke
[ 'ym lùrm rmlrmsyge` t`fk tutucd`sİeo`e fucue`e sgeuìc`rİe lmgdmtrka
grt`c`d`sİ gcd`sİeo` fmckrkr. @ìİac`y`cİd8
£xy U 6xy
:y,x ‟ U
^R [
4
Zx
6
. ' Zy
6
Y
/ (Xxy)* Xxy
(r3[,x) ( R._) 4 H ‟ 4 • 4 *
v
Zx
6
Zyz Y Zx
6
Zy
6
r
S .[ vm ry
R
ŗmackeom fkr `yİrİdİe sgz ageusu gcd`oİėİ fu ourudo`e
fkr omi` o`b` `ec`ŗİcd`at`oİr.
(R ,[ ) eke kak omėkŗameck egrd`c o`ėİcdİŗ gcd`sİ b ckeom r, p'eue DC
t`bdke mokjkskokr. r'eke gc`sİcİa o`ėİcİdİ a`rİŗİatİr vm p vm e'm f`ėcİoİr.(6:)
Fueue ymrkem Iksbmr'ke z oùeóŗtórdmskek aucc`e`r a p kcm olok kst`tkstkak
kstkoc`c o`b` agc`yoİr.
(k-pY
-: Y (r) 4 I`a t fu igrdócó e3=>> kìke aucc ed`a ogėru omėkcokr. Fu
e
fóyóacóatmak ùrema b jdk ksm me zİeo`e z`d`e smrkcmrk kìke, ìga kstkse k b ccmrom sùz ag-
k'k-İİ gc fkckr.
:=0
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-
_ mgrmd8 r, kak omėkŗameck egrd c o`ėİcdİŗ fkr aótcmome `cİe`e
tms oóik fkr ùrematm R ,[ `r sİeo`ak f`ėİetİyİ lùstmrme agrrmc`syge a`t-
s`yİsİ gcsue.
0 0 + r
z 4 ‟‟ ľe tms oóik omėkŗamek `skdptgtka gc`r a egrd c
6 0 ‟ r
o`ėİcdİŗtİr.
0 0 + p 0
z «s e ( ľe , )
6 0 ‟ p e‟:
0> lùzcmdcka ùremacmr kìke fkcm z'eke o`ėİcİdİ egrd cm y`aİeoİr.
X oùeóŗtórdmsk aucc`e`r`a p kcm kclkck tmstcmrke y`pİcİŗİe fkr dksæc
vmrmckd8
Dksæc8 => fkrkdcka fkr ùrematm R om [ `r sİeo` r 4 ‟ .6 fucoua.
Fu omėmr .;= smvkymskeom `ec`dcİ dİ7 I`rzmomckd ak (R,[ ) kak omėkŗameck
egrd c o`ėİcdİŗ fkr aótcm tmŗakc mokygr vm p o , aótcmomak agrrmc syge
a`ts`yİsİ.
Bg 8 p 4 >
pUG
0
_mgrmdm lùrm v r z p
?<
0 0 + ^
M(z) 4 ľe
6 0 ‟ p
Zt`eo`rt egrd cm oùeóŗtórdm y`p`r`a,
z‟M(z)
^(‟ 0.;9 3 3 0.;9) 4 .;=
yv`r(z)
0 0+r
ùrematm z 4 ľe 4 ‟ . 6>:
6 c‟r
B
>
8 p 4 > 45 M(z) 4 >
‟ .6>:
4 ‟ 0.:;
Yİ/ ?<
‟ 0.:;1 ‟0.;9 vm 0.;9 `r sİeo ymr coİėİeo`e Bg'İ rmoomomdk-
ygruz. Dksæckdkzom p kìke lóvme `r cİėİd tmŗakc momckd.
:=6
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0 0 +
‟ .?2; 3 ľe 3 .>2:
6 c‟ g
0 +
‟ .;<2 3 ľe 3 .099
0-p
0-p
Mŗktskzckacmrk ìùzmrsma1
0 W m""
;<2
m
09 9
‟ 0
3p 3
0 + m
-
'
;< 2
m
09 9
+ 0
‟ .?= 3 p 3 .>2
r 4 ‟ .6, fu kak omėmr `r sİeo gcouėue lùrm .;= `ec dcİcİa smvk-
ymskeom Bg'İ a`fuc mtdma zgrueo a cİr vm ‟ .6 eke kak omėkŗame `r`sİeo`
`ec dcİ fkr kckŗak lùstmrdmokėk sgeujue v`rİrİz.
Fu tmst B
>
8 p 4 p
>
Bİ 8 p p
>
vmy tma t`r icİ fmezmr tmstcmr kìke ogėru-
our.
Ùzmc fkr b`c gc`r`a s omjm B
>
8 p 4 >
Bİ 8 p U > ŗmackeomak fkr bkpgtmzk
tmst mtdma kìke t o`ėİcİdİeo`e y`r`rc`eİc`fkckr8
rye‟ 6
_ 4 - t
e
W
6
Y K ‟ r
6
Mėmr | j c _
|
3 t`f t
`
/ 6,e-6 ksm Bg'İ a`fuc momrkz.
| j c _ | U t`f t / 6,e-6 ksm B
>
'İ rmo momrkz.
]yd` F`ŗ`rİsİ _mst'k8
]vd f`ŗ`rİsİ tmst'k, ogėrus c fkr rmlrmsvge'ue R kcm [ `r`sİeo`ak
İcksakvk lùstmrdmom em ùcìóom f`ŗ`rİcİ gcouñue `ec d`a kìke uyluc eİr.
:=:
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Jmv`pc eoİrİcd`sİ lmrmame sgru, R'ke omėkŗme omėmrcmrkem a`rŗİcİa [ 'eke
om skstmd`tka omėkŗdmcmr lùstmrkp lùstmrdmokėkokr. F`ŗa fkr ki`om kcm1
M ([
K
S R
0
) 4 ` + pR h dk, ygas`
M ([ , S R
0
)4` dİoİr7
Lùrócoóėó lkfk fur`o` y`pİc`e tmst (: 4 > gcup gcd`oİėİ ŗmackeom.
^`r`dmtrm uz`yİ ik, w om w £ G gcsue.
M ([
ľ
S R
ľ
) 4 `
M ([
c
S R
k
) 4 `+ (:Rh P ‟ w
\ 8 Bg (: 4 >
P ‟w 8 B
t
(: U >
w i`r`zkymsk ctİeo 'eİe CZ t`fdke mokjksk y oİr. Ìóeaó 4 [‟(:x
o`
(:
4 > i`r`zkymsk y`pİcİej lmrkym 4
[
a`fr.
w i`r`zkymskeom 6m,
6
4 6([,‟[)
6
4 6([,‟y)
6
4 6v,
6
6yk
6
, grt`c`d` mtr`iİeo`ak s`pd c`rİe a rmcmrkeke tgpc`dİoİr. Fueu
aİs ctİcdİŗ gc r`a _ZZ (6?) om lùstmrmckd. _ZZ, [ omak tgpc d o`ėİcd`eİe
fkr ùcìósó,
P
‟ w i`r zkymsk `ctİeo`1
[ 4 x + ŕR, Zmh
6
4 6([,‟æ‟ (:R,)
6
6 m,
6
, ['Kmrke rmlrmsyge ogėrusu mtr iİeo`ak s`pd c`rİeİe a`rmcmrkeke
tgpc dİ. Fue o b`t a`rmcmrk tgpc dİ `ec dİe ZZM (6=) okymckd.
6 ([,‟[)
6
4 6 ([‟ [ k) + ([k‟[)
6
y`z`fokrkz.
k4c k 4 c
4 6([,‟[H)
6
+ 6([,‟[)
6
+ 6 6([ - [ , ) ([ . -[ )
[ ,- [ 4 y,
[ H - [
4 y,
[ k- [ , 4 m,
R , - x 4
6yk
6
4 Zm,
6
+ 6Y + 66m,
[
(
4 x + "(:R, kok. 4 [‟(:x'İ ymrkem agy cİd.
[-, 4
[‟(: R
+ (:R,
6k
_ZZ8 tgt c sud gi squ rms.
6= ZZM8 sud gi squ rmo mrrgrs.
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@ WW @
[h‟[ 4 ^(Rh‟ x) s pd`c r jkeskeome y zİcİrs`.
[ k 4 b İ
Zy.m, 4 p M x
k mk
4
p
X x
k
(y
k
- px
k
) 4
p
QZx
k
y
k
-pZx
k
6
T
4 ^Zx
İyİ
‟ p
6
Kx,6
4 gcouėue lùrm,
Zx
6
Z
R h
6
4 g ,
6yİ 4 Z [
0
‟ y)
6
4 ZZV okymckd. (Vmlrmsyge a`rm tgpc`dİ) (69)
_ZZ 4 ZZM + ZZV
Amckdmcmrcm ki`om momrsma1 [ omėmrcmrkeke ameok ùrema grt`c`d`c`rİ
mtr iİeo`ak tgpc`d o ėİcd sİ kak aİsd` `yrİc`fkckr. Fkr aİsdİ [ omėmr-
cmrkeke ameok grt`c`d`c rİ mtr iİeo`ak o`ėİcd`yİoİr. (6<) Fue` ZZV okyg-
ruz. [ 'omak tgpc`d omėkŗdmeke ZZV a`o`rİ R omėkŗamek t`r iİeo`e kz`b
mokcmfkckygr. ZZM a`o`rİ ksm rmlrmsyge ogėrusu mtr`iİeo` R t`r`iİeo`e
kz`b moomdkyme `rtİa b`t` gc`r`a a`cİygr.
ZZV Zy'k
6
Z(px,)
6
^
6
Zx,
6
p6xy
_ZZ Zy,
6
Zy,
6
My,
6
Z
y k
6
^'ke omėmrkek ymrkem agy`r`a,
(Zx,
y İ
)
6
Zx,
6
U (Zx
k y k
)
6
(Zx,
6
)
6
Zy,
6
Xx,
6
Zy,
6
69 ZZV8 Zud gi squ rms igr rmlrmsskge
6< [ 4 [ oİr. Ìóeaó8
v ,4 å + px
(
[
t
4 å - t - ( kR 4±[ ‟ + 4 [
(Zx
İ y k
)
6
G b`com,
ľY k
6
4 Zm
t
6
+ Zy
8
6
:==
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Ù b`com, ['omak tgpc`d omėkŗdmeke R t`r iİeo`e kz`b mokcme aİs-
dİeİe tgpc`d omėkŗdmym gr eİ omtmrdke`syge a`ts`yİsİeİ vmrkygr. R ,
[ 'omak omėkŗdmcmrk kz`bt em ùcìóom f`ŗ rİcİ ksm r
6
g a`o`r c'm y`aİe ìİ-
a`j`atİr. r
6
ogėrus c kckŗakeke uyd f`ŗ`rİsİeİe fkr ùcìósóoór.
"
m
r
r
6
4 0
Zy,
6
Mm,
6
4 My,
6
‟ pZx,yh fkzm [ omėmrcmrkek bms`pc`d o`e grt`c`d`
mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmrome Mm,
6
eke fucued`sİeİ s`ėc r.
^~^ (^-^)
H
0
e(>,c) ,
mrm
YZx,
6
Mx
6
Ym,
6
R
6
e
W6 vm p kcm Mm,
6
f`ėİdsİz gcouėu kìke fu kak y
6
o`ėİcİdİ fkr-
İ
«_
* 9
fkrkeome f`ėİdsİzoİr. G b`com,
Q(^-^)
6
Mx
6
T / ? (^-^)
6
ZR
6
I 4 Iİ,―W6
Mm,
6
Mm,
6
? (e- 6) e - 6
(: 4 > i`r`zkymsk ctİeo ,
p
6
Mx
6
Myr
I 4 4
MmU e‟6 Zm,
6
he‟
6
Fur o`ak I omėmrk o`b ùejm lùroóėódóz
i - ^
H-
U t
e
W6 eke a`rmskokr.
-
Mmh-
(e‟6) Mx7
:=9
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(Q: 4 > i`r`zkymsk ctİeo`)
I 4 _
6
(62)
r
0
kcm I `r`sİeo`ak ľ ck ŗak 8
^
6
Zx
1
6
(:Kxy
I 4 4
Xm1
6
he‟6 Cm7 / e‟6
B`cfuak Zm
6
4 Zy
1
6
‟ Zy
?
6
4 X y
1
6
‟pMx
kyr
I'tm ymrkem agy`r`a,
(Q:Kxy)e‟ 6 (p6xy) (e‟6) e ‟ 6
ėz
x y
r ľ İ C W İ T
Q:Xxy Q:Zxy
pXxy
Gys r
6
4 gcouėueu fkckygruz.
s
y k
6
e ‟ 6
I 4
0
•y
r~
e-6) r
6
I 4
0 ‟ r
65
Zge igrdóc kejmcmeokėkeom, ùrema b`jdk e s`fktame, _
6
`rttİaì` I'ke
om fóyóymjmėk `ec`ŗİcİygr. Fu, agrrmc`syge om `ec`dcİba `r`sİeo`ak
okŗakyk grt`y` agyuygr. (:'ed `ec`dcİcİėİ (ìgacu rmlrmsygeo` a`ts`yİ-
c`rİe `ec`dcİcİėİ) kcm kclkck I tmst'k kcm, r'eke `ec`dcİcİėİ kcm kclkck tmst mŗcmeka
tmst'cmr gcuygr. F
u
smfmpcmokr ak f`skt rmlrmsyge kcm kclkck gc r`a ìgėu
z`d`e r
6
omėmrk vmrkcdmacm ymtkeokr vm t y o I tmst'k (f`skt rmlrmsygeo`
I 4 t
6
gcouėueo`e kak tmst mŗcmeka) kcm kckŗakeke `ec`dcİcİėİ tmst mookr.
62 Fu kckŗakeke s omjm f skt ogėrus c rmlrmsyge kìke ogėru gcouėue kŗ rmt momckd, kak vmy`
o`b i zc `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗame gcd sİ b ckeom t tmst'k a ts`yİc r kcm kclkck :14:
>
ŗmackeomak dóeim-
rkt tmstcmrom aucc eİcİr. I ksm (: 4 p'
>
, 4 (:
6
>
... (:
a
4 (:
>
a
bkpgtmzkek tmst mtdmom, y`ek `ìİac yİ-
jİ omėkŗamecmr smtkeke fkr fótóe gc r a [ omak omėkŗdmcmrk kz b lójóeó `ec d`o aucc eİcİr.
:=<
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ŕkdok fur y a`o r `ec to`ec rİ fkr t fcgo ùzmtkkymckd.
Fu t fcgeue oİ Y`ry`es @e`ckzk _`fcgsu (@EGY@V
_`fcgsu)8
Omėkŗdm A rmcmr _gpc dİ ZZ s.o. Grt c d A rm DZ
A ye`ėİ
R Zy1
6
4 £6xy 4 ZZV 0 DZV 4 ZZV
/K
rtİa b t 6m
6
44 6
y k
6
~p6x y 4 ZZM e‟6 DZM 4 ZZM /e‟6
_gpc d 6y
1
6
4 6y,
6
+ 6m,
6
e‟0 DZ_ 4 _ZZ/ e‟6
_ZZ 4 ZZV + ZZM
Z Q:6 xy ZZV
6 y,
6
6y,
6
_ZZ
^Z xy DZV
j c I 4 4 (j c I 5 t f Iİ,
`
U6,x ksm Bg8
^
4 > rmo-
6m,
6
DZM omokckr, `ask b com a`fuc mokckr.)
e‟6
DZM 6R ,
6
ŕhh ‟ , Z* 4 DZM - (lmrmack lùrócme t tmstcmrk
6x
6
e6x,
8
ùejmome fmckrtome ŗmaoom v -
poİr.
F`zİ `r`ŗtİrd c ro r
6
ymrkem, smrfmstcka omrmjmskem lùrm oózmctkcdkŗ
r omdma gc e 7 aucc eİcİr, ùzmcckacm lùzcmd s`yİsİeİe `z gcouėu b ccmrom,
o kd r
6
5 r
6
gcd`a a`yoİyc`, i`racİcİac`r gcur.
ZZV ZZM
r
6
4 0
_ZZ _ZZ
ZZM
/e‟6
DZM
7 4 0 4 İ ‟
_ZZ/ e‟0 DZ_
DZM ZZM
5 gcouėueo e o`kd`
r
6
5 7 okr. Fkz ameok r ŗ-
DZ_ _ZZ
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tİrd c rİdİzo bmr kakskek om ymrkem lùrm bms`pc r vm aucc eİrİz, r
6
t`rkik
lmrmėk eml tki ìİa`dİy`j`ėİ b com, r
6
, R'ke `ìİac`yİjİ lójóeóe ìga z,
smrfmstcka omrmjmskeke om aóìóa gcd`sİ b ckeom eml tki ìİa`fkckr.
DZM
( 5 0 gcouėu t`atkrom).
DZ_
Bms`pc d sİr sİ gc r a x vm p 'ke mcom mokckŗkem yùemcme bms`pc -
d`c`ro`e sger` v`ry`es `e`ckzk t`fcgsueue tmŗaok vm fu t`fcgy` o`y`-
eİc`r a r*, I, Z Z - omėmrcmrkeke bms`pc`ed`sİe` lmìokr. ŕkdok ùejmak
p, `
dksæckdkzm oùemckd vm a`coİėİdİz ymrome omv`d momckd.
Dksæcke Omv`dİ8
kstmemecmr8 Fkr @EGY@V t`fcgsu y pİeİz vm I, r
6
, r
6
omėmrcmrkek
mcom mokekz. Z ~ vm Z * 'k fucueuz.
7
x
Vmlrmsygeue İİkb`k ki`omskek y`zİeİz.
@EGY@V t`fcgsu8
Omėkŗdm A`ye`ėİ A`rmcmr _gpc dİ ZZ s.o. Grt c d A`rm DZ
R ZZV 4 :>.92 0 DZV 4 :>.92
`rtİa b`t ZZM 4 0;.29 06 DZM 4 0.9==
tgpc`d _ZZ 4 =>.=? 0: DZ_ 4 :.2;
DZV
J c I 4 4 02.=?
DZM
ZZV ZZM 0;.29
r- 4 4 0 4 0 4
0
‟ .:; 4 .90
_ZZ _ZZ =>.=?
DZM 0.9==
r 4 0 4 0 4 0 ‟ .?6= 4 .=<=
DZ_ :.2;
/ XR
6
0(0.9==) (:?=.2?)
Z- H DZM 4 H 4 0.:2?
`
U e Mx
6
0?(60.:9)
/ DZM
-
/ 0.9==
5~
4 H 4 H 4 .6<2
x
K x
6
60.:9
:=;
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[ 4 0>.?2‟ 0.0;2R
* (0.:2?) (6.6<2)
r
6
4 .=<=
@w
t
]
t
(0>> ) 4 0>.?2 ‟ 0.0;2 r
6
4 .=<= 0;?2-0;90
w,W, (0.:2?) (.6<2) C
t
(0.06)
t`f Iİ.kYgs 4 ?.<=
J c I 5 t`f I gcouėu kìke Bg 8 Z 4 > ŗmackeom fkr bkpgtmzk rmoomomr
vm R kcm [ `r`sİeo` `ec`dcİ fkr kckŗak gcouėueu fmckrtkrkz. Zt`eo`rt b`t`-
c r a`ts`yİc ro`e ìga aóìóa. Omeacmdcm fkrckatm lùzcmd omvrmskek vmr-
dmatm i`yo` v`r. Lùzcmd omvrmskeke fkckedmsk, a`ts`yİc`rİe magegdkeke
b`elk ŗ`rtc rİeo bms`pc eoİėİd `ec d`dİzİ s`ėc r vm ygrudu agc y-
c ŗtİrİr, ct oùemdcmr `r`sİeo y`pİ omėkŗdmcmrk ageusueo tmst y`pd`y`
kdaæe vmrkr. h: om olok st`eo`rt b`t`eİe ctİeo ymr c e omėmr grt c -
d`o ùcìócdóŗ msemacka. 0.06 omėmrk1 kŗskzcka gr`eİeo % 0 cka fkr `z c-
d`eİe, ójrmt omėkŗdmskeom % 0.06 cka fkr `rtİŗ s`ėc y`j`ėİd ki`om mokygr.
Egrd c gc r`a fkr rmlrmsyge omeacmdkeom t`bdkeke st`eo`rt b`t`sİ,
Ourfke-\`tsge st`tkstkėk vm grt`c`d` dutc`a yózom b`t` lkfk fóyóa-
cóacmr om ymr `fr. Fuec r ymrk lmcokaìm tmd`s momjmėkz. Ymrome fkclomrke
`d`jİ, stga`stka t`eİd ŗ`rtc rİeİe lmìmrckėkek agetrgc vm omeacmdke t`b-
dke lójó b`aaİeo` ikakr s`bkfk gcd`atİr.
ÙEJMOME _@BDÅE YM [MEÅ LÙXCMDCMV
Dgomc, [ h 4 + (:R, + m, vm stga`stka t`eİdİ o ùejmak lkfk gc-
sue. R om olok gc r`a mckdkzom ymek fkr lùzcmd fucuesue8 Dmsmcæ lmcm-
jmatmak fkr yo kìke R omėkŗamekeke ùelùrócme omėmrk. Fue` R* okymckd.
[* 4 ` + £R* -i s*
M([*)'İ t`bdke mtdma kstkygruz.
M([*) 4 ` + pR* + M( m±) 4 ` + ^R±
[* 4 gj -i pR* [*, R* omėmrkek rmlrmsyge omeacmdkeom R
ymrkem agy`r`a fucouėuduz [* omėmrkokr.
M([*) 4 M Qå+pR *T 4 3x+pR± 4 M([ *)
Y`r([*) 4 Y r Q`+pR *T
:9>
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4 Y r(æ) + (R*)
6
Y`r(Qk) + 6 R * Jgv(k,p)
3<,ZR,
6
. / x . S
- _ : Z _ + (* )• M +
4 y~ + ( R * ) * - 6 x R * - x
6
+ x
6
U
C
e
U pUR
k
6
e x
6
0 (R*-x)
6
4 " +
C e Yv6 H
£x
6
r
0 (R*‟ x)
6
[* - ([*, ? (‟ + )
C
e Zx
6 H
S *"ke v ry esİ R*. S 'o`e uz`ac`ŗtİaì` `rtİygr. R'cmrke amdck
-ur`Dkİo`ak o`ėİcd rttİaì o `z cİygr. ŕmakcom lùrócoóėó lkfk, lóvme
`r cİėİeİe lmekŗckėk s`fkt omėkc vm x'o dkekdud. x'o`e uz`ac`ŗtİaì`
vm
ri. fóvóoóaìm Y`r
([*)
`rtİygr.
:>0
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(e‟6) Z
6
‟ 1 X
6
e-
6
6
[* ‟ M([*)
e(>,c)
3R*-x
6
)
e Zx
6
[* ‟ M([*) [* ‟ M([*)
/ 0 (R * -x
6
) Z / 0
Y ‟ +
Z
Y ~
\
(R* x
6
)
J_M
e Cx
6
e 6 x
6
Z y±
M([*) kìke lóvme `r`cİėİ8
^([*‟ ZU* t
e
W
6
, / 6 Z M([*) ŗŕ [ '+Zy . t
e
W
6
, `/ 6) 4 0 ‟ «
F`zme prgfcmd, ymek fkr (R ,[ ) lùzcmdkeke `yeİ y`pİo`e lmckp lmc-
dmokėk ŗmackeom fmckrkr. Fu lkfk b ccmrom fmcck fkr R* omėmrk kìke grt c`d`
[* omėmrk omėo1 lùzcmdome mcom mokcme tma fkr [
>
omėmrk sùz ageusuour.
R
>
* o`y`e`r`a vm rmlrmsyge omeacmdkek aucc e`r`a1 [g 4 URg
omėmrkek fucuruz. Ùelùrdm b t sİe ]g 4 [
>
‟ [g okymckd.
]g
4
[g ‟ (gt+ px
>
)
M(ug) 4 M([g)‟ M(æ+px
>
) 4 x+pRg‟`‟ŕRg 4 >
Y`r(ug) 4 Y r Q [
>
‟ p R ±) T
[g vm + h:R'ke f ėİdsİz gcd`sİ b ckeom ak [
>
ymek fkr lùzcmd gc-
ouėue lùrm ùycmokr1
Y r(ug) 4 Y r
([g) -r
Y`r(æ+| :R―)
6
İ
r
0 (Rg‟R)
6
,
:96
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(e‟6)Z
6
Z m,*
W <
`
`
0
`
:
m s
/ 0 (R
>
‟R)
6
Zu―4 s U0 + ‟ + ‟
e
u
g
te-6
Zu,
[g kìke lóvme `r cİėİ8
^Q(*+ŕRg5‟tu-6. h/ 6 Zu
>
l[gU(*-r^R g) + te-6, / 6 Zu―T 4 c ‟ *
Fu `r cİa M([*) kcm kclkck gc`eo`e Zt*/6 a`o`r o`b` lmekŗ gc`j`atİr.
Y`r(ug) 4 Y r([―) + Y r([―)
Fu ki`omome, ùejmome t`bdke b`t`sİeİe kak a`ye`ėİ gcouėu `ec`-
ŗİcİygr.
k) Y r([g) y`ek [g'd fmacmeme omėmrk M(
[g
om kclkck gc r`a sùz ageusu
gc`e b`t`.
kk) Y`r([g) y`ek [g'c ee, grt`c`d`c`rİ mtr iİeo`ak y`yİcd`sİeo`e
ogė`e b`t .
ŕkdok ùejmome t`bdke vm vmtİk lùzcmdcmrcm kclkck gc r`a o`b ùejm
vmrokėkdkz dksæcm oùemckd8
Dksæcke omv`dİ8
k) 0;?2 vm 0;=0 vkcc e, smrpdm oky`lr`dİdc o lùrócoóėó lkfk
rmlrmsyge ogėrusueue uyd` kykckėkek fgzuygr. Fu yİcc`rİ b`rkì tut`r`a
rmlrmsyge kcm kclkck bms`pc d c rİ ymekome y`pİeİz.
]
kk) 0;96 om 4 =.9 gcouėue lùrm bmr kak rmlrmsygeo`e. 0;90-96
C
kìke % ójrmt `rtİŗİeİ t`bdke mokekz.
kkk) 0;96'om ójrmtcmrke ikkck smvkymsk 6 .:; ksm, f`ėİdf omėkŗame kcm
olok 0;96 omėmrkeke, ùrema omvrmskeom dmvjut y`pİo`e lmckp lmcdmok-
ėkek bmr kak rmlrmsygeo tmst mokekz.
kv) % ? kŗskzcka gr`eİ t`d kstkbo`d bmomik gc`r`a `cİedİŗ uc-ee.
Bmr kak rmlrmsygeo`e. bu kstkbo`d smvkymsk sgesuz gc r`a ko`dm rttİrkc-
.=0.:
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okėk t`atkrom, ójrmtcmrom grt`c`d` yocİa yózom `rtİŗ kìkİİ egat` vm % ;='cka
lóvme `r cİėİ ŗmackeom t`bdkecmr y`pİeİz.
Jmv`p8
k) x 4 =.>6= R [ A x y a
[ 4 ?.>=2 R :6>.=0 6:>.=? x 0<.=> ‟ 0?.02
0 4 ;.>2: [ 600.<; v 0?.0=
e 4 06 A ;;:.:2 y a :.6; İ /
6xy ‟ 0?.02
Z 4 4 4 ‟ .20>
6x6 0<.=>
` 4 y ‟ p x 4 2.062
@EGY@V t`fcgsu8
Omėkŗdm A`ye`ėİ ZZ s.o. DZ
R ZZV4 00.?; 0 DZV 4 00.?;
b t ZZM 4 6.99 0> DZM 4 .699
tgpc`d _ ZZ4 0?.0= 00 DZ_ 4 0.629
DZV 00.?;
j c I 4 4 4 ?:.0;=
DZM .699
ZZM
r
6
4 0 4 0 ‟ .022 4 .206
_ZZ
DZM
_- 4 0 4 0 ‟ .6>< 4 .<;:
DZ_
S
6R
6
DZM ‟‟‟ 4 0.<06
[ 4 2.062‟ .20> R 4 .<;:
(0.<06)(.06:)
:9?
