of creep-fatigue in boiler
TRANSCRIPT
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K€PR1 Technical ReportTR.95YS01.97.36
Creep
A Study on the Interactive Effect of Creep-Fatigue in Boiler
1997. 3.
D’S'fRIB'iiiutl OF THIS rQGUS’BST IS WUUHEDSALES PR0:ms)
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DISCLAIMER
Portions of this document may be illegible electronic image products. Images areproduced from the best available original document.
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K€PRI Technical ReportTR.95YS01.97.36
Creep 3)3.<y.'TL
A Study on the Interactive Effect of Creep-Fatigue in Boiler
1997. 3.
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Summary
1. TitleA Study on the interactive effect of creep-fatigue in boiler
2. Period1995. 02. 17 ~ 1997. 02. 16 (24 months)
3. Objectives and Necessity• To build the database about creep and/or fatigue interaction.
• The requirement increase of damage assessment techniques by creep
fatigue interaction in operating boiler.• The necessity of accurate life prediction method considering real
operating state in boiler equipment.
• Establish of damage prevention to improve the life prediction techniques in boiler equipment using creep-fatigue interaction
4. Scope and contents• The investigation of creep and fatigue damage in boiler.
• The development of creep-fatigue database program, r CREEP
FATIGUE DOCTOR Verl.Oj by VISUAL BASIC and MS-ACCESS.
• Boiler damage mechanism analysis using high temperature
creep-fatigue experimental device, INSTRON 8500 series. The boiler header specimens, which used in Youngyeol power plant, was used and analysed. Also life was calculated by life assessment equation
such as plastic energy method, strain range partitioning method.
- 6~
• The creep-fatigue interactive effects were considered by trapezoidal waves varing hold time in boiler equipment.
• The effect of the creep-fatigue interaction was analysed and synthetic
technology for life expansion under creep-fatigue interaction.
5. Results and Requests.
5.1. Results• Creep test was performed to header material lCrO.SMo steel which has
been used 180,000hr and remaining life was estimated by Larson-Miller parameter.
• In low cycle fatigue test, high temperature fatigue life of !Cr0.5Mo steel was smaller than room temperature fatigue life. It was caused that crack propagation was accelerated by oxidation effect in high
temperature. Also, It was explained that hysteresis loop of fatigue life
was analysed by plastic energy.
• In order to identify the creep-fatigue interactive effects, various life
assessment equations such as Coffin-Manson method, plastic energy
method and strain range partitioning method were applied. The results were good agreement with each other and experiment results.
• The creep-fatigue life of 515 °C, lCr0.5Mo steel was estimated. When
tension hold time was applied, the global hold time effects was smaller
than triangular waveCwithout hold time) in fatigue life. It was decreased to GOOsec holdtime but over GOOsec the fatigue life was
interestingly less decrease than those of triangular waveCwithout hold time). It was may be caused that fatigue life was dominated by creep
cavitation damage over GOOsec hoi time. These effects was considered
-7-
by SEM of creep-fatigue fractured surface.
• Finally, creep-fatigue interactive fracture was suddenly occured by the
interactively unstable crack propagation of crack in fatigue effect and
cavity in creep effect
5.2 Requests• The results of this study was analysed by considering crack formation
at 75% of maximum stress range. But after this life assessment technology must be advanced through analysed by detailed crack
propagation properties.
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3) Longitudinal Seam Welds
€4 €53 4144 441 3]44 4€4 €444 455 545554
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microcrack
fatigje damags
carbide.coarsening carbide. coarsening carbide.coarsening
softening
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creep damage
erbrittlermt--
ZL11
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, PIS» P15:0T: UTS. 034 MPoA PSOb:OT;UTS. G55 MPa□ NSI:NT;UTS. SOfi MPaO T109: A: UTS. 50G MPa
-12 -11
log I, - 19.000/T (temperature In K)
O PIS: OT; UTS. 03-1 MPa• PSOb: OT; UTS. 65S MPaA N5I: NT; UTS. 500 MPaD T109: A; UTS. S0G MPa
PSOb
(T » 400) (20 * lo" 1) » 10 > (lompcralure In *nj
QT o quenched ond lompered. NT = normalized and leinpered. A = annealed. U1S = ultima I e lensile strength.
ZLl2. nieoll ^H5.2| ^s|-(2.25Cr1Mo&)
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52 ^Mode §i
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Spray-## #7] 560 Nozzle 4 200
INCONEL 600 4## Nozzle# 44 454
(4) 1. 4:a4--8-Sr£(44")# rq-ef ^ is] 44. 7}#447} $142. Erosion# 444£ 3.444# 4# 44.
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USB
* 'USf
e
41ofn&
LONG SEAM WELDSPIPING GIRTH WELD IF PRESENTPIPE TO HEADER
WELD IF PRESENT
HEADER GIRTH WELDS
ELEMENT NIPPLE SOCKET WELDS AND LIGAMENT
nH4 MSM 3fg7|Sl|CiSl
-37-
Peak lemPerature.Tp Temperature.'c
Zone I: solidilied weld____ ___________ _____ ____ ____
Zone 2: unmixed zone * remelled tone [fusion tone) \
1400
Zone 3: coaise-grain HAZ
Zone 4: line-grain HAZ
1600 -
1200
1000 -
Zone 5: intercrilical HAZ 800
Zone 6: tempered HAZ____________ 000 -_|Zone 7: unalleclcd
base melal400
200
WIV. C
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zlH6 Type IV Crack
39
nU8 7|§-§g-gx|A|o| #bu^o|#
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S3 gUsHM 2S7| 2|-g7|5j|ci°|
e^-grs 4-§-^ ti] 31
lCr0.5Mo 185,000 hr 515 °C 92 Kg/Cm2 487
4 2 ^ % 3L & ^
1. R. Viswanathan, Damage Mechanism and Life Assesment of High
Temperature Components, 1989, ASM International
2. R. Viswanathan, Damage Mechanism and Life Assesment of High
Temperature Components, 1989, ASM International, p205
3. B.David, Elementary engineering fracture mechanics, 1986, Martinus
Nijhoff PUB
4. K.W.Andrews, H.Hughes and D.J.Dayson, ISIJ, May 1972, Vol 210, p350
5. Canadian Electrical Association(CEA) Report No. 116, G264
6. EPRI CS-5588, Remaining Life Estimation of Boiler Pressure Parts, Vol
1, Nov, 1988
Vol 1: Identification of Relevant Damage Mechanism
-42-
4 3 MN#
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4 3 1 .a.e]3.-s|5 <£14 M]4#
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4# 4f7l 434 a# 71^7] 434 1#4# 441&4 #4440] fg-
# 4 #4 ^3 444# !3#14 44144 (b)# 4 3## 4
#1, 1144 14# 44 cavity! 11 4 1 l(cavitation)4 13 #41
33 14447} 4^ 4414 31# 4 43 514 cavity7> 44A] $4
41# 44444 4#41# 14444 114# !#&! infold
time)4 7>44 a! 3-4 3 131#4 14 4411 44. (c)# 13##
# Til 44# ^4^a cavity! 11 4 114 141 444 1# 1#5-A-l 44 #71444 4 ^#4 a!3 1#4 444# a!3 #14
4414 4411 44.
