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TRANSCRIPT
-
CPr
ogra
mm
ing
Wik
iboo
ks.o
rg
-
July
1,20
12
On
the
28th
ofA
pril
2012
the
cont
ents
ofth
eEn
glis
has
wel
las
Ger
man
Wik
iboo
ksan
dW
ikip
edia
proj
ects
wer
elic
ense
dun
-de
rCre
ativ
eC
omm
ons
Attr
ibut
ion-
Shar
eAlik
e3.
0U
npor
ted
licen
se.A
nU
RIt
oth
islic
ense
isgi
ven
inth
elis
toffi
gure
son
page
685.
Ifth
isdo
cum
enti
sa
deriv
edw
ork
from
the
cont
ents
ofon
eof
thes
epr
ojec
tsan
dth
eco
nten
twas
still
licen
sed
byth
epr
ojec
tun
der
this
licen
seat
the
time
ofde
rivat
ion
this
docu
men
thas
tobe
licen
sed
unde
rth
esa
me,
asi
mila
ror
aco
mpa
tible
licen
se,a
sst
ated
inse
ctio
n4b
ofth
elic
ense
.The
listo
fcon
tribu
tors
isin
clud
edin
chap
terC
ontri
buto
rson
page
647.
The
licen
sesG
PL,L
GPL
and
GFD
Lar
ein
clud
edin
chap
-te
rLic
ense
son
page
691,
sinc
eth
isbo
okan
d/or
parts
ofit
may
orm
ayno
tbe
licen
sed
unde
ron
eor
mor
eof
thes
elic
ense
s,an
dth
usre
quir
ein
clus
ion
ofth
ese
licen
ses.
The
licen
ses
ofth
efig
ures
are
give
nin
the
listo
ffigu
res
onpa
ge68
5.
-
Con
tent
s1
Why
lear
nC
?.
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.3
2H
isto
ry.
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.11
3W
haty
oune
edbe
fore
you
can
lear
n.
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.15
3.1
Get
ting
Star
ted
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153.
2Fo
otno
tes
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.30
4U
sing
aC
ompi
ler
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.31
5A
tast
eof
C.
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436
Intr
oex
erci
se.
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.49
6.1
Intr
oduc
tory
Exe
rcis
es.
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.50
7B
egin
ning
C.
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558
Prel
imin
arie
s.
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.57
8.1
Bas
icC
once
pts
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57
III
-
8.2
Blo
ckSt
ruct
ure,
Stat
emen
ts,W
hite
spac
e,an
dSc
ope
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588.
3B
asic
sof
Usi
ngFu
nctio
ns.
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618.
4T
heSt
anda
rdL
ibra
ry.
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.63
8.5
Com
men
tsan
dC
odin
gSt
yle
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649
Com
pilin
g.
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.67
9.1
Prep
roce
ssor
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.69
9.2
Synt
axC
heck
ing
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.70
9.3
Obj
ectC
ode
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719.
4L
inki
ng.
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.72
9.5
Aut
omat
ion
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.72
10St
ruct
ure
and
styl
e.
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.75
10.1
CSt
ruct
ure
and
Styl
e.
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.75
10.2
Intr
oduc
tion
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.76
10.3
Lin
eB
reak
san
dIn
dent
atio
n.
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7810
.4C
omm
ents
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8510
.5L
inks
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.94
11E
rror
hand
ling
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9511
.1Pr
even
ting
divi
deby
zero
erro
rs.
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9811
.2Si
gnal
s.
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.10
011
.3se
tjmp
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.101
-
12V
aria
bles
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.10
312
.1D
ecla
ring
,Ini
tializ
ing,
and
Ass
igni
ngV
aria
bles
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105
12.2
Lite
rals
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109
12.3
The
Four
Bas
icD
ata
Type
s.
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110
12.4
sizeof
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.11
612
.5D
ata
type
mod
ifier
s.
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117
12.6
const
qual
ifier
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.11
912
.7M
agic
num
bers
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120
12.8
Scop
e.
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124
12.9
Oth
erM
odifi
ers
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.12
513
Sim
ple
Inpu
tand
Out
put
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137
13.1
Out
putu
sing
prin
tf()
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.13
813
.2O
ther
outp
utm
etho
ds.
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.14
513
.3fp
uts(
).
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.14
613
.4In
putu
sing
scan
f()
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147
13.5
Lin
ks.
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.151
14Si
mpl
em
ath
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.15
314
.1O
pera
tors
and
Ass
ignm
ents
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.15
315
Furt
herm
ath
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..1
7115
.1Tr
igon
omet
ric
func
tions
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.17
2
-
15.2
Hyp
erbo
licfu
nctio
ns.
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175
15.3
Exp
onen
tiala
ndlo
gari
thm
icfu
nctio
ns.
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177
15.4
Pow
erfu
nctio
ns.
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184
15.5
Nea
rest
inte
ger,
abso
lute
valu
e,an
dre
mai
nder
func
tions
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187
15.6
Err
oran
dga
mm
afu
nctio
ns.
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194
15.7
Furt
herr
eadi
ng.
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.19
616
Con
trol
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.19
716
.1C
ondi
tiona
ls.
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198
16.2
Loo
ps.
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.21
916
.3O
nela
stth
ing:
goto
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.23
016
.4E
xam
ples
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.23
416
.5Fu
rthe
rrea
ding
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235
17Pr
oced
ures
and
func
tions
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237
17.1
Mor
eon
func
tions
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240
17.2
Wri
ting
func
tions
inC
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.241
17.3
Usi
ngC
func
tions
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248
17.4
Func
tions
from
the
CSt
anda
rdL
ibra
ry.
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249
17.5
Var
iabl
e-le
ngth
argu
men
tlis
ts.
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.25
818
Prep
roce
ssor
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.26
518
.1D
irec
tives
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266
-
18.2
Use
fulP
repr
oces
sorM
acro
sfo
rDeb
uggi
ng.
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290
19L
ibra
ries
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.30
719
.1Fu
rthe
rrea
ding
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315
20St
anda
rdlib
rari
es.
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.31
720
.1H
isto
ry.