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kk) [ 4 0>.?2 ‟ 0.0;2R [ 4 2.062 ‟ .20> R
0>.?2 ‟ (0.0;2) (=.9) 2.062 ‟ (. 20>) (=.9)
[ * 4 :.<< [* 4 :.=;
@w
96
.><
kkk) 0>> 4 0>> 4 :.>6 % [g 4 :.>6
w
90
6.:6
0 (Rg‟R)
6
S
Z
6
[
>
‟ [― 4 DZM ľB B )
Y e Zx6 /
, 0 (=.9‟?.20?
)6
`
) Z
6
: >6
W:.
<<
4 0.9== ( 0 + ‟ + ) 4 0.260
S 0? 60.:9 '
Z 4 Y K -260 4 0.:?;
[g‟[
>
.<=
j c t 4 4 .==9
Zy―‟ [g 0.:?;
t`f tk6,*/
6
,.gås 4 6.02
j`c t 3 t`f t gcouėue` lùrm ymek lùzcmd `yeİ y`pİo`e lmckygr.
0 (=.9‟=.>6=)6
f) Z
6
~ 4 .699(0 + + 4.6;:
*g-*g 06 0<.=>
Z
v
U 4 Y-6;: 4 .=?
kg‟ kg
.=<
j`c t 4 4 0.>=9, t`f t
0>
,.e65 4 6.6:
.=?
j`c t 3 t`f t ogc`yİsİyc` [e `yeİ y`pİo`e lmckygr.
kv) R* 4 ? [* 4 =.(5;
0 (R*‟ x)6 , 0 (?‟ ?.20?A
`) Z
6
[ ± 4 DZM ( B 4 0.9==( + )
e Zx6 S 0? 60.:9 5
4 09;
Z
t
― 4y/ ~Å9; 4 .?00
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=.9.;‟ 6.0<;(.?00) U M([*) U =.9; + 6.0<;(.?0c)
?.<; 9.=;
b) R* 4 ? 45 [* 4 ?.222
0 (?‟=.>6=)
6
4 699 ( 0 .>:2
06 0<.=>
Z
t
* 4 -v/ U:2 4 .0;<
?.22 ‟ (6.662) (.0;<) U M([*) U ?.222 + 6.662 (.0;<)
?.??; 3±=.:6<
vm : kìke lóvme `r cİac rİ8
o) <.?9? 3 3 0:.?;9
‟ 0.?09 3 ŕ 3‟ .6>? "
f) ?.:0? 3 3 00.;?6
‟ 0.9;6 3 p 3‟ 0.0?>
ľakejk rmlrmsyge dksæckdkzom fkzkd kìke o`b uylue. Mėmr 0;?2 vm
0;=0 yİcc`rİe` `kt (R ,[ ) lùzcmdcmrkeke `yeİ y`pİo`e lmcdmokacmrkek lùs-
tmrkrsma, y`ptİėİdİz ùrema omvrmskeome ìİa`rd kŗcmdk b`acİ lùstmrodk.ŗ
3hcur.
R 4 :.2 [« 4 =.;: [g 4 ;
Zy
>
-[
>
4 0:9?
j c t 4 6.6=
t f t,
6
,.>6= 4 6 . 02
j c t 5 t`f t ùycmysm fu lùzcmd `yeİ y`pİo`e lmcdkygr.
ľakejk rmlrmsygeue fkrkejkym e`z`r`e `v`et hİ, vm p kìke vmrkcme
lóvme `r`cİac`rİeİe fóyóacóacmrkeom om fmckrkygr.
F`skt Ogėrus`c Vmlrmsyge8 Ztga`stka _`eİd ŕ`rtc`rİeİe
Arktkėk8
Fu fùcódom f`skt ogėrus c rmlrmsyge dgomckeke stga`stka t`eİdİd
y`ptİa. Fu t`eİd ŗ`rtc`e `ctİeo` t`bdke mokjkcmrke (`, p vm js kìke) e`so
bms`pc e`j`ėİeİ vm s`bkp gc j`ac rİ ùzmcckacmrk (LD tmgrmdk) kejmcmoka.
ŕkeİok, stga`stka t`eİd ŗ`rtc rİeİe lmrìmacmŗdmdmsk b ckeom grt`y`
ìİa`j`a ourudu aİs`j lùrmckd.
:99
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Ageuy` kckŗake gc`r`a jmv`pc`eoİrİcd`sİ lmrmame sgruc`r ŗuec`r
gc`j`a8
‟ Ztga`stka t`eİd ŗ`rtc rİeİe lmrìmacmŗkp lmrìmacmŗdmokėk e`sİc
`ec ŗİcİr 7
‟ _`eİd ŗ rtc`rİeİe f`zİc`rİeİe lmrìmacmŗdmdmskeke t`bdke mokjk-
cmr ózmrkeomak mtaomrk emcmrokr7
‟ Fu lkfk b`ccmrom em lkfk dmtgtc`r uyluc`e`fokr vm t`vskym mok-
cmfomjma ymek t`bdke mokjkcmr emcmr gc fkckr 7
‟ Fu t`vskym moome t bdke mokjkcmr b elk ŗ`rtc`r `ctİeo` b`elk
ùzmcckacmrm s`bkp gc j`ac roİr 7
[`t`y fkr lmekŗcmdm kcm f`skt rmlrmsygeo`e ìga `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗameck
rmlrmsyge lmìookėkeom stga`stka t`eİd ŗ`rtc rİe ymekcmrk macmemjma
(t`d r`ea i`r zkymsk y` o` ìgacu f`ėİetİ gcd`d sİ lkfk) tma omeacmd
`e ckzcmrkeome mŗ `ecİ omeacmd skstmdcmrkem (magegdmtrka dgomccmr) lmìo-
okėkeom ksm pma ìga ymek prgfcmd grt`y ìİa`j`atİr.
ľŗtm fótóe fu prgfcmdcmr, me f`skt t`rkik kcm kst`tkstka vm d`tmd`-
tkėke katks`o` uyluc`ed`sİ omdma gc`e magegdmtrk fkckd o`cİeİe f`ŗcİj`
uėr`ŗİ c ec rİeİ tmŗakc momjmatkr. Fu fùcódome sger`ak, ìgacu rmlrmsyge
om kclkck fùcódcm fkrckatm, lkrkŗ ektmckėkeomak fu akt`fİdİz, ódkt momrkz ak,
magegdmtrk kìke kyk fkr f`ŗc elİì tmŗao momjmatkr.
ŕkdok f`skt ogėrus`c rmlrmsyge dgomckeke stga`stka t`dd ŗ`rtc`rİeİ
mcm `c`cİd vm fuec`rc` kclkck gc`r`a yua`rİo` sİr`c`oİėİdİz sgruc`rİe bkì
omėosm f`zİc`rİeİ jmv`pc`eoİrd`y` ì`cİŗ`cİd.
k) R vm m'ue f`ėİdsİz gcd`sİ b`ck.
Fu ŗ`rt CZ t`bdke mokjomrkeke s`pd`sİzcİa ùzmcckėk kìke b`y`tk ùemd-
omokr. R vm m'ue f`ėİdsİz gcd`d sİ b ckeom CZ t`bdke mokjomrk s p-
d`cİoİr. m kìkeom, R kcm r`sİeo` f`ėc`etİ fucue`e kbd`c mokcdkŗ fkr
omėkŗameke vmy omėkŗamecmrke v`rcİėİ b ckeom R kcm m `r sİeo f ėİdcİ-
cİa ourudu dmyo`e` lmckr. ^r`tkatm pma ìga kst`tkstka smrksk `r`sİeo`,
grt`a trmeocmrke sgeuju gc r`a, fkrckatm omėkŗdm b ck gcouėueo`e fu
ourudc` sİa sİa a`rŗİc`ŗİcİr.
Bmrb elk fkr f`skt rmlrmsygeo` R kcm m'ue f`ėİdsİz gcup gcd`oİėİeİ
kromcmdma kìke pr`tka fkr ygc, z`d`e smrkskeom lùzcmdcmrk z`d`e omėkc,
R 'ke fóyóacóėóem lùrm sİr`c`d`atİr.(6;) (:>) Fu ŗmaoom sİr`c`eoİėİeo`,
m'cmrom skstmd`tka mėrksmc b`rmamtcmr fucued`d`boİr.
6; M. H. A`em, Mjgegdkj Zt tkstkjs İİo Mjgegdmtrkjs Zb. :96.
:> Fmckrlke fkr z d`e trmeokeke v rcİėİ b ckeom z d`e lùrm sİr c d kcm R vm m'ue fóyóa-
cóėóem lùrm sİr c d , fóyóa kbtkd ccm ì aİŗİr.
0
:9<
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[ 4 28062 ‟ . 20> R omeacmdk kcm ki om mttkėkdkz kckŗakyk R kcm m'ue
f`ėİdsİzcİėİ `ìİsİeo`e kejmcmymckd8 Ymrkcmrk R 'ke `rt`e omėmrcmrkem lùrm
ymekome sİr`c`rs`a,
r
f
:
0
[İc R [ [ m
0;=:
6 ; =.= =.<2
‟ .62
=6 : 0 =.2 =.96 .02
=9 ? .6 ?.2 ?.<: .><
=< ? .: =.0 ?.9= .?=
== ?.? ?.= ?.=9 ‟ .>9
=> = : ?.: :.2? .?9
=; = = :.2 :.9< .0:
9> = 9 :.6 :.=;
‟ .:;
=?
= 9 6.: :.=; ‟0.6;
?; = ; :.2 :.:=
.?=
90 9 < 6.< 6.<>
.>>
=2 9
2 6.; 6.96
.62
y 0
v
y 4.2.d -
H u R
R
Lr ikatm fmckrokėk lkfk fu dksæcom, R kcm m `r sİeo` skstmd`tka kckŗak
a`cİpc`rİeİe dmvjuokymtk sùz ageusu omėkcokr. G b`com fu i`r`zkymdkzke
dksæckdkz f`aİdİeo`e lmìmrck gcouėu sgeujue v`rİc fkckr.
:92
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kk) B`t` tmrkdk v`ry`esİde s`fktckėk8 Bgdgsjmo`stkjkty.
ke omėkŗme omėmrcmrkem lùrm s'ue v`ry`esdo fkr omėkŗdm gcd -
d`sİ dgomcke fkr i`r`zkymskokr. sue v`ry`es agv`ry`es d`trkaskek Z
kcm lùstmrkrsma1
0 > . . . > gcd`cİoİr. Fu ŗ`rtİe y`rcİėİeİ kejmcm-
> 0 . . . > dmeke pr`tka fkr ygcu, smrpdm oky`l-
r`dİeİ kejmcmymrma R 'ke omėkŗme omėmr-
cmrkem lùrm rmlrmsyge ogėrusu mtr iİe-
> > . . . > o`ak y`yİcd`eİe skstmd tka omėkŗka-
r W
ckacmrm uėr`yİp uėr d oİėİd f`ad`a-
tİr. [`ry`esİe s`fkt a`cd`d`sİ b`ckem magegdmtrkom bmtmrgsjmo`stkjkty
omekcdmatmokr. @ŗ`ėİo`ak ŗmakccmr, fu ourud` dksæc gc`r`a vmrkcdkŗtkr.
Y t
G G
Bmtmrgsjmo`stkjkty, CZ t`bdke mokjkcmrkeke s`pd`sİzcİa vm tut`rcİcİa
ùzmcckacmrkek fgzd`z, i`a t mtakeckėkek fgz`r. F`ŗa` omykŗcm, a`ts`yİc`rİe
st`eo`rt, b`t c rİeİe lmrìmatm gcouac rİeo`e `z t`bdke mokcdmcmrkem ygc
`ì`r. _`bdke s`omjm bmtmrgsjmo`stkjkty gcd`sİ vm gtgagrrmc syge fucue-
d`d`sİ b ckeom, ak ìgėu z`d`e fu ŗ`rt s`ėc ed`z, m'ue bmrfkrkeke
v`ry`esİ1
6 6 İv-
% 4 m
Mėmr Ah 0mr fkckekygrs , vmromrom lmrmack oùeóŗtórdmcmr y`pİc r`a
v`ry`es i`racİcİėİeİe mtakcmrk omic`syge` t`fk tutuc`fkckr.(:0)
:0 Fur o uyluc e`e ygc, lmemccmŗtkrkcdkŗ me aóìóa a rmcmr dmtgouour. Fu dmtgtt ,
Ah'cmr b`aaİeo bkclk dmvjuts , fu fkclk fkr /S d trkask kcm ki om mokcmfkckr vm
M(@mm'@') K
s ėc eİr.
m
Fu agtcuo st eo rt magegdmtrk akt pc rİeİe bmpskeom fkclk vmrkcdkŗtkr.
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Ùzmc fkr b c gc`r`a, 3r
m
. U `
m
R.
6
a`fuc mokckrsm, rmlrmsyge.
[ /
0
S
m `
kckŗaksk, 4 `( )+ (: + -‟ 4 0" ^ + v ŗmackeom tmŗakc mokckr.
R Y R / R R
. /
[
S
0
[`ek Q ) kcm `r sİeo`ak kckŗak `r eİcİr. (:6) Fur`o`, [ om R
R
`r sİeo`ak rmlrmsygeo R 'ke a`ts`yİsİ (:, s`fkt tmrkd gc`r a bms pc dr.
kkk) Gtgagrrmc`syge8
Ztga`stka t`eİdİe ùemdck fkr okėmr i`r zkymsk, b`t` tmrkdkeke v`ry`es
agv`ry`es d`trkaskeom, agv`ry`es mcmd`ec`rİeİe sİiİr gcd`sİ, y`ek dub-
tmcki omvrmcmrm `kt m'c`r r`sİeo` kckŗak fucued`d`sİoİr. ^r`tkatm fkrìga
b ccmrom b`t tmrkdk smrksmc gc r`a fkrfkrk om okŗaok gcur. Fu b cm gtgagr-
rmc`syge okygruz. G tgagrrmc sygeue dubtmcki smfmpcmrk `r sİeo`, t`eİd-
c e`e okŗakom kbd c moodkŗ omėkŗamecmr gcd`sİ, igeaskygemc igrdue
smìkdkeom y`pİcd`sİ dódaóe b`t c r, (mėrksmc fkr kckŗakym ogėrus c rml-
rmsyge uyourd`a lkfk) f`ėİdcİ omėkŗameke b`t cİ ùcìócdmsk zkarmokcmfokr.
A`ts yİsİeİe kŗ`rmtk ( +
)
gc e fkr omėkŗameke kbd ck,
(
+
)
kŗ`rmtck `rtİa-
c`rİe fkrfkrkek t`akp mtdmskem, a`ts`yİsİeİe kŗ rmtk (‟) gc e fkr omėkŗameke
kbd ck om [ 'eke lmrmaskz ŗmakcom fóyóa bms pc ed`sİ emomek kcm (‟) kŗ -
rmtck `rtİac rİe fkrfkrcmrkek t`akp mtdmskem smfmp gcur.
@rtİac`ro` gtgagrrmc`syge gcd`sİ mtakskek, t`bdke mokjkcmrke s`pd`-
sİzcİa vm tut`rcİcİa ùzmcckacmrkeom omėkc, mtakeckacmrkeom lùstmrkr, vm (:'eİe
t`bdke mokjomrk ykem s`pd`sİzoİr i`a t v`ry`esc`rİ dkekdud omėookr.
6 ~
3<
m
eke t`bdke mokjksk ksm s pd cİoİr, fueue sgeuju gc r`a vm (:'ke
v`ry`esc rİ o s`pd cİ gc r`a t`bdke mokcdkŗ gcur.
Gtgagrrmc sygeue v`rcİėİeİ `ec d`eİe me st`eo`rt b cm lmcdkŗ ŗmack,
O urfke-\`tsge st`tk stkėk'ek aucc ed atİr, o kcm lùstmrmjmėkdkz
fu st`tkstka, pma ìga `r ŗtİrİjİeİe rmlrmsyge sgeuìc rİ `r sİeo vmrdmyk
æomt mokeokėk fkr omėmrokr.
Z (m
t
-Um
t
W,)6
t46
o 4
m
t ‟ [ , [
t
e
6 m*,
t 4 c
:6 Fu ageuo fa. M. H. A`em .l.m Zb. :<9., H. Hgbestge .l.m Zb. 600.
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Igrdócó fkr z o`b y aİeo`e kejmcmymckd8
6 m
t
6
+ 6mY.‟ 6 6m
t
m,W,
t46 6 0
o 4
ľ m
t
6
t 4 c
6
0 0 6
m.'+m.
6
6 Z m,m
t
W,
6
4 6
` e
6 m
t
6
6 m
t
6
İ k
6 m
t
m
tW, .
m
.
6
+
m
`
6
.
6
m,
m,
Y
6 m
t
6
6 m
t
6 Y
6 m
t
6
'
0 0 0
6m
t
m
t
W İ
6
Igrdócom gtgagrrmc`syge a`ts`yİsİ p de ùrematme mcom
e
6 m.
6
k
mokcme t`bdkekokr. B`t` tmrkdcmrk r`sİeo`ak gtgagrrmc sygeu8
m, 4 p m
t
Wİ + u
t
> U p U 0 gc`r a lùstmrkrsma, f`ŗc elİì egat`sİ
mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmrk aucc`e`r`a (::) p'k fuc`fókygruz. Igrdócom p'k
ymrkem agy`r`a, • .
o U 6(0‟p)
:: Fur o s fkt tmrkd fucued`oİėİ kìke ogėruo`e ogėruy f ŗc elİì egat sİ mtr iİe-
omak dgdmetcmrk aucc e r a 'k bms pcİygruz.
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ŕkdok p'ke dubtmcki omėmrcmrkem tma`fóc mome o omėmrcmrkem f`a cİd.
^gzktki gtgagrrmc syge p « 0 45 o >
Zİiİr gtgagrrmc syge p ± > 45 o 6
Eml tki gtgagrrmc syge p ‟0 45 o ± ?
Lùrócoóėó lkfk o kìke me d`afuc s`yİc fomjma omėmrcmr 6 jkv`rİeo`ak
omėmrcmrokr. Zİiİr y`aİe o omėmrcmrk `rtİac rİe fkrfkrcmrk kcm `yeİ yùeom
auvvmtck ŗmaóom ókŗaok, ?'m y`aİe o omėmrcmrk om `rtİac rİe fkrfkrcmrk kcm
zİt yùeom okŗaok gcouėueu lùstmrmjmatkr.
o omėmrkeke bms`pc e`fkcdmsk kìke y`p`j`ėİdİz bms`pc d c rİ fu
fùcódom ìmŗktck vmrkcmrcm ózmrkeom ourouėuduz dksæc ózmrkeom lùstmrmckd8
[İc [ [
v - %
m
t
‟ m
i
W ,
(
m
H
m
t-İ)'
0;?2
;.>
=.;:
:.><
;.?6
?; :.2 :.?0
.:;
‟ 6.92 <.02
.0=
=> ?.:
*
?.0:
.0<
‟ .66 .>=
.>:
=0 2.: 9.=:
0.<<
0.9> 6.=9 :.0:
=6 =.2 9.<<
‟ .;<
‟ 6.<? <.=0 .;?
=:
=.= <.>0
‟ 0.=0
‟ .=?
.6;
6 62
=? 6.:
:.<<
‟ 0.?<
.>? .>>6 6.09
== ?.=
=.60
‟ .<0 .<9 .=2
.=>
=9 ?.2 =.?=
‟ .9=
.>9 .>>?
.?6
=< =.0
=.::
‟ .6:
.?6 .02
.>=
=2
6.;
6.::
.=<
.2> .9? .:6
=;
:.2 :.2;
‟ .>;
‟ .99 .?= .>0
9> :.6 :.<<
‟ .=<
‟ .?2 .6: .:6
9ľ 6.< 6.?= .6= .26 .9< .>9
6>.:?
0;.<; '
6>.:?
o 4 4 0.>62
0;.<;
Fucouėuduz o omėmrkeke, 6 ome `ec dcİ ŗmakcom aóìóa vmy fóyóa
gcup gcd`oİėİd e`sİc ec`y fkckrkz 7 Fueue kìke o'eke fkr tms oóik omėkŗame
gc r`a o`ėİcİdİeİe ŗmackeke fokedmsk lmrmakr. Bmeóz o'eke o`ėİcİdİ fu-
cue`fkcdkŗ omėkcokr. @ej`a o kìke, o
C
ŗmackeom fkr ct vm oy ŗmackeom fkr
óst sİeİr vmrómfódkŗtkr. (:?) o
C
vm oy'eue o`ėİcİdc`rİ fókedmatmokr.
o om olkck tmst'ke fkr ùzmcckėk, rmo bkpgtmzk (o 4 6 vmy p 4 >) eke
a`fucó vm ctmre`tki bkpgtmzke rmook kcm kclok arktka omėmrcmrke ì`aİŗd -
:? H. Ourfke, L. Z. \ tsge "_mstkel igr Zmrk c Jgrrmc tkge ke Cm st Zqu rm; Vmlrmsskge"
Fkgdmtrka Ygc :2, 0;=0.
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d`ŗİoİr, o'eke c fkcmjmėk dubtmcki omėmrcmrk `ŗ`ėİo`ak ŗmakcom fmŗ ct
fùcódm `yİr`fkckrkz8
G (K) o
C
(KK) o
u
6(000) ?- o― (KY) ?‟o
C
(Y) ?
GåZoUo
C
ìİa`rs` rmo bkpgtmzk rmoomokckr vm pgzktki gtgagrrmc s-
yge sgeujue` v`rİcİr.
k
o
C
3o3oy " a r rsİzcİa fùclmsk, ogc`yİsİyc` o om olok fkr
a`r`r vmrodmz.
‟ ohh " rmo bkpgtmzk a`fuc mokckr vm ùtùagrrmc syge
fucued`oİėİ sgeujue` uc`ŗİcİr.
?‟ o
u
3o3?‟ o
C
" a`r`rsİz fùclm.
oŕå?‟o
C
" rmo bkpgtmzk rmoomokckr vm eml tki gtgagrrm-
c`syge sgeujue` v`rİcİr.
o
y
vm o
C
(ogc`yİsİyc` ?‟oUym ?‟ o
C
) dubtmcki ùrema b`jkdcmrk vm
dubtmcki `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗame s`yİc`rİ (0,6,:,?,= `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗame)e`
lùrm akt`fİe sgeueo`ak t`fcgo` vmrodkŗtkr.
ŕkdok dksæckdkzom mcom mttkėkdkz o 4 0.>62 omėmrkek fu t`fcgy`
f`a`r`a ygrudc y cİd. _`fcgo 0= tme `ŗ`ėİ ùrema b`jdk lùstmrodmdkŗ
gcd`ac fmr`fmr 0? kìke 0='m kt t`fcg omėmrcmrkek y`ac ŗİa gc r`a aucc e-
d`dİz dódaóeoór, e 4 0= vm tma `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗame kìke t`fcg omėmr-
cmrk o
C
4 . ;= vm oy 4 0.6: tór. Dksæckdkzom o
C
3 o 3 oy ìİatİėİe`
lùrm gtgagrrmc syge gcup gcd`oİėİ ageusueo a`r`r vmrdmdkz lóìcmŗ-
dmatmokr.
Fur`y` a`o`r, gtgagrrmc`sygeue v`rcİėİeİe e`sİc `ec`ŗİc`fkcmjmėkek
t`rtİŗtİa. ŕkdok om `rtİac`ro` gtgagrrmc`sygeue tmsfkt moodmsk b`ckeom
em y`pİc fkcmjmėk ageusueu ìga aİs gc r`a kejmcmymckd.
Dmvjut gcouėu tmsfkt mokcme gtgagrrmc svgeu lkomrdmeke kca `ac
lmcme ygcu, t`eİdc d`o kbd c mokcdkŗ gc fkcmjma omėkŗamecmrk fucd`a-
tİr. Fueue kìke y `rtİac rc , lmìmrck gcouėu oóŗóeócme omėkŗame `r`sİe-
o`ak agrrmc syge f`aİcİr y o lmìmrck gc j`ėİ oóŗóeócme omėkŗame
omeacmdm o`bkc mokcmrma bms`pc d ymekome y`pİcİr vm o'eke 6'ym y`ac ŗ-
d ourudu kejmcmekr.
Okėmr fkr y`ac ŗİd ksm omėkŗamecmrom gtgagrrmc sygeu okaa`tm c e
oùeóŗtórdmcmr y`pd`a vm rmlrmsyge kckŗakskek oùeóŗtórócdóŗ omėkŗame-
cmr `r`sİeo aurd`atİr. Fur`o oóŗóeócmfkcmjma y`ac ŗİdc r ŗuec r gc -
fkckr8
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k) @rtİac`r `r`sİeo`ak agrrmc`syge a`ts`yİsİ, p kìke,
9
t 4 ^
9
t- k+Ut ľ ľ U
0
p'yu t`bdke mtdma kìke `rtİac`ro`e y`r`rc`eoİr vm m
t
om m ,Wİ `r`sİeo`
m
t
4 pm
t
W omeacmdk me aóìóa a`rmcmr dmtgou kcm bms`pc eİr.
kk) p om olok gc`r a dubtmcki i`r zkymcmr y`pİcİr. Dmsmcæ p 4 0 a`fuc
mokcmfokr ak fu t`atkrom lùrmjmėkdkz lkfk rmlrmsyge fkrkejk i`rac r `r -
sİeo bms`pc e`j`atİr.
Fkr f`ŗa` fkr y`ac`ŗİd o` o U 6(0‟p) kckŗakskeome y`r`rc`e`r`a,
p 4 0 ‟ £ o yk aucc`ed`atİr. Vmlrmsyge omeacmdkeome bms`pc`e e o
fur`o ymrkem ageur. Dmsmcæ o 4 0.>62 omėmrk ymrkem ageouėueo`
dksæckdkz om olok gtgagrrmc`syge a`ts`yİsİ t`bdkek .?29 oİr.
kkk) O`b` a`rİŗİa fkr f`ŗa` ygc ksm p eue t`bdkekek,
[
t
4 ' + p[
t
Wİ + p,R
t
+ (H
6
R
t
W, + «',
omeacmdkeome [ .
4
İ'ke a`ts`yİsİ ŗmackeom bms`pc`d`atİr.
Fmckrtome `ctmre`tkicmrk vmy` f ŗa` ygcc`e aucc`e`r a p mcom moo-
okatme sger` [ vm R omėkŗamecmrk oùeóŗtórdmym t`fk tutucur8
[
t
' 4 [
t
- p [ , W ,
R,' 4
R, ‟
x
t
W ,
p 4 0 a`fuc moóokėkeom [
t
' vm R ,' omėmrcmrk fkrkejk i`rac roİr.
@[
t
4 [
t
‟ [
t
Wİ, @R, 4 R
t
‟ RkWİ (:=)
[ , 4 gj+ikR
t
+ m, 4 `+pR
t
+p
m,W İ ymrkem [,W.‟ `‟(:R,Wİ agy cİd.
[
t
4
` t +
p R
t
+
^
( [ , W
0
- ` - p R
t
W
c
)+«
t
[
t
‟ p[
t
Wh 4 «(kW
p
)+p(R
t
-pR,. , )+±,
[ , '4 `(c -p)+pR ',+«,
Lùrócoóėó lkfk oùeóŗtórócdóŗ [ ,' vm R
t
' omėmrcmrk `r sİeo me
aóìóa a`rmcmr dmtgou y`roİdİ om
(:
vm (c‟ p) mcom mookr.
p
fokeokėkeome
om mcom moodkŗ gcur.
Fkrkejk i`rac`r `r`sİeo` rmlrmsyge kckŗaksk `r`eoİėİ y`ek gtgagrrmc`s-
:= p3> ksm. ki omcmr t vm t‟ 0 omvrmcmrkeomak omėmrcmrke `ėİrcİacİ tgpc dİ b ckem oùeóŗór.