-55-
*114 4 3.^-3] S ^444
&€4#44 4&441 7]^, 44 # ^>^6)1 €44 #€
sl-31 44% €-8-4 4 4 aH 4^.4 32]£ £4 ^-4:444 35)5-45. 4
54-8-4 4# ^41 4444 4&4 4€1 444715.5. 454-8-4 44
4^4 444 4^44 44.
€444 hbIs-45 4444 € 14s. 4^444-44 % €^-7} 4
€44 #44 °14€ 4444€4 4&4 44 434 43€44 447}
4444 #3 <94447} f/#}4 #24 44444 4444 4# 441
4 4444^4 24€4444 44443 44. 35)4 3)5444 447}
€443 €4447} #4% ^44fe 10444-4 €4* #44443 4
4. 444 44444 #€«}fe 4&4 44441- 34 4 444 4^4
1 €1 =r #4.
1. £4th49 (Damage summation method)
44 71)57} 3)54 3.5)5 ^41 144 #1 4 7}4 €4443 544
€ #go.& 3454 4&^44 44 4€42& 4-8-42 3 ^44 t°l
€7)1441 s#4€! 4 44 €41 4144.18~19)
$,(#) + $& * 6 (1)
#, : i 4-44 414 7}#4 44# *r
ATy; : i 444 44°) 7M4 4 4441 4°1# 4
~56~
tj : j
tf) : j 7M# 4 4444 a]#
Q : 4434 43443 43) 5A) AM#44 a)4<2) #4
43 4 A) 44-4 3&44-&, 4 34 35)5 434 3-3-44. ns] 4
4Alls. 35)53 3 54 =-5)353.4 4-S-44 #3 A]5. 3-5344 7>x)3L
334353 35434 443 44. 443 35)54 3)5.7> ^A)4 0.5.
34344 444 44444 3^1) 35)5-35.3 35344 34444 4
4.
£4 4443 ^r 444 44#44 443 3 53- 35)5. 444 4
4 4 44 ^D&4 44€ 4 35)5 3 4s. 444°) M € 3) 4
4°) 4^444 7H}46IH 4444 3) A) 4^,4.
M ^ M , , A -%+%+% + ■ ■ • + AT* - A%
f-+f+f+'"+f-=±4 =*fl *fl tfi tfy J—1 %
444 4334tKHI4 3 M?)- 4443 a}-§m
= 1 (2)
1 (3)
4 s) 44 471) 33
4A) 444 7>444 4W7)1 4s) a}-§-^ ^ 44.
2. 43-45.3 S(Frequency modified strain range method)
Coffin-Manson4 4444 44444 444 4444 444=4 7M4
4 44444=4 3] 3.44 AM 4 4 444 3^ 471144 344.
AT/ • zfs^, = constant (4)
4 7) A) AT, 4 3544, Aet 4 ^444444, a 4 Constant4 7)) 53
-57-
# 44. 444 44 4#444 M4# 44# Ms. 2#42¥## 4
1444 €M# 4 #424 #4# 42# Ms 44^24 4444#
4#4 44 M444 4444. 44# 245. e44 444 ¥44 #4
4 4242 #4# 2####44 4#45.^44 10%7> 2#4s#44
414442- 4$ 4. 2 a] 2s 4s#27> #7>44 24= 2414444 ¥
4444 7fls4 44# 44# 2444 4# 4444 7114# 4 7}# 24
4 4# 7fl44^4.20~21)
(NfVk~l)aAep = Constant (5)
4714 k # #244 4444, i/ # 4# 4 #4# 44.
444, 4s.7> 4:# # 4# 4# 44 ##44 244W4 fAS &44
4 2444# Coffin-Manson42S 4444# Basquin42S &4# 4 4 422)
^£t = Ase + Asp = Ci(Nfu 1 ) ^‘ + C2{Nfv 2 1) (6)
444 Je, : 44 441:44, Je. : 4444144, Cx,C2,Kh,$i,fo :
7l]S#¥44.
44# 7>4 4444 #4# 2442s #444(hold time)4 7}414 4#
#s^r## 41471 441 444 444.
3. 4 ####4(Strain range partitioning method)
^f7li 444# 2# 4#4 4# 4 44# #41 244 4S1M14
44. 4442S 4# 4 44# 44444 41442s 4¥444 244
## 44444 27]7} 44# 2a]2 414 444 #4# 4M12S
-58-
*#4*4 °1 144 #^* 7ll^AS #4i
* $14. ^124* 4 111= 4** 444# hysteresis loop* 44xfl$14.