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.31
820
.2D
esig
n.
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.32
020
.3A
NSI
Stan
dard
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.321
20.4
Com
mon
supp
ortl
ibra
ries
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330
20.5
Com
pile
rbui
lt-in
func
tions
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.33
220
.6PO
SIX
stan
dard
libra
ry.
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333
21Fi
leIO
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335
21.1
Intr
oduc
tion
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.33
521
.2St
ream
s.
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.33
721
.3St
anda
rdSt
ream
s.
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.33
921
.4FILE
poin
ters
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.341
21.5
Ope
ning
and
Clo
sing
File
s.
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.34
221
.6O
ther
file
acce
ssfu
nctio
ns.
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.34
621
.7Fu
nctio
nsth
atM
odif
yth
eFi
lePo
sitio
nIn
dica
tor
..
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349
21.8
Err
orH
andl
ing
Func
tions
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354
21.9
Oth
erO
pera
tions
onFi
les
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357
-
21.1
0R
eadi
ngfr
omFi
les
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.361
21.1
1W
ritin
gto
File
s.
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384
21.1
2R
efer
ence
s.
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.40
822
Beg
inni
ngex
erci
ses
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.40
922
.1V
aria
bles
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.40
922
.2Si
mpl
eI/
O.
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.41
622
.3Pr
ogra
mFl
ow.
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.42
722
.4Fu
nctio
ns.
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428
22.5
Mat
h.
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428
23In
-dep
thC
idea
s.
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433
24A
rray
s.
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.43
524
.1A
rray
s.
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.43
624
.2St
ring
s.
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.44
225
Poin
ters
and
arra
ys.
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445
25.1
Dec
lari
ngpo
inte
rs.
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.44
825
.2A
ssig
ning
valu
esto
poin
ters
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..4
5125
.3Po
inte
rder
efer
enci
ng.
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.45
425
.4Po
inte
rsan
dA
rray
s.
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457
25.5
Poin
ters
inFu
nctio
nA
rgum
ents
..
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.46
425
.6Po
inte
rsan
dTe
xtSt
ring
s.
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.46
5
-
25.7
Poin
ters
toFu
nctio
ns.
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.46
825
.8Pr
actic
alus
eof
func
tion
poin
teri
nC
..
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.471
25.9
Exa
mpl
esof
poin
terc
onst
ruct
s.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
477
25.1
0si
zeof
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.47
925
.11
Ext
erna
lLin
ks.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.48
626
Mem
ory
man
agem
ent
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
489
26.1
Mal
loc
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
490
26.2
Thecalloc
func
tion
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
495
26.3
Therealloc
func
tion
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.49
626
.4T
hefree
func
tion
..
..
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..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.49
726
.5R
efer
ence
s.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.50
027
Stri
ngs
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.501
27.1
Synt
ax.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.50
227
.2T
he<string.h>
Stan
dard
Hea
der
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
506
27.3
Exa
mpl
es.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
543
27.4
Furt
herr
eadi
ng.
..
..
..
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..
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..
..
..
.54
528
Com
plex
type
s.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
547
28.1
Dat
ast
ruct
ures
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
547
28.2
Type
mod
ifier
s.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.55
4
-
29N
etw
orki
ngin
UN
IX.
..
..
..
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..
..
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.55
529
.1A
sim
ple
clie
nt.
..
..
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.55
529
.2A
sim
ple
serv
er.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.561
29.3
Use
fuln
etw
ork
func
tions
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
565
29.4
File
tran
sfer
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
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.56
629
.5FA
Qs
..
..
..
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..
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..5
7130
Com
mon
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tices
..
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.57
330
.1D
ynam
icm
ultid
imen
sion
alar
rays
..
..
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..
..
..
..
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..
574
30.2
Con
stru
ctor
san
dde
stru
ctor
s.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
579
30.3
Nul
ling
free
dpo
inte
rs.
..
..
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..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.58
230
.4M
acro
conv
entio
ns.
..
..
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.58
530
.5Fu
rthe
rrea
ding
..
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587
31C
and
beyo
nd.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
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..
..
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..
.58
932
Lan
guag
eex
tens
ions
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.591
32.1
Ext
erna
llin
ks.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.59
333
Mix
ing
lang
uage
s.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.59
533
.1A
ssem
bler
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
595
33.2
Cg
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
596
33.3
Java
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
597
33.4
Perl
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
598
-
33.5
Pyth
on.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.60
033
.6Fo
rfur
ther
read
ing
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
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..
600
33.7
Ref
eren
ces
..
..
..
..
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..
..
..
..
600
34C
ode
libra
ry.
..
..
..
..
..
..
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..
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..
..
..
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..
.601
35C
ompu
terP
rogr
amm
ing
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
603
36St
atem
ents
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
605
37C
Ref
eren
ceTa
bles
..
..
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..
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..
..
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..
.60
738
Ref
eren
ceTa
bles
..
..
..
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..
..
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..
..
..
..
..
..
..
609
38.1
Lis
tofK
eyw
ords
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
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..
..
..
.60
938
.2L
isto
fSta
ndar
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eade
rs.
..
..
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..
..
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612
38.3
Tabl
eof
Ope
rato
rs.
..
..
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..
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.61
538
.4Ta
ble
ofD
ata
Type
s.
..
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39C
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lers
..
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39.1
Free
(orw
itha
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ion)
..
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4139
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omm
erci
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644
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ibut
ors
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isto
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ures
..
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41L
icen
ses
..
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NU
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RA
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..
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GN
UFr
eeD
ocum
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ense
..
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0
-
41.3
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UL
esse
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eral
Publ
icL
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..
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.70
7
-
1W
hyle
arn
C?