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yge a`ts`yİsİ 0 a`fuc mokcokėk z`d`e omeacmdom s`fkt tmrkd ymr cd`z(:9)
[
t
4 x+pR
t
+ m,
[,W, 4 `+pR
t
W,+ 9
t
W İ
[
t
- [
t
W , 4 p(R
t
‟ R
t
W ,)+( m - 9
t
Wİ)
@[, 4 p@R
t
+v,
@[
t
4 (:@R,
Bmdme fmckrtmckd ak fkrkejk i`rac`r aucc`eİdİ oİŗİeo`, t`vskym moome
fu dmtgtc`rİe aucc`eİdİ y`ylİe omėkcokr. @ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗamecmr smtkek
omėkŗtkrdm vm fu dmtgtc`r fkrckatm om uyluc`e`fkckr, vm ìmŗktck ktmr`syge-
c`rc` gtgagrrmc`syge lkomrodmym ì`cİŗİc`fkckr. Fu ageuc`ro` o`b` i`zc`
folkyk akt`fİdİzİe `d`ìc`rİ yùeóeome lmrmack fucduygruz.
kv) Omėkŗamecmrom ùcìdm B`t`c`rİ
CZ t`bdke mokjkcmrkeke sùzó moome ùzmcckacmrk, omėkŗamecmrom ùcìdm
b`t`sİ fucued`oİėİd v`rs`y`r. Gys` pr`tkatm bmd `ìİac`e`e bmd om
`ìİac yİjİ omėkŗamecmrom ùcìdm b`t c rİ v`roİr. Fu lkfk b ccmrom cİe -
fomjma tmofkrcmrcm olok f`ŗ`rİcİ dmtgtc rİe v`rcİėİ kook moomdmz. Mag-
egdmtrk cktmr`tóró fu ageuyu `ŗ`ėİ yua`rİ t`d`dme kbd`c mome uylu-
c d c ro`e dmyo`e lmckr.
Ztga`stka t`eİd ŗ`rtc`rİeİe s`ėc`ed`d`sİ b`ccmrkeom grt`y` ìİa`e
prgfcmdcmr vm oóŗóeócmfkcmjma dmtgtc`r om olok ìga aİs` kz`bc`rİdİz,
lmckŗme fkr fkckd o`f gc r`a magegdmtrkeke ùeóeom b ccmoodmsk lmrmame
pma ìga dmsmcmeke v`r gcouėueu lùstmrkygr, tŗkdkzk zgrc`ŗtİr`e uesur-
c ro`e fkrk, sùzó moome prgfcmdcmrke ìgėu b ccmrom `yeİ `eo dmvjut
gcd`c`rİ, fue` a`rŗoİa t`vskym mokcme dmtgtc`rİe prgfcmdcmrk tmamr tmamr
mcm cd`sİ. Dmsmcæ, bmtmrgsjmo`stkjkty kìke gtgagrrmc syge gcd`oİėİd,
gtgagrrmc`syge b`ckek kejmcmrame om bmtmrgsjmo`stkjkty fucued`oİėİeİ
a`fuc mokygruz. @j`f` ùcìdm b`t`c rİeİe v`rcİėİeo` vm m'c`rİe o ėİcİdİ
bmd bmtmrgsjmo`stkj bmd om smrksmc agrrmc sygecu gcouėueo ourud em
gc`j`atİr7 Omeacmd skstmdcmrk mcm `cİeoİėİeo`, tma omeacmdcmr kìke t`vskym
mttkėkdkz dmtgtc`r bmeóz pr`tkaìkcmrke `cmt autusueue p`rì`c`rİ b`ckem
:9 Fkrkejk i rac r jkeskeome ki om mokcdkŗ rmlrmsygec ro s fkt tmrkd fucueurs fu tmrkd,
z`d`e trmeokeke mtakskek lùstmrkr. _ z`d eİ lùstmrske vm 0, 6... gc r`a ki om mokcske
[
t
- + px
t
+
[
_
t
+ m
t
@[
t
4 Q:@R
t
+ y + (m
t
-UW,)
[
t
W, 4 + ^R,W, + y_
t
W, + m
t
W, @[, 4 y + p@R,
:<=
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lmcmdmdkŗtkr. Fótóe fuec ro`e `ec ŗİcoİėİ lkfk magegdmtrk kcm uėr`ŗ`e-
c rİe ùeóeom a`tmokcdmsk lmrmame ùemdck fkr dms im vm b cck fmacmeme pma
ìga prgfcmd dmvjuttur. Fkckdk vm `r`ŗtİrd`yİ ìmakjk y`p`e o` z`tme
zgr gc`eİ f`ŗ`rd`atİr.
F@Zľ_ OGĕV]Z@C VMLVMZ[GE ľCM ľCLľCľ ^VGFCMDCMV
0. 'ke v`ry esİeİe dkekdud gcouėueu lùstmrkekz.
İ
Jmv`p8
[ 4 `+(:R+ m
0 R, ‟ x
« 4 M ( ‟ R\h) [( \h 4
(ZRk)6 Zxh6
XRk
6
e
0
R w, 4 v, gcsue.
e
@
gj 4 6v
i
[, 4 >
0
Y`r 4 Y`r(Mvh [,) 4 Z Y r v, [, 4 Zv,
6
Y r([,) 4 M v İ UUZv
0 0 6 x
Mv,
0
4 Z ( R \1)
6
4 6(‟ +
x
6
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6
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6
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6
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6 w
k 4
+
e e Z
R k
6
-y 0 R
6
S
Y r ( ) 4 3r* ( + ‟ ‟ )
S e Zx1
6
/
ŕkdok, f ŗa fkr t tms oóik omėkŗamek t eİdc y cİd, t, 'de ogėrus c
vm s pd sİz fkr t bdke mokjksk gcsue. Fueue kìke1
k) t, ['cmrke ogėrus c fkr tmrakfk ŗmackeom ki om mokcmfkcdmck.
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t 4 X(v,+
_ İ
) [h 4 Z(v
1
+[k) («+ŕR ,+ 91)
kk) t s`pd`sİz fkr t`bdke mokjk gcd`cİ.
M(t) 4 `
M(t) 4 `6(v
k
+[
k
)+p6(v
k
+[
k
)R.+M(v
k
+[
k
) m,
M QZ(
Y k
+[k) 4 Z(
Y k
+
[ k
)M ( Lh) 4 G
> b`com M(t) 4 ` gc`fkcdmsk kìke1
(0) Z(
Y k
+[ k) - 0 45 4 >
(6) Z(vk+[k)
R
k 4 > 45 Z
[ k
R
k
4 > gcd`cİ.
Y r(t) 4 M Qt‟M(t)T
6
4 M(t‟ `)
6
t 4 `+Z(v,+
[ c
) m, '
M(t‟ )
6
4 M QZ(vk+[,)
£
kT
6
4
M
QM(vh+[5)
6 m
k
6
+ Ì`pr`z tmrkdcmrT
Ì`pr z tmrkdcmr, jgv( Lh) 4 > k zij h gc`j ėİeo`e sİiİroİr.
Y r(t) 4 Z(
Y k
+[k)
6
M( m
6
) 4 ? X U+ r i
4 ? Zvr + ?
Z
[ k +
6 6 v
k [k
B`cfuak,
0 Z
[ k
xZ
[k
R
1
x
6
Z
[ k
Zv
k [ k
4 6[k ( xwk) 4 ‟ ‟ + - 4 G
e e Zxk
6
6x1
.
•
. Y r(t) 4 Y`r(`).+
3
* Xyi
«? U g
Zİiİr gc fodmsk kìke [İ 4 > gcd`sİ lmrmakr.
t 4 Z(
Y k
+[k) U 4 Z(v
1
+>) [k 4 Zvk [
1
4 «
G b`com, `, 'eİe ymlæem ogėrus`c, dkekdud v`ry`esa s`pd`sİz
t`bkeke mokjkskokr.
6. [, 4 pR 1+ m, vm M( Zh) 4 >, Y r( m,) 4 vm jgv( ₣k
£ h
) 4 >
0 U h gcsue.
R 'cmr om fkckeme s fktcmr a`fuc mokcske vm m'o`e f ėİdsİz gcsue.
• ±
k) ^'eİe me aóìóa a`rmcmr t`bdke mokjksk f'eke igrdócóeó ìİa`rİeİz.
kk) f'eke :'eİe ogėrus c vm s`pd`sİz fkr t`bdke mokjksk gcouėueu
lùstmrkekz.
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kkk) f'eke v`ry`esİeİ bms`pc`yİeİz.
Jmv`p8
k) M ([ hS R k) 4 M (^ R
ľ +
s S R
1
) 4 M (^R,S R,) + M ( m U )
- ^R,
U 4 f R,
m
k
4 [
k
- [
k
4 [
k
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k
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mk
6
4 £ ([
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6
k4c k4c
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6
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c
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k
45 G
o f k45
k40
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t
‟ fZR ,
6
4 G
ZRh [t
f 4
ZR,
6
Lùrócoóėó lkfk, s`fkt tmrkd kbtkv mtdmyme rmlrmsyge omeacmdkeom
f, ogėruo e ogėruy f`ŗc elİì egat`sİ mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmrome
(6R , [k vm ZRh6) mcom moodmatmokr.
kk) f'eke p'de ogėrus c fkr t`bdke mokjksk gcouėueu ksp`t momfodma
f 4 6w| ' [ h gcouėueu lùstmrdmckykz.
MR, [, R h
f 4 4 Z [ k
ZRk6 6R k
6
RK
\Q' 4 gcsue. f 4 Zwh' [ h
ZR,
6
6R,
w'eóe ùzmcckacmrk8 ZUYh' 4
ZR ,
6
R h
x
6
ZR k
6
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6
4 s( 4 4
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6
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6
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6
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f 4 Mw/ [h 4 Zw
k
'(pR
k
+ m,) 4 p6wk'R,+6w,' m,
4 ^+6i,(R) ₣h
M(f) 4 M(p)+MQi,(R)
L c
T 4 p+6M i(R,)
Fu ki`omom sge tmrkd sİikr gcur, ìóeaó 6 M i(R) ‟ 6i
t
(R ) M( £,)4()
Fùycmjm M(f) 4 p
kkk) Y`r(f) 4 [ `rQZwk'[ ,T 4 ZY `rA '[ h) 4 Zw,6 [ r([ k)
4 6w/
6
J_
4 G
6
6w/
6
4
EG_8 Fu prgfcmd, s fkt tmrkd kbtkv` mtdmyme rmlrmsyge omeacmdcmrkeke
bms`pc`ed`sİ vm fueuec` kclkck tmstcmrke y`pod`sİ kìke lmrmack
gc`e fkclkcmrk fkzm vmrdmatmokr.
£
:. [ 4 `R + 0- 9 ŗmackeom fkr rmlrmsyge dgomckeom vm
R
^'eİe CZ t`bdke mokjomrkek fucueuz.
Jmv`p8
@.
^
[ 4 `R B
R
^ S
6
S
x F / ^ Y
L 4 6 ([,‟ [k)
6
4 Z ( [
0
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c
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ZL
e
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4 ‟ 6 6 ([k‟`R, ) 4
p
k 4 0
*
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6 QM
e`
R ,
6 R ,
6
k 4 K
oL oL
45 G, 45 G y`p`r`a1
o . p
(0) 6 R h[ h 4 6 Rk6 + e(:
k4c k 4 c
, v
[ k
- U
(6) 6 - e `- |
R ,
‟0
6 Ri
4
İ
(0) vm (6) eke mŗ `ecİ ìùzódó fkzm vm hå'k vmrmjmatkr. Ìùzód y`po-
oİėİeo ,
― [k 6R
k 6
6 R , [ h ‟( 6 ‟ )
K
'4' •4' R , e
(: 4
` 4
e‟ 0
6R , [ , ‟ e(:
6R,6
?. Xh, yek aótcmome cİe`e e t em f ėİdsİz tms`oóik omėkŗame vm
Y`r(Xh) 4 `
0
gcsue.
e /
k) f 4 6 `h X, eke v`ry`esİd fucueuz.
kk) [| 4 `+pRk+X
t
k 4 0,.. ,e ŗmackeom fkr dgomc oóŗóeóeóz.
Mėmr R omėmrcmrk Rİ R
6
R: R? Rs R
9
ksm vm (:'eİe CZ
* 0 6 : ? = 9
0
t`bdke mokjksk ymrkem ([
9
-t-[
=
‟ [
6
‟ [İ) omėmrkek t bdke mokjk
2
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gc`r`a aucc`eİrs`a fu t`bdke mokjkeke v`ry`esİ em gcur7 Fueu CZ t`b-
dke mokjkskeke v`ry`esİ kcm a`rŗİc`ŗtİrİeİz.
Jmv`p8 X| 'cmr f`ėİdsİz gcouėue` lùrm1
k) Y r(f) 4 Y`r(6 ,X,) 4 6 Y `rUX,) 4 6 ,* Y r(X,)
k4c k4c k4c
4 6 `ig
6
4 3r
6
6 `,
6
ó)
R,
(R| ‟x)
(R, -R)
8
0 ‟ 6.= 9.6=
6
‟ 0.=
6.6=
:
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.6=
?
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=
0.= 6.6=
9
6.= 9.6=
R 4 60
>
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t
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9
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Y`r(p) •4 (:<)
0<.=
0
^ 4 ([ .+[ Å - [ X - [ ,) gcsue.
2
0 0 .
Y r(p) 4 Y r (Z H..[ ,) 4 Z Y`rig[ .)
9? U 9? ±
4c
0 . e
4 £ Y`r([ .) 4 6 f,
6
9? «4± 9? *
4c
Z Y 4 0+0+0+ 0 4 ?
k40
Y`r(ŕ) 4 ‟
09
Y`r(p) 3 Y`r(p)
Fu sgeuì ` vm p kcm kclkck gc`r`a ksp`tc`oİėİdİz JD tmgrmdkem uyuygr.
=. k) [ 4g j
c
+p,R +m, 0;=>-0;9>
[ 4 «
6
+p
6
R + m
6
0;90-0;99
m, e(>, `U) 4 U 4 ė
m
6
e(>, `| )
B
>
8 İ 4 p
6
Bİ 8 İ p
6
bkpgtmz tmstkek y p`fkcdma kìke lmrmack igrdóc-
cmrk ìİa`rtİdz.
kk) ľak `yrİ sóróomak kemacmrome `cİe`e sót ùremacmrkeom y`ė yózomsk
(R ) vm prgtmke vózomsk ([ ) ùcìócdóŗ vm `ŗ ėİo`ak vmrkcmr mcom mokcdkŗtkr.
ľak
sóró kìke `yrİ `yrİ [ eke R ózmrkem ogėrus`c rmlrmsygec`eeİ bms`p-
c`yİeİz vm kak ogėrueue mėkdcmrkeke fkrfkrkeome i rab gcup gcd`oİėİeİ
tmst mokekz.
, •« g±
:< @yeİ sgeuj , 3_g 4 4 kcm om v r fkckroka.
^
0<.=
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Zóró @8 ùrematmak kema s`yİsİ8 09
XR 4 =0.0:, Z[ 4 00<.6=, Xx
6
4 0.6<
Zy
6
4 ?.<2, £ x y4 0. 2?
Zóró F8 ùrematmak kema s`yİsİ8 0>
ZR 4 :<.6>, Z[ 4 <2.<=, Zx
6
40.>:
My
6
4 6.?2, 6x y40.0>
Jmv`p8
k) ) , ‟ e(p
6
, )
Xx,
6
. Xx
6
6
ľak ùrema f`ėİdsİz gcouėueo`e, lùzcmd omvrmcmrk ì`aİŗd`oİėİ kìke,
6 6
(:,‟ QåhUehp,‟ +0 )
S Zxİ
6
Zx
6
6
'
@ @
(^İ‟^6) eke o`ėİcİdİeİe egrd`c gcd`sİ, egrd`c o`ėİcoİėİ a`fuc
moóme pİ vm ^6 eke ogėrus`c fkr tmrakfk gcd`sİeİe fkr sgeuju.
m'eİİİ o`ėİcİdİeİe v`ry`esİeİe bmr kak omvrm kìke mŗkt gcouėueu i`r-
zmomckd8
(2,-:6)‟ G .-^6) >,-:6)‟(| :.‟(:
6
)
e(>,c)
sc¾S (‟+‟) H‟+‟)
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6
Zx 6
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6
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6
6
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6
, 6 m
6
h
R
6
e,-
6
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6
e
6
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6
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6
+ Zm
6
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―
r
e
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(pc‟p )‟(^İ‟3_s Ye.-i e
6
‟?
_ 4 .
YXm,*+Zm
6
±
s U
Y
ZR,6 ZR
6
6
(^.-^6D^.-^6)
U t
eİ + e
6
-
S Zx,6 Mv,6 /
(Z
mİ
6+6m
6
6)
eİ+e
6
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Zmİ6 4 Zyİ
6
‟p, Zx
(
yİ
Zm
6
6 4 Zy
6
-‟p"
6
K x
6
y
6
Fùycmckacm t`d`dkycm kak f`ėİdsİz ùrematme mcom mokcme omėmrcmrome y`r`r-
c e`r`a,
Bg 8 p,‟p
6
4
G
Bİ 8 ^(‟p
6
<k G bkpgtmzkek tmst momfkckrkz (vmy` tma t r`icİ bkpg-
tmzcmrk)
£xy 0.2?
kk) @ sórósó8 e, 4 09, p, 4 4 4 0.??22
Zx
6
0.6<
x 4 [‟px 4 <.:62‟ (0.??22) (:.0;=9) 4 6.9;26
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0.0>
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6
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6
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æ 4 <.2<=‟(0.>92) (:.<6) 4 :.;>6
[
6
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6
Z
m İ
64 Zy
6
‟ p 6xy 4 ?.<2‟(0.??;) (0.2?) 4 6.00
Zm
6
64 cyz‟ p £xy 4 6.?2‟(0.>92) (0.0>) 4 0.:>9
_ igrdócóeom omėmrcmrk ymrkem agy`cİd8
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j`c _ 4
0.??;‟ 0.>92 .:20
/ (6.00+0.:>9) H -
/ y .6< 0.>:' U
(:.?09)0.<=2)
66-
09+0>‟ ?
.:20
.:20
Y.6<0
.=6
4 .<::
t f t.>6=,66 4 6.><?
j`c _ 3 t`f
`
gcouėu kìke
Bg'İ
rmoomomdkygruz. ľak ùrematme
mcom moome rmlrmsygec ee mėkdcmrk ((k)'cmrk)
,e
t
+e6‟ ? `r sİeo` `ec`dcİ fkr i`ra fucued`oİėİ sgeu-
6 jue` v`rİygruz.
9. (:2) v, 4 «+^ cgl Yg igeaskygeu fkr "Melmc mėrksk"ek lùstmrske.
Fur`o Yh ŗ`bİs f`ŗİe k d cİe y`pİc e b`rj`d`yİ vg ŗ`bİs f`ŗİe lmckrk
lùstmrske. @ŗ ėİo`ak vmrkcmrk aucc`e`r`a rmlrmsyge igeaskygeueu fucueuz
vm b`it`o` = £ .cka fkr lmckr smvkymskeom k d cİe a`rŗİ t cmfke lmckr msema-
ckėkek bms pc`yİeİz. (_`fcgo`ak omėmrcmr ^gueo gc`r a b`it`cİa lmckrk vm
k d`cİe` b`rj`d`yİ lùstmrkygr)
v, .2
0.6
0.= 0.2 -
6.6 6.: 6.9 :.0
Yg 0.<
6.< :.9 ?.9
=.< 9.< 2.0 06.>
Jmv`p8
cgl 0> Yg
Y|
.6:>?=
.2
e 4 2
cglİg vg 4 .920:0
.?:0:9
0
.6 vh 4 0.;:<=
.==9:>
0
.=
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0.
2
F`ŗc`elİì egat`sİ mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmr.
.<==2< 6. 6
.269><
6 .:
cgl 0> Yg Y,
.;>2?;
6 .9 cgl 0> Yg ?.6:090 00.;;;26
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:
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Grt`c d` mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmr,
.=020?
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ih 4 ‟ 4 6.<<26:
.=020?
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?.>:2<=
:2 H. Hgbestge8 .l.m Zb. 96 pr. :.
:2=
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« 4 Y‟
p(cglg vg)
4 0.;:<=‟(6.<<26:) (.920:0) 4 .>??<
v
i
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0>
v
>
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s.o
R
b`t`
tgpc`d
:.;;;6;
.>:;?9
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:.;;;6;
V
6
Yh,cglİg vg 4 4 .;;>6:
?.>:2<=
Yh 4 .>??<+0.6>99 cgl
m
v
u
V
6
v―cgl
m
v
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8
(?.6:090)
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okr. Fu sgeuj lùrm, fu lmckr smvkymskeom k d cİ z`rurk fkr kbtky`ì d`o-
omskokr.
<. @ŗ`ėİo`ak t`fcg 0>> ùėrmejkeke d`tmd`tka vm ikzkatme `coİėİ
egtc`rİ lùstmrkygr. (?>) /
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s`yİsİeİ bms`pc`yİeİz.
Jmv`p8 Fu prgfcmd lrupc`eoİrİ cdİŗ vmrk cmrom ag rrmc`syge
a`ts`yİsİ'eİe e`sİc bms`pc`e`j`ėİeİ lùstmrkygr.
Bms`p kŗcmdcmrkek, `ŗ`ėİo ymr c j`a agrrmc syge t`fcgsueo lùs-
tmrmjmėkz.
Aucc`e`j`ėİdİz igrdóc8
e Zi]
x
] y ‟ ] h (Ziy ]y)
r 4
v Qe 6i
x
uh* T Qe Xiy u
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y
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x
vm i
y
. d`rhke`c ìgacuac`rİ, u
x
vm u
y
sİeİi `r cİėİ jkeskeome uz`aaac`e lùstmrkygr.
Lrupc`eoİrİcdİŗ vmromr kìke agrrmc`syge t`fcgsue` dksæc8
?> D. V. Zpkmlmc .l.m Zb. 6=< r. 0;.
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Bmr lùzom aùŗmom ymr c e s`yİ iİu u
y
omėmrcmrkokr.
Bmr sİr`o`ak aùŗm omėmrcmrkeke tgpc dİ me sùe sótueo ólók sİr`o`
lùrócdmatmokr.
Bmr sótueo`ak aùŗm omėmrcmrkeke tgpc dİ me sge sİr`o olkck sótueo`
lùrócdmatmokr.
_`fcgo ymr c e omėmrcmrome y`r`rc e`r`a1
(0>>) (06=)‟ (9?) (‟ ==) . - ' 09>6>
Y Q(0>>) (6:9)‟(9?)6T Q(0>>) (6=:)‟(‟==)*T Y(0;=>?) (666<=)
4 .<9;
2. r, e t`em (R
k=
[
(
) ìkitk `r sİeo`ak agrrmc`syge a`ts`yİsİ ksm,
(` R ,+f) vm (j [ , + o) (`, f, j, o s`fktcmr) `r sİeo`ak agrrmc syge a`t-
s`yİsİeİe o` r gcouėueu lùstmrkekz.
;. @ŗ`ėİo`ak lùzcmdcmrk aucc`e`r`a b`sİc` kcm kstkbo`d r`sİeo` fkr
kckŗak aurd`a kstkygrsueuz.
R 8 ľstkbo`d dkat rİ (>>>)
[ 8 B`sİc keomask gcsue.
[İc 0;==
0;=9
0;=< 0;=2 0;=;
0;9> 0;90
R <?.> <:.0 9=.=
90.= 9=.;
96.< =2.:
[ 0>;.= 0>=.? ;=.;
;=.9
0>2.=
0>6.0 0>0.:
k) ` vm ^'ke CZ t`bdkecmrkek fucueuz vm st`eo`rt b`t`c`rİeİ bms`p-
c`yİeİz.
kk) Fkr smrpdm oky`lr`dİeo`e y`r rc`e`r`a, [ 4 +(:R-i- m ŗma-
ckeom fkr igeaskygeue, [ 4 i(R ,Xİ,X
6
. . -X
a
Wİ) ŗmackeomak "ogėru" igea-
skygeu f`ŗ`rİcİ ŗmaóom tmdskc mokp mtdmokėkek sùycmymfókr dkskekz 7-
0>. Zxy 4 0>, k
6
4 .<=, Cx
6
4 6 Xy
6
vmrokygr. hå'k vm grt`c`d`
mtr iİeo`ak dgdmet d trkask omėmrcmrkek fucueuz.
00. J
p
ùzmc tóamtkdk, [
o
b`rj`e`fokr lmckrk lùstmrske.
J
p
4 ‟.:?0= + .;6:= [
o
V
6
4.;;; o 4 0.;02 0;=0-0;9= (?0)
?0 ó- Agrud .l. m. Zb. 0:0
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k) Fu omeacmdm lùrm d`rhke c tóamtkd mėokdk (D^J) emokr 7
kk) Fu omeacmdke ki`om mttkėk tóamtkd igeaskygeueue f`ŗc elİì
egat`sİeo`e lmìtkėk kook moomfokr dk7
kkk) B
>
8 D^J U .;>
B
t
8 D^J 3 .;> bkpgtmzkek tmst mokekz, ( 4 .>=, e 4 7)
kv) 0;99 yİcİeo` [
o
44
9> doy`r _C. gcs` ùzmc tóamtkd em gc`fkckrok 7
_`bdkekekzk egat` vm `r`cİa ŗmackeom lùstmrkekz.
06. @ŗ`ėİo`ak vmromr, fkr ùejmak b`it`o`ak iky`t kcm j`rk b`it`o`ak
t cmp `r`sİeo P
o
4 `(^Wh)^m
m
okŗakskek t`bdke mtdma ózmrm vmrkcdkŗtkr.
@
` vm p'k bms`pc`yİeİz vm ygrudc`yİeİz.
(: 4 > bkpgtmzkeke magegdka `ec`dİeİ fmckrtkekz vm lmìmrckckėkek t`r-
tİŗİeİz.
P
o
j`rk omvrmom (b`it`) t`cmp mokcme dkat`r. "
^Wİ fkr ùejmak b it`o ak i ky`t.
^Wİ
Pot
.=?
.=0
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.??
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FÙCÓD R
ÌGAC] VML VMZ[ G E *
ùejmak fùcódom, rmlrmsyge `e`ckzkeke tmdmc y`ac`ŗİdİ vm katks`t
`e`ckzk kìkeomak ymrk b`aaİeo` aİs`j` fkclk vmrdkŗtka. _ma `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗ-
ameck rmlrmsyge `e ckzk om olok kz`bc rİ o , ìga `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗameck,
aİs`j ìgacu rmlrmsyge lmìkŗk agc yc ŗtİr`j`a ŗmcocom y`pdİŗtİa.
a t`em `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗame kbtkv` mome stga`stka fkr rmlrmsyge kckŗ-
akskeke v`rcİėİeİ i`rzmomckd8
[ 4 i(R
c
, . . .R
a
,m)
Fu igeaskygemc okŗakeke ŗmackeke ogėrus c gcouėueu a fuc momrsma1
[ 4 p ,R ,+p
6
R
6
+... + p
a
R
a
+ m
R, ìgėu b ccmrom 0 gc`r a `cİeİr vm ogc`yİsİyc` ^İ omeacmdke s`fkt
tmrkdkek tmŗakc momr. Z`fkt tmrkdk Q:İ om lùstmrdma kstmrsma rmlrmsyge
kckŗakdkz1
[ 4 p
0
+ijR±+ŕ
H
R,+.. . + p
a
W
0
R
a
W ,+ p
a
R
a
+ m
ŗmackeom a `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗame kbtkv momrma lùstmromfkckr.
Fu fùcódom ózmrkeom aİs`j` our`j`ėİdİz f`ŗcİj` ageuc`r1 a`ts`yİ-
c`rİe t`bdkek, a`ts`yİc`r` kckŗake kst`tkstkak kstkoc`c, bms`pc`e`e rmlrmsyge
omeacmdkeke ùejmome t`bdkeom aucc`eİcd`sİ vm stga`stka t`dd ŗ`rtc`rİe-
o`e s`pd c rİe mtakcmrk vm `be`fomjma tmofkrcmr ŗmackeom ùzmtcmemfkckr.