(a) Ae» : 44d=4#l*. *#d:4114 4# ^814 111=
(b) Je^ : 443.4=113: #4^1414 144 #11=
(c) Je^ : 41-dh411* ##34 $11^1 44| 1## #11=
(d) Je« : 4434=41^ ##34$114 4*11 1## #11=
44* Jeg * 4*4 *4 $*# * $1$423~24)
^£,y (Ns)ai> = constant(7)
i,J = P,c
44 #u * *** 4*4* 4s.*l# IV, * 4*4 44 444 * $1
4.
W/= ^ (8)■lvv
4 444 /<, * 4 M> 4 **4 41444. !!#*#!* hysteresis
loop$*4 e#4 **#4 414 *4°l3i 444 *44 loop#* *44
7] 414* 44* 7>43. $144 *$4 *4* 4$$ $44* 44* 7}
431 $14 11 #14 (strain range)4 #44 44 *14 4*44.
444 4## 47>4 41# 4*4 4 $#14 4# 444# 4*4 4
4 Coffin-Manson44 4# $44 * $1$4 *5. 4*4 441 4444.
AsyiNij)a> = Constant (9)
4714 z'J * p(plastic)4 c(creep)* 44 4444, or* * 4 $4** 4
414. 444 441 444 41# 4*4 45.41 444 447> *414
1 45.414* 41 #*#14 4aH $444. 41***14 7>4 44#
-59-
14# 4 #4144 4£4## 3414 Qjl z|l 441# Mol4.
1N, 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 (10)
144 431## # 4 3114 1#4 4# 44 1# 41.
Nf Fpp | Fpc | Fct> - F«- + JV* + iV^ + Ncc (11)
4711 . Fpp=Asppl Aep, Fpc— AspJAsPr F^= Ae^j Ap, Fcc=AeJA£p
Asp = Aspp + Je*. + Zfe^ + Asa^4# #7>4 m 44 #, HBl= #41 43#44 4M 1411
4 43. 41=# 441# 4# 1141.
4. ±^91011449
s]S^44 1413& 31 4444 # (plastic cycle strain)4 H 444
4 3144## 4^444# 34133 3141444# 43#4144
4 #34 44# 4444. 4#7] 43#4 Us)# 3141444# 4
1# 13 3444 14# 434 ##44. 44#4 344# 34444
44# hysteresis loop4 44°14 344# #444# 4# loop4 flS
4 43# 444# ### # 1# #1### 7>4ji ^4 o] ^444 3
11 4 43# 4#41. 444 3144444# 43#14 41444#
4## Morrow7l- 34414444# 444434 Eylin# 3141444
#444# 7lM 434# 4e# 44143 Giglol Vergani## 314
1444 4e# 34# 7>4 444 43#14# 4#4 4#144.
342544 3#4 437} 43.1- 4444 414#4 #44# 3141
-60-
(12)
444^ 4#4 #4
AWp = jay d£yp
44, 45.S] ^7] #^-#%# #4d°] Massing's hypothesis4 4—4 4
^B5. 4(12)£ 4(14)4 #4 44.
g = 2(Ta , £ = 2e# (13)
= 4<ra eap ~ 2 Jj^Vdo (14)
Morrow^ power-law #4-4^# #44 4-^-4 a = K (£p)n 4-3-
(7 =2<ra
(2 &/)"(^)"'
4(15)# (14)4 4444
444
= 4<7a V -{+<
n"# #4-4^# 3
(15)
(16)
444^ n' 4 #431 7H43L
g/ = (-gr)lln'°]E.s. 4&4 ## ^444444# 44# 4 $14.
= 4AT-^' aa1+»* l-ri
1 + ri (17)
-61-
w +
(a) (b)
HH9 Cycle dependent material response under stress and strain control
(a) stress control (b) strain control(c), (d) cyclic hardening (e), (f) cyclic softening
-62-
(a) (b) (c)
nU10 Process of fatigue crack initiation(a) slip step under static stress (b) intrusion fatigue stress (c) extrusion under fatigue stress
stage stage II stage
new crock surface
crock crockflow -- bonds
crockcrock
HU11 Fatigue crack propagation
-63-
Io>I
uDEF3riohnVJ
11HuJimok&□M'r|ros.o°l
ii1: i . "'j
i
(&om
-*09
zz)
Cycles to failure
Strain amplitude, %
05 050
Plas
tic Str
ain R
ange
•Continuous Cycle
Mumoer of Cycles to Failure
a) ^W#(iCrMoV7j-)[9]
10
10 -2
10
© ©
12%Cr-Mo-V Steel 873K, Aet=±1.5% © : th= Omin. Ar
th= Omin. Air th=30min. Ar th=30min.- Air
OD
© ©
* ' ' * '10Z 103
Number of Cycles to Failure b) X20CrMoV121#[10]
104
aUl3 5|s^o|| □|*|£ Sff
-65-
6
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
SECONDPHASEPARTICLES
GRAINBOUNDARIES
1111
6
^114 Intergrannular cavity nucleation sites
-66-
crt
GBSGrain Boundary Particle
(c)GrainBoundary
GBSii. XX.
\TTT T T
GBS : Grain Boundary Sliding
(f)
nH 15 Cavity nucleation site at phase II particle on the grain boundary
~67~
Quasi Equilibrium Cavity Growth
(D„S»Dg8) (Hull-Rimmer)
tCT
Vacancy Flux
l
ZLiJ 16 Illustration of quasi-equilbrium growth wherein atomic transport
occurs along the grain boundary and through the lattice
-68-
Cavity Growth Controlled by Creep Flow
rCavity after Creep Row Initial Cavity
Shape
X\-._ -?*'\__ Cavity after
Surface Diffusion
U
nHl7 Illustration of the effect of creep flow and diffusion
on the cavity growth
-69-
Region IIRegion I
(b) Distance from Cavity Center(R)
COUPLING OF DIFFUSIONAL AND CREEP PROCESSES
Creep Diffusional Creep
Zone Zone Zone■ r.