C1
isth
em
ostc
omm
only
used
prog
ram
min
gla
ngua
ge2
forw
ritin
gop
erat
ing
syst
ems3
.Uni
x4w
asth
efir
stop
erat
ing
syst
emw
ritte
nin
C.L
ater
Mic
roso
ftW
indo
ws5
,Mac
OS
X6 ,
and
GN
U/L
inux
7w
ere
allw
ritte
nin
C.N
oton
lyis
1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%20%28programming%
20language%29
2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/programming%20language
3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/operating%20systems
4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix
5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Windows
6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac%20OS%20X
7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%20%28programming%20language%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%20%28programming%20language%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/programming%20languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/operating%20systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac%20OS%20Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
-
Cth
ela
ngua
geof
oper
atin
gsy
stem
s,it
isth
epr
ecur
sor
and
insp
irat
ion
for
alm
osta
llof
the
mos
tpop
ular
high
-lev
ella
ngua
ges
avai
labl
eto
day.
Infa
ct,
Perl
8 ,PH
P9,a
ndPy
thon
10ar
eal
lwri
tten
inC
.
By
way
ofan
alog
y,le
t'ssa
yth
atyo
uw
ere
goin
gto
bele
arni
ngSp
anis
h,Ita
lian,
Fren
ch,o
rPor
tugu
ese.
Do
you
thin
kkn
owin
gL
atin
wou
ldbe
help
ful?
Just
asL
atin
was
the
basi
sof
allo
fth
ose
lang
uage
s,kn
owin
gC
will
enab
leyo
uto
unde
rsta
ndan
dap
prec
iate
anen
tire
fam
ilyof
prog
ram
min
gla
ngua
ges
built
upon
the
trad
ition
sof
C.K
now
ledg
eof
Cen
able
sfr
eedo
m.
1.0.
1W
hyC
,and
nota
ssem
bly
lang
uage
?
Whi
leas
sem
bly
lang
uage
can
prov
ide
spee
dan
dm
axim
umco
ntro
lof
the
prog
ram
,Cpr
ovid
espo
rtab
ility
.
8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl
9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP
10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python%20%28programming%
20language%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python%20%28programming%20language%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python%20%28programming%20language%29
-
Diff
eren
tpr
oces
sors
are
prog
ram
med
usin
gdi
ffer
ent
Ass
embl
yla
ngua
ges
and
havi
ngto
choo
sean
dle
arn
only
one
ofth
emis
too
arbi
trar
y.In
fact
,on
eof
the
mai
nst
reng
ths
ofC
isth
atit
com
bine
sun
iver
salit
yan
dpo
rtab
ility
acro
ssva
riou
sco
mpu
tera
rchi
tect
ures
whi
lere
tain
ing
mos
toft
heco
ntro
lof
the
hard
war
epr
ovid
edby
asse
mbl
yla
ngua
ge.
Fore
xam
ple,
Cpr
ogra
ms
can
beco
mpi
led
and
run
onth
eH
P50
gca
lcul
ator
(AR
Mpr
oces
sor)
,the
TI-
89ca
lcul
ator
(680
00pr
oces
sor)
,Pal
mO
SC
obal
tsm
artp
hone
s(A
RM
proc
esso
r),t
heor
igin
aliM
ac(P
ower
PC),
the
Ard
uino
(Atm
elAV
R),
and
the
Inte
liM
ac(I
ntel
Cor
e2
Duo
).Ea
chof
thes
ede
vice
sha
sits
own
asse
mbl
yla
ngua
geth
atis
com
plet
ely
inco
mpa
tible
with
the
asse
mbl
yla
ngua
geof
any
othe
r.
Ass
embl
y11 ,
whi
leex
trem
ely
pow
erfu
l,is
sim
ply
too
diffi
cult
topr
ogra
mla
rge
appl
icat
ions
and
hard
tore
ador
inte
rpre
tin
alo
gica
lway
.C
isa
com
pile
dla
ngua
ge,w
hich
crea
tes
fast
and
effic
ient
exec
utab
lefil
es.
Itis
also
asm
all
"wha
tyo
use
eis
all
you
get"
lang
uage
:a
Cst
atem
ent
corr
espo
nds
toat
11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly%20language
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly%20language
-
mos
taha
ndfu
lofa
ssem
bly
stat
emen
ts,e
very
thin
gel
seis
prov
ided
bylib
rary
func
tions
.
Sois
itan
yw
onde
rtha
tCis
such
apo
pula
rlan
guag
e?
Lik
eto
pplin
gdo
min
oes,
the
next
gene
ratio
nof
prog
ram
sfo
llow
sth
etr
end
ofits
ance
stor
s.O
pera
ting
syst
ems
desi
gned
inC
alw
ays
have
syst
emlib
rari
esde
sign
edin
C.T
hose
syst
emlib
rari
esar
ein
turn
used
tocr
eate
high
er-l
evel
libra
ries
(like
Ope
nGL1
2 ,or
GTK
13),
and
the
desi
gner
sof
thos
elib
rarie
sof
ten
deci
deto
use
the
lang
uage
the
syst
emlib
rari
esus
ed.A
pplic
atio
nde
velo
pers
use
the
high
er-l
evel
libra
ries
tode
sign
wor
dpr
oces
sors
,gam
es,m
edia
play
ers
and
the
like.
Man
yof
them
will
choo
seto
prog
ram
inth
ela
ngua
geth
atth
ehi
gher
-lev
ellib
rary
uses
.And
the
patte
rnco
ntin
ues
onan
don
and
on...
...
12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL
13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTK
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTK
-
1.0.
2W
hyC
,and
nota
noth
erhi
gh-le
vell
angu
age?
The
prim
ary
desi
gnof
Cis
topr
oduc
epo
rtab
leco
dew
hile
mai
ntai
ning
per-
form
ance
and
min
imiz
ing
foot
prin
t,as
isth
eca
sefo
rop
erat
ing
syst
ems
orot
herp
rogr
ams
whe
rea
"hig
h-le
vel"
inte
rfac
ew
ould
affe
ctpe
rfor
man
ce.I
tis
ast
able
and
mat
ure
lang
uage
who
sefe
atur
esar
eun
likel
yto
disa
ppea
rfo
ra
long
time
and
has
been
port
edto
mos
t,if
nota
ll,pl
atfo
rms.