* Fu fùcódom, d trkas jmfrk kcm kclkck `sl rk fkclkeke v`rcİėİ i rzmokcdkŗtkr. @ŗ`ėİo`ak akt p-
c ro`e bmrb`elk fkrk fu ageuo , fùcódó t akfm kdaæe vmrmjma a`o r ogėrus c jmfkr tmdmckek
s`ėc y`fkckr8
_. Fucut`y8 Ogėrus c ^rglc`dc d 8 Lkrkŗ ZFI y`yİeİ1 _. Ì`vo`r8 Magegdkym ]yluc edİŗ
Lmemc D tmd tka OľM y`yİd Eg8 9>=, 0;<>1 H. Hgbestge8 .l.m Fùcód :1 @. Z. Lgcofmrlmr8 .l.m
J. Jbkrst8 .l.m.
Zùzó mokcme a`ye`ac r oİŗİeo d trkas jmfrk kcm kclkck dmvjut pma ìga akt p i vo f gc fkckr.
(Dmsmcæ, L. B`ocmy, Ckem`r @clmfr , @ooksge-\mscmy, 0;90).
:;0
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Ìgacu Vmlrmsyge Dgomckeke Ztga`stka _`eİdİ8
e t`em lùzcmd vm a t`em `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗame (0 o`bkc) kbtkv mome fkr
rmlrmsyge kckŗaksk i`rzmomckd. A`ts`yİc`rİe bms pc`e fodmsk kìke om
e 5 a ŗ`rtİ s`ėc edİŗ gcsue. D trkas jmfrk egt sygeu kcm,
[ 4 RQ: + m
Fu omeacmdom [ , (eR c) cka fkr sótue vmatùr (f ėİdcİ omėkŗakeke
lùzcmeme omėmrcmrk), R , (eRa) cİa fkr d`trkas (a t em `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗam-
eke e omvrmom lùzcmeme omėmrcmrk), (: (aR c) cka fkr sótue vmatùr (rmlrmsyge
a`ts`yİc`rİ) vm P, (eR c) cka fkr sótue vmatùr (b`t` tmrkdcmrk) oór.
[, 0 x
60
. .x
ac
9İ
[ 4 R 4
• • •
m 4
[
e
0 R
6e
.
`
m
e
Ztga`stka t`eİd i r`zkymcmrk8
c`) R'cmr s`fktcmr
cf) R'cmr tms oóik omėkŗamecmr
6) (R 'R ) d trkask, r`ea'İ a gc`e (aRa) cİa fkr a rm d`trkas, ogc`yİ-
sİyc` (R 'R )- İ bms pc`e fokygr. (0)
:) M(s) 4 >
?) M(mm') 4 3r
6
0
Fu i`r zkym, bgdgsjmo`stkjkty (mŗv`ry escİfa) vm b`t tmrkdcmrk `r`sİeo`
kìsmc f`ėİetİ gcd`d`sİ b ccmrkek ki om mokygr.
M(mm') 4 Mm m'c`rİe v`ry es-agv`ry es d`trkaskokr.
Zm 4 M Qm‟M(m)T Qm-M(m)T' 4 M(mm')
mm 4
₣İ
m İ . . . 9
e
) 4
mİ
6
LľZÅ .
£690 mU .
m«Lt m―m
6
mzm±
m
6
0 _`d r`ea i r zkymsk, (R'R)'ke sİr vmy sótuec rİeİe ogėrus c f`ėİdsİz gcd`sİ omdma.
Fu ksm `ej`a R'cmrke fkrfkrcmrkeome f`ėİdsİz gcd c rİ kcm dódaóe. r tkatm (R'R)
W K
bms pc e -
fósm fkcm, R'cmrke fkrfkrcmrkeome f`ėİdsİz gcd`d sİeİe grt y ìİa r j ėİ prgfcmdcmrm (ìgacu
f`ėİetİ, ductkjgcckem rkty) kcmrkom omėkemjmėkz.
:;6
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M(mm') 4
mr
6
. . . G
G i<
6
(K fur`o` eRe cka fkr a`rm d`trkastkr.)
M([ S R ) 4 Vmlrmsyge Igeaskygeu.
Me aóìóa a`rmcmr dmtgoueu uyluc y`r`a mcom momjmėkdkz omeacmd1
[ 4 Rŕ
@atómc vm omeacmdome fucue`e f`ėİeoİ omėkŗame omėmrcmrk `r`sİe-
o ak i ra, y`ek `rtİac`rİ m om lùstmrmckd8 [‟ [ 4 [‟ R(: 4 m (m(eR c) cka
fkr sótue vmatùr) CZ prmeskfkeke fkr sgeuju gc r`a rmlrmsyge ogėrusu
mtr iİeo`ak `rtİac`rİe a`rmcmrkeke tgpc`dİeİe dkekdud y`pİcd`sİ lmrmack.
M m,
6
4 m'm 4 (m,.. .m
e
)
mİ
4 (['‟p'R') ([‟Rp)
4 ['[‟['Ri:‟p'R'[+ 'R'R| 4 ['[‟ 6 [ 'Rŕ+p'R 'Rp
m'm eke dkekdud y`pİcd`sİ kìke lmrmack gc e a`ts`yİ omėmrcmrkeke
bms`fİ, aİsdå tórmv omeacmdcmrkek sİiİr mŗktcmdma surmtkycm mcom moomjma
omeacmd skstmdkeke mŗ `ecİ ìùzódó sgeuju mcom moomjma. Ymatùr tórmvk
aur`cc`rİeİ uyluc`y`r`a,
om'm
?
4 ‟ 6 R '[ + 6 (R'R)p
45 > y`p`r`a. (R 'R )U 4 R'[ Fu omeacmd skstmdkem egrd`c
mp
omeacmdcmr okygruz.
Fur`o`e8
£
4 (R'R)~İ R '[ mcom mokckr.
Me aóìóa a`rmcmr dmtgoueu aucc`e`r`a a`ts`yİ vmatùróeóe t`bdke
`.
mokjkskek mcom mttkatme sger , f`skt rmlrmsygeo`akem p`r cmc gc r`a Uvma-
tùróeóe ùzmcckacmrkek lùrmckd8
:;:
- -
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LD _mgrmdk8
[ 4 R(: - (- mv m R s fkt s`yİc`r gcsue. Ztga`stka t`eİd ŗ`rtc`e
ctİeo CZ t`bdke mokjkcmrk dkekdud v`ry`escİ, ogėrus c, s`pd`sİz t`b-
dke mokjkcmrokr.
ksp`t8
H* yZ i
^ 4 (R'R)
W
5 R'[ ki omsk p'ke ['eke ogėrus c fkr igeaskygeu gc-
ouėueu lùstmrkygr.
M(p) 4
M Q(R'R)-5 R '[T 4 M Q(R'R)~İ
R'Rp
+ (R'R)-±
R'mT
4 (R'R)-5 R'R
M
( )
+ (R'R)-İ R'M(m) 4 p
ogc`yİsİyc`
(:
s`pd`sİzoİr.
p
4 (R')-İ R'Rp+(R'R)-İ R'm 4 ^+(R'R)-İ R'm
p‟p
4 (R'R)~İ R'm
@ W
'ke v`ry`es agv`ry`es d`trkask 6
~
gc`r`a lùstmrkcske8
^
U MQ(p-p) (p-p)'T 4 MQ(R'R)5- R'mm'R(R'R)-«T
4 (R'R)-İ R'M(mm') R(R'R)-İ 4 j
6
(R'R)-İ R'KR(R'R)-İ
4 U(R'R)-5-(R'R) (R'R)-t 4 3_
6
(R'R)-«
'ke dkekdud v`ry`esbcİėİeİ lùstmrmfkcdma kìke f`ŗa fkr t`bdke
mokjk t`rki momckd.
f* 4 @ [
Fu t`rkim lùrm f* ogėrus coİr.
@ 4 (R 'R)-İ R' + O gcsue.
f* 4 Q(R'R)-«R'+OT[4 Q(R'R)-'R'+OT Q(Rp+m)T
4 (R'R)-İ R'Rp+O Rp+ Q(R'R)-± R'+OTm
4 ^+O Rp+ Q(R'R)-İ R'+OT m
f*‟
p
4 O
Rp+ Q(R'R)-± R
'+OT
m
f*'İe s`pd`sİz gc`fkcdmsk kìke M(f*‟^) 4 > gcd cİoİr. Fu ksm `ej`a,
O R 44 > gcd`sİ b ckeom dódaóe gc`fókr.
f*'d v`ry`es agv`ry`es d`trkask X
f
* gcsue.
£
f
* 4 M Q(f*‟p) (f±‟^)'T 4 MQ(R'R)-t R'+Omm'Q(R'R)-5R'+OT'T
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f* 4 Q(R'R)-K R '+O T M(mm') QR(R 'R)-«+O'T
4 UQ(R'R)-İR'+OT QR(R'R)-k+O'H
‟ UQ(R'R )-İ R 'R(R'R)-İ + (R'R)-YR 'O'+O R (R'R )-İ+O O 'T
4 jr
6
Q(R 'R)-İ -i O O 'T (6)
4 Z l +
ii
6 O O'
^
O O ekke. oky lge`c mcmd ec`rİ pgzktki vmy` sİiİr gcouėu kìke f*'eóe
v`ry`es'c`rİ o` (:'keaomr a`o`r vmy` o`b` fóyóa gcd`a zgrueo`oİr.
Y`ry`esc`rİe mŗktckėk `ej`a O'eke sİiİr d`trkas gcd`sİ b`ckeom sùz ageusu
gcur, fu b com ksm
(:
4 f* gc`j`ėİ `ìİatİr.
Fu sgeuì (:'ke p'eke ymlæem FC] t`bdke mokjksk gcouėueu ùrt`yæ
agy`r. §
R 'cmrk e _ ms`oóik O mėkŗamecmr G cd`sİ B`ck 8
R tms oóik fkr d`trkas gcouėueo` p 4 (R'R)~İ R '[ , [ 'eke ogėrus c
fkr igeaskygeu omėkcokr.
M(pS R ) 4 M Q(R'R)-İ R '[ T 4 (R'R)-İ R 'M([ S R ) 4 (R'R)-±R'(Rp)
4 (R'R)-« R'Rp 4 p
ŕ`rtcİ v`ry`es-agv`ry`es d`trkask8
M Qp -M (p S R ) h Q ‟M(pS R )T' 4 6 U
x
4 MQ(p-p)(p-p)'T
U 4 3t
6
(R'R)-ľ
ŕ`rtsİz v`ry`es-agv`ry`es d`trkask8
4 M
x
Z- 4, M
x
DR 'R )- «T 4 M(R'R)-« 4 3<
H
(R'R)
-
5
Ùzmt gc`r a8 R 'cmrke s fkt gcd`sİ b`ckeom me aóìóa a`rmcmr t`bdke
mokjkcmrk (p) dkekdud v`rv`escİ, ogėrus c s pd`sİz (FC]), R 'ke tms`-
oóik omėkŗame gcd`sİ b`ckeom ŗ`rtcİ gc`r a FC], ŗ`rtsİz «c`r`a ksm dkek-
dud v`ry`escİ s`pd`sİz t`bdke mokjomrokr.
`
0
kìke _ `bdke M okjk 8
'ke v`ry`esİ `
6
tmrkdkek kbtkv` mokygr, m'ue v`ry`esdİ t`bdke
6 f*'ke s`pd`sİz gcd sİeİ s`ėc d`a kìke OR 4 > ŗmackeomak t cİokt emomek kcm.
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momfkcmjma fkr igrdóc, (:'ke. v`ry`esİeİe t`bdkek kìke zgruecuour. ŕkdok
`
6
'eke t`bdke mokjkskeke e`sİc fucue`j`ėİeİ lùrmckd8
[ 44 Rh: 4 R(R3R)-İ R '[ 4 R (R'R )-İ R '(Rp+m) 4 R (R'R )-İ(R 'R)(k
+ R(R'R)-İ R'm 4 Rp+R(R'R)-İ R'm
[‟[ 4 m 4 R(:+m‟R(:‟R(R'R)-İ R'm 4 m‟R(R'R)-İ R'm
4 QK‟R(R'R)-İR'Tm
K‟ R(R'R)-İ R ' 4 D okymckd.
D' 4 QK‟R(R'R)~5 R 'T' 4 K‟ R(R'R)-İ R ' 4 D D skdmtrkatkr.
D
6
44 QK‟R(R'R)-İ R'T QK‟R(R'R)-İ R'T
4 0- 6 R (R'R)-' R '+R (R'R)-İ R'R(R'R)-İ R '
4 K‟ R(R'R)-K R ' 4 D
G b com D, skdmtrka komdpgtmet fkr d`trkastkr.
m'm 4 m'D'Dm 4. m'Dm
M(m'm) 4 M(m'Dm) 4 `
6
tr(D) 4 q
6
tr QK‟RR'R)~İ R 'T (:)
4 `
6
Qtr(K)‟tr(R(R 'R)-tR')T 4 `
6
Qe‟tr(R(R'R)~İ R ') H
R(R'R)~İ R ' ki`omskeom o`krmsmc fkr pmrdut syge y`pd`a tr'yk omėkŗtkr-
dmymjmėk kìke,
4 m
6
Qe‟ tr(R'R) (R R )- İT 4 (_
6
Qe‟tr (K
a
)T
- j7
6
(e‟a)
Fu ourudo (7
6
'eke s`pd`sİz fkr t bdke mokjkskek mcom mtdma, aóìóa
fkr oózmctdm kcm dódaóe gc`fkcmjmatkr8
: m'Dm 4 6 6 d18 && 4 6 d
e
mS + 6 6 d. mU- k # h
kW İ h4İ ' ' k4İ k 4 İ h4İ
M (m'Dm) 4 6 d
B
M(mS ) + 6 6 d,, k * h
k ‟ 0 h4c
Ztga stka t eİd ŗ rtc e lmrmėkejm1 M(m7) 4 e
6
, M Ump 4 >. Fİİ smfmptme,
M(m'Dm) 4 6 d
ó
4 jr
6
tr(D)
k 4 c
tr (tr jm) bmrb`elk fkr d trkaske oky lge c mcmd`ec rİ tgpc dİoİr.
Fu ageuo f`aİeİz8 @.Z. Lgcofmrlmr .l.m ZB. 00 I.@. Lr`yfkcc, Ketrgoujtkge tg Ckem`r
Zt tkstkj c Dgomcs Zb. <
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M(m'm)
4 o
6
vmy`,
e‟a
m'm
M( ) 4 g*
6
e‟a
m'm kìke fkr bms`pc`d` igrdócó lmckŗtkrkrsma fu omėmrk e‟ a'y` fùcm-
rma m'İe v`ry`esİeİe fkr t`bdke mokjkskem s`bkp gc`fkcmjmėkz. Fueu p'ke
v`ry`esc`eeİe bms`fİeo` aucc`e`fkcmjmėkz.
m 4 [‟ [ 4 [‟ Rh:
m'm 4 ([‟ R(:)' ([‟ R(:) 4 (['‟ p'R ') ([‟ Rp)
4 [ '[‟ p'R '[‟ [ 'Rp+p'R'R p4 ['[‟6 £'R'[+p'R'Rp
4 ['[‟6 p'R'[+pR'R(R'R)- İR'[
4 ['[‟ | :'R'[
Zge ki`om m'm kìke uylue fkr bms`pc`d` igrdócóeó fkzm s`ėcİy`j`atİr.
V
6
Ìgacu O mtmrdke`syge A `ts`yİsİ8
F`skt rmlrmsygeo` gcouėu lkfk fur`o` o` V
6
, f`ėİdb omėkŗameomak
tgpc`d omėkŗdmeke `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗamecmr t r`iİeo`e kz`b moome yózom-
skek vmrmjmatkr. Mŗcmeka gc`r`a, `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗamecmr smtkeke fkr fótóe
gc`r`a `ec`dcİcİėİeİ t`yke mtdmdkzk s`ėcİy`j`atİr. (I tmst'k)
^`r`dmtrm uz`yİeİ kak `ct smtm `yİr`r`a1
£6 8 [ 4 R p+m
w 8 [ 4 Qk+m y`z`bd. P i r zkymskeom R 'cmrke [ 'yk kz b lójóem
s bkp gcouėueu, f`ŗa` omykŗcm ^'c`ee sİiİr gcd`oİėİeİ a`fuc mokygruz.
w i`r zkymsk ksm ^İ 4 . . . 4 p
a
4 > `ec`dİe` lmckygr. w'om ik'eóe t`bdke
mokjksk [, y`ek
Ìå 8 [ 4 R p
w 8 [ 4 [
ó 8 m'm 4 [ '[ ‟ p'R '[ 4 ZZM
w 8 m'm 4 Z ([ ‟ y)
6
4 ['[‟e [
6
4 _ZZ
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^'R'[-‟e [
6
V
6
4
4
İ W
['[‟e y
6
['[‟e [
6
Zmrfmstcka omrmjmskem lùrm oózmctkcdkŗ V- y`ek V
6
ksm,
m'm / e‟a
r
6
4 0
(['[‟e[
6
)/ e‟ 0
gc`j`atİr.
Fur`y` a`o`r vmrkcdkŗ gc`e igrdóccmr f`ŗc`elİì egat`sİ mtr`iİeo`ak
dgdmetcmrk aucc`e`e igrdóccmrokr, ùzmcckacm bms`pc`rİe d`s` bms`p
d`ake`c`rİ kcm y`pİcd`sİ b`ckeom tmrsk `cİe`j`a d`trkaske fgyutueu
aóìóctdma kŗcmdcmrom ùemdck t`s rrui s ėc r.(?) Fu kdaæeİ aucc`ed`a
kìke grt`c`d` mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmrk aucc`ed`dİz dódaóeoór8
[ 4p
K
+ p
6
R
`
+.-.. + ijR
a
+m
y 4 p, + p
6
x
6
+...
+
p
a
x
a
+ m
[ -[ 4 p
6
(R
6
-x
6
)+.. . + p
a
(R
a
-x
a
) + (m‟m)
y 4 p
6
+ . . . + p
a
x
a
+ m ( 04 > gcouėu kìke)
D`trkas egt`sygeu om lùstmrkrsma,
[
4 Rp ? m
yİ
[ 4
[
6
R 4
-
y
e
R
6
t .
•
x
a
ľ
4
^
6
9 4
m
•
x
ae
A
m
e
Fur`o` [ vm R grt`c`d`o`e s`pd`c`r ŗmackeom ki`om moodkŗtkr.
R , eR(a‟0) fgyutueo` fkr d`trkas vm p, (a‟0) R K fgyutueo` fkr
sótue vmatùroór.
V
6
vm V
6
kìke igrdóccmrk fu ymek ourud lùrm omėkŗtkrmckd8
_ZZ 4 Z y
t
6
4 ['[
k4c
? Dmsmcæ (R'R) ke (:x:) cùa fkr d`trkas gcd`sİ kcm (?
R
?) gcd sİ r sİeo fóyóa i ra
v`roİr. (: R :) cóa d trkaske okrmat gc r a tmrskek cd`a o`b pr tka gcouėu b com (?
R
?) vmy`
o`b fóyóa d trkascmr kìke Oggckttcm vmy f`ŗa dmtgtc r aucc eİdİ lmrmakr.
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ZZV 4 p'R '[ ^İ 4 [ - Z & Rİ
k46
ZZM 4 [ '[‟ p'R'[
^'R'[ m'm
V
6
4 4 0 ‟
['[ ['[
6
m'm /e‟a
V 4 0
['[/ e‟ 0
Fur`y` a`o`r mcom mttkėkdkz bms`pc`d` igrdóccmrkek, grt`c`d`c`r
mtr iİeo`ak dgdmet omėmrcmrkek aucc`e`r`a ùzmtcmymckd8
p 4 (R'R)-İ R'[
4 ii6(R'R)-±
7
k m'm
Ji
6
‟
e‟a
m'm 4 [ '[‟ p'R'[ (=)
^'R'[ W
6
m'm/ e‟aV
6
4 V 4 0
[ '[ ['[/ e‟ 0
Ìgacu Vmlrmsyge'o` ľst`tkstkak Kstkocæc8
ľst`tkstkak kstkocæc vm f`skt rmlrmsyge kcm kclkck fùcódcmr fu aİsİdo`ak
kz`bc`rİdİzİ aİs` tutd`a kìke lmrmack fkclkcmrk kbtkv` mtdmatmokr. ľst`tks-
tkak kstkoc`c ej a tms oóik omėkŗamecmrke o`ėİcİdc`rİeİe ŗmackeke fkcke-
dmsk b ckeom uyluc e`fkcmjmėkem lùrm m'eİe o`ėİcİdİeİe ŗmack kcm kclkck fkr
i`r`zkym y`pd`dİz zgruecuour. F`skt rmlrm kyge p`r cmc gc r`a fur`o`
o m'ue o ėİcİdİeİe ŗmackeke ìga omėkŗameck egrd c o`ėİcİd (DYE)
gcouėueu i`rzmomjmėkz. m DYE(>, e
0
0) Fueue fkr sgeuju gc`r`a.
R 'cmrke s fktcmr gcd sİ b`ckeom, [ DYE (Rp, `
6
K) gc`j`atİr. R'cmrke
['[ ‟ hH_J[
= Ogc`vİsİvc (:'c rİe v`ry`esc`e, (R 'R)
-0
d trkaskeke oky lge c mcmd`e-
e‟a
c e kcm t bkeke mokcmjmatkr. Oky lge c mcmd`ec rİe a rmaùacmrk om a ts yİc rİe st eo rt b t c rİeİ
(Z7) vmrmjmarkr.
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tms oóik omėkŗame gcd`sİ b ckeom om [ 'eke ŗ`rtcİ o`ėİbdİ ìga omėkŗameck
egrd`c gc`j`atİr.
Egrd c o`ėİcİd i`r`zkymsk a`fuc moookėkeom DC dmtgou kcm (: t`bdke
mokjkcmrkek mcom mtdmdkz dódaóeoór. I`a`t fu t`bdke mokjomrke om CZ
t`bdke mokjkcmrkeke `yeİ gcd`sİ, DC t`bdkek ózmrkeom fur`o tmar`r
ourd`dİz lmrmėkek `z`ctd`at`oİr.
ŕkdok `ŗ`ėİo`ak sgruc`rİ jmv`pc`eoİr`fd8
k) 'p de t`bdkek (`, a`ts`yo`rİ ì`rpd`a kstmymjmėkdkz vm kstmėk-
dkzm lùrm c fkcmjmėkdkz omėmrcmrk lùstmrme fkr sótue vmatùr) Dmsmcæ,
' 4 (6 S 0) ksm 'ŕ 4 6 ŕ, + S (:
6
+ ps gc j`atİr.
kk) '(: eke r lkfk fkr omėmrome `ec dcİ ŗmakcom i`racİ gcup gcd`oİėİeİe
tmst'k.(9)
kkk) '(: kìke lóvme `r cİėİeİe mcom mokcdmsk.
k) `'(: 4 `'(R'R)-5 R'[ 4 `'(R'R)-İ R'(Rh:+m) 4 `'(R'R)-5R'Rp
+ `'(R'R )-İ R 'm 4 '(: + '(R R )- İ R 'm
m U DYE, [ DYE vm 'Q: om [ , ogc`yİsİyc` m'ue ogėrus c fkr
igeaskygeu gcouėue` lùrm,
`'Y‟ DYE( '| :, * '(R'R)~± `)
kk) B
>
8 '(: 4 r
B, å`' pUtr (<)
'ih‟ '(:
' ‟ E(>,0)
` Y`'(R'R)"± `
m'm
x
6
e-a
v m m m
(
`
'^‟
`
'^) stga`stka f`aİdo`e f`ėİdsİz gcouėue-
o`e (2)
9 Dmsmcæ, Jgff-Ogulc s tkpk fkr órmtkd igeaskygeueue, lmrmack cgl rktd oùeóŗtórdmcmrk
y pİcoİat e sger mcom mokcdkŗ ogėrus c ŗmackeom a ts yİc r tgpc dİeİe 0 m mŗkt gcup gcd`oİėİ
tmst mokcdma kstmekygrs , 4 (0, 0.. .0) vm r 4 0 gc j`atİr.
< Ymy bkpgtmzke tma t r icİ gc r`a ki om mokcdkŗ ŗmakccmrk.
2 Ìóeaó, `'(R'R)-' R'D 4 `'(R'R)-' R'QK‟ R(R'R)-'R 'H
4`'(R'R)
W c
R'‟`'(R'R)-' R'R(R'R)-' R' 4 >
0>>
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`'p‟ 'p ` Ye‟ a
jr 3S / '(R'R)
-
± 3v/
m
'
m
/
m'm
4 s okymckd.
e‟a
`'^‟ `'| :
_
4 - t
e
W
a
s Y`'(R'R)-İ `
( _ | B g ) - t
e
W
a
(_ | Bİ) w .
t―W
a
,
3
(;)
_mst8 TJ`c _ | 5 t ft / 6,e -a ksm Bg rmoomokckr, `ask b`com a`fuc
mokckr.
kkk) ' kìke lóvme r`cİėİ, (kak t`r`icİ)
Q 'h:‟
t / 6,
e-a ZvY (R 'R )- İ . 3 'p U '^
+t«/ 6,
e-a sY `'U'A p' `T
4 0 ‟ `
Fu sgruc`r` jmv`p vmrokatme sger` bmrb`elk fkr a`ts`yİ kcm kclkck bkpgtmz
tmstcmrk vmy` `r`cİa ŗmackeom t`bdkecmr fkzkd kìke zgr gcdİy`j`atİr.
Bg 8 p, 4 p,
>
Bİ 8 p, p,
>
gcsue. (0>)
^k-^kG W
_ 4 t
e
W
a
ZZ 4 s v
`
'k Fur`o` `", (R 'R)~''ke k'kejk
U İ okyglge`c mcmd`eİoİr.
t Fur o o, dmramzk gcd y e t o`ėİcİdİ (ege jmetr c t) eke dmramzk gcd`d p r dmtrmsk
vm ( ': ‟ r) eke fkr igeaskygeuour.
t, y
<
vm I o`ėİcİdc rİeİe o`b ùejm kejmcmokėkdkz ŗmakccmrk dmramzk gc ec rİ kok. Dmramzk
gcd`y`e tkpcmrkek fu akt p f`aİdİeo`e a`ps`d oİŗİ tutuygruz. _mst'ke auvvmtkeke bms`pc e -
fkcdmsk kìke _'eke ctmre tki bkpgtmzke lmìmrckckėk b ckeomak o`ėİcİdİe o kbtky`ì v`r. Dmramzk
gcd`d p`r`dmtrmsk fu ageuo fkzm y`roİd mokygr. Fu ageuo o`b i zc fkclk kìke Fa. I.@
Jr`yfkcT, .l.m. Fùcód ?
0> Fu b com ' 4 (>.. . 0.. .>) vm r 4 :
(>
oİr.
`'p‟`'^
4 _
/
m'm
H (Y`'(R'R)-k`)
e‟a
?>0
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_mst8 | J c _ | 5 t
`
/ 6, e-a ksm B
>
rmoomokckr, `ask b com a`fuc mokckr.
@r`fa ŗmackeom t`bdke1
( k‟
0
t / 6, e-a 3 k 3 İ + t / 6, e-a
Z
pG 4 0 ‟ `
A`ts`yİc`r kcm olok gc`ræa tma tma tmstcmr y pİc`fkcmjmėk lkfk fkr fó-
tóe vmy fkr ct lrup gc r`a `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗamecmrke f`ŗ`rİsİeİ I tmst'k
ygcuyc` ùcìmfomjmėkdkzk fokygruz. V
6
ùcìósóeóe fkr mŗcmekėk gc e I tmst'k
kìke, I o`ėİcİdcİ fkr Zt`tkstkėm kbtky`ì v`r. F`skt rmlrmsyge fùcódóeom,
DZV p'R'[
I 4 gcouėueu fkckygruz. Fur`o DZV 4 vm
DZM . a‟0
m'm ['[‟p'R'[
DZM. 4 4 gcouėue lùrm,
İ W e‟a e‟a
^'R'[/ a‟ 0 p'R'[/ a‟ 0 p'R'[/ a‟ 0
['[‟p'R'[ ^'R'[
- [ '[(0 )
e‟a ['[
['[(0‟V
6
)
e‟a
e‟a
^'R '[ e‟a p'R '[ / ['[ e‟a V
6
(e‟a)
a‟0 ['[(0‟V
6
) 0‟V
6
a‟0 (0‟V
6
)a‟0
V
6
/ a‟ 0
mcom mokckr.