A
, A , -Vib c ,
al18 Model for the coupling of diffusions! and creep processes
in the cavity growth
-70-
Constrained Cavity Growth
<7
Isolated Cavitated Grain Boundary
ZLg119 Illustration of an isolated cavitated grain boundary for which cavity
growth may be canstrained creep flow of surrounding matrix
-71-
6
III
ZZ.H20 Schematics of two types of cavities
-72-
A) CONTINUOUS STRAIN CYCLE 6
T
B) TENSION STRAIN HOLDWv 0
VTc M—W
E
E-(5n
- - / — (5nE
D) TENSION & COMPRESSION STRAIN HOLD
/
To
A
nU21 Typical strain controlled low cycle fatigue cycles
-73-
Plas
tic Str
ain R
ange
- ■ pimiic
«itoi
» rang
. (%>
10,
TENSION HOLD TIME
ICr-.IMo_0.23V sleol
Cycles to failure
a) 1 CrMoV #[7]
125?Cr—Mo—V Steel 873K, T—type Tensile Hold Time o : th= Omin. a : th=1 Omin. a : th=30min.0 : th=60min.
Number of Cycles to Failureb) X20CrMoV121#[8]
aU22 -fr^WTHhold time)o| s|So|| a|%|^
-74-
ni!23 Schematic diagram of failure mode in creep-fatigue test(a) fatigue-dominated (b) creep-fatigue interaction
(c) creep-dominated
stress stress
(b)
-strain strain
(c)
(a) PP-type cycle (b) CP-type cycle
<c) PC-type cycle (d) CC-type cycle
HU 24 Idealized hysteresis loops used in defining individual
partitioned strain range
-75-
Awt = AwP +AWea
HH25 Total, plastic and elastic strain density definition
-76-
4 3^- # 3L
1. B.Tomkins and J.Wareing, Met., Sci., Vol 11, pp.414-424, 1977
2. A.Pineau, Fatigue at High Temperature, edited by RP.Skelton, Applied
Science Publisher LTD, pp.312, 1983
3. DJ.Kim and S.W.Nam, J. Mat Sci., Vol 23, pp.1024-1029, 1988
4. C.Y.Cheng and D.RMaiya, Canad. Met. Q., Vol 18, pp.57-64, 1979
5. S.W.Nam, J.W.Hong and K.-T.Rie, Met. Trans.A, Vol 19A, pp.121-127,
1988
6. M.Klesnil and P.Lukas, Fatigue of Metallic Materials, Elsevier Scientific
Publishing Co., pp.61-70, 1980
7. SPearson, Eng. Frac. Mech., Vol 7, pp.235, 1975
8. W.H.Kim and C.Laird, Acta Met, Vol 26, pp.777, 1978
9. D.Hull and D.E.Rimmer, Phil. Mag., Vol 4. pp.673, 1959
10. J.W.Hancock, Met. Sci., Vol 10, pp.319, 1976
11. W.Beere and M.V.Speight, Met. Sci., Vol 12, pp.1505, 1979
12. D.F.Dyson, Met. Sci., Vol 10, pp.349, 1976
13. J.Wareing, Met. Trans.A, Vol 8A, pp.711-721, 1977
14. S.Majumdar and P.S.Maiya, Canad. Met. Q, Vol 18, pp.57-64, 1979
15. C.Y.Cheng and D.RDierks, Met. Trans.A, Vol 4A, pp.615-617, 1973
16. S.W.Nam, J.W.Hong and K.-T.Rie, Met. Trans.A, Vol 19A, pp.121-127
17. M.F.Day and G.B.Thomas, Met. Sci., Vol 13, pp.25-33, 1979
18. APalmgren, Bertschrift des Vereines Ingenieure, Vol 58, pp.339, 1924
-77-
19. M.A.Miner, J.Appl. Mech., Vol 12, pp.159, 1954
20. L.F.Coffin, Jr. Report 69-C-401, General Electric Co., 1969
21. L.F.Coffin, Jr. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on
Fracture, pp.634-654, 1969
22. L.F.Coffin, ASME-MPC Symposium on Creep-Fatigue Interaction,
ASME, pp349-364, 1976
23. S.S.Manson, Fatigue at elevated Temperature, ASTM STP 520, ASTM,
pp.744, 1973
24. S.S.Manson, G.R.Halford and M.H.Hirschberg, Design for Elevated
Temperature Environment, ASME, pp.21-28, 1971
25. W.J.Ostergren, J.of Test, Eval., Vol 4, 1976
-78-
-79-
I
Is
*11 4 4 ael5.-s)s. 43:4#4l sltt
l % *|ssl s>9 #
# 4414# ^474 #4 23:71 S.<a51^4611 A>-§-^ 100.5MO
44 444^4, 4#., 37^6)1 XI si oi4#4# 444) $14.
1. ##4 2E-y
X4# !CrMo44 <94471 4442:4# 4444, &5# 185,000hr4#4
!Cr0.5Mo44 %44 444 2/9# 4444. C4 S# 4^#44#7l^ #
44^2, Si# 4###A^4 44## 1000°C44 414 f-
#441^.4, 444 4^# ^ l-tirAs. f ICP-AESS. #44
4. 44*171 444 s, P, Mo4## 44431 444 4 #4 Z44 444
444 4# 1 # $14.
2. -y# ss 3ig°i^ #4
#6# 4-0-4 (185,000hr)4 4444 4444# 4444. 4444#
INSTRONM 444 4^4 "<8# 4# 4 51# 444&4^4* 4^ 4«S
4$1—4 31^264 27# 4# 4 37# ^144^41 4#€ 4^4 44# 44
44 444 44# ASTM 444 4#4. ^-426# 4# 4445^5. 44
-87-
168mm4 7]] 4 X] ^ o) (gauge length)^- 60mm4 #4 4 3| ^.5. 2) 7§ •£ 12.5mm
44. 44-4^4^ 44*4 444& 44# 4f #4# f 4^ 4W&4
^7l(INSTR0N 8500series)* 4 #44^-4 #4# 4" 5
444 25mm4 4441 (Extensometer)# 4"§-44 #4444. 44 Sample
rate# 10pts/s4 2: Ramp rate# 20%/min4 4. zt^27# 31# 4444—5.