Fore
xam
ple,
Cpr
ogra
ms
can
beco
mpi
led
and
run
onth
eH
P50
gca
lcul
ator
(AR
Mpr
oces
sor)
,the
TI-
89ca
lcul
ator
(680
00pr
oces
sor)
,Pal
mO
SC
obal
tsm
artp
hone
s(A
RM
proc
esso
r),t
heor
igin
aliM
ac(P
ower
PC),
the
Ard
uino
(Atm
elAV
R),
and
the
Inte
liM
ac(I
ntel
Cor
e2
Duo
).W
hile
near
lyal
lpop
ular
prog
ram
min
gla
ngua
ges
will
run
onat
leas
tone
ofth
ese
devi
ces,
Cm
aybe
the
only
prog
ram
min
gla
ngua
geth
atru
nson
mor
eth
an3
ofth
ese
devi
ces.
One
pow
erfu
lrea
son
ism
emor
yal
loca
tion.
Unl
ike
mos
tcom
pute
rlan
guag
es,
Cal
low
sth
epr
ogra
mm
erto
wri
tedi
rect
lyto
mem
ory.
Key
cons
truc
tsin
Csu
chas
stru
cts,
poin
ters
and
arra
ysar
ede
sign
edto
stru
ctur
e,an
dm
anip
ulat
em
emor
yin
anef
ficie
nt,m
achi
ne-i
ndep
ende
ntfa
shio
n.In
part
icul
ar,C
give
s
-
cont
rolo
vert
hem
emor
yla
yout
ofda
tast
ruct
ures
.Mor
eove
rdyn
amic
mem
ory
allo
catio
nis
unde
rth
eco
ntro
lof
the
prog
ram
mer
,whi
chin
evita
bly
mea
nsth
atm
emor
yde
allo
catio
nis
the
burd
enof
the
prog
ram
mer
.L
angu
ages
like
Java
14an
dPe
rlsh
ield
the
prog
ram
mer
from
havi
ngto
wor
ryab
outm
emor
yal
loca
tion
and
poin
ters
.T
his
isus
ually
ago
odth
ing,
sinc
ede
alin
gw
ithm
emor
yal
loca
tion
whe
nbu
ildin
ga
high
-leve
lpro
gram
isa
high
lyer
ror-
pron
epr
oces
s.H
owev
er,w
hen
deal
ing
with
low
leve
lcod
esu
chas
the
part
ofth
eO
Sth
atco
ntro
lsa
devi
ce,C
prov
ides
aun
iform
,cle
anin
terf
ace.
Thes
eca
pabi
litie
sju
stdo
note
xist
inot
herl
angu
ages
such
asJa
va.
Whi
lePe
rl,PH
P,Py
thon
and
Rub
ym
aybe
pow
erfu
land
supp
ortm
any
feat
ures
notp
rovi
ded
byde
faul
tin
C,t
hey
are
notn
orm
ally
impl
emen
ted
inth
eiro
wn
lang
uage
.Rat
her,
mos
tsuc
hla
ngua
ges
initi
ally
relie
don
bein
gw
ritte
nin
C(o
rano
ther
high
-per
form
ance
prog
ram
min
gla
ngua
ge),
and
wou
ldre
quire
thei
rim
plem
enta
tion
bepo
rted
toa
new
plat
form
befo
reth
eyca
nbe
used
.
14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20%28programming%
20language%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20%28programming%20language%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20%28programming%20language%29
-
As
with
all
prog
ram
min
gla
ngua
ges,
whe
ther
you
wan
tto
choo
seC
over
anot
her
high
-lev
ella
ngua
geis
am
atte
rof
opin
ion
and
both
tech
nica
lan
dbu
sine
ssre
quir
emen
ts.
-
2H
isto
ry
The
field
ofco
mpu
ting
asw
ekn
owit
toda
yst
arte
din
1947
with
thre
esc
ient
ists
atB
ellT
elep
hone
Lab
orat
orie
s—W
illia
mSh
ockl
ey1 ,
Wal
ter
Bra
ttain
2 ,an
dJo
hnB
arde
en3 —
and
thei
rgro
undb
reak
ing
inve
ntio
n:th
etr
ansi
stor
4 .In
1956
,th
efir
stfu
llytr
ansi
stor
-bas
edco
mpu
ter,
the
TX
-05 ,
was
com
plet
edat
MIT
.
1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Shockley
2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Brattain
3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bardeen
4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/transistor
5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TX-0
11
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Shockleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Brattainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bardeenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TX-0
-
The
first
inte
grat
edci
rcui
t6w
ascr
eate
din
1958
byJa
ckK
ilby7
atTe
xas
Inst
rum
ents
,but
the
first
high
-leve
lpro
gram
min
gla
ngua
geex
iste
dev
enbe
fore
then
.
"The
Fortr
an8
proj
ect"
was
orig
inal
lyde
velo
ped
in19
54by
IBM
.Ash
orte
ning
of"T
heIB
MM
athe
mat
ical
Form
ula
Tran
slat
ing
Syst
em",
the
proj
ecth
adth
epu
rpos
eof
crea
ting
and
fost
erin
gde
velo
pmen
tof
apr
oced
ural
,im
pera
tive
prog
ram
min
gla
ngua
geth
atw
ases
peci
ally
suite
dto
num
eric
com
puta
tion
and
scie
ntifi
cco
mpu
ting.
Itw
asa
brea
kthr
ough
inte
rms
ofpr
oduc
tivity
and
prog
ram
min
gea
se(c
ompa
red
toas
sem
bly
lang
uage
)and
spee
d(F
ortr
anpr
ogra
ms
ran
near
lyas
fast
as,a
ndin
som
eca
ses,
just
asfa
stas
,pro
gram
sw
ritte
nin
asse
mbl
y).F
urth
erm
ore,
Fort
ran
was
wri
tten
ata
high
-eno
ugh
leve
l(a
ndth
usw
asm
achi
nein
depe
nden
teno
ugh)
tobe
com
eth
efir
stw
idel
yad
opte
dpr
ogra
mm
ing
lang
uage
.The
Alg
orith
mic
Lan
guag
e(A
lgol
589 )
was
deriv
ed
6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/integrated%20circuit
7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Kilby
8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran
9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL%2058
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/integrated%20circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Kilbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL%2058
-
from
Fort
ran
in19
58an
dev
olve
din
toA
lgol
6010
in19
60.