(0‟V6)/e‟a
I U I
a
W İ,
e
W
a
gcouėue lùrm B
>
8 6 4 .. •4 ^
a
4 > bkpgtmzkeke
Bİ 8 p
6
... ^
a
> `ctmre`tkikem a`rŗİ tmst'k y pİcİrame,
j`cI 5 t`f I
a
W ,
e
W
a
ksm B
>
rmoomokcmjma, `ask b com a`fuc mokcdma zg-
rueo` a`cİe`j`atİr.
Ìgacu rmlrmsyge om olok pr tka bms`pc d c r lmìdmome ùejm
@EGY@V t`fcgsu ózmrkeom om our`cİd. Fu t`fcg, bms`pc`d` kŗcmdcmrk-
dkzom mcom mtdmdkz zgruecu gc e omėmrcmrk kbtkv momjma. @EGY@V
t`fcgsueu, grt`c`d c`r mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmrk aucc`e`e bms pc`d`
t`rzİe uylue gc r`a vmrmjmėkz.
?>6
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@EGY@V t`fcgsu8
A`rmcmr _gpc`dİ Zmrfmstcka
Omėkŗdm A`ye`ėİ (ZZ) " Omrmjmsk Grt`c`d` A`rm (DZ)
R
6
... R
a
p'R'[ 4 ZZV a‟0
ŕ'R'[
4 DZV
a‟0
@rtİa
m'm -4 ['[‟ h:'R'[ e‟a
['[‟ p'R '[
4 DZM
e‟a
['[
_gpc`d [ '[ 4 _ZZ
e‟0 DZ_ 4
e‟0
Fùycmckacm ìgacu rmlrmsyge kcm kclkck gc`r a a`ts`yİc`rİe, a`ts`yİc`rİe
st`eo`rt b`t`c`rİeİe, V- vm
V
6
eke bms`pc ed`sİ vm olok tmstcmrke y`pİ-
c`fodmsk kìke lmrmack ùe folkyk vmrdkŗ fucueuygruz. ŕkdok ìgacu rml-
rmsygeo y`pİcd`sİ lmrmack bms`pc d kŗcmdcmrkek, dksæccmrcm fkrckatm
lùrmckd.
. Mcmatrgeka bms`pc d kdaæec rİeİe lmckŗdmsk, ìgacu rmlrmsyge kcm
kclok gcouaì` a`rİŗİa kŗcmdcmrke d`s` bms`p d`ake`c`e kcm y`pİcd`sİ
zgruecucuėueu grt`o`e a`coİrdİŗtİr. Fue` p`r`cmc gc`r`a bms`pc`d` dm-
tgtc`rİe` kst`tkstka vm magegdmtrk akt`pc`rİeo` vmrkcme `ėİrcİa o` `z`c-
d`at`oİr.(cc)
G b`com fu dmtgtc`rİ fur`o` `ec`td`eİe lmrmėk emokr7 Mcmatrgeka
bms`p dmramzkeom gr`o b`zİr rmlrmsyge prglr`dc rİeo`e fkrkek smìdma
aæik omėkc dk7 Fue` vmrkcmjma jmv`p ŗùycm gc`fkckr8 Fkr omi` mcmatrgeka
bms`pc d ùzmcckacm dmdcmamtkdkzom kstmekcme `eo s`ėc e`dİy`fkckr.
Fu dmramzcmrome i`yo c ed`a, bms`pc e`j`a pma ìga rmlrmsyge fucue-
d`sİ b`ckeom pr`tkatkr. [gas` óì `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗameck fkra`ì rmlrmsyge
kìke lkokp lmcdmym omydmymfokr. I`a`t kst`tkstkaìk gc r`a fu bms`pc d`
kŗcmdcmrkek fodmdkzke `sİc i`yo sİ lmrmatkėkeom d`ake` kìke y`zİc`j`a
prglr`d ageusueo` prglr`djİy` y`roİdjİ gcd`a vm dmvjut prglr`d-
c ro lmrmack omėkŗkackacmrk y`p`fkcdmom fmckrkr. Fkr d`ake prglr`dİeİ
00 Bms pc d agc ycİac rİeo dmyo`e lmcme lmckŗdm smfmfk kcm pma ìga akt p lóeóeó
lmìkrdkŗ akt p b ckem lmcdkŗtkr. Dmsmcæ .Z. Owymr, Cktİm r Jgeİput tkgİİs
\
kcmy 0;=0.
Ìgacu Vmlrmsyge'o` Bms`pc`d` ľŗcmdcmrk8
?>:
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y`zd`a vmy omėkŗtkrdma y`pod`sİ sùz ageusu kŗcmdcmrke fótóe `yrİe-
tİc rİ om fokedmskek lmrmatkrkr.
Fur`o kz`b ì`bŗ j`ėİdİz dmtgtc r grt c d mtr iİeo`ak dgdmet
d`trkaskek aucc`e`ec`r gc`j`atİr. Fueue emomek
<
fùycmckacm bms`pc d`
kŗcmdcmrkeome ùemdck ùcìóom t`s`rrui s`ėc ed`sİoİr. F`ŗcİj kak bms p-
c d dmtgou kejmcmemjmatkr.
k) Okrmat d`trkas ìmvkrkdk
kk) A İs ctİcdİŗ Oggckttcm dmtgou.
Bmr kak dmtgo kìke om grt c d c r mtr iİeo`ak dgdmet d`trkaskem
a`o`r y`pİc j`a kŗcmdcmr `yeİoİr, ùejm, f`skt rmlrmsygeo vmrokėkdkz
igrd'` uylue gc`r`a f`ŗc`elİì bms`pc`d`c`rİeİe e`sİc y`pİc`j`ėİeİ, s`fkt
tmrkd b`rkì : `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗameck fkr rmlrmsyge kìke lùstmrmckd.
Vmlrmsyge kckŗaksk1 [ 4 (:g + ^İR, + p
6
R
6
-i (:
:
Rh -i m (06) ŗma-
ckeom gcsue. [ 4 (:
>
+ ^İR, + p
6
R
6
+ (§:R: omeacmdkek mcom mtdma kìke
y`pİc j`a kŗcmdcmrk sİr cİy cİd.
(0) Ymrkcmrk okaa`tcm b`zİrc y`r`a `ŗ`ėİo`ak sİr kcm ymrcmŗtkrkekz8
Agetrgc
R , R, R , [ _gpc d A
e
6R, 6R
6
ZR
:
6[ 6A y/
Rİ R
6
R
:
[ A -y/
Agetrgc8 6R , + ZR
6
+ 6R , + 6[ 4 6A
Rİ -i R
6
+ R
[
4 A
Bmr sİr`yİ tgpc`y`r`a agetrgc agcgeue` a`yomokekz vm sgeueo`
agetrgc kŗcmdkek y`pİeİz. Mėmr kŗcmdom b`t ygas fkr (-y/ ) kŗ`rmtk kcm sge-
r ak kŗcmdm lmìkekz.
(6) F`ŗc elİì egat`sİ mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmrke bms pc ed`sİ.
06 Fur o`ak egt syge, tmgrka aİsİdo`akeome fkr z i racİ. Z`fkt tmrkdm ìİac yİjİ omėkŗame
gc r a eud r vmrkcdkygr, i a t a y ek ìİac yİjİ omėkŗame s yİsİ : omėkc ?.
?>?
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R,
x
6
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:
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R
ZR ,
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MR,R
:
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x
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6
)
ZR
6
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:
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MA
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6
4 MR,
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6
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:
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6
+M R
0
R
:
+
+ ZR,[+£R
6
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:
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6
[+MR
:
[
(egt8 Fu kŗcmdk ogėru y ptİėİeİz` Udke gcd`o e agcgec`ro` b`t` `r -
d`yİeİz. Dmvjut gcd`y`e fkr b`t`yİ s``tcmrjm fucd`y` ì`fŗ`fokrskekz.)
Fur`o oky`lge cke ctİeo a c e p`r`etmz kìkeomak omėmrcmr oky -
lge c óstóeomaomrke skdmtrkėk gcouėue lùrm `yrİj , fkr bms`pc d sùz
ageusu omėo. Fu f`aİdo`e egrd c gc r`a s`omjm oky`lge cke óst t`r iİ
kŗcmekr, i`a t bms pc`d`c ro` d trkaske fótóeó okaa`tm `cİeİr.
Agetrgc tutd`oİėİ z`d`e me s`ėo`ak agcgeue y`ek (MR,A, MR
6
A,
MR
:
A vm M[A) eke bms pc ed sİ lmrmack. Bmr sİr eİe tgpc`dİeİe A
agcgeueo ymr c e omėmrm mŗkt gcd`sİ lmrmack. _ma fkr sİr`o`ak y`ecİŗcİa
g sİr`eİe oky`lge`c mcmd`ec`eeo`ak b`t`yİ, kak sİr`o`ak `yd fóyóacóa-
tmak b`t` ksm g kak sİr`eİe tmrkdcmrkeke ì`rpİdİ tmrkdkeomak b`t`yİ lùs-
tmrmjma. (Dmsmcæ MRİA vm MR
:
A om ameok sİr`c`rİe` `kt tgpc`dc`r `yeİ
fóyóacóa a`o r i rab ksm ZR İR
:
tmrkdkeke bms`pc`eİŗİeo` b`t` y`pİc-
oİėİ sgeujue v`r`j`ėİz.) B t `r`d kŗcmdcmrk, grt c d mtr iİeo`ak
dgdmetcmr kìke om `yeme lmìmrck.
(:) Grt c`d` mtr iİeo ak dgdmetcmrke bms pc`ed`sİ.
R
t
x
6
x
:
[
A
R,
Mx,
6
x
6
, x
:
[
Mxİx
6
Zxİx
:
Mx
c
y
Mx
6
6
•
Zx
6
x
:
Mx
6
y
Mx
:
6
Mx
:
y
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My
6
A
Ma
6
Y
6xhxh ‟ •
(MR.) (MRH)
Agetrgc8 Ma
6
4 Mx
t
6
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6
6
+M x
:
6
+£yz+6 QMx
c
x
6
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:
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c
y
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6
x
:
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y+ Mx
:
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Mx,
6
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6
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:
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6
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x
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:
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m x Q x
:
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x
:
Mx
:
6
Mx
:
y
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Fur`y a`o`r y`pİcd`sİ lmrmack kŗcmdcmr bms`pc d yóaóeóe ùemdck
fkr aİsdİeİ tmŗakc mokygr vm okrmat d`trkas ìmvkrkdk vmy` Oggckttcm dmtgt-
c rİ kìke omėkŗdkygr. Fu s ib`o`e sger bmr kak dmtgt i`racİc ŗİygr. : ìİa-
c yİjİ omėkŗamem a`o`r (s`fkt tmrkd b`rkì) okrmat dmtgt, ? vmy o`b i`zc
`ìİac yİjİ omėkŗame gcd`sİ b ckeom ksm Oggckttcm dmtgou t`vskymym omėmr.
ŕkdok sİr om bmr kak dmtgou kejmcmymckd.
k) O krmat D`trkas Ìmvkrkdk Dmtgou8
(?) (R 'R ) d`trkaskİİke tmrskeke `cİed`sİ (0:) _mrske ogėrucuėueu
agetrgc mtdma kìke (R 'R )(R 'R )-± 4 K mŗktckėkeke s ėc eİp s ėc ed oİėİe`
f`aİcd`cİoİr.
(=) Q: vmatùróeó mcom mtdma kìke (R'R)~5 kcm R '[ ì`rpİcİr.
^ 4
^
6
^ g 4 [ ‟ ^ İ R ‟ p
6
R r ‟ p
:
R h
Fùycmjm s`fkt tmrkd o`bkc rmlrmsyge omeacmdkeke a ts`yİc rİ bms`p-
c edİŗ gcur.
(9) @ìİac yİjİ omėkŗamecmrke kz`b momfookėk omėkŗdmyk bms`pc d`a
«Ìke,
Zxİy
Rx
6
y
Zx
:
y
4 Zx
0
y+p
å
Zx
6
y+^'
:
Zx
:
y
bms pc eİr. ['omak tgpc`d omėkŗdm [ '[ 4 My
6
ksm o`b ùejm grt c d`
mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmr `r sİeo mcom mokcdkŗ fucued`at`oİr.
['[‟p'R'[ 4 My
6
‟ Qp
k
İXxİy+
(:
6
Xx
6
y+p
:
Zx
:
yh 4 m'm 4 ZZM'yk vmrm-
jmatkr.
ZZM ZZM
(fur`o ) 4 DZM 4 s
6
e‟a e‟?
0: _mrs d trkask fucd`a kìke agi atùr (kŗ rmtck dkeùr) d trkask mcmd`ec rİeİ omtmrdke`et
fùcóygruz. (R 'R) skdmtrka gcouėu kìke agi atùr vm `ohgket fkrfkrkem mŗkt gcuygr. Omtmrdke`etİe
ogėru bms pc eoİėİe mdke gcd`a kìke me z kak sİr vmy agcge ózmrkeom omtmrdke`etİ bms pc d a
vm mŗkt gcouėueu lùrdma lmrmack.
?>9
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(<) A`ts yİc`rİe st`eo`rt b`t`c`rİeİe bms pc`ed`sİ.
Mp 4 s
6
(R'R)-« gcouėueu fokygruz. (R'R)~
c
d`trkaskeke oky`lge`c
mcmd`ec rİ s
6
om ì`rpo`r`a a`ts`yİc`rİe v`ry`esc`rİeİe t`bdkecmrk mcom
mookr.
4 s
Y
/
`
00
.
s
p
6
4 sy/ æU sU 4 sy/ æU
jgv(pk, håh) 4 s
6
( 'k) ŗmackeom mcom moomfokr. I`a`t lmemcckacm agv`ry`es
tmrkdcmrk bms`pc ed`z y o ekb k ki`omom rmlrmsyge'o lùstmrodmz.
Z`fkt tmrkd (Yİe st`eo`rt b`t`sİ `yrİ gc`r`a fkr`z o`b` a`rİŗİa ŗm-
akcom bms`pc`e`fkckr. Ìgėu z`d`e s`fkt tmrkdke st`eo`rt b`t`sİeİ fkcdma,
okėmr st`eo`rt b`t c r a`o`r ùemdck fucued`z vm omeacmdcmrom ymr
cd`z.(0?)
(2) V
6
vm V
6
'eke bms`pc`ed`sİ.
Lmrmack fótóe fkclkcmr o`b ùejmak a`omdmcmrom mcom moodkŗ gcouėu
kìke,
(H'R '[ W s
6
V
6
44 vm V
6
4 0 gc r`a bms`pc eİr.
[ [ ['[/ e‟0
(;) Vmlrmsygeue ekb k ki`omsk.
[ 4 ^g+pİR,+p
6
R
6
+p
:
R : V
6
, V
6
(Z
@
) (Z.) (Z.) (Z.)
p
>
it' p,' p/
Fueo`e sger`ak bms`pc`d`c`r `r`ŗtİrİjİc`rİe tmrjkbcmrk kcm kclkckokr.
Dmsmcæ, ìgėu amrm gcouėu lkfk `r`ŗtİrİjİ O\ st`tkstkėk o'yk fkcdma kstmrsm,
f`skt rmlrmsyge'o`ak lkfk vm t`d`dkycm `yeİ igrdócó aucc`e`r`a o'yk
bms`pc y`fkckr.
0 0
Zh1 42" | + Z R'h `" + 6 £ Rh R , 'ľ £ : ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗame kìke igrdócóe
e k4 c k3 h
`ìİa ŗmack1 4 s
6
h + R*, `" + R', `± + R', `" + 6QR
c
R
0
`" + R, R,`"+ R,R,`" |
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@yrİj` @EGY@V t`fcgsu kcm om mcom mokcme fkclkeke ùzmtcmedmsk
ygcue` lkokcmfkckr.
Bmrb`elk fkr `r`ŗtİrd`o rmlrmsyge kcm kclkck `r bms`pc d c r
`r ŗtİrd r pgrueo ymr cd`z, s`omjm (;) o`ak ŗmack kcm rmlrmsyge omea-
cmdk ymr cİr.
ŕkdok fkrk f`skt s`yİc rc , okė3mrk o`b rm ckst 6 dksæc kcm sùycmoka
cmrkdkzk uyluc`y`cİd.
Dksæc 0
1
0
x
t
x
6
x
:
[ A
R •
0 6
: ?
0>
0
:
= - 6- 0 00
0
;
9
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2
9 : 6 0;
0
=
9
2
6>
_gpc`dc`r
66 6?
02 02
26Y
Grt`c`d`c`r
?.? ?.2
:.9 :.9
09.?-y/
6. F`ŗc elİì egat`sİ mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmr.
R ,
x
6
x
:
[
A
R
t
0=9
06?
<=
=2
x
6
069 22 2:
x
:
<? 2>
[
;?
A
0?99 Y
Agetrgc8 0=9+069+<?+;?+6(06?+<=+=2+22+2:+2>) - 0?99
:. Grt c`d` mtr ido`ak dgdmetcmr.
R ,
x
6
R ,
[ A
R, =;.
6
02.?
-?.6 ‟ 60.6
x
6
0>.2
0.9 ‟:.?
x
:
;.6
0=.6
[ 6;.6
A
060.6Y
Agetrgc8 =;.6+0>.2+;.6+6;.6+6(02.?‟ ?.6‟ 60.6+0.9‟ :.?
+ 0=.6) 4 060.6
?>2
-YU ' ‟ 8
- C . 0
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(R'R)
k
=;.6
02.?
‟ ?.6
02.?
0 > . 2
0 . 9
-?.6
0 .9
;.6
@ohgket8
;9.2
-0<9.>
<?.2
-0<9.>
=6<.>
-0<6.>
<?.2
-0<6.>
:>>.2
omt (R 'R ) 4 (=;.6) (;9.2)+(02.?) (‟ 0<9.>)+(‟ ?.6) (<?.2) 4 60<2
4 (‟ ?.6) (<?.2)+(0.9) (‟ 0<0.>)+(;.6) (:>>.2) 4 60<2
c
(R 'R )-İ 4 R @ohgket 4
60<2
??.??? -2>.2>2 :?.:?:
-2>.2>2 6?0.;9= -<2.;<0
:?.:?: -<2.;<0 0:2.0>2
R0>-:
=. ŕİ, ph vm ^g'óe bms`pc`ed`sİ.
p, 4 (??.???) (‟60.6)0>-:+(‟ 2>.2>2) (‟ :.?)0>-'
+(:?.:?:)(0=.6)0>-:
4
W.0?==
$6 4 ‟ .:>;;
4 0.9:;9
4 :.9+(.0?==) (?.?)+(.:>;;) (?.2)‟ (0.9:;9) (:.9) 4 ‟ .0<?2
9. (:'R'[ 4 (‟ .0?==) (‟ 60.6)+(‟.:>;;) (‟ :.?)+(c .9:;9) (0=.6)
4 6;,>9>6 -
[ '[‟ p'R '[ 4 6;.6‟6;.>9>6 4 .0:;2
.0:;2
s- 4 4 .0:;2
=‟?
<.
K 4 .0:;2(R'R)-« 4
^
9.60:: ‟ 00.6;<>
::.269<
?.2>06
-0>.;02>
0;.:><=
x 0>-:
?>;
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Z
@
. 4 Y - >>960:: 4 .><; .
,
Z 4 Y - >::269< 4 .02?
Z 4 Y->0;:><= 4 .0:;
>:
6;.>9>6 W .0:;2
2. Vz 4 4 .;;=6 V
6
4 0 4 .;2>2
6;.6 6;.6/ ?
;. [ 4 ‟ .0<?2‟ .0?== R
t
‟ .:>;; R
6
+0.9:;9 R
:
V
6
4.;;=6
J, 4 `J
t c
-i Q:([
t
*‟ [
t c
) -h- m
t
ŗmackeom ki`om mokcdkŗ fkr tóamtkd
tmgrkskeke lmìmrckckėkek kst`tkstkak gc`r`a agetrgc mtdma kstkygruz. Fur`o`
J
t
, t omvrmskeomak ùzmc tóamtkdk, [* ódkt mokcme lmckrk, [ ksm ikkcme mcom
mokcme lmckrk lùstmrkygr. _mgrk, ùzmc tóamtkdke aİsdme o`b ùejmak tóam-
tkd a cİpc rİe vm aİsdme om lmckr smvkymsk kcm kclkck j`rk fmacmykŗcmrm o`y`e-
oİėİ kook sİeo . [
t
* eke fmckrcmedmsk `ŗ`ėİo`ak ŗmakcom gcuygr8
Lùrócoóėó lkfk fu mŗktckatm t omvrmskeom fmacmeme lmckr t‟0 omv-
rmskeomak lmckr smvkymskem, fkr ùejmak omvrmom lmckrom a`yomokcme `rtİŗ
macmedma surmtkycm mcom mokckygr, o ksm fkr auac omėkŗame, o`b ùejmak
oùemdcmrom lùrócme rmsmsygec rİe aİs sórmjmėkek ki`om mokygr. (0=).
@ŗ`ėİo`ak vmrkcmrk aucc`e`r`a dgomcke p`r`dmtrmcmrkek t`bdke mok-
ekz vm mcom mokcme sgeuìc rİ, tmgrkeke lmìmrcokėk kcm olok gc r`a ygrud-
c`yİeİz. Ymrkcmr óìmr `ycİa oùemdcmr kìke vmrkcdkŗtkr.
0= Auac omėkŗamecmr, a tmlgrka y o s yİs c omėmrcmrk bmdme mcom mokcmdmyme omėkŗame-
cmrk ogėrus c rmlrmsyge `e ckzkem o`bkc mtdmeke tmaekacmrkeome fkrkokr.
(.><;) (.02?) (.0:;)
Dksæc 68
[
t
* 4 [,W
c +
( [
t
W
K
- [
t
W
6
) +
[
o
t
t-0
?0>
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X`d`İİ
[ (Aucc`eİc fkckr J (Ùzmc
Lmckr) _óamtkd)
0;=9 KY
6;2
0;=< K
:>:
62>
KK
:>;
626
KKK
:0:
6;:
KY
:00
6;6
0;=2 K
:00
6;;
KK
:0?
:0>
KKK
:66
:0=
KY :6= :6?
0;=; K
::>
:6=
KK
::2
:6=
KKK
::;
::>
KY
:?6
::=
0;9> K
:?? ::<
KK
:=>
:?6
KKK
:=6
:?<
KY
:=: :??
(egt8 [ vm J dmvskdcka b`rmamtke mtakcmrkem lùrm yİccİa omėmrcmr ózmrke-
ome oózmctkcdkŗ smromrokr.)
Jmv`p8
J, 4 «J
t
W, + :([,*‟ [
t T
) + m,
[ ,4 [,W
c +
([
t
W
0
- [
t
W
6
) +
[
o
t
J, 4 «J,W , + + ([
t
W,‟[,W
6
) + y o
t
- [,W, + m,
4 « J
t
W, + p([
u
, - [ H + o, +
9 c
G b com fur`o` : `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗame v`r1 J, ,, ([ , ,‟ [ ,W H vm o
t
ŕkdok ìùzód s ib`c rİeİ t`akp momckd, ùejm vmrkcmrk bms pc`d`
igrdueo ak ŗmacm uylue gc`r`a vm agetrgc agcgeu kcm fkrckatm vmrdmdkz
lmrmakygr.
ccc
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(R.) (R,) (R
=
)
([) (A)
X`d`e
[
t
W , [
t
W ,
o
r
J
t
Agetrgc
0;=<
KK 62>
= > 626
=9<
KKK 626
9 > 6;:
=20
KY 6;: ?
> 6;6
=2;
0;=2 K
6;6
‟6 0 6;;
=;>
KK 6;;
> 0 :0>
90>
KKK :0>
:
> :0= 962
KY
:0=
2
>
:6?
9?<
0;=;
K
:6?
: >
:6= 9=6
KK
:6=
= > :6= 9==
KKK :6=
2 > ::> 99:
KY ::>
c
>
::= 999
0;9> K ::=
:
>
::< 9<=
KK ::< 6
>
:?6 920
KKK :?6
9
>
:?< 9;=
KY :?< 6 > :?? 9;:
?<:9
=?
6
?2>>
;=;6 s/'
6. F`ŗc elİì egat`sİ mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmr8
[ ,W İ‟ [
t
W
6
?t
j, .
A
[,Wİ‟[
t
W
6
o
t
j
t
0=>6>=9 0<>26 =;0
0=60<99
:>9 ‟6 0<:0=
6
9>;
0=?0;;6
A
90=;><2 Y
Bms`pc y`j`ėİdİz rmlrmsyge okŗaksk s`fkt tmrkd kbtkv mtdmokėk kìke
fur`o tmrskek c j`ėİdİz d`trkas ogėruo`e ogėruy f`ŗc elİì egat`sİ
mtr iİeo`ak dgdmet d`trkaskeke kŗ`rmtck aİsdİoİr. @ej`a fur`o` a`rŗİ-
dİz` fkr zgrcua ìİa`r. (D`s` bms`p d`ake`c`rİeo`) R ' R ke fkrkejk sİr`
vm sótueueo`ak omėmrcmr tmrs cd kŗcmdkek fu ŗmackycm bms`p d`ake -
c`rİeo` y`pd`dİz` kdaæe vmrdmymjma ŗmakcom fóyóa.
Fùycm ourudc`ro`, fkr "ùcìma omėkŗtkrdm" kŗcmdk kcm kŗk agc`yc`ŗ-
tİr`fkckrkz. F`ŗc`elİì- egat`sİ mtr`iİeo`ak dgdmet d`trkaskeke fkrkejk
0
sİr` vm sótueueu ‟ om ì`rp`cİd. Ùcìma omėkŗtkatme sger`8
0>>>
0.=>6>=9 0<.>26
R 'R k 4 0<.>26 :>9
.=;0 ‟6
. =;0
R'[ 4
0.=60<99
0<.:0=
.9>;
?. | R'R| 4 026.:;2<99
?06
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Agi`atùrcmr8
9>2
‟ :=.:?9
‟ 60=.>0>
-:=.:?9
6.9=?2:0
0:.>;;=<?
-60=.>0>
0:.>;;=<?
09<.2:??06
(R'R)-5 4
:.::::=9
‟
.0;:<2?
-0.0<2<;0
‟ .0;:<2?
.>0?===
.><0202
-0.0<2<;0
.><0202
.;6>0=0
(R'R)-İ (R'R) 4 K
=. (:4 (R 'R )-İ R '[ 4
.;;;::?0=
.>>>29:>2
.>0>>=9=<
j j
4 k ‟ + ([,Wİ‟ [
t
W
6
) + ( [)' «0
0>>> 0>>>
J , 4 .;;;: J
t
W İ + .29:0 ([ ,W,‟ '[,Wh) + 0> .>=99 3c
t
[ 4 00.9=6>
9. (:'R'[ 4 (.;;;::?0= .>>>29:>2 .>0>>=9=<)
4 0.=?02??
[ '[ 4 0,=?0;;6
m'm 4 [ '[ ‟ H'R'[ 4 .>>>0?2
0.=60<99
0<.:0=
.9>;
m m
s
6
4
.>>>0?2
06
.>>>>06:
<. s* ‟ @/ .>>>>?0 4 .>>9?
r* "
s, 4 .>>9?