44 160mm6]] 44444 80mm4 #44 4 4 3. 44# 6mm44. 5.644
4 # 45-4 3.#44 444£7> 4^4-31 44 4 #7} 4^#^a, 44& 4 4# 4 441 4%#7}3ta4.
-82-
£4 1Cr0.5Mo^s| si-sj-aj
(#44: wt%)
Comp. C S Si P Mn Cr Mo
wt0.10-0.18
> 0.0350.10-
0.35 > 0.0350.4 ~
0.70.70-
1.100.45—
0.65
£5 a^tH lCr0.5Mo^s|
(#4]: wt%)
Comp. C S Si P Mn Cr Mo
wt 0.178 0.017 0.334 - 0.586 0.735 0.699
£6 A|-#7}|(iCr0.5Mo; 185,000hr)£|
Temp.(t)
Young'sModulus(E;GPa)
TensileStrength
(MPa)
0.2%Yield
Strength(MPa)
Elogation(%)
24 205.1 484.1 280.7 33.8
515 190.2 315.9 198.6 35.1
-83-
iyS |oR|yO|A19’OJQI HxSIy ||oji|Y§i3 SET ZZfir:
iyS IoBIyOIAIS'OJQL Hy^y B^y MIy-SB S-iy 92Hit
Z 21
4)
4| 2 4 ^*§7}
1. 7H a
5#e] 44- # ^54- 2194 i-g-## 9945.9 24#! ##4 #
#44 145 A>-g-5]31 &##, -g-^4 29244 4~§-5]9 2## TflS.#
44 44# 41 3le]5 #14 #2# 44 4## 4-. 444 3.4 9244
94# 4444 444 #444 44 4# 444 4444 44 #4 4-0-
9s. g 4#44 4S7> creep^44 44 4949 44# 7>9# 144
4949 44 #-£-44. 444 4-^4 4# 4444 creep 4949 #1
2444 11# 14-5.44 1 4995 # 44444 creep 49419 #
4471 44 1144 44 creep 49419 4 44 parameters. #444
°1 parameter4 11944-4 44# r^-S. 9419 #3.
3.4 444# parameter# #44#, #44 #5.44 creep 44444-
creep parameter# #44 creep 4#4 4# 99# 9 #4 44. 44#
creep parameter# 1950#5 2.7] 4 Larson-MiUer7]- # # 7]]## #^-1} S|5-
44 2 #97} #15)2 #4. 2#, creep 41494 4# #97} ##44
4#44 #4, 44 o] 4#7]9# 2## creep parameter#"!# 4##2S
4 54 ### f# 4 7>#4E4 ## 444, 1 2# 2#4 4 creep 4
#41# #44-71 4# 444 creep lls##-4 44434 4# #41
45 #5.5]#43). 4#4# creep 4#7]#4 44 creep cavity# 44 #
4#7]## 44# 9 #9 #9-14-7]- #5#25# #» #-§-44 creep#
9419 94 437} 4fe #95 #14 2 #44). 9 #9 Creep-#S 45
-85-
#1# 1-71 441 Creep# 3# 4^484. #3# 1# Larason-Miller
parameter# 4## 4444 ^ Creep strain# #4 #5-5.4 €335.3.
Creep# 4&# ###7l 4# # #€#!£. 4 #4 444 Creep data# 4
31 ###3# 44# 1 $144.
2. Creep Parameter
33 = # €41-4 44414 33333 ?M€ #44 s## #4 €4 1# 47)144 €414 44 £1 414 44 €4(dislocation)4 41 41
4 444 344 44 4141 €1# €44. he)5# 342843 33 1 €4 (€4 #4)351= -* 244 (3 ##4)34= -> 344351= -> 4443
4^44 ##3 4#4 3144 33 = €34 #34 4431 H
#44 3#4 i#4 3# 33##(self diffusion)#!44434 #34
Creep rate! 4#4 #4 &## 1 $14.
e = A(T,G)exv(-Q(T,o)/RT) (18)
s ■ Creep Rate
T : Temperature(K)
R • gas constant
31# 3-144 3# 43^ 4£7> 341# 333 #3E7> #db44 44
4 34# #£71- !### 14€4.
Creep 4€4 44- 4# €3#£5. 4^ #W 43 Creep# M 4 €
4#4-€, Creep##! ## 414- #4-.
£' tr = £„ (19)
-86-
tr : Creep 44*4
£„: Creep 444*4
4(18)4 (19)* 444
tr*A( t, a) * exp ( — Q(T,o)/RT) = £„ = P(a, T) (20)
4 44, 4# 44 4444
TXlogfr + logA(T,a) - logP((7,70) = Q(7»/2.303tfT (21)
44 4444 4444
TXlogfr + A'(r,d)) = (ZCr, a) (22)
3. 5)4 Creep parameter-4 71**4 44. 4 444 A'(T,o)?} **
(-20)4 3. Q'(£,0)7} -B-444 4444 44 444 Creep parameter4
Larson-Miller parameter?)- 44. 44 Creep parameter# 44 44 4*4
* 44— ■§. Larson-Miller15, Manson-Harford65, Ohr-Sherby-Dom7),
Manson-Succop85, Manson-Brown parameter95* 4 4.4. 444 creep
parameter** 7) ##53 ***» *3 4# 444433 *444 44
*44 ?]* ?}* 4 4 44* #4 creep parameter* *4 *33, 7)* 7}
443 ***44 *3 4 4*4 4# 44=33## 444 44* ?M4
4(#3 14 444)4# 444. 444, 444 creep parameter?} 3* *
34 #44 4 4*4?1 34*, 434 44 4?) 4 4* parameter?} 4
333, 71)5.4 **44344 444 parameter* *44* 44 #344
3*4 4.4. Larson-Miller parameter* *?D #4 #44* 4*43 4
* 4*433 * *#4*3 creep 44*4* #*4?1 4# Larson-Miller
parameter* 4*444. Larson-Miller parameter* 19514 Larson* Miller11
7} *44 33* *7) 4 an *34 *44 *4* *44* *4 4444
-87-
44##4 4^#^#4 3 5] =41 35] = 444^4# 4 #44
Mt 433 4# 4 #4.
logtr = Q(o) • 1/r + C (C = -20)
GX<r) = Tilogtr + C)(23)
444, Q(d) # Larson-Miller Parameter# 4444.