The
Com
bine
dPr
ogra
mm
ing
Lang
uage
(CPL
)11
was
then
crea
ted
outo
fAlg
ol60
in19
63.I
n19
67,i
tevo
lved
into
Bas
icC
PL12
,whi
chw
asits
elf,
the
base
forB
13in
1969
.Fi
nally
,Bw
asth
ero
otof
C,c
reat
edin
1971
.
Bw
asth
efir
stla
ngua
gein
C's
dire
ctlin
eage
.Bw
ascr
eate
dby
Ken
Tho
mp-
son1
4at
Bel
lLab
san
dw
asan
inte
rpre
ted
lang
uage
15us
edin
earl
yin
tern
alve
rsio
nsof
the
UN
IXop
erat
ing
syst
em.T
hom
pson
and
Den
nis
Ritc
hie1
6 ,al
sow
orki
ngat
Bel
lLab
s,im
prov
edB
and
calle
dth
ere
sult
NB
.Fur
ther
exte
nsio
ns
10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL%2060
11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20Programming%
20Language
12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCPL
13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%20%28programming%
20language%29
14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Thompson
15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/interpreted%20language
16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Ritchie
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL%2060http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20Programming%20Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20Programming%20Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCPLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%20%28programming%20language%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%20%28programming%20language%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Thompsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/interpreted%20languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Ritchie
-
toN
Bcr
eate
dits
logi
cals
ucce
ssor
,C,a
com
pile
dla
ngua
ge17
.Mos
tofU
NIX
was
rew
ritte
nin
NB
,and
then
C,w
hich
resu
lted
ina
mor
epo
rtab
leop
erat
ing
syst
em.
The
port
abili
tyof
UN
IXw
asth
em
ain
reas
onfo
rth
ein
itial
popu
lari
tyof
both
UN
IXan
dC
.Rat
hert
han
crea
ting
ane
wop
erat
ing
syst
emfo
reac
hne
wm
achi
ne,s
yste
mpr
ogra
mm
ers
coul
dsi
mpl
yw
rite
the
few
syst
em-d
epen
dent
parts
requ
ired
fort
hem
achi
ne,a
ndth
enw
rite
aC
com
pile
rfor
the
new
syst
em.
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em
osto
fthe
syst
emut
ilitie
sw
ere
thus
writ
ten
inC
,its
impl
ym
ade
sens
eto
also
wri
tene
wut
ilitie
sin
C.
The
Am
eric
anN
atio
nalS
tand
ards
Inst
itute
bega
nw
ork
onst
anda
rdiz
ing
the
Cla
ngua
gein
1983
,an
dco
mpl
eted
the
stan
dard
in19
89.
The
stan
dard
,A
NSI
X3.
159-
1989
"Pro
gram
min
gL
angu
age
C",
serv
edas
the
basi
sfo
ral
lim
plem
enta
tions
ofC
com
pile
rs.T
hest
anda
rds
wer
ela
teru
pdat
edin
1990
and
1999
,allo
win
gfo
rfea
ture
sth
atw
ere
eith
erin
com
mon
use,
orw
ere
appe
arin
gin
C++
.
17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/compiled%20language
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/compiled%20language
-
3W
haty
oune
edbe
fore
you
can
lear
n
3.1
Get
ting
Star
ted
The
goal
ofth
isbo
okis
toin
trod
uce
you
toth
eC
prog
ram
min
gla
ngua
ge.
Bas
icco
mpu
terl
itera
cyis
assu
med
,but
nosp
ecia
lkno
wle
dge
isne
eded
.
The
min
imum
soft
war
ere
quir
emen
tsto
prog
ram
inC
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text
edito
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sop
pose
dto
aw
ord
proc
esso
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here
are
man
yte
xted
itors
(see
Lis
tofT
ext
1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/text%20editor
2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/word%20processor
15
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/text%20editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/word%20processor
-
Edi
tors
3 ),t
hem
ostp
opul
arbe
ing
vi4 ,
itscl
ones
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has
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ndE
mac
s6.
Ate
xted
itorw
ithsy
ntax
high
light
ing7
isre
com
men
ded,
asit
can
mak
eco
deea
sier
tore
adat
agl
ance
.H
ighl
ight
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easy
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otsy
ntax
erro
rs.M
ostp
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amm
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text
edito
rson
Win
dow
san
dU
nix
syst
ems
can
doth
is.
Ifyo
uch
oose
tous
ea
text
edito
r,yo
uw
illbe
requ
ired
toha
vea
Cco
mpi
ler.
Aco
mpi
leri
sa
prog
ram
that
conv
erts
Cco
dein
toex
ecut
able
mac
hine
code
8 .9
Popu
lar
Cco
mpi
lers
Incl
ude:
3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20text%20editors
4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vi
5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim%20%28text%20editor%29
6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs
7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/syntax%20highlighting
8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/machine%20code
9A
ctua
lly,G
CC
's(G
NU
CC
ompi
ler)
cc(C
Com
pile
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ansl
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the
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eta
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bly,
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tten
toan
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e.T
hen
as(a
ssem
bler
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nera
tes
am
achi
neco
defil
efr
omth
e.s
file.
Pre-
proc
essi
ngis
done
byan
othe
rsub
-pro
gram
cpp
(CPr
ePro
cess
or).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20text%20editorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim%20%28text%20editor%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/syntax%20highlightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/machine%20code
-
Plat
form
Lic
ense
Ext
raC
/C++
inte
rpre
ter
Ch1
0
soft
inte
gra-
tion1
1W
indo
ws,
Lin
ux,
Mac
OSX
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build
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Win
dow
sFr
eew
are
10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%20interpreter
11http://www.softintegration.com
12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openwatcom
13http://openwatcom.org
14http://www.codegear.com/downloads/free/cppbuilder
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%20interpreterhttp://www.softintegration.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openwatcomhttp://openwatcom.orghttp://www.codegear.com/downloads/free/cppbuilder
-
Plat
form
Lic
ense
Ext
raM
icro
soft
Vis
ualS
tu-
dio
Ex-
pres
s15
vstu
dio1
6W
indo
ws
Free
war
elig
ht-w
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ful,
and
stud
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frie
ndly
vers
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ofan
indu
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stan
dard
com
pile
rTi
nyC
Com
pile
r(T
CC
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tinyc
c18
GN
U/L
inux
,W
indo
ws
LG
PL19
Smal
l,fa
st,
new
com
er-
frie
ndly
com
pile
r.