`
4 y'.>>>>>>0<; 4 .>>>?6? s
U
4 .?6?
s . 4 -v/ .>>>>00:6 4 .>>:? s . 4 :.?
rpy)'
Y
y
?0:
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0-=?02?? .>>>>06:
2. V6 4 4.;;;; ik
6
4c 4.;;;22
0.=?0;;6 0.=?0;;6
;. J, 4 . ;;;: J + . 29:0 ( [ [ , W
6
) + 0>.>=99 o, V
6
4 . ;;;22
(.>>9? (.?6?) (:.?)
Fu ŗmaoomak fkr rmlrmsyge omeacmdk oa f`aİŗt ìga f`ŗ`roİ fkr
rmlrmsyge gc r`a lùróedmatmokr. I`a`t J, 4 J,W, ŗmackeom fkr e kvm
dgomc om dksæckdkzom f`ŗ`rİ kcm aucc eİc fkckr. Óìmr `ycİa vmromrom fu
dksæcom tóamtkdke fóyóa ùcìóom lmìdkŗ tóamtkd a`cİpc`rİeİe fkr omv`dİ
gcouėu `ec ŗİbygr.
Óìmr `ycİa vmrkcmrom `rtİac ro gtgagrrmc syge gcd`sİ egrd cokr.
Fu ourudu `ec`d`a kìke o st`tkstkėk bms`pc`eİrs` 6.09 ìİad`at`oİr.(cù)
Fu ksm fkr gtgagrrmc`syge b`ck gcd`oİėİeİ ki`om mokygr.
t vm I tmstcmrk o`r `ec`do` uyluc`eoİėİeo` a`ts`yİc`rİe `ec`dcİ gc- .
ouac`rİ `ec`ŗİcd`at`oİr.
kk) A İs`ctİcdİŗ Og gckttcm Dmtgou8
Oggckttcm dmtgou skdmtrka a`ts`yİcİ mŗ`ecİ ogėrus c omeacmd skstmd-
cmrkek ìùzdma kìke dmvjut usuccmrome fkrkokr. Zkdmtrk ùzm]kėk vm (R 'R)'ke
oky`lge ck ózmrkeomak mcmd`ec rİe a`rmcmrke tgpc dc rİ gcd`sİ smfmfkycm
eml tki gcd`d`sİ, bms`pc d kŗcmdcmrkeom t`s`rrui s`ėc d`y kdaæe
vmrmjmatkr. Oggckttcm dmtgou, ùem ogėru ìùzód vm lmrkym ogėru ìùzód
s ib c rİeİ kbtkv momjma vm kstmekcme omėmrcmrke fucued`sİeİ s`ėc y`j`a-
tİr.
0.. Ùem Ogėru Ìùzód8
K. Grt c`d` mtr iİeo`ak dgdmet d trkaskeke fucueuŗu yeme o b`
ùejm kz`b moookėk lkfkokr. Mcom mokcokatme sger fu d`trkask y`zİeİz.
Ms`s oky`lge`cke `ctİeo`ak mcmd`ec`rİ y`zd`y` cózud ygatur. Fu d`t-
rkaske s ė t r iİe` ([`ek R'R vm R '[ aİsİdc`rİeİe s ėİe , fgyutc rİ
s`fkt tmrkd oİŗİeo`ak `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗame s`yİsİe mŗkt fkr fkrkd d`trkas
(: `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗameom : x :), me s`ė t`r i o fkr agetrgc sótueu ag-
yueuz. Fu sótueo` sİr` mcmd`ec`rİeİe tgpc`dc`rİeİ lùstmrkekz. Agetrgc
tgpc dİeİ ogcoururame oky`lge c ctİ dgdmetcmrk om okaa`tm cd`yİ
kbd`c mtdmykekz.
09 Fur o o st tkstkėkeke bms pc ed sİ scİeo t d`dkycm `ec dsİz omėkcokr. Ìóeaó
ìİac yİjİ omėkŗamecmrome fkrk f`ėİdcİ omėkŗameke fkr omvrm ùejmak omėmrkokr. Fu ageuo Fa.
D. Emrcgvm, A.I. \ ccks "]sm gi tbm Ourfkİİ-\ tsge Zt tkstkj ke Ke`pprgprk tm Zktu tkges"
Mjgegdmtrkj , H e. 0;99.
00?
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I`r`zk fkr dksæc kcm y`pİcd`sİ lmrmame kŗcmdcmrk lùstmrmckd8
0 6
:
y
'
j
t
j
6
j
:
Agetrgc
`
İ
6=
0>>
‟=>
<= 0 > >
0=0
K . =>>
0>>
0>> > 0 > 2>0
`
:
0>=>
‟6=>
> > 0 2=0
KK @,
6=
0>>
‟=>
<=
0 > > 0=0
F,
0 ?
‟6
:
.>? > >
9.>?
KKK @,
0>>
:>>
‟6>> ‟? 0 > 0;<
F,
0
: ‟6 ‟ .>? .>0 > 0.;<
KY @
:
=>
=>> 0? ‟: 0
=96
F, 0
0> .62 ‟ .>9
.>6 00.6?
K K . @İ 8 K'omak İ sİr sİeİ `yeme y`zİdz.
Fk h 4 @k
h
/ @ k , (dksæcom @
e
4 6=)
(
KKK. @
6H
4 `
6 h
‟ (@
6
)(F,
H
) 4 `
6 h
‟(@,h)(F
06
)
F
6 h
4 @
6H
/ @
66
(dksæcom @
66
4 0>>)
@
66
4 =>> ‟ (0>>) (?) 4 0>>
@
6[
4 0>> ‟ (0>>) (:) 4 0>> ‟ (<=) (?) 4 ‟6>>
(
KY. @
: h
4 `
: h
‟ (@e) (F.h) - (@*,) (F
6h
) 4 `
:h
‟ (@,h) (F―)
- ( @
6 H
) (F―)
Dmsmcæi8 @
::
4 0>=> ‟ (‟=>) (‟6) ‟ (:>>) (:) 4 =>
@
:
j , 4 > ‟ (‟ =>) (.>?) ‟ (:>>) (‟ .>?) 4 0? 4
4 > ‟ (0)(‟ 6) ‟ (‟ ?) (:)
F
: H
4@
: H
/ @
: :
(@
:å
dksæcom =>).
Fótóe kŗcmdcmrk `yd z`d`eo` agetrgc sótueueo` o` y`pİeİz. Age-
trgc kìke bms`pc`e e sİr`eİe tgpc`dİ kcm, agetrgc sótueueo` g sİr`y` tma -
fóc mome tgpc`dİe mŗkt gcup gcd`oİėİe` f`aİeİz.
6. Lmrkym Ogėru Ìùzód8
Vmlrmsyge a`ts`yİc`rİeİe fucued`sİ8
p
:
4 F
:y
4 0>.
p
6
4 p
6y
- ( D
( H)
4 - 6 - (:) (0>) 4 - : 6
p, 4 F
İ y
- ( F ― ) (p
:
) - (F,
6
) (p
6
) 4 :(‟6) (0>) - (?) ( - :6) 4
- 0=0
00=
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_mrs d`trkaske bms`fİ8
c'kejk sótue 8 j
:Q
4 F
:
jİ4
.62
6'kejk sótue
J6, 4 F
6J c
‟ (F
6:
) (j
:0
) 4 ‟ . >? ‟ (:) (.
62)
4 ‟ .
K
j,, 4 FİJİ ‟ (F
0:
) (j
:H
) ‟ (F,
`
) (j
60
)
4 .>? ‟ (‟ 6) (.62) ‟ (?) (‟.22) 4 ?.06
j
: 6
4 F
:
J
6
4 ‟ . >9
j
66
4 F
6
j
6
‟ (F
6:
) (J
d
) 4
• >0
‟ (:)
(‟. >9)
4
.
0;
j
06
4 j
6
İ 4 ‟ .22
:'óejó sótue8 j
::
4 F
:
j
:
4 .>6
j
6:
4 j
:6
4 ‟ .>9
ju 4 j
:c
4 .62
(R'R)-5
?.06
‟. 2 2
.62
-.22
.0;
. >9
.62
-.>9
.>6
Agetrgc8 Bms`pc`e`e a`ts`yİc`rİe ogėrucuėueu agetrgc mtdma kìke
bms`pc e`e omėmrcmrk egrd c omeacmdcmrom ymrkem agyueuz vm sgeuju
R '[ eke uesurc rİ om a rŗo`ŗtİrİeİz.
(6=) (0=0) + (0>>) (‟:6) + (‟ =>) (0>) 4 <=
(0>>) (0=0) + (=>>) (‟:6) + (0>>) (0>) 4 0>>
(‟=>) (0=0) + (0>>) (‟:6) + (0>=>) (0>) 4 ‟6=>
_mrs d`trkaske ogėrucuėueu agetrgc mtdma kìke8
g
(6=) (?.06) + (0>>)•(‟ .22) + (‟ =>) (‟62) 4 0
<
(0>>) (‟ .22)+ (=>>) (.0;) +(0>>) (‟ .>9) 4 0
g
(‟=>) (.62)+ (0>>) (‟ .>9) +(0>=>) (.>6) 4 0
e
<>6= gcsue.
`rzmomckd ak e 4 0? vm Z
k4c
yr
ZZV 4 p'R '[ 4 (0=0 ‟:6 0>)
<=
0>>
‟6=>
4 (0=0) (<=) + (‟:6)(0>>)
+ (0>) (‟ 6=>) 4 =96=
?09
K
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m'm 4 [ '[ ‟ (:'R'[ 4 <>6= ‟ =96= 4 0?>>
0?>>
s
6
4 4 0?>
0>
[ 4 :>>, Rİ 4 :, x
6
4 0> vm x
:
4 09 i`rzmomrsma,
p
>
4 :>> ‟ (0=0) (:) ‟ (:6) (0>) ‟ (0>) (09) 4 <
sS 4 s
6
j― 4 (0?>) (?.06) 4 =<9.2
,
s
6
,, 4 s
6
j
66
4 (0?>)(.0;) 4 69.9
ij
s
6
4 s
6
j
::
4 (0?>) (.>6) 4 6.2 ..
ij
S
0
± )
: 6
, 4
2 6
+ 6 x ,
6
j
u
+ 6 Z \ , ,
g ' e e4c k3h )
( İ
4
BG + (;) (?.06) + (0>>) (.0;) +(6=9) (.>6)
( 0?
+ (6) Q:> (‟ .22) + ?2 (.62) + (09>)(‟ .>9)T H 4669.06
Vmlrmsygeue ekb`k ki`omsk8 [ 4 < + 0=0 R İ ‟ :6 R
6
+ 0> R
:
(0=.>=) (6?) (0=.0=) (0.9;)
Dksæc 68
@ŗ`ėİo`ak vmrkcmrk aucc`e`r`a @ ócamsk kìke ŗ`bİs f`ŗİe` ckakt sót
t`cmp igeaskygeueu t`bdke mtdma kstkygruz.
Oľ 8 _óamtkjk iky`tc`rİ keomask kcm omic`syge` t`fk tutucduŗ ŗ`bİs
f`ŗİe` aucc`eİc`fkckr lmckr.
^ 8 Ckakt sót ŗkŗmsk iky`tİeİe tóamtkjk iky`tc`rİ keomask om omic`s-
yge` t`fk tutucduŗ ŗmack.
J 8 ŕ bİs f`ŗİe` ckakt sót tóamtkdk.
6 auac omėkŗame (X İ vm X
6
) aucc`e`r`a (`) KK. Oóey` Z`v`ŗİ ùejmsk vm
sger`sİeİe
(X İ ) ,
(f) 0;== yİcİeo uyluc ed`y f`ŗc e`e ùzmc fkr sót
prglr`dİeİe mtakcmrkek om bms`f a`td`a kstkygruz.
?0<
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_ cmp igeaskygeueu t bdke mokekz, lmrmack lùroóėóeóz tmstcmrk
y pİeİz.
[İc OK
^
z,
z,
j
Agetrgc
0;6; ;?>
02.< >
>
6=6
060>.<
0;:>
2?>
02.;
>
> 6?;
00><-;
0;:0 2>>
02.= > >
6?:
0>90.=
0;:6 9<>
0<.= > >
6?=
;:6.=
0;:: 99>
0<.<
>
> ' 6??
;60.<
0;:? <:>
02.< >
> 66<
;<=.<
0;:= <;>
0;.0 >
> 6:0
0>?>.0
0;:9 2<>
0;.? >
> 6:2
006<.?
0;:< ;>>
0;.= > > 6:2
00=<.=
0;:2 2?> 0;.; > > 6:<
0>;9.;
0;:; ;6> 0;.< >
> 6:2
00<<.<
0;?> ;<>
6>.= > > 6:2
0662.=
0;?0 00>>
6>.<
> >
6?0 -
0:90.<
0;?2
06=> 6>.= 0 > 6<<
0=?2.=
0;?; 06=>
0; 2
0 > 62>
/
0==>.2
0;=>
0::> 0;.:
0 >
6<<
096<.:
0;=0
0:6>
0;.;
0
>
6<<
090<.;
0;=6
0::> 6>.? > 6<2
096;.?
0;=: 0:2>
0;.;
0
> 6<9
09<9.;
0;=?
0:<> 0;.= 0
> 6<<
099<.=
0;== 0??>
0;.< 0
0
62?
0<?=.? k
0;=9
0=>>
6>.0 0
0
6;=
020<.0
0;=< 0=>> 6>.0 0 0
0260.0
0;=2
0?<> 0;.2 0 0
6;< 0<22.2
0;=; 0=6> 0;.2 0 0 6;9
02:<.2
6<9;> ?2<.9
06 =
9=:? :?<62
9 /
F@ŕC@ELKÌ EGA_@ZK M_V@IKEO@Aľ DGDME_CMV
r *
OK
^
z,
X,
J
Agetrgc
OK
:6<<0;>> =?:20= 0999>
<?:>
<:;=;<>
?><:=<<= >>
^ ;=69.>?
6:2.2> ;;.=> 06<96;.<>
920:>;.>?
z,
06.>>
=.>>
:?0:.>>
6>:62.2>
z.
=.>>
0?<0.>>
;>0> =>
L
0<60=0?.>> ;6?;;;<
<>
A
=>9;9?60 ]?
Grt c d c r
00<>.9 0;.=>?
.?2
.6
690.:9 :?<62.9
y |
e 4 6=
GV_@C@D@ M_V@IKEO@Aľ DGDME_CMV
OK ^
z, z*
J
Adtrek
OK
60>6?=9
:<?;.6?
::92.2
02;6 >
0=2;00
9
^
0=.22;9
?.<=6
0 ;2 0;>
=9?
z,
9.6? 6
9> 6<9 92
z,
? 090 6>
j
0:<2<<9
A
60=::;?9? /
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Ùcìma omėkŗtkrdm8 Fkrkejk sİr`yİ 0 / 0>>> kcm ì`rp cİd.
Fkrkejk sótueu 0/ 0>> " "
Zge sİr`yİ
0
/ 0>> " "
" sótueu
OK
^
z.
X,
J
0.
b K, K?
Agetrgc
OK 6
0>6?9
:.<?;6? :.:922>
0.2;6>>
0.=2;06 0
> >
> 0:.<>096
p 0=.22;9> ?.<=6>>
0.;2>>> 0.;>=9? >
0 >
> 6;.6<9?2
z,
9.6?>>>
6.9>>>> 6.<992> >
> 0 > 6>.<6<9>
X
6
?.>>>>>
0.9?6>> > >
>
0
0:.00?>>
@,
6 0>6?9
:.<?;6? :.:922>
0.2;6>> 0.=2;06
0 > > > 0:.<>096
F,
K 0.<2:6< 0.9>6:6 - .2;;;>
.<==2?
.?<=9: >
>
> 9.=09;?
@.
;.6>:9; ‟ 0.6==?? ‟ 0.:;:;?
‟ .;620; ‟0
<2:6=
0
>
> ?.2?62<
F,
0 ‟ .0:9?0
‟ .0=0?=
‟ .0>>2=
‟
0;:<= .0>29=
>
>
.=690;
@,
.9<>2= ‟ .960<6
.>;:;6
‟0
2?==? .0:9?> 0
> ‟ .==:>:
F,
0
‟ .;69<9 .0?>>> ‟6 <=0>= .6>::6 0.?;>9= > ‟ .2?:2?
@,
-
0.=0>>; .0=2?0 6 22>:= .6<<29 .;69<< 0 .;;62>
F, .0>?;> 0
;><?> .02?>> .90:<6 .99660
.9=9?:
KK
KKK
KY
Y
A`ts yİc`r8 y
6
‟ .0>?;>
[, 4 .6:<66
p
>
4 ‟ .>=69>
, 4 .:<=0?
æ - 4 :.>;>0=
_mrs d`trkaske bms`pc`ed`sİ8
?'óejó sótue,
0
j
??
4 4 .99660
@??
J:? 4 ‟
(J??)(FH?)
4 .90:<0
j
6?
4 ‟ (j
:?
) (F
6:
) ‟ (j
«?5
(F
6?
) 4 . 02?>0
j,? 4 ‟ (j
6?
) (F,
6
) - (j
:?
) (F―) ‟ D (F
0?
) 4 - 0-;><?6
:'óejó sótue,
J?
:
‟
j
:
? 4 .90:<0
j
k :
4 0/ @
::
‟ j
:?
F
:?
4 6 .>=;?0
?0;
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j
6:
4 ‟
J::
F
6:
‟ j
:?
F
6?
4 -i .62>;6 + .>;6;= 4 .:<:2<
. Jİ
:
4 ‟ j
6:
F
k 6
‟ j
6:
F
0:
‟ j
:
? F
0?
4 ‟ ?.=0226
6'kejk sótue,
j
?6
4 j
6?
4
.
02?>0
j
:6
4 j
6:
4 .:<:2<
j
66
4 0 / @
66
‟ j
6:
F
6:
‟ j
6?
F
6?
4 . 02< = :
j,
6
4 W j
66
F
06
‟ j
6:
Fu ‟ j
6?
F,
?
4 ‟ 0.>;2><
c'kejk sótue,
j
?0
4 JD 4 ‟ 0.;><?6
j
:
İ 4 jİ
:
4 ‟ ?.=0226
j
60
4 j,
6
4 ‟ 0.>;2><
me 4 0 / @
u
‟ J06 F06 ‟ me F
0:
‟ ju F
0?
4 00.:;>2<
(R'R)-
00.:;>2<
‟ 0.>;2><
‟ ?.=0226
‟ 0.;><?6
-0.>;2><
.02<=:
.:<:2<
.02?>0
.=0226
.:<:2<
6.>=;?0
.90:<0
‟ 0.;><?6
.02?>0
.90:<0
.99660
Omėkŗdm
A`ye ėİ
@EGY@V _@FCGZ]8
Z Z
Vmlrmsyge ZZV 4 0.:6??; 4 (:'R'[
s.o. D Z
DZV 4 .::006
ZZM
B`t`
_gpc`d
ZZM 4 .>=?6; 4 [ '[‟ p'R '[ 6> DZM 4 .>>6<0 4-
6>
_ZZ 4 [ '[ 4 0.:<2<2
6? DZ_ 4.>=<??;
.>:>2< ‟>>6;2 ‟>066= ‟ .>>=0<
.>>>=0 .>>0>0 .>>>=>
.>>==2 .>>099
.>>0<;
Z― 4 @/ ->:>2< 4 .0<=9=
ZU 4 Y.>>>=0 4 .>66=;
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Z
x
4 Y->>==2 4 .><?<>
[k
ZU 4 >>0<; 4 .>?6:>
r
6
Z. 4 Y-B>2> 4 .::622
`
0-:6??; W 0‟m'm / e‟a .>>6<0
V
6
4 4 .;9>9 V
6
4 4 0 4.;=62
0.:<2<2 ['[/ e‟0 .>=<?=
Vmlrmsygeue ekb k ki`omsk8
J OK
4 * + p, ( ) + p
6
(^) + i X, + y
6
X
6
0>> 0>>
t* 4 :.>;>0=+ -:<=0? OK*‟ .>=69> ^+.6:<66 X ,+ .0>?;>
(.::622) (.0<=9=) (.>66=;) (.><?<>) (.>?6:>)
V
6
4 .;=62
DZV .::006
J c I 4 4 ‟ 4 066.02=
DZM .>>6<0
Bg 8 p 4 p
6
4 yk 4 [6 4
>
_`f 6.2< _`f I?,
6
g,-gİ 4 ?.?: vm J c I 5 t`f I gc-
ouėueo`e Bg'İ rmoomomrkz.
Auac omėkŗamecmrke fkr `r`o mtakskeke tmst'k8
B
>
8 [K 4 [-
4
>
ZZV
o k p
4 0.6;?<6
ZZV
X ( İ X 6
4 .>6;<< DZV
X
4 .>0?2;
DZV
X
.>0?2;
J c I 4 4 4 =.?;:
DZM .>>6<0
.:.?; 4 .>=
t f I
6K6>
4
(=.2= ` 4 .>0
Fu ourudo B,,"İ % ;= `ec dcİcİa smvkymskeom rmoomtdmdkz dód-
aóe gcd`at` i a t ;; `ec`dcİcİat` J`c I 3 t`f I ìİad`at`oİr.
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t tmstcmrk uyluc`eoİėİeo` o` a`ts`yİc`rİe bmpskeke % ;= smvkymskeom
`ec`dcİ gcouac`rİ `ec`ŗİcd`at`oİr.
@ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗamecmr fkr fótóe gc`r`a f`ėİdcİ omėkŗameomak tgp-
c`d omėkŗdmeke % ;=.:'óeó `ìİac`d`at`oİr.
ùejmome _`bdke8
5. @
[ 4 RQ: omeacmdkeke bms`pc`eoİėİ lùzcmd omvrmskeke oİŗİeo` fkr
omvrm kìke R
>
4 (0 R 6¾... R
a
¾) ŗmackeom fkr sİr` vmatùr dmvjut gcsue.
Fu sİr` vmatùr lùrócoóėó lkfk (e-i-0) kejk omvrm kìke `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗame-
cmrke omėmrcmrkek vmrdmatmokr. Rg' tma`fóc mome f`ėİdcİ omėkŗame omėmrk
[
>
'İ t`bdke momckd. R 'cmrke m'o`e f`ėİdsİz tms oóik omėkŗamecmr gcouėueu
a`fuc momckd.
[g 4 R
>
p + 9>
R
>
p, R
>
p'eke FC] fkr t`bdke mokjkskokr.
[
>
4 R
>
p , dmvjut a`ts`yİc`rİ aucc`e`r`a [g'İe t`bdkekek vmrm-
jmatkr. Fu t`bdkeom y`pİc`e b`t`yİ m
>
om lùstmrmckd.
m
>
4 [
>
‟ [
>
4 R
>
p + m ‟ R±p 4 R
>
p + m
>
‟ Rg(R'R)-± R'[
4 R
>
p + m
>
‟
R
>
(R'R)-İ
R'Rp ‟ R
>
( R'R )-İ R'm
4 m
>
‟
R
>
(R'R)-İ R
'm
M(m
>
) 4 >
M(mgS R , R
>
) 4 >
[`r(mg) 4 Y`r(m
>
) + Y`r R
u
(R'R)-İ R'm
4 `' + QRg(R'R)-å R'R (R'R )-İ R
>
't3H
6
4 >6(c +
Rg(R'R)-cRg')
B`t` tmrkdkeke o`ėİbdİde ŗmackeke egrd cckėk i`r zkymsk y`pİcoİėİeo`,
m
g
- E ( > , ii
H
(c+Rg(R'R)-' R―')
M([gSRg) 4 R
>
p
ùejmome t`bdke b`t`sİeİe 6 a`ye`ėİ v`r8
k) [g'İe fmacmeme omėmrkek ùejmome t`bdke mtdm sİr`sİeo` y`pİc`-
fomjma b`t .
kk) [g'İe lùzcmeme omėmrkeke fmacmeme omėmrk mtr`iİeo`ak y`yİcd`sİ
sgeuju sùz ageusu gc`e b`t`.
?66
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m m
g
‟ İİ(>,c)
3rYc+(Rg(R'R)-İR'g
R
6
e-a
v m m
> kcm m'm f`ėİdsİz gcouėueo`e,
[
>
- [ g
te-a
/ Qc+R ―(R 'R)- İRg'Tm'm
^`yo`o`ak ki`om ùejmome t`bdkeke st`eo`rt b t`sİeİ vmrdmatmokr.
±
t
4
:
Yc+R―(R'R)-İ R'
>
g
[g kìke `r cİa ŗmackeom t`bdke8
^ Q[g‟t s
t
U[
>
U[
>
+ t sUT 4 c ‟ `
/ 6,e-a
>
/ 6,e-a ¾
Rgp'k [g'İe ùejmome t`bdkekeom aucc`e`fookėkdkz lkfk, (R
>
,[
>
)
lùzcmdkeke rmlrmsyge omeacmdkeke bms`pc eoİėİ y`pİo`e lmckp lmcdmok-
ėkek ec d`o o aucc`e`fkckrkz. @yek ŗmakcom bms`pc oİėİdİz j c _ 5
t`f / Ue-a gcouėueo fkr y`pİ omėkŗdmskeke (e+0) kejk omvrm f`aİdİe-
o`e sùz ageusu gcouėu sgeujue v`rİrİz.
Ztga`stka _`eİd ŕ`rtc`rİe İe A rktkėk8 Ìgacu F`ėİet İ
Fùcódóe f`ŗİeo lmemc ogėrus c rmlrmsyge dgomckeke stga`stka
t`eİdİeİ y`p`rame1 bgdgsjmo`stkjkty vm `rtİac ro gtgagrrmc syge fu-
cued`d sİ i`r zkymcmrkeome f`ŗa , (R 'R ) d`trkaskeke t`d r`ea'cİ fkr
d trkas gcd`sİ vm tmrskeke cİe`fkcdmsk lmrmėkek om fmckrtdkŗtka. Fueue
`ec dİ, ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗamecmrke fkrfkrcmrkeke igeaskygeu gcd`d`sİoİr.
^r tkatm, ùzmcckacm dutc a smvkymcmr ŗmackeomak z`d`e smrkcmrk `r -
sİeo auruc e rmlrmsyge kckŗaomrkeom. `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗamecmrke fkrfkr-
cmrkeome f`ėİdsİz gcd`sİ ŗ`rtİ s`ėc ed`z. ľak `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗame `r -
sİeo` ogėrus c fkr igeaskygemc oksak dmvjut gcouėueo` | R'R| 4 >
gc j`ėİeo`e a ts`yİc r bms`pc e`d`z. ľatks tt ìgacu f`ėİetİ b ck lm-
0< Y r(m
>
)'İ fu ŗmakcom y z fkcdmdkzke emomek m
>
kcm m'İe f`ėİdsİzcİėİoİr. Ìóeaó stga`stka
t eİd ŗ rtc rİ r sİeo , m'c`ee ameok r sİeo kcmrkym vm lmrkym ogėru fkrfkrkeome f`ėİdsİz gc-
ouėu (gtgagrrmc syge fucued`oİėİ) fmckrtkcdkŗtk.
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emcckacm t`d igeaskygemc kckŗak ŗmackeom fmckrdmz, fu smfmpcm om (R 'R )
bms`pc d`a dódaóe gcur. I`a`t ìgacu f`ėİetİ lmrìma mtakskek a`ts`yİ-
c rİe st`eo`rt b`t c rİeo fmckrtkr vm `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗamecmr fkr smt gc r`a,
f`ėİdcİ omėkŗameomak tgpc d omėkŗdmeke gcouaì ùemdck fkr aİsdİeİ (V
6
)
kz`b momfookėk b com, tma tma `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗamecmrke mtakcmrkek tmsfkt
mtdm kdaæeİ fucue`d`z. Fùycm b ccmrom, kst`tkstka vmromr omėkŗamecmrke
tma tma mtaomrkek `ec d`yİ s`ėc y`j`a zmelkeckatm omėkcokr. Fueue pma
ìga dksæccmrkek katks`t `r`ŗtİrd`c`rİeo` fuc`fokrkz.(02)
Omėkŗamecmr `r`sİeo ìgacu f`ėİetİeİe ùemdck fkr smfmfk lmemcckacm
dmvjut gc`e grt`a trmeo'okr. ùzmcckacm _óra magegdksk kìke fu i`atùr
ùemdckokr. @ac lmcmfkcmjma kca ì`rm, omėkŗamecmrke trmeo'ome `rİtİcdİŗ
omėmrcmrk `r`sİeo rmlrmsyge kckŗakskek bms`pc d`a ŗmackeom oóŗóeócmfokr.