3. Creep QQ
7>. Creep 4% ^ 4^ 44
3-5]= 41# 35]= H## 4443* #444 4^ 4## #4#
T a# 35]= 4143 #«S4^4 3429# 35]= 44# 4444 4-S
4# 237] 344 #43 4 185,000hr 4#4 lCiO.SMo# 44444. 4^
#44# 90mm4 3 Gauge length# 25.6mm4 4- 41## #44714#
gauge length #4# 0.5mm4 4# 4#4 31304 4# 35]=.a]4 #n]#
#4, 44# 4#334 44# 4# 4W# 44^4144# 4#44 #
443# 4514. 35] =44 #4# SKD-11433 grainding44# 44 #
44^4. 3^31# 35]= 444 4444 4444 44# 34#3 &4
4. 34# 4f
35] = #3# 515, 553, 588°C 3 4145&34, 44 7]-#4 #4# 12, 8,
-SS-
15Kg/mm2 °]4. a #2* *4* *41 444 as]2. 4444 444 o]
*4 4W 5** 4W3, a #3* 588°C, 8 Kg/mm2^ 4^&4444
*44 as]5. 4^** 4444. &4 £74 #4 4^444* 45 ^4
4t11 *44 44*4 as] 2 44* 4444.
444 T : Creep temperature (K)
<7 : Stress (Kg/mm2)
tr : Rupture time (/z )
CKo) : Larson-Miller parameter
£„ : Creep strain (mm)
a#44 444 4444 44, 4444 44* 544 4 44
444444 4**44 *454* 444a a4. a#4* 4*4- 4 a
4354 Larson-Miller parameter4 44 444 *4444* 4444 *4
44 44*4 44 lCr0.5Mo44 Larson-Miller parameter4 4 32.44
185,000hr 4*44 314 as] s 44*455*4 14454 4*4^4* 4
*4 <r $14. 5*4 444 44 D4 *4 t, 4*43 P* *4 444 4
44*4 as]5 = PD/2i 44 a^344 44 zl#544 4*f
4* 44* * $14. 444 44*531 44 *4*4* 4**32444 a
s]£ 44*54 44*4* 4444 4**544 105/?H 44 as]5 4
4*34 1/1.5* 4**355 44a $14.
-89-
4] 3 4 *Itt71 5E|5. ^ 5L 5)^-3) 3.
1. €94=1
31# x^7l 4 3.4# *11 A]~g-^ 44# n€364 #4. M4^7> 40mmdl
3L 444 13mm44 44°1 10mm4 ##4 #444(Hollow cylindrical
specimen) dl 4. -¥4171- l.Smmti #4494# 4-8-4534 4% * 444
#^44 4# 4#4# 444-31 594444 S## #5#57} 4 #4 4
£4 444. ^ • 4 54# #1,5004 4445. 444 f- 6^m 444-#H
44^11 4-8-44 5.44 444# #4317} 444. 4 €44 23:71 34 el
4444 44# 44-2-5. I85,000hr 4-0-4431 4-8-#5# 515°C, 44# 92
Kg!Cm2 4 lCr0.5Mo#€-4# 4#444. 49# #44: 44 99#4 #
444 '49-9=55. ¥44# 40mm4 5471444 12.5mm4 31##
(extensometer)# 4#44 49444
2. €9 #4
7>. 4^4471
4^71 4&444 4-8-4 #W9# 31 €374 4# #44 45.444
(INSTRON model 8521)5.4 #444^# 444 #57>4# 4# 6.75kw
-8-4=4 7>#-g- 31^4 #4#4 6~7i^/Cm24-44 44 44# 44##
#^4# #4497} 5#44 $14. s# 444 44#4# 4# 4#
n€ (Wood's metal grip)4 4-8-44 5#4 7} 4 4 3)# 4 €4 #5# #9
4# Optical Pyrometer# 4-0-4-# accufiberH4 3l##4 4 4 4—4 (High
-90-
temperature measurement and control system)# 4445 $14. 2# 38*
INSTRON #34#4# 7U4E# 44H4.
4- #44 (extensometer)
a}#4 n#* #43]* ^394 44 =3t1 4^*44 #44 4
* 2;M 444-^57} ##<*11 #3}-5M #^7] 3)^1 3] 4 ###4
flexural artnAS #4 #4 44* #4-444 #D** *445#
4. # 444 44# 44444 444 4*444 4*4 444 44**
*4# * $1* 444# 4*444 44 "0"settting4 4* 444 444
5. scale°1 4# 44-5.3. 4# *4444 44.
4- 2^*44444^13
(High temperature measurement and control system)
* #44 4*4 2L# 444 *5^4* 2.4404 #4 Optical
pyrometer* 4*44 #44 setting# fixed set point# #3=# #445 #
#* 5*4## 3.44 *444 44# *5* PID controKProcess
Integral Derivative control)* 4*4 feedback* #Sfl *5.* 3.44* 4 —
## 4*444. 2#41* Feedback control loop* 4444, 2#42* *5
feedback4 3.4# * $1* 7>4 4444 control#4* 44 #4. 444
feed back control* *£4*4 7>4 #* 4 #4 4 set point *£.# #*7}
4 453 4)* 4*444 44 PID 4* #44444 4444 control*
#44 44.
~91~
3.
3.932#]44 144^ lCr0.5Mo!114 4^4 424! 4 31^:444
=142-42 12144 a##?] 414 444 44 21144 111$
4. 414 3214341 4 4 $144 (a)4 14 112 444 144 444
4 ^ 411123 444 (b)4 #4 1444 14 444 (c)4 14 44
41(hold time)# 31444 114 2-4414. 444 1444 24# 4
114—3.4 42# 47]422 14444 142(thermal fatigue)! 1 °]
2444 11144 444 1114 3H44 444 444 4444 114
41142# 1444 44 44 4441 24444 he]^] 44 4441
4 144! 4 444 214 4^1 414 1144 242-42 12144 21414.