15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Visual%20Studio%
20Express
16http://www.msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/express/beginner
17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny%20C%20Compiler
18http://www.tinycc.org
19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20Lesser%20General%
20Public%20License
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Visual%20Studio%20Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Visual%20Studio%20Expresshttp://www.msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/express/beginnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny%20C%20Compilerhttp://www.tinycc.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20Lesser%20General%20Public%20Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20Lesser%20General%20Public%20License
-
Plat
form
Lic
ense
Ext
raG
NU
CC
ompi
ler2
0gc
c21
DO
S22 ,
Cyg
win
(w32
)23 ,
Min
GW
(w32
)24 ,
OS/
225 ,
Mac
OS
X,U
nix,
GPL
26D
efa
cto
stan
dard
.Sh
ips
with
mos
tUni
xsy
stem
s.
Tho
ugh
not
abso
lute
lyne
eded
,man
ypr
ogra
mm
ers
pref
eran
dre
com
men
dus
ing
anIn
tegr
ated
deve
lopm
ente
nvir
onm
ent2
7(I
DE
)ins
tead
ofa
text
edito
r
20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20Compiler%20Collection
21http://gcc.gnu.org
22http://delorie.com/djgpp/
23http://cygwin.com/
24http://mingw.org/
25http://www.edm2.com/0101/emx.html
26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20General%20Public%
20License
27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20development%
20environment
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20Compiler%20Collectionhttp://gcc.gnu.orghttp://delorie.com/djgpp/http://cygwin.com/http://mingw.org/http://www.edm2.com/0101/emx.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20General%20Public%20Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20General%20Public%20Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20development%20environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20development%20environment
-
and
com
pile
r.A
nID
Eis
asu
iteof
prog
ram
sth
atde
velo
pers
need
,com
bine
din
toon
eco
nven
ient
pack
age,
usua
llyw
itha
grap
hica
luse
rin
terf
ace.
The
sepr
ogra
ms
incl
ude
aco
mpi
ler,
linke
r,an
dte
xted
itor.
The
yty
pica
llyin
clud
ea
debu
gger
,ato
olth
atw
illpr
eser
veyo
urC
sour
ceco
deaf
terc
ompi
latio
nan
den
able
you
todo
such
thin
gsas
step
thro
ugh
itm
anua
lly,o
ralte
rdat
aas
anai
dto
findi
ngan
dco
rrec
ting
prog
ram
min
ger
rors
.
Popu
lar
IDE
sInc
lude
:
-
Plat
form
Lic
ense
Ext
ra
Plat
form
Lic
ense
Ext
raC
DT
cdt2
8W
in-
dow
s,M
acO
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,Uni
x
Ope
nso
urce
AC
/C++
plug
-in
for
Ecl
ipse
29,
apo
pula
rop
enso
urce
IDE
.
28http://eclipse.org/cdt
29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse%20%28computing%29
http://eclipse.org/cdthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse%20%28computing%29
-
Plat
form
Lic
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Ext
raA
njut
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An-
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31U
nix
GPL
32A GT
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fort
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NO
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desk
top
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men
t
30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjuta
31http://anjuta.org
32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20General%20Public%
20License
33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjutahttp://anjuta.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20General%20Public%20Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20General%20Public%20Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME
-
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34ge
any3
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sed
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intil
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34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geany
35http://www.geany.org/
36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20General%20Public%
20License
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geanyhttp://www.geany.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20General%20Public%20Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20General%20Public%20License
-
Plat
form
Lic
ense
Ext
raL
ittle
CC
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(LC
C)3
7
lcc3
8W
in-
dow
sFr
eefo
rnon
-co
mm
erci
alus
e.
37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCC%20%28compiler%29
38http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~lcc-win32
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCC%20%28compiler%29http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~lcc-win32
-
Plat
form
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39xc
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Ava
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out
App
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evel
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on-
nect
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subs
crip
-tio
nsat
Mac
App
Stor
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39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcode
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcode
-
Plat
form
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Ext
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C43
Pelle
sC
44W
in-
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s,Po
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PC
"fre
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40http://developer.apple.com/tools/xcode
41http://developer.apple.com/
42http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/xcode/id448457090/
43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelles%20C
44http://smorgasbordet.com/pellesc/
http://developer.apple.com/tools/xcodehttp://developer.apple.com/http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/xcode/id448457090/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelles%20Chttp://smorgasbordet.com/pellesc/
-
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form
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++45
Dev
C++
46W
in-
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have
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non
ly)
GPL
47
45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev%20C%2B%2B%20
46http://www.bloodshed.net/devcpp.html
47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20General%20Public%
20License
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev%20C%2B%2B%20http://www.bloodshed.net/devcpp.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20General%20Public%20Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20General%20Public%20License
-
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s49
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rdco
mpi
ler
48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Visual%20Studio%
20Express
49http://www.msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/express/beginner
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Visual%20Studio%20Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Visual%20Studio%20Expresshttp://www.msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/express/beginner
-
Plat
form
Lic
ense
Ext
raC
ode:
:Blo
cks5
0 Cod
e::B
lock
s51
Win
-do
ws,
Lin
ux,
Mac
OS
X
GPL
52
3.0
Bui
ltto
mee
tus
ers'
mos
tde-
man
ding
need
s.V
ery
ex-
tens
ible
and
fully
confi
g-ur
able
.
On
GN
U/L
INU
X,G
CC
isal
mos
talw
ays
incl
uded
auto
mat
ical
ly.