Fu dmtgoue t`vskymym omėmjmėk a`eİsİeo omėokz. Ìóeaó z`d`eİe mtak-
cmrkeome `rİtodİŗ omėkŗamecmr, z`d`ec fkrckatm pma ìga omėkŗameke mtak-
skeome `rİtİcdİŗ vm lmrìma vmromrcm f`ėc etİsİeİ a`yfmtdkŗ omėkŗamecmrokr.
Fuec`r` `kt a`ts`yİc`rİe magegdka tmgrkym uylue ygrudc`rİ ìgėu z`d`e
y`po`d`z.(0;)
Ìgacu f`ėİetİyİ, f`skt fkr s`yİs`c ùrema ózmrkeom sgdutc`ŗtİr`cİd.
Ùejm t`d igeaskygemc okŗakeke v`rcİėİ b`ckeom QR'R | 4 > gc`j ėİeİ
lùrmckd.
[ 4 (:
>
-i | :İRİ + (:
6
R
6
+ m vm R
6
4 6 ‟ R , gcsue.
J
^ Y
@
\
E @
E \
E @
02) 4 ‟ 0.;:;9 + 0.>:<; b .9?=6 f .22?? 0;=0-0;9=
^
J E ^
(.=:;=) (.0::2) ^
y
(,0;66)^
[
(,0::0)*^
[
V
6
4 .;;99
@ E@ E@ o 46.?<2
]. Agrud `.l.m Zb. 0:6
Jp ùzmc tóamtkd, [
@
, t rİd lmckrk, \
E @
t rİd oİŗİ ójrmt lmckrk, t rİd oİŗİ ójrmt
oİŗİ lmckr. [
`
, \ y ` r ` s İ e o ` a k ìgacu f ėİetİ b ck fu igeaskygemc lmckr lrupc rİeİe
tóamtkd mėkckdcmrk b`aaİeo amske ageuŗd`a kdaæeİeİ fkzm vmrdkygr. Dmsmcæ fu omeacmdm o y -
e r a ójrmt lmckrckcmrke tóamtkd mėkckdcmrkeke ójrmt oİŗİ lmckrckcmrkeakeome o`b aóìóa gcouėueu
s vue`d yİz. Ìóeaó st eo rt b t c rİe fóyóacóėó a rŗİsİeo dmvjut ourud t d`dme tms -
oóik i atùrcmrke mtaksk kcm grt y ìİadİŗ gc fkckr. Fue fmezmr pma ìga dks ccm, `oİ lmìme akt fİ-
dİzo a rŗİc ŗd`a dódaóeoór.
0; Fu ageu kcm kclkck gc r`a f`aİeİz8 B. Aİzİcy ccİ "_óra Ymrlk Zkstmdkeke Magegdka @e -
ckzk" ZFI [`yİeİ Eg. 629 @ea`r 0;9; Ma YKK Zb. ?:0.
?6?
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R, x
6
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0
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0 > ‟ 0 >
R R 4 | R'R
|
4 > gcouėu kìke a`ts`yo`rİ bms p-
‟0> 0> c`d`a dódaóe omėkcokr. ŕkdok aóìóa
fkr omėkŗkacka kcm t`d igeaskygemc kckŗakyk
fgz`bd, i a t R İ kcm R
6
sİr`sİeo ìgacu f`ėİetİ b ck omv`d mtske.
R ,
x
6
[ A
0 0 :
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| :'R'[ 4 6>.=
['[ 4 6:.6
6>.=
V
6
4 4 .22?
6:.6
0.:=
V
6
4 0 ‟
.<9<
=.2
m'm 6.<
m'm 4 6.<
s
6
4
4 0.:=
e‟a 6
0.< 6
s
v
4 0.=6
Z . 4 0.:=
6
e r
6-=
s 4
İ.2:
I 4
0>.6=
4 <.=;
0.:=
V
6
4 .22? t f I
6
,
6
4 0;.>> (6>)
[ 4 .: + 6.9R , + 0.= R
6
(0.=6) (0.2:)
Lùrócoóėó lkfk, R İ om R
6
`r`sİeo`ak ìgacu f`ėİetİ emomek kcm V
6
t`tdke mokjk fóyóacóatm gcouėu b`com, a`ts`yo`rİe st`eo`rt b`t`c`rİ,
ùzmcckacm R
6
'ym `kt gc`eİ fóyóatór. Fur`o` R
6
'eke a`ts`yİsİeİe kŗ`rmtk om
fmacmemeke `askem, i`a t sİiİro`e z`tme `ec dcİ ŗmaoom i`racİ omėkc. R
6
'eke
st`eo`rt b`t`sİeİe, dutc a vm o`b ogėru fkr dua`ymsm kcm a`ts`yİy`
lùrm eksfk gc`r a fóyóa ìİad`sİ tms`oóik omėookr. Ìgacu f`ėİetİ b ckeom,
f`ėİdcİ omėkŗamem o`b i`zc mtaksk gc e omėkŗamecmr, tmskrk `z gc ec r`
lùrm ìgacu f`ėİetİo`e o`b `z mtakcmekr.
Ìgacu f`ėİetİ'eİe CZ t`bdke mokjkcmrkeke ùzmcckacmrk ózmrkeomak mtak-
cmrk emcmrokr7 Bmdme fmckrtmckd ak, ìgacu f`ėİetİ s`pd`y smfmp gcd`z.
Z`pd`y smfmp, `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗamecmrcm b`t tmrkdkeke kckŗaok gcd`sİoİr.
Ìgacu f`ėİetİy smfmp gcouėu kook sİ kcm omeacmd oİŗİ fİr`aİc e kbd c
mokcdkŗ omėkŗamecmr ksm t bdkecmrom s`pd`y smfmp gcurc r. Fu smfmptme
omeacmdk "`y`ac`y`r`a" ìgacu f`ėİetİyİ grt`o`e a`coİrd`a t`vskym mokcm-
dmz.
Ìgacu f`ėİetİeİe z`r`rİ o kejmcmeme prgfcmdke d`bkymtkem lùrm
omėkŗkr. @d`ì ùejmome t bdke ksm, lmìdkŗtm `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗamecmr `r -
sİeo dmvjut gc e kckŗak a cİpc rİeİe ùejmome t`bdke y`pİc e omvrmom om
6> Zmrfmstcka omrmjmcmrkeke, e'ke ìga aóìóa (=) gcd sİ emomek kcm aóìóacóėó smfmfkycm <.=;'-
cua fkr I omėmrk kst t]tkcu gc r a dks ckdkzom `ec dcİ ìİadİygr. @scİeo e5 0> kìke fu fóyóacóatm
fkr I omėmrk a ts yİc rİe 7İiİr gcouėu ŗmackeom fkr bkpgtmzk rmo kìke i zc sİ kcm ymtmrckokr.
?69
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omv`d momjmėk i`rzmokcokėkeom, ìgacu f`ėİetİ kbtkv` mome omeacmd [ 'eke
t`bdkekeom f`ŗ`rİ kcm aucc`eİc`fkckr. Fu b`com tma tma a`ts`yİc`r ùemdck
omėkc, i`a`t `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗamecmr smt'keke fkr fótóe gc`r a f`ŗ rİsİ
ùemdckokr. Fue a`rŗİba bmr fkr a`ts`yİeİe lmrma kŗ`rmt lmrma dutc a
fóyóacóa f`aİdİeo`e b`ss`s ŗmakcom bms`fİeİ lmrmatkrme magegdk pgck-
tka`sİ `e`ckzcmrkeom, magegdmtrka dgomccmrom, skduc`sygec`ro`, ouy`rcİcİa
`e ckzcmrkeom ìgacu f`ėİetİ ìga ùemdck fkr prgfcmd gc r`a grt`y ìİa`r.
Dmvjut gcouėu vm v`rcİėİ d`bzurcu lùrócoóėó t`atkrom ìgacu f`ėİetİ
b ckem a`rŗİ cİe`fkcmjma tmofkrcmr emcmr gc fkckr 7 Bmr ema`o`r omeacmd-
cmrk `yİac d`a, y`ek ìgacu f`ėİetİy smfmp gc j`ėİ oóŗóeócme omėkŗame-
cmrk omeacmdm o`bkc mtdmdma t`vskym mokcmdmzsm om (60) pr`tkatm ìgėu
z`d`e ìgacu f`ėİetİ smfmfkycm s`ìd` a`ts`yİc`rİ kbtkv` mome omeacmd-
cmrk aucc`ed`a ymrkem o`b` `z `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗameck "tmdkz" rmlrmsyge-
c`rİ aucc`ed`a tmrjkb mokckr. Fu ageuo` uylue ygcu smìdma, pma ìga
uyluc`d`o` gcouėu lkfk kŗke s`e`t aİsdİeİ tmŗao momr. @r`ŗtİrİjİ fu tmr-
jkbcmrom ameokskem fkr msemacka t`eİd`a zgrueo`oİr. @ask b`com em t`eİd-
c d c rİe em om mcom mttkėk sgeuìc r b`akd gc fokr.
Omeacmd `yİac`d`y` fkr dksæc gc`r`a1 z`d`eİ, ameokskeke igeaskygeu
gc e f`ŗa omėkŗamecmr v`rame `yrİ fkr `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗame gc r`a omea-
cmdm o`bo mtdmdmyk lùstmrmfkckrkz.
Ìgacu f`ėİetİeİe v`rcİėİ a`fuc mokcokėkeom `cİe`fkcmjma
tmofkrcmr8
Vmlrmsyge` A `yİtc`r A gyd`a
@ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗamecmr `r`sİeo`ak ìgacu f`ėİetİeİe ŗmackek kckŗake
gc r`a mcom fkclk gcouėueo y`pİc fkcmjma kŗ, fu folkyk omeacmdm o`bo
mtdmatkr. Fueue e`sİc y`pİc`fkcmjmėkek fkra`ì i`racİ b`c kìke kejmcmymckd8
k) F`zme a ts`yİc`ro`e fkrk vmy` o`b` i`zc sİ b`aaİeo` mcom ùe
fkclk dmvjuttur. Fu t`atkrom ùe fkclkyk omeacmdom aucc`e`fkckrkz. Dmsmcæ,
[ 4 h:
>
+ (:İRİ -i- U6R6 + m omeacmdkeom ùejmome £6 4 .< gcou-
ėueu fkckygrs`a1
[‟ .<R64 (:g + UİR, -i s ŗiakkeom kckŗakyk aur`rİz, y ek f`ėİdcİ
omėkŗamekdkz ([ ‟ .<R
6
) gcur.
(:g
vm iåİ fkckeme ŗmakcom bms pc eİr.
Fu tkp uyluc d amskt ì cİŗd c rİ sgeuìc rİeİ z`d`e smrkcmrk `e ckz-
cmrkeom aucc`ed`o` i`yo`cİ gcur. Amskt ì`cİŗd`c`rİeo`e fucueduŗ t`cmfke
60 _.J. Cku "]`omrkometkikj tkge, Ztrujtur c I.stkd tåge `eo Igrmj stkel" Mrgegdmtrkj`
Hucy C;9]'o , ìgėu katks tìİo lùzcmokėk omeacmd yİac`d pr tkėkek smrt fkr okccm mcmŗtkrkr.
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lmckr msemackėk oİŗ folk gc r`a z`d`e smrkcmrkeom aucc`eİc`r`a t cmfke
iky`t msemackėk t`bdke moodmym ì`cİŗİcİr.(66)
kk) F`zİ b ccmrom `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗamecmr `r`sİeo dmvjut okŗak fkck-
ekr, fu b ccmrom omėkŗamecmr fkrcmŗtkromrma, ymek omėkŗamem kt a`ts`yİ
ùrematme bms`pc eİr. Dmsmcæ (:
6
4 -=(:İ gcouėu fokekygrs ,
[ 4 Q:g + ^İ(Rİ-h- .= R
6
) -i m y z`fokrkz. Fur`o` `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗ-
ame (Rİ-| - .= R
6
) okr. (:İ mcom moookatme sger Q:
6
4 .= Q:İ cİe`r a omeacmd
[ 4 p
>
+ pİR , + (.= :İ)R
6
ŗmackeom lùstmromfokr.
kkk) F`zme `ìİac yİjİ omėkŗamecmr `r`sİeo`ak okŗak, fu omėkŗamecmr
ymrkem tma fkr fkrcmŗka omėkŗame aucc eo`r`a rmlrmsyge o`bo mokckr.
Dmsmcæ, bmrb`elk fkr o`y`eİacİ tóamtkd d cİeİe stgaueo`ak emt `rtİŗ,
bmd z`d`eİeİ ogcourd smfmfkycm stgat`e oóŗdmcmrke, bmd om órmtkd
smfmfkycm stga óævmcmrke mtakcmrkek fkr `r`y tgpc r.
A`yİtc eoİrİcdİŗ rmlrmsyge s omjm ìgacu f`ėİetİeİe mtakcmrkek lkomr-
dma kìke aucc eİcd`z. F`zme `ask b com s`ėc ed`sİe kdaæe gcd`y`e
f`zİ magegdka arktmrcmrk rmlrmsygeue s`ėc y`fodmsk kìke om t`bokt agy-
d`a lmrmakr. Z`fkt tmrkdk fmcck fkr fóyóacóatm tmsfkt mtdma fue `ìİa
fkr dksæcokr. F`zİ p`r`dmtrmcmrke pgzktki gcd`c rİ y` o` fmcck fkr t`v`e
omėmrkek `ŗd`d c rİ rmlrmsygeo s`ėc ed`y ì cİŗİcİr. Fótóe fu dm-
tgtc r, `r`ŗtİrİjİeİe kŗke s`e`t yùeóeó fodmskek lmrmatkrme vm st`eo`rt
uyluc`d`c r` lùrm o`b` i zc` okaa`tk zgruecu aİc`e y`ac`ŗİdc`roİr.
Ìgacu rmlrmsyge dgomck kcm kclkck gc r`a fu fùcódom kejmcmemecmrke
oİŗİeo pma ìga prgfcmd (6:) magegdmtrk fokd o cİeİe ózmrkeom ì`fŗtİėİ
ageuc`roİr. Lkrkŗ ektmckėkeomak fu akt`fİdİz, magegdmtrka `e`ckz kìke
lmrmack d`tmd`tkasmc kst`tkstka tmdmckek vmrmfkcokysm `d`jİe uc ŗdİŗ
omdmatkr.
ÌGAC] VMLVMZ[GE ÅCM ľCLľCľ ^VGFCMDCMV
0. Bİzc eoİr`e tmgrkskeke smyy c ŗmackem lùrm,
K, 4 p,[
t
Wİ + ,:
6
A
t
Wİ + m,
66 E.Y.@. E r skdb`d, Bkeokst e kìke aurouėu dgomcom ójrmt lmckrckcmrk kìke D^J'yk `
prkgrk gc r a 0 a`fuc momr vm ùzmc tóamtkd kcm kclkck omeacmdk ùycm bms pc r. Fa. E.Y.@. E r skd-
b`d "@ Zbgrt tmrd c eekel Dgomc Igr Keok " Egrtb Bgcc eo Jg. Jgetrkfutkges igr Mjgegdkj
@e`cysks8 RKK, 0;=9.
6: @ct smt bkpgtmzcmrkeke tmstk, y`pİ omėkŗdmcmrk, kbd c mokcdkŗ omėkŗamecmr, o`ėİtİcdİŗ lm-
jkadm (okstrkfutmo c l) dgomccmrk, gtgrmlrmsski stróatórcmr, lmemccmŗtkrkcdkŗ CZ dmtg] rİ, lrup-
c eoİrİcdİŗ vmrkcmr, omėkŗamecmrom b t gcd sİ b ckeom uyluc e`fkcmjma tmaekacmr, omeacmd sks-
tmdcmrk vm magegdmtrka dgomccmrcm kclkck s yİc dİy j a a`o r ìga dmsmcm fu r o zkarmokcmfkckr.
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K emt y tİrİd, [ b`sİc`, A smrd ym stgaueu lùstmrkygr.
k) @FO magegdkskem `kt `ŗ ėİo`ak vmromrk aucc`e`r`a y`tİrİd omea-
cmdkek t`bdke mokekz.
[İc
Emt [`tİrİd
B`sİc`
Zmrd`ym Ztgau
0;?9
60.<
6?=.=
:6:.6
0;?<
0<.0
6=0.>
:?>.:
0;?2
66.2 69>.?
:9:.0
0;?;
;.2
6=2.9
:<6.;
0;=> 60.< 6<2.9 :;?.9
0;=0
6=.6
:>>.6
?0;.2
0;=6
09.:
:>2.;
?:9.0
0;=:
0:.=
:6:.0 ??;.9
0;=?
2.:
:0=.?
?=<.;
0;==
0<.:
:?0.<
?<=.6
0;=9
0<.; :=0.?
?;:.0
0;=<
0?.: :=;.:
=><.?
0;=2
?.:
:?;.= =00.<
0;=; 06.0
:<6.9
=6:.2
0;9>
00.=
:2?.;
=:=.:
kk) _`bdke mokcme a`ts`yİc`rİe magegdka ygrudueu y`pİeİz.
kkk) Fu igeaskygeue vmrkcmrk f ŗ`rİcİ ŗmakcom kz`b mokp mtdmokėk ageu-
sueo em oóŗóeóygrsueuz7
Jmv`p8
_`bdke mokcdma kstmeme omeacmd s`fkt tmrkdk kbtkv mtdmokėk kìke
fu prgfcmdom f`ŗc elİì egat`sİ mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmrk bms`pc d`a
ymtmjma.
k) Ùrema omvrmsk 0;?<-0;9>
0;9> 0;9> 0;9>
Z [ , , 4 0:09.6. 0 A
t
W
(
- 9>92 < R K, 4 606.0 e40?
t‟0;?< t 4-0< t4 0<
F`ŗc elİì egat`sİ mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmr8
[
t
Wİ A,Wİ K
t
A
[ ,W İ 0:==6;;.<> 0;>2>9;.:? 9:=>9.;9
A
,Wİ
692<<09.>< 2;60<.<:
K, :9=6.:;
A 20926=9.66
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Ùcìma omėkŗtkrdm8 (R 'R )'k 0 /ľÑGG kcm ì`rp cİd.
0 0
Q (R 'R )T-İ 4 (R 'R)-İ ( )-5 4 0>>> (R 'R)-İ
0>>> 0>>>
0>>> (R 'R )-İ 4
0.:;0>: -.;2<=6
.<>0??
(R 'R)-' 4
0.:;0>: ‟ .;2<=6
.<>0??
R 0>-:
0.:;0>= ‟ .;2<=6
-.;2<=6 .<>0??
9:=>9.;9
2;60<.<:
R0>-:
.6:=2
-.0::=
(:'R'[ 4 (.6:=2 ‟ .0::=)
9:=>9.;9
2;60<.<:
4 :>9?.:<
m'm 4 =22.6
m'm
Z6 4
4 ?;.>>0<
e‟a
Z- 4 ±6(R'R)-k 4 ?;.>>0< (R'R)-K
^
:>9?.:<
V
6
4 4 .2:;
:9=6.:;
å, 4 .6:=2 [ ,.,‟ .0::= A
t
W
t
(.6900) (.02=?)'
kk) Bİzc eoİr`e tmgrkskem lùrm,
K, 4 2(
[,Wİ
‟ A,.İ) + m,
4 Z`j
[
t
Wİ‟
Z
A
t
Wİ
-i-
m,
.>9209
-.>?2:;
.>:?:<
V
6
4 .2:;
?:>
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Z rm`askyge a`ts`yİsİoİr vm ñ 3 & 3 0,
`
o smrd`ym b`sİc gr`eİoİr.
A*,W İ 4 gptkdud smrd ym stgau 4 ` [ ,W İ
K
t
4 Z(A *
t
W , - A
t
W,)
Bms`pc oİėİdİz rmlrmsyge'o Z'eİe t`bdkek gc r`a p
6
4 . 0::= vm
eke t`bdkek gc`r`a H: 4 .6:=2'okr. Fur`o`e smrd`ym b`sİc gr`eİ
kìke fkr t`bdke y`p`fkckrkz.
.6:=2
« 4 4 0.<99 Fu omėmr @FO magegdksk kìke ùe fkclomrk-
•0::= dkzm gcouaì uyd`at`oİr.
Omeacmdom s`fkt tmrkd ymr cd`d`at`oİr. Z`fkt tmrkdke lmrmack
gcup gcd`oİėİeİ `ec d`a kìke rmlrmsygeu ùejm s`fkt tmrkdck gc r`a bms`p-
c`d`a o`b` sger` s fkt tmrkdke sİiİro e `ec`dcİ ŗmakcom i racİ gcup gcd`-
oİėİe` f`ad`a o` dódaóeoór.
kkk) ľak ageu ózmrkeom our`cİd8 fkrk `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗamecmrke m'o`e
f`ėİdsİz gcup gcd`oİėİ, okėmrk om [ ,W
8
, A,Wİ `r`sİeo` ìgacu f`ėİetİ.
jgv ([
t
W İ m,Wk) 4 > k U 0
<*> k 5 0
jgv(A
t
W,, m
t
W ,) 4 > k U 0
Ht > k 5 0
Lùrócoóėó lkfk [,Wİ vm A,W, m'o`e f`ėİdsİz omėkc. Fu ourud t`b-
dke mokjkcmrke FC] gcd`sİe kdaæe vmrdmz.
Okėmr fkr prgfcmd om ìgacu f`ėİetİ b ck. Fu ourud st`eo`rt b`t -
c rİe fóyóacóėóeom `ìİaì fmckrkygr.
6. Akdy`s C fkr kstkbs c prgsmskeom ekb k óróeóe kìkeomak y`f`ejİ
d`oom gr`eİ1 a`t ckzùróe agesmİİtr svgeu vm rm askygeu İsİsİeİe fkr igea-
skygeu gc r`a oóŗóeócdmatmokr. Fu uesurc rİe y`f`ejİ d`oom gr`eİ
ózmrkeomak mtakcmrkek t`yke mtdma kìke y`pİcdİŗ gc e fkr omemy `ŗ`ėİo`ak
sgeuìc rİ vmrdkŗtkr.
0:0
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[`f`ejİ Agesmetr`s-
d`oom yózomsk yge
([)
(R.)
Ksİ
(R
6
)
=
6
6
?
6
>
>
6
0
0
0
0
g
g
g
‟0
‟K
‟0
0
>
‟0
0
>
‟0
0
g
‟0
(egt8 Zİiİrc r egrd c agesmetr`s-
yge vm İsİyİ lùstmrkygr,
-i- vm ‟ 0 0mr bmr kak ks-
tka`dmttmak fkrkd omėkŗ-
dmcmrk ki`om mokygr.)
k) Ymromrk ogėrus c fkr dgomcom aucc eİeİz.
kk) A`ts`yİc`rİe sİiİro e `ec`dcİ ŗmakcom i`rab gcup gcd`oİac`rİd t`baka
mokekz.
kkk) Bmr kak a ts`yİeİe fkrome sİiİr gcouėu ŗmackeomak bkpgtmzk tmst mokekz.
kv) Z fkt tmrkdke 6'ym mŗkt gcouėu bkpgtmzkek 4 .>= kcm tmst mokekz.
Jmv`p8
(k) R 8 (;
R
:) cóa fkr d trkas
R R 4
KR, ZR
6
ZR,R
6
g
9
>
>
>
9
R'R 'ke oky`lge`c gcuŗu ,: İ vm (:
6
eke agc yj bms`pc ed`sİe kdaæe
vmrkygr.
|R'R| 4 (;) (9) (9) 4 :6?
0
> > İ [ 02
;
0
(R'R)-3 4
> > R '[ 4 6R ,[
4
9
R'R)-3 4
9
0
> >
9
XR
6
[ 9
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0
> >
02 6
@
g
;
HJ
0
p 4
>
9
>
0
9 0
ľ c '
> >
9
9
0
^
6
['[ 4 =2
p'R '[ 4 (6 0 0)
m'm 4 0>
0> =
02
9
9
4 ?2
;‟:
=
- ‟
> >
6<
=
> 02 >
=
> >
02
ZU4 s6(R'R)-İ 4
^
kk) m ‟ DYE (>, tr
6
K) i`rzmomckd. p, E(p―
ii
j
e
) (j
B
, (R'R)-±'ke
oky`lge c mcmd`ec rİ)
^.-^k
Y
s j
kk
Bg 8 p, 4 > j c _
0‟>
t`f t.
>6=İ?
4 6.??<
Y=/ 02
j c _ 3 t f t gcouėueo`e p
(
4 > bkpgtmzk a`fuc mokckr,
pg kìke om tmst sgeuìc rİ İ'ke `yeİoİr.
?::
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ľľľ) @EGY@V _`fcgsu
A`ye`a s.o Z Z
DZ
c,R İ,R ` a4: p'R '[ ‟ ?2 ?2/ : 4 09 v
Z fkt tmrkd r4c p
>
'R'[ 4 :9
?2 9
0> :
4 ;.9
:9 9
:9/ 0 4 :9 u 4 460.9
0> 0
R ― R
6
a - r4 > (p, ^,)
B`t`
06 9
06 06/ 6 4 9 w 4 4:.9
0> 6
e‟ a49 0>
e 4 ; [ '[ 4 =2
06 9
0>/9
_mst st`tkstkėkdkz w
t ` f
I
6
,.,= 4 =.0?
4 :.9
w
0
0> 6
' 6,9
Gys Bg 8 İ 4 p
6
4 > bkpgtmzk `ej`a w omėmrk t`f I'ome fóyóasm
sùz ageusu gc`fkckr, w 3 t`f I gcouėueo e Bg8 İ 4 p
6
4 > rmoomokckr.
kv) Fu bkpgtmzke vmrkcmr a`rŗİsİeo a`fuc mokcmjmėk `ìİatİr.
:. @ŗ`ėİo`ak vmrkcmrk aucc`e`r`a, ùėrmejkcmrke aur grt`c`d c`rİeİe,
zmaæ tmstk sgeuìc rİ vm gaud bİzc rİ kcm kz`b mokckp mokcmdmymjmėkek
t`rtİŗİeİz.
Aur grt`c`d`sİ Xmaæ gaud` bİzİ
6.? 6;= ?0
Aur grt`c d`sİ [
.9 0=6
02
Xmaæ R,
.6
60?
?=
Gaud` bİzİ x
6
>
0<0 6;
0.>
0:0 62
.9 0<2
:2
0.>
66=
6=
.?
0?0
69
>
009
66
6.9
0<:
:<
?:?
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Jmv`p8
[ 4 ‟ .2;<> + .>><; R , + .>00= R
6
V
6
4 .9?0 r
6
4 .==6
(0.0<?) (.>><) (>.?6=)
^'R'[/ a :.6;;9
j c I 4 4 4 ?.092
m'm/ e‟a .<;09
t`f I
:< >=
4 ?.:=
j c I 3 t`f I gcouėueo`e Bg 8 (: 4 > bkpgtmzkek a`fuc mokygruz.
@ìİac yİjİ omėkŗamecmr fkr fótóe gc r`a f`ėİdcİ omėkŗameomak omėkŗdm-
cmrk kz`bt f`ŗ`rİcİ omėkc. Xmaæ vm gaud bİzİ r`sİeo dmvjut ìgacu
f`ėİetİ b`ck om st`eo`rt b`t`c`rİ fóyótme fkr i`atùr. Dmvjut vmrk R İ vm
R
6
'eke mtaomrkek `yrİ `yrİ tmsfkt momfkcmjmėkdkz zmelkeckatm omėkc.
Fu ourudo aur grt c d`sİeİ kz`bt f`ŗa omėkŗamecmr vmy dmtgo-
c r `r`d`dİz lmrmack.