(1) 43 : lCr0.5Mol
(2) 42 : 515'C
(3) 4114(^/2) : 0.2 ~ 0.6 %
(4) 4 44 (frequency) '• 0.1 Hz(H 414)
(5) HlKstrain rate) : 0.004-1(H4 ^ 1444 414)
(4) 41 (waveform) : - 4141
- Push-pull type! 1141
- 44a] 14 24! 144! 41
(5) 444 l(holdtime) : 1, 10, 304
(at tensile peak strain)
(6) 444 : 14
-92-
#M44 %7l4^4^4 ##45. ^ ## %14## e #4 4-^,
°] 4 4-4 (hysteresis loop) ^ -B-44:4-(stress relaxation) ### n^44°l] 4-
44^4.
zi^4544 .%, 44- ## &##44 %7l 43.4## €444 0.57V,
4 44% #4-#W °14 #4(hyteresis loop)44 A4#WM^), 44
###4(<r,) #4 4^7] 4&4# €4# ^4 ###
5:#1M 44 #444# 4^44^4.
43-4^## 444 44# 4444 cycled 444 S4-###4A3.^-b)
444-44 25%## #A##& 41 (4 4 ###44 75%)4 cyclers.
#4, ### 4#4 44M ^ #4#A7> 25944f 4 44% cycled
41# 4445-44 20—25%4 #4#A-E 4^4 4s#4as. €4% 4
4 44-4-4-51 nslai #4-.10)
4. n|Al|s4 94 4## ##
4## 4#4 4^514 A34, Sis.# ^ 4-#### ###7) 4#4
SEM ### 4-44-. SEM### 44:4 44# 44#A(77K)#4l 55-# #
44## 4##4 4-4:44 #415-AS. 55-#  44# 4&4###
##4#4.
-93-
Cre
ep str
ain
Increasing stress and temperature
Creep I (instantaneous)
Creep II (steady state)
ZLi28 IS HE|H HE|H EMMI SU
M18P2.5
ZLH29 Creep^lS W H7|
Hi!30 HB|H A|y #D|
-95-
nl31 Creep Al M
96
ni!32 Creep °| a#
37 Creep test result of 1Cr0.5Mo steel
SpecimenNo. T(°C)
G(Kg/mm2)
tr(h) Q(f)
1 553 15 49.18 17917.4
2 588 8 1637.4 19987.4
3 515 12 4495.2 18638.5
-97-
■■-C-
Creep Strain(mm)
$I
UOK3
UJIHIMffi
so°00
6=
CD o
o
:H34 £!*Hfi|- A|-#%||o| ^g2|.o| 2M|
-99-
i ajxh
^='35 Creep rupture master curve of 1Cr0.5Mo
by Larson-Miller parameter
-100-
| I vvw
<h C5A—A' Section
0.^36 jlS Xi^7| ir|SA|10|| A|-#a A|^o|
-101-
102
Load cell
Load ^controller “ — Induction
1 coil
I/O terminal board
(AD/DA)Strain
controller Specimen
Temperaturecontroller
r---. Temperature ” controller Actuator
Oil pump
nH38 Schematic drawing of creep-fatigue test machine
-103-
SUOBBLOCK
mi
wmttt
:w*h. . ASMttsSfi- m
nrsre»>w,COO(*@:"mea
tttoOESfiy Assam:
I8.TSTOP
ExTEssomERi;:FRAME
nH39 3.-2# •£! (extensometer)
~104~
Sapphire Fiber Sensor .050* (1.27mm) Dia.Up to 20" (50.8cm) Long
3. #|40 Optical pyrometer for measurement of temperature
-105-
Tem
pera
ture
Typical Feedback Control Loop
Error i (e)
Process Voluo-(PV)
Process
CZ.H41 Feedback control loop
HU42 Ideal control of strain control
-706-
'St no
in +
Load
Tine<a) Start up shut down operation
Strain
Cb) Thermal stress and strain
Hold Tine
(c) Simulation of strain cycle
O.W43 Thermal stress and experimental approach
in boiler header
-107-
HOLD TIME WITH RELAXATION
tu = Hold TimeINPUT
Time
maxOUTPUT
Time
FIXED STRAIN LIMITS
Hystersis -Curve for
Hold Time
nU44 Hysteresis loop and Stress relaxation
nil45 *|^7|sis S! aa|=-2|s tiSi
-109-
*11 4 # 31
1) F.R. Larson and J. Miller, "A time-temperature relationship for rupture
and creep stresses", Transaction of the ASME, July, 1952, p. 765-775
2) M. Grounes, "A reaction-rate treatment of the extrapolation methods in
creep testing", Traction of the ASME, (Journal of Basic Engineering),
March, 1969, p. 59-62
3) M.K. Booker, "Regression analysis of creep-rupture data practical
approach", ibid
4) 3 &SL, Ph. D Thesis, KAIST, 1988
5) F.J. Clauss, "An examination of high-temperature stress-rupture
correlating parameters", Transaction of the ASM, Vol.60, 1960, p. 905-927
6) S.S. Manson and A.M. Haferd, "A linear time-temperature relation for
extrapolation of creep and stress rupture data", NASA TN 2890, 1953
7) R.L. Orr, O.D. Sherby and JE. Dorn, "Correlation of rupture data for
metals at elevated temperature", Transaction of the ASME, Vol. 46, 1954,
p. 113-128
8) S.S. Manson and G. Succop, "Stress rupture properties of Jnconel 700
and correlation on the basis of several time-temperature parameter",
ASTM STP 174, 1956
9) S.S. Manson and W.F. Brown Jr., "Time-temperature-stress relation for
extrapolation of creep and stress rupture data", NASA TN 2890, 1953
-110-
4 5 $ ^
-in-
*11 5 1 4144 ^ 31%
^11% *>949 494# S 9$
* 4* * 4 *4 4 41*4 *1444* Creep-45. 4\g;4-*4 41#
#444 544444# 4**71 4^ 4*41# °l-§-, #*4 3*47)
#1**4. #1#4# 44 Coffin-Manson4, 41###4, 544 4 ^14
# *# 43.^1* ***5l * 4444 444 41*1*44 5444
444 444* *#**4.