50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%3A%3ABlocks
51http://www.codeblocks.org/
52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20General%20Public%
20License
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%3A%3ABlockshttp://www.codeblocks.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20General%20Public%20Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20General%20Public%20License
-
On
Mic
roso
ftW
indo
ws,
Dev
-C++
isre
com
men
ded
forb
egin
ners
beca
use
itis
easy
tous
e,fr
ee,a
ndsi
mpl
eto
inst
all.
How
ever
,the
offic
ialr
elea
seof
Dev
-C++
hasn
'tbe
enup
date
dsi
nce
22Fe
brua
ry20
05.5
3A
nun
offic
ialv
ersi
onof
Dev
-C
++is
bein
gac
tivel
yde
velo
ped
how
ever
.54
An
alte
rnat
eop
tion,
Mic
roso
ftV
isua
lStu
dio
Exp
ress
,may
also
behe
lpfu
lfor
begi
nner
sbu
treq
uire
sse
tting
upa
com
pila
tion
proj
ectb
efor
em
akin
gan
exec
utab
lefil
e.
On
Mac
OS
X,t
heX
code
IDE
prov
ides
the
com
pile
rsne
eded
toco
mpi
leva
rious
sour
cefil
es.I
nsta
lling
Xco
dein
stal
lsbo
thth
eco
mm
and-
line
com
pile
rsas
wel
las
the
grap
hica
lID
E.
3.2
Foot
note
s
pl:C
/Cze
gopo
trze
buje
sz55
53http://sourceforge.net/news/?group_id=10639
54http://orwellengine.blogspot.com/
55http://pl.wikibooks.org/wiki/C%2FCzego%20potrzebujesz
http://sourceforge.net/news/?group_id=10639http://orwellengine.blogspot.com/http://pl.wikibooks.org/wiki/C%2FCzego%20potrzebujesz
-
4U
sing
aC
ompi
ler
4.0.
1D
ev-C
++
Dev
C++
1is
anIn
tegr
ated
Dev
elop
men
tE
nvir
onm
ent(
IDE
)fo
rth
eC
++pr
ogra
mm
ing
lang
uage
,ava
ilabl
efr
omB
lood
shed
Soft
war
e2.
C++
isa
prog
ram
min
gla
ngua
gew
hich
cont
ains
with
inits
elf,
mos
toft
heC
lang
uage
,plu
sex
tens
ions
.M
ost
C++
com
pile
rsw
illco
mpi
leC
prog
ram
s,
1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev-C%20Plus%20Plus
2http://www.bloodshed.net/
31
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev-C%20Plus%20Plushttp://www.bloodshed.net/
-
som
etim
esw
itha
few
adju
stm
ents
(lik
ein
voki
ngth
emw
itha
diff
eren
tnam
eor
com
man
dlin
esw
itch)
.The
refo
re,y
ouca
nus
eD
evC
++fo
rCde
velo
pmen
t.
How
ever
,Dev
C++
isno
tthe
com
pile
r.It
isde
sign
edto
use
the
Min
GW
3or
Cyg
win
4ve
rsio
nsof
GC
C5
-bot
hof
whi
chca
nbe
obta
ined
aspa
rtof
the
Dev
C++
pack
age,
alth
ough
they
are
com
plet
ely
diff
eren
tpro
ject
s.
Dev
C++
sim
ply
prov
ides
aned
itor,
synt
axhi
ghlig
htin
g,so
me
faci
litie
sfo
rth
evi
sual
isat
ion
ofco
de(l
ike
clas
san
dpa
ckag
ebr
owsi
ng)
and
agr
aphi
cal
inte
rfac
eto
the
chos
enco
mpi
ler.
Bec
ause
Dev
C++
anal
yses
the
erro
rmes
sage
spr
oduc
edby
the
com
pile
rand
atte
mpt
sto
dist
ingu
ish
the
line
num
bers
from
the
erro
rsth
emse
lves
,the
use
ofot
herc
ompi
lers
oftw
are
isdi
scou
rage
dsi
nce
the
form
atof
thei
rerr
orm
essa
ges
islik
ely
tobe
diff
eren
t.
3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MinGW
4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygwin
5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MinGWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygwinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCC
-
The
late
stve
rsio
nof
Dev
-C++
isa
beta
6fo
rver
sion
5.H
owev
er,i
tstil
lhas
asi
gnifi
cant
num
bero
fbug
s.A
llth
efe
atur
esar
eth
ere,
and
itis
quite
usab
le.I
tis
cons
ider
edon
eof
the
best
free
soft
war
eC
IDE
sav
aila
ble
forW
indo
ws.
Ave
rsio
nof
Dev
C++
forL
inux
isin
the
pipe
line.
Itis
notq
uite
usab
leye
t,ho
wev
er.L
inux
user
salre
ady
have
aw
ealth
ofID
Esav
aila
ble.
(e.g
.KD
evel
op7
and
Anj
uta8
.)M
osto
fth
egr
aphi
calt
exte
dito
rs,a
ndot
her
com
mon
edito
rssu
chas
emac
san
dvi
(m),
supp
orts
ynta
xhi
ghlig
htin
g9.
6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/beta%20version
7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDevelop
8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjuta
9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/syntax%20highlighting
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/beta%20versionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDevelophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjutahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/syntax%20highlighting
-
4.0.
2G
CC
The
GN
UC
ompi
lerC
olle
ctio
n10
(GC
C)i
sa
free
11se
tofc
ompi
lers
deve
lope
dby
the
Free
Soft
war
eFo
unda
tion1
2 .
Step
sfor
Obt
aini
ngth
eG
CC
Com
pile
rif
You'
reon
GN
U/L
inux
On
GN
U/L
inux
,Ins
talli
ngth
eG
NU
CC
ompi
ler
can
vary
inm
etho
dfr
omdi
stri
butio
n13
todi
stri
butio
n.