?. Fkrcmŗka A r`ccİėİe p`t`tms ktb`c t`cmfk om olok gc`r a V. Ztgem,
ktb`c t`cmfkeke iky`t msemackėkeke c'ome fóyóa gcouėueu vm yurt kìkeom
órmtome p`t`tmske iky`tİe` a`rŗİ `yeİ fóyóacóatm fkr ka`dm msemackėk kcm
a`rŗİc`eoİėİd, `yrİj` a`yo` omėmr fkr eml tki trmeoke v`rcİėİeİ fmckrt-
dmatmokr. ľak msemackėk mŗkt a`fuc momrma fu omėmrk vm z`d`e trmeokek
t`bdke mokekz. Ztgem'ue uyluc`d`sİe` p`r cmc gc`r a igeaskygeu, s`fkt
msemacka vmrme cgl`rktdka ogėrus`c igrdo` bms`pc`yİeİz.(6?)
åelotmrm'om s`tİe `cİe`e p`t`tms dkat`r vm iky`tc`rİ8
[İc
P
^ ^'
0;6> :><
69.2
0:.0
0;66
0==
69.9
<.2
P
8 ľtb cæt 0>>> tge
0;6? :9: 09.:
0>.2 ^ 8 Iky`t
0;69 6<:
0?.=
<.?
^'
8 [urt kìkeom kstkbs c mokcme
0;62 :2: 0:.; 2.> p`t`tmske iky`tİ.
0;:> 6:6 06.= =.<
0;:6
969
0>.>
2.>
0;:? 06? 02.?
9.6
0;:9
6==
0:.6 <.=
0;:2
00< 0;.> 9.2
6? .(. Hgbe±tge, .l.m Zb. 0?> r. ?-=.
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Jmv`p8
P« i( , ^', t)
^
6
p
:
0 + m
P
t
4 @ ^ ^' m
ceP
t
4 ľe @ + p, ľe ^ + p
6
ľe ^' + p
:
t + m
^İ 4 ‟ p6 c cİd.
ceP
t
4 ľe @ + p,(ce
^‟ľe
^') + p
6
0 + m
ceP, 4 [
ľe@ 4 p
>
ľe ^ ‟ ľe ^' 4 R
[ 4 p
>
+ p, R + p
6
0 + m
Ymrkcmr8
[İc R t [
0;6>
.<0=<2
0
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6
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:
=.>?:?:
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9
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< =.9>;?<
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0;:>
.<2=<9
00
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6
.66:0?
0:
9.?:;:=
?
0.>2<20 0= ?.262:0
9
.=9=:0 0< =.=?069
0;:2
0.>6<=6
0;
?.<960<
<.692:=
0>>
==.6?>>0
.<692:= 0> =.=6?>>0
F ŗc elİì egat sİ mtr iİeo ak dgdmetcmr8
R
t
[
A
R
9.09;90:
<:.06:;0
0::>
[
:2.<9:;<6
=?:.29>9;
:><.9=><<0
0>
A
6;==.:0<=6<Y
0:9
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Grt`c d` mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmr8
.229<<6 .??>?0> ‟ 0.:29?>0
::> ‟2.=:;?0>
6.=>?;>0
:0?.?6>26>Y
| R'R| 4 6;6.90269
/ 0.06<<?; ‟ .>>0=>= x
(R'R)-
H
4 ( ) Agetrgc8 (R 'R) (R 'R p 4 K
S ‟ .>>0=>= .>>:>:> '
t > S / ‟
0 = = > 9 9
S ―
U p
6
' S ‟ .>6:<2< /
[ 4 9.2; ‟ 0.==0 R‟ .>6:<;t
P
t
4 ;2: ^~
0==0
^'
0
-
==0
m
- > 6 : 2
'
Iky`t msemackėk om olok t`bdke 0.==0. _`cmptm yİco` % 6.:2 cka fkr
`z`cd` dóŗ`bmom mokckygr. Ymrkcmr Ztgem'ue sgeuìc`rİeİ ogėrucuygr.
. =. ]ì `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗameck fkr ìgacu rmlrmsyge prgfcmdkeom `ŗ -
ėİo`ak kcmrkym ogėru Oggckttcm ìùzódó mcom mokcdkŗtkr.
R, R, R, [ J j
6
Jh
? ‟6 ? 06 0 > >
: ‟0 0> > 0 >
; 00 > > 0
@,
?
‟6
? 06
0
>
>
F, 0 -0/ 6 0 : 0/? > >
@,
6
0 09
0/6
0
>
F
6
0 0/6 2 0/? 0/6 >
@,
;/6 ‟;
‟=?
‟06
0
F, 0 ‟6 ‟= 02 ‟0,; 6/;
e 4 06, [ 4 9=, R, 4 ?, x
6
4 =, x
:
4 0?
3 @ @ * ±
k) [ 4 p
e
-h- ^hR
(
-)- :,R
6
+ ^
:
R
:
omeacmdkek t`bdke mokekz.
kk) DZM 4 2 a`fuc momrma, @EGY@V t`fcgsueu aurueuz vm % ;;
`ec dcİcİa smvkymskeom Bg 8 (:,, ŕ
6
, (:
:
4 (>,>,>) bkpgtmzkek tmst mokekz.
-
6
'
kkk) V
6
vm V yk vm R
6
vm R h óe a`taİsİeİ bms`pc`yİeİz.
kv) % ;= `ec`dcİcİac` B
>
8 Q:
:
4 > bkpgtmzkek tmst mokekz.
?:<
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9. Ogauzueju fùcódom bms pc`eİŗ igrdóccmrkek t`iskcætcİ gc`r a
lùroóėódóz f`skt ogėrus c rmlrmsygeu, d`trkascmrk vm vmatùrcmrk auc-
c`e`r`a lùstmrkekz vm Fùcód KR 'o` lùroóėódóz igrdóccmrke, d`trkas
jmfrk ]m ki`om mokcdkŗ igrdóccmrke ùzmc b ccmrkeome f`ŗa fkr ŗmy gcd`oİėİeİ
grt`y` ìİa`rİeİz.
. `
R
`
<. [ 4 (:
>
R, 0> omeacmdkeom
r
ky,x
t
vm
r
İy,x
6
msemackacmrkeke
sİr`sİ kcm Q:İ vm6.:>69 U6R6 gcouėueu lùstmrkekz. Fu igeaskygemc igrdue,
ogėrus c rmlrmsyge dgomck ìmrìmvmsk kìkeom bms pc eİp bmHkİpc e`dİy -
j`ėİeİ oóŗóeóeóz.
2. 0< eud`r`b okpegtt ymr c e rmlrmsyge _óra magegdksk kcm kclkck
`ŗ`ėİo`ak vmrkcmrome bms`pc edİŗtİr.
[İc
Jp
[
`
\
E@
E \
e `
^
LE^
^
[@
^
v
E @
0;=0
;.09? =.=9?
0.2;<
:.6::
.:9<;
:200 .:=02
0;=6 0>.=9= 9.0;:
6.0?2 ?.>2:
.:;=6 :;2= .:296
0;=:
06.966 <.6:=
6.:<?
?.;;< .?0<;
?6=6
.?0>>
0;=? 06.;:6
=.;6<
6.2:; 9.>0; .?9<; ?::;
. 029<
0;== 0=.>=:
<.9:2
:.26>
9.<?6 .=:?; =06=
.=?<6
0;=9
0<.229 ;.>;9
?.<6: <.:<2
.=<2<
=909
.=;62
0;=< 66.2<< 06.>>=
=.=29
;.>:6
.926;
<6:0
.9==2
0;=2
62.:=; 09.0??
9.;=0
0>.<<2
.<<>0
26<?
.<:<9
0;=; :=.?>; 02.?;= ;.?6? 0:.2=; .;0?2 ;=06 .2;2<0;9>
:<.99< 0;.6:2 0>.>9? 0=.>=< .;=?6 ;<<2 .;?06
0;90
:;.<6; 0;.>?2
00.=;<
0=.2?6
0.>>>> 0
>>>> 0.>>>>
0;96
??.:;9
60.<<; 06.?26 0<.<;6 0.>==0 0
>2>6
0.>:0<
0;9:
=6.06<
6=.0?: 0:.?06
60.>:?
0.0602 0
0=22 0.>220
0;9?
=?.?:> 6=.2>> 0=.>:6 6:.>?6
0.0?;9 0
02;: 0.009>
0;9=
=<.?2> 6=.?:? 09.<;6
69.00? 0.02>0 0
606? 0.0=6:
Vmlrmsygeu bms`pc yİeİz. Ìgacu f`ėİetİeİe mtakcmrkek lkomrdma kìke
c fkcmjmėkekz tmofkrcmrk oóŗóeóeóz. (Dmsmcæ dubtmcki amskt ì cİŗd c rİe-
o`e mcom mtdmekz dódaóe gc e oİŗ fkclkcmrk aucc e`r`a a`yİtc eoİrİcdİŗ
CZ'yk omemykekz.)
;. K , 4 Z`[
t
‟ 2A
t
W , > 3 Z 3 0
ŗmackeom ki`om mokcme smyy c bİzc eoİr`e tmgrkskeke _óra magegdksk kìke
lmìmrckckėkek t`rtİŗİeİz.
(Omeacmdk s`fkt tmrkdskz vm s`fkt tmrkdck gc r`a bms`pc yİeİz. Vm`a-
skyge a`ts`yİsİ vm smrd ym b`sİc a`ts`yİsİeİ t`bdke mokekz. Bms p-
c e`e omėmrcmrk fkrkejk prgfcmdomak sgeuìc rc a`rŗİc ŗtİrİeİz.
Ymrkcmrcm kclkck gc r`a ]. Agrud .l.m Zb. 0?>-096 ome i`yo c e -
fkckrskekz.)
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0>. tgpt`e mŗy iky`tc`rİ lmemc keomask 0;=: 4 0>>
^
r
t`rİds c vm sİe k órmtkd keomask 0;=: 4 0>>
y
p`r `rzİeİe lmckr sór`tk
D
OK b`rj`e`fkckr lmckrk lùstmrske.
^ 4 i(OK, ^r,- ‟ , m)
D
(: |:
6
^r y/ D + m
4 (:g OK 0> 0> omeacmdkek `ŗ`ėİo`ak vmrkcmrk
aucc`e`r`a bms pc`yİeİz. Fu igeaskygemc igrd'ue lmìmrckckėkek t`rtİŗİeİz.
_gpt`e mŗy` iky`tc`rİ keomaskeke `ìİac`yİjİ omėkŗamecmromak omėkŗdmcmrm
a`rŗİ grt c d c ro ùcìócme msemackacmrkek ^r.<'ome om i`yo c e`r`a
bms`pc`yİeİz.(6=)
[İc OK ^r
y/ D
^
0;=0
0>.66;
<<.2 =.:>
;<
0;=6
00.;>2
22.>
=.0:
;2
0;=:
0?.>::
0>>.>
?.;;
0>>
0;=?
0:.;=6
2=.9
?.:2 000
0;== 0<.>>: 0>0.0 ?.:6 00;
0;=9
0;.2=:
0>:.;
:.;= 0:;
0;=< 6=.00?
06:.> :.22 09=
0;=2
6;.::> 06:.: ?.6? 0;>
0;=; :=.:20
06:.? ?.?0 66<
0;9>
:2.20; 0:>.0 ?.=?
6:;
0;90
:2.=:6
06?.>
?.66
6?9
0;96
??.0<=
0::.;
?.:9
69>
0;9: =>.9<< 0=:.:
?.?;
6<0
0;9? =?.699
09?.<
?.09 69;
0;9=
=2.><0 0<:.0 :.26
6;:
(OK 8 dkcy`r _C j rk iky`t)
6=
.;?=? ‟ ,>>6> r .>09: y/D
Jmv`p8 (.>9:;) (.>>>9) (.>0?6) V
H
4. ;?6 o 4 0.?<
4 0.26; Oľ 0> 0>
f`aİeİz8 Z. Agrud " _órakym'om _gpt e Mŗy Iky`tc`rİ Meomask" ZFI y`yİeİ Eg. 69>. D`ckym
Mestktósó [`yİec rİ :>, @ea`r 0;92. rgfcmdcm kclkck vmrkcmr kìke1 .l.m Zb. 9>.
0:;
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FľFCľ[GLV@I[@
V. C. @eomrsge, _. @. F`ejrgit8 Zt tkstkj c _bmgry ke Vmsm rjb, Dj. Lr`w
Boc, 0;=6.
_. \. @eomrsge8
@rİ
Ketrgoujtkge tg Ductkv rk tm Zt tkstkj c @e cysks,
\omy, 0;=2
B. O. Fruea8
@e
Ketrgoujtkge tg D tbmd tkj c Zt tkstkjs,
Lkee Jg., 0;9>.
V. J. Fuja8 @ov ejmo J cjucus 6. Mo. Dj. Lr`w Boc, 0;9=.
_. Fucut`y8
Magegdmtrka Fkr Omemdm,
ZFI [ `yİec`rİ Eg8 60<-0;;, 0;9<.
_. Fucut`y8 Ogėrus c rglr dc d (Lkrkŗ) ZFI [ `yİec`rİ 029-092, 0;9=.
J. I. Jbrkst8 Mjgegdmtrkj Dgomcs eo Dmtbgos, \kcmy, 0;99.
\. L. Jgjbr`e8 Z dpckel tmjbekqums 6. Mo. \kcmy, 0;9:.
B. Jr`dmr8 _bm Mcmdmets gi rgf fkckty _bmgry eo Zgdm gi kts @ppckj -
tkges, \kcmy, 0;==.
_. Ì`vo`r8
Magegdkym ]yluc edİŗ Lmemc D tmd tka,
OľM [`yİec`rİ Eg8
9>=, 0;<>.
\. H. Okxge, I. H. D`ssmy8
Ketrgoujtkge tg Zt tkstkj c @e cysks,
Dj. Lr`vv
BľD, 0;=<.
H. Ourfkrİ, J. Z. \`Csge8
_mstkel igr Zmrkek Jgrrmc tkge ke Cm st Zqu rms
Vmlrmsskge K
, KK Fkgdmtrkj` Ygc. :< Omj. 0;=>, Fkgdmtrkj` Ygc. :2
Huem 0;=0.
^. Z. Owymr8 Ckem r Jgdput tkges, \kcmy, 0;=0.
D. Mzmakmc, A. Igx8 Dmtbgos gi Jgrrmc tkge eo Vmlrmsskge @e cysks, :.
Mo. \kcmy 0;=;.
\. Imccmr8
@e
Ketrgoujtkge tg rgf fkckty _bmgry eo Kts @ppckj tkges,
\kcmy 0;=<.
O. @. Z. Ir`zmr8 Zt tkstkjs8
@e
Ketrgoujtkge
,
\kcmy 0;=2.
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B. Irmmd`e8 Ketrgoujtkge _g Zt tkstkj c Keimrmejm, @ooksge-\mscmy, 0;9:.
H. M. Irmueo8 D tbmd tkj c Zt tkstkjs, ^rmetkjm B`kc, 0;96.
@. Z. Lgcofmrlmr8 Mjgİİgdmtrkj _bmgry, \kcmy, 0;9?.
I. @. Lr`yfkcc8
@e Ketrgoujtkge tg Ckem r Zt tkstkj c Dgomcs,
Dj. L r`w
Bkcc, 0;90.
L. B`ocmy8 Ckem r @clmfr , @ooksge \mscmy, 0;90.
^. L. Bgmc8 Ketrgoujtkge tg D tbmd tkj c Zt tkstkjs :. Mo., \kcmy 0;96.
^. L. Bgof Mcmdmet ry Zt tkstkjs, \kcmy, 0;90.
V. Bgll, @. Jr`kl8
Ketrgoujtkge tg D tbmd tkj c Zt tkstkjs,
D`jDkcc`e,
0;=;.
Z. B. Byd`es8 rgf fkckty _bmgry \ktb Zt tkstkj c @ppckj tkges tg Mjgeg-
dmtrkjs eo Omjkskge D akel ^rmetkjm B`kc, 0;9<.
H. Hgbestge8 Mjgegdmtrkj Dmtbgos, Dj Lr`w Bkcc, 0;9:.
M. H. A`em8 Mjgegdkj Zt tkstkjs eo Mjgegdmtrkjs B`rpmr Vgw, 0;92.
D. L. Ameo`cc., @ . Ztu`rt8 _bm @ov ejmo _bmgry gi Zt tkstkjs Ygc. K, 6. Mo.
Lrkiike, Cgeoge, 0;9:.
B. Aİzoy`ccİ8 _kkra Ymrlk Zkstmdkeke Magegdka @e ckzk, ZFI [ `yİec`rİ
Eg8 629, 0;9;.
C. Aksb8
Zurvmy Z dpckel,
\kcmy 0;9=.
Z. A grud8 _órakym om _gpt e Mŗy Iky tc rİ Meomask, ZFI [ `yİec`rİ
Eg8 69>, 0;92.
]. Agrud8
Magegdmtrka Dgomccmr vm _óra Magegdksk kìke Fkr Omemdm,
ZFI [ `yİec`rİ Eg8 692, 0;9;.
H. V. Ck8 Ketrgoujtkge tg Zt tkstkj c Keimrmejm, Mow`ros Frgtbmrs, 0;=<.
F. \. Ckeolrme8 Zt tkstkj c _bmgry, D`jDkcc`e, 0;96.
_. J. Cku8
]eomrkome kikj tkge, Ztrujtur c Mstkd tkge `eo Igrmj stkel,
Mjgegdmtrkj` Gjt. 0;9>.
@. D. Dggo, I. @. Lr`yfkcc8
Ketrgoujtkge tg _bm _bmgry gi Ztutkstkjs,
6. Mo.
Dj Lr`w Bkcc, 0;9:.
I. Dgstmccmr, V. Vguram, _bgİe`s8
rgf fkckty wktb Zt tkstkj c @ppckj tkges
@ooksge \mscmy, 0;90.
E. Y. @. E`r`skeİb`d8 @ Zbgrt _mrd c eekel Dgomc igr Keok , Egrtb
Bgcc`İİo ^uf. Jg. Jgetrkfutkges _g Mjgegdkj @e`cysks, 0;=9.
006
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D. Emrcgvm, A. I. \`ccks8
]sm
gi
tbm Ourfke \ tsge Zt tkstkj ke Kerpprgprk-
tm Zktu tkges, Mjgİİgdmtrkj` H`e. 0;99.
H. Emyd`e8 Ikrst Jgursm ke rgf fkckty eo Zt tkstkjs Bgct, Vkemb`rt `eo
\kestge, 0;=>.
F. Gstcm8 Zt tkstkjs ke Vmsm rjb 6. Mo. Kgw` Zt`tm ]e. ^rmss, 0;9:.
M. ^`rzme8
Dgomre rgf fkckty _bmgry eo Kts @ppckj tkges,
\kcmy, 0;9>.
Gukee Dj. Emd`r8 ^syjbgcglkj c Zt tkstkjs, :. Mo. \omy, 0;96.
C. H. Z`v`lm8 _bm Igueo tkges gi Zt tkstkjs, \kcmy, 0;=?.
L. \. Zemomjgr8 Zt tkstkj c Dmtbgos, =. Mo. Kgw` Zt`tm ]e. ^rmss, 0;9:.
O. F. Zukts8
Zt tkstkjs8
@e
Ketrgoujtkge tg Ìu etkt tkvm Mjgegdkj Vmsm rjb,
V`eo Dj. E`ccy, 0;9:.
H. ]spmesay8 Ketrgoujtkge _g D tbmd tkj c rgf fkckty, Dj. Lr`w Bkcc,
0;:<.
L. ^. \`oswgrtb., H. L. Fry`e8
Ketrgoujtkge tg rgf fkckty eo V eogd
Y rk fcms,
Dj Lr`w Bkcc, 0;9>.
gGg
K
0?:
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A@YV@D ľEOMAZľ
@
@ìİac yİjİ omėkŗame :0;
@askyge 0;?, 692
@askyge uz`yİ 0;?
@ctmre`tki bkpgtmz 0;:
.@r cİa ŗmackeom t bdke 0;:, 6:2
@rtİa'c r :6=
@yrİa gc y 62, 69?
F
F`ėİdcİ omėkŗame :6>
F ŗc elİì egat sİ mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmr ::>
F saİe ìİad 0;=
F`yms igrdócó :6
F`yms'jk y`ac ŗİd 0;=
Fmacmeme omėmr 2;
Fmacmeme omėmr jmfkrk ;?, 0<9
ŕ rtcİ fmacmeme omėmr 0>2
Fkegdk c o`ėİcİd 06;, 0=?
Egat fkegdk c 0:0, 0=?
F ŗ rİ yózomsk 0:0
Egrd c mėrk kcm y ac ŗd 0?2
eml tki fkegdk c 0=?
Fkegdk c tmgrmd :9
Fkrmfkr a rŗİcİacİcİa 09
Fkrkejk i rac r :<?
Fkrcmŗtkrdm (Agdfke`syge) :=
Fkrùrema O`ėİcİd 0==
Fóyóa s yİc r a`eueu 0<2, 02>
j
Jbmfvsbmv mŗktskzckėk 0<;, 02:
Jbk a rm o`ėİcİdİ 6:>
Jgetkelmejy t fcgc rİ :><
ì
Ì rpİacİa 00=
Ìkit cgl`rktdka oùeóŗtórdm :06
Ìgacu f`ėİetİ ?6:, ?6<
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G
Omtmrdke`syge A ts`yİsİ :=>, :;<
Omtmrdkekst tckŗakcmr :6>
Ogėrus ccİa :66, ::6, :;?
Oggckttcm dmtgou ?>?, ?0?
Ourfke-\ tsge Zt tkstkėk :<>
M
Magegdmtrk :6>
Me kyk `skdptgtka egrd ccka 60>
Me aóìóa a rmcmr dmtgou :6:
Msemacka :?0
Mtakecka 6>?
@skdptgtka mtakecka 6>?, 6>;
I
I o`ėİcİdİ 6:=
Igeaskyge 0=
Ogd ke 0=
V elm 0=
Igeaskygemc igrd :6>
L
L`dd o ėİcİdİ 0=?
L`uss-D ragv tmgrmdk ::6, :;?
Lmgdmtrka O`ėİcİd 0=?
Lrupc eoİrİcdİŗ vmrkcmrom agrrmc syge
Lóvme r cİėİ 6?>
Grt c d kìke 6?>
Grt c d c r i raİ kìke 6?2
Y`ry`es kìke 6=>
Gr ec rc kclkck 6=?
Gr ec r i raİ kcm kclkck 6=9
Lóvme fùclmcmrk 6=6
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- • , - r •
Lóvme a ts yİsİ 0;?
Lóvme sİeİrc e 6:2
B t a`rmcmrk tgpc dİ (ZZM) :=?
Bmtmrgsjmo stkjkty :9;
Bkpmrlmgdmtrka o`ėİcİd 0=?
Bkpgtmz 69?
F skt 69?, 699
A rd ŗİa 69=
Bkpgtmz tmst'k 0;:, 69?, 6<;
Bgdgsjmo stkjkty :6?, :9;, :;6
0
ľckŗak 0?
ľcamc gc y 66
Kev rk ejm 60?
ľst tkstka t bdke 0;:
ľŗcmyme a r atmrkstka 6<>, 622
A
A r r cd aur cİ 0;=
A`fuc mokcmfkckr aur c 0;9
A r r cd prgfcmdk 0;:
A rtmzyme ì rpİd 0:
Agrrmc syge A ts yİsİ 0>:, 0?9, :?2
Agv`ry`es 0>6
C
Ckamckbggo igeaskygeu ::;
Ckamckbggo gr d tmst'k 6<?
Lmemccmŗtkrkcdkŗ 6<;
D
D`askdud ckamckbggo dmtgou 600, :6?
ùzmcckacmrk 60:
D rhke c Gc sİcİa o`ėİcİdİ 90
D`rhke c sİacİa igeaskygeu 9:
Dmoy e ;>, ;:
Dmramzk ckdkt tmgrmdk 0:=, 020, 02:
Dkekd as aur cİ 0;9
Dkekdud v ry elcİ c ed sİzcİa 6>?, ::=
Dgo ;>
Dgdmetcmr 00:, 0=?
Dgdmet ìİa r e igeaskyge 009, 0??, 0=?, 6?=
E
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Fkrkakdck 0:2
ľak omėkŗameck 0?=
Zt eo rt egrd c 0?Ù
Egrd c omeacmdcmr :69 ,
G
Gc sİfa 60
t rki 66
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ŕ rtcİ gc sİcİa 6=, =:
Dutc a Gc sİcİa 6<, =:
Gc soİa ùremacmdmsk 09;
Grt c d mtr iİeo`ak dgdmetcmr ::0
Grt c d b t a rmsk (DZM) 6>?
Gtgagrrmc syge :6?, :<>
Ù
ùcìdm b t c e :<=
Ùejmome t bdke :9>, ?66
ùremacmdm 09;
@v`et hc e 09;
ùremacmdm b t sİ 09;
F skt tms oóik ùrema 0<0
[mrkem agy r a 0<0
[mrkem aged`o`e 0<0
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ùrema grt c d sİ 0<9
ùrema uz yİ 60, 0;?
^ r dmtrm 0:>, 0::, 0:9, 0?9, 0;:
^`r`dmtrka gcdİy`e kst tkstka 699
`r dmtrm uz yİ 0;:
`rtksyge :6, 69?
gkssge o ėİcİdİ 0:6
V
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Vmlrmsyge `e ckzk :0;
F skt rmlrmsyge :0;
ľst tkstka kstkoc c :?:
Vmlrmsyge igeaskygeu 0?2, :6:
Vksa 0;=, 692
Z
Z pd 0<>, 6>=, 60;
Z pd sİzcİa 6>?, 6:?
ur±
K
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Zjbvv rtz mŗktskzckėk ľGZ
Zmrfmstcka omrmjmsk 6:6
Zmrpdm oky lr dİ :6?, :?;
Zmt ?
]ekvmrs c smt =
Fgŗ smt =
Zİeİrcİ smt ?
Zİeİrsİz smt Z
Mŗktcka 9
Mŗcmekacka 9
Auvvmt smt'k <
_`d`dc yİjİ smt <
Amskŗkd <
Fkrcmŗkd 2
I`ra 2
Zkdmtrka i ra 2
Zmt jmfrk aur cc rİ 0>
Zİeİrcİ aótcm ogėructuju ì rp`eİ 0<6
Zİr c d (pmrdut syge) :=
Zİr cİ kakck 0:
Zkdóct em ìùzód 60:
Zt eo rtc ŗtİrİcdİŗ tms oóik omėkŗamecmr 0>?
Zt tkstka 0<:
Ztga stka f`ėİdsİzcİa 62, <6, 0>:, :9<
Ztga`stka kckŗakcmr :6>
Ztr tmhk 0;?
ŕ
ŕ rtcİ o`ėİcİdc r <>
_
t o`ėİcİdİ 6:?, 6??
_ms oóik omėkŗamecmr ?2, 0<0
_`rki ?2
Amskack =>
Gc sİcİa igeaskygeu =>
Fkrkakdck o`ėİcİd igeaskygeu =:, =<,
99, <?
Omv`dcİ ==
Ìga fgyutcu =;
Fkrcmŗka gc sİcİa igeaskygeu 90
Fkrcmŗka sİacİa igeaskygeu 9:
_ms`oóik omėkŗamecmrke igeaskygec rİ <:
_mst igeaskygeu 0;?, 69<
_mst'ke auvvmtk 66>, 622
_kp K b t 69;
_kp KK b t 69;
_ut rcİcİa 6>?
A`rm b t tut rcİcİa 6>2
F`skt tut rcİcİa 6>;
]
]yd kykckėk tmst'k :0>, :=:
Ó
Óstmc o`ėİcİd 0==
Y
Y ry es ;>, 6>=
Y`ry`es `e ckzk (@EGY@V) t fcgsu :=2, ?>:
Y`ry`esİe fkr `r`y lmtkrkcdkŗ t bdkek 6?;
Y`ry`es - agv`ry`es d trkask :9;, :;6, :;=
Ymee oky`lr`dc rİ =, ;
[
[mtmrckcka 6>?, 60>
[`rİ cgl`rktdka igrd :?6
X
X r r 0;=, 692
00<
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