•Fo
rR
edha
t14 ,
geta
GC
CR
PM15
,e.g
.us
ing
Rpm
find
and
then
inst
all(
asro
ot)u
sing
rpm-ivhgcc-version-release.arch.rpm
10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20Compiler%20Collection
11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/free%20software
12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20Software%20Foundation
13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux%20distribution
14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhat
15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM%20Package%20Manager
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20Compiler%20Collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/free%20softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20Software%20Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux%20distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM%20Package%20Manager
-
•Fo
rFe
dora
Cor
e16 ,
inst
all
the
GC
Cco
mpi
ler
(as
root
)by
usin
gyum17
installgcc
.•
For
Man
drak
e18 ,
inst
all
the
GC
Cco
mpi
ler
(as
root
)by
usin
gurpmi19
gcc
•Fo
rD
ebia
n20 ,
inst
all
the
GC
Cco
mpi
ler
(as
root
)by
usin
gapt-get21
installgcc
.•
ForU
bunt
u22 ,
inst
allt
heG
CC
com
pile
r(al
ong
with
othe
rnec
essa
ryto
ols)
byus
ingsudoapt-get23installbuild-essential
,orb
yus
ing
Syna
ptic
.You
dono
tnee
dU
nive
rse
enab
led.
16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora%20Core
17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/yum
18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandrake
19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/urpmi
20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian
21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Packaging%20Tool
22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu
23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Packaging%20Tool
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora%20Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/yumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandrakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/urpmihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Packaging%20Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Packaging%20Tool
-
•Fo
rSla
ckw
are2
4 ,th
epa
ckag
eis
avai
labl
eon
thei
rw
ebsi
te25
-sim
ply
dow
n-lo
ad,a
ndty
peinstallpkggcc-xxxxx.tgz
•Fo
rGen
too2
6 ,yo
ush
ould
alre
ady
have
GC
Cin
stal
led
asit
will
have
been
used
whe
nyo
ufir
stin
stal
led.
Toup
date
itru
n(a
sro
ot)emerge-uav
gcc
.•
ForA
rch
Linu
x27 ,
inst
allt
heG
CC
com
pile
r(as
root
)by
usin
gpacman-S
gcc
.•
Ifyo
uca
nnot
beco
me
root
,get
the
GC
Cta
rbal
lfro
mft
p://f
tp.g
nu.o
rg/a
ndfo
llow
the
inst
ruct
ions
init
toco
mpi
lean
din
stal
lin
your
hom
edi
rect
ory.
Be
war
ned
thou
gh,y
oune
eda
Cco
mpi
ler
todo
that
-ye
s,G
CC
itsel
fis
wri
tten
inC
.•
You
can
use
som
eco
mm
erci
alC
com
pile
r/ID
E.
Step
sfor
Obt
aini
ngth
eGC
CC
ompi
leri
fYou
'reo
nB
SDFa
mily
Syst
ems
24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slackware
25http://www.slackware.com/pb/
26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo
27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%20Linux
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slackwarehttp://www.slackware.com/pb/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%20Linux
-
•Fo
rMac
OS
X28
,Fre
eBSD
29,N
etB
SD30
,Ope
nBSD
31,D
rago
nFly
BSD
32,
Dar
win
33th
epo
rtof
GN
Ugc
cis
avai
labl
ein
the
base
syst
em,o
ritc
ould
beob
tain
edus
ing
the
port
sco
llect
ion
orpk
gsrc
34.
Step
sfor
Obt
aini
ngth
eG
CC
Com
pile
rif
You'
reon
Win
dow
s
The
rear
etw
ow
ays
tous
eG
CC
onW
indo
ws:
Cyg
win
and
Min
GW
.App
lica-
tions
com
pile
dw
ithC
ygw
inw
illno
trun
onan
yco
mpu
ter
with
outC
ygw
in,
soM
inG
Wis
reco
mm
ende
d.M
inG
Wis
sim
pler
toin
stal
l,an
dta
kes
less
disk
spac
e.
Toge
tMin
GW
,do
this
:
28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac%20OS%20X
29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD
30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD
31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD
32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonFly%20BSD
33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin
34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pkgsrc
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac%20OS%20Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonFly%20BSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pkgsrc
-
1.G
oto
http
://so
urce
forg
e.ne
t/pro
ject
s/m
ingw
/35
dow
nloa
dan
dsa
veth
isto
your
hard
driv
e.2.
Onc
eth
edo
wnl
oad
isfin
ishe
d,op
enit
and
follo
wth
ein
stru
ctio
ns.Y
ouca
nal
soch
oose
toin
stal
ladd
ition
alco
mpi
lers
,or
the
tool
Mak
e,bu
tth
ese
aren
'tne
cess
ary.
3.N
owyo
une
edto
sety
our
PAT
H.R
ight
-clic
kon
"My
com
pute
r"an
dcl
ick
"Pro
perti
es".
Go
toth
e"A
dvan
ced"
tab
and
clic
kon
"Env
ironm
ent
vari
able
s".G
oto
the
"Sys
tem
vari
able
s"se
ctio
nan
dsc
roll
dow
nun
tilyo
use
e"P
ath"
.C
lick
onit,
then
clic
k"e
dit"
.A
dd";
C:\m
ingw
\bin
\"(w
ithou
tthe
quot
es)t
oth
een
d.4.
Tote
stif
GC
Cw
orks
,ope
na
com
man
dpr
ompt
and
type
"gcc
".Y
oush
ould
gett
hem
essa
ge"g
cc:
noin
putfi
les"
.If
you
gett
his
mes
sage
,G
CC
isin
stal
led
corr
ectly
.
Toge
tCyg
win
,do
this
:
35http://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw/
http://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw/
-
1.G
oto
http
://w
ww
.cyg
win
.com
36an
dcl
ick
onth
e"I
nsta
llC
ygw
inN
ow"
butto
nin
the
uppe
rrig
htco
rner
ofth
epa
ge.
2.C
lick
"run
"in
the
win
dow
that
pops
up,a
ndcl
ick
"nex
t"se
vera
ltim
es,
acce
ptin
gal
lthe
defa
ults
ettin
gs.
3.C
hoos
ean
yof
the
Dow
nloa
dsi
tes
("ft
p.ea
syne
t.be"
,etc
.)w
hen
that
win
dow
com
esup
;pre
ss"n
ext"
and
the
Cyg
win
inst
alle
rsh
ould
star
tdo
wnl
oadi
ng.
4.W
hen
the
"Sel
ectP
acka
ges"
win
dow