1. Coffin-Manson4°ll 4# **oll#
4*#1* 444 0.1Hz4 4445. #41# 4# 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4%44
#4**o.4 3l*% 1* 515°C44 *4* 0.1Hz4 *44# 4* 0.15, 0.2,
0.25, 0.3%44 *1**4. 45*4* hysteresis loop4 4444*44 *
4^44444 4444*44 75%* 44-* 4 444 44*5 44**
4. rz-146, 47* %%44 4-4* Half cycled 4 4 ** ^ 3*4
hysteresis loop* 4444, 3*48* ** ^ 5*44 *4* 4441 4
*7] 45% *%% #41*4 *4*4 44* 444*4(S-N*4,
58*5). 5844 * * $1*4 4 111-* 4*4 444 as]5 3:45
*44 5*44 45*1 o] 3.711 4*1# 1 * *54 # 41#* #7}#
** 45*101 3.7II 454*4. £4 41*01 #7}# 4 7H&4*4 54
41*4 57)1 #7>4* * * **4.
-113-
# 91## #i9i#4 9991## 4#4 44#
Coffin-Manson4 #S. &949 4#4 #4-.
# $1#,
2As„ + #?* = ^ AT/6 + £ A7/ (24)
444 Asa : #919, 6, c : 4 #9#
#r/, zte/ : 9991# 4 #991#44-
4(24)4 94 94144 #494# hysteresis loops, #4 ^S}^. 4-4*
4"#(20°C)44# (25)4& 3#(515°CH4# (26)4# <3# 9 $14.
Ae/2 = 0.057(27//)™0-1 + 1.295(2AZ/)™0-433 (25)
As/2 = 0.021(2AZ/)-004 + 0.08(2AZ/)"°-2 (26)
584 3^49, 50# 44 99 91#4 #444# #44 #44 4 444.
2. #49101147:19o]| 2|1 #lo||#
#494444# 449:##4 1/2 cycled4 #S#4 hysteresis loop44
444 4444 4(17)4 44 #4 4449# 59, 104 44 444$14.
59, 1044 4 # $1#4 444 44 4(17)44 #4 #49144444
4# #49# 9 9 $14. 3.151# 44#9 #4914444 4494#
444 94# #44 9 4## log-log 3^544 914## 4-449 4
4 4#4 #4 9#44# 4(27)##, ##44# 4(28)# 449 9 $14.
' 121.83 x (AO "°51 (27)
JPF = 2.98 x (AO™0'28 (28)
594 1044 9 9 $1#4 # 91 #4 #494 44 AW %4 #931#
-114-
4, # # 4*4 4*011 44 *dh4
^4.
3. SlS^l-yoil 21 ti *@o||#
4^**4^* 4444*4 1/2 cycle 44 *S—4 hysteresis loop6!!4
3.^52444 #4 asi^4 4&44**4 44** *#44 44**4
4^4**4 4 4444 #4* 41 #44. 4 4*44# .4#
NASA4] 4 7l]44 TS-SRP(Total Strain version of Strain Range
Partitioning)5.5.n^-i- 4* #4**#^A.g. 4144$14. ##44 444 hysteresis loop&*4 TS-SRP^5.n# 2] input data* 43. FORTRAN-£-5.
#44 Mn4* *#4#^-&4 output* 4* * 44. 4*4* 44*
**44 4# *44*4-0*4* *4 #*&* 44444.
Aee = B W (29)
Asp = C W (30)
444, 4 B, C, b, c * 4&4 4* 4-*&44, * 4 pp, pc, cp,
cc 44#* 44*4. Sll* 44**#44 4# 4 4*4* 4444, zz.
452* 515°C44 44* *#44 4# 44 44*4 44444* 444
444. ##* *4 444 4444*7} 44 4D* 4*4 4# *44*
* * $14.
-115-
4. 4 *891# 8491 44 ^4##
7>#4i 4*71 45*44** 411 ^#44444^, 4^*
*444 44 444 441- #£4$o_4 37>4 *44*44* 4^4-4
n.^534 #4 44# * $)5-4 4 147> 4* 14#* 1 * $14. * 4
iMM 71144 4#**#44 ^#4#44444 *#%4 45# 4 4*
>§44711 44#5-4, !Cr0.5Mo#4 44*4* 444 4## * $14.
5. A^oj4l 4*7| 4 3.49 44E4 ##
444—5. 3L#3.4 — 4 44*1 * 4 4 "51(intergrannular cracking)4 4
# 4444 ## 45.a]-a6|]a]^ 4454(transgrannular cracking)4 4#
4444 *5 41-44. * *471* 4 44* 44*#(0.2-0.4%)4 5*
(515°C)4714 7}oi4% ## *i*7l 3)£4^6]] 4= 44*4 #* #*7l
43##44 44* 3.#4 3.374 45. 444* 4*444. zz.454* *
a>47>44^££ #44 #* 4*7] 454 44 444 7>#ol4.
(a)4 7>## *£ 515°C, 44* 0.2%, 44741# 944 *44 4*4 44
4-5-5. 5.44 444 444 444 444* 4#* ** *44 7}# 4^
4 44 31* 3.45. &4£ 444 4* cavity7> #7114471 444 447>
*44 44* 5.431 *4. &4 (b)4 7}## #* *5471 447>4# 53
43l 44*4 0.4%47l 41*4 444 44* 4*5.3. 444 #4 444
4 444-31 44. 4# 4##4 44 45*4* 5.4** 444 7}£44.
-116-
58 Sine wave fatigue test data on 1Cr0.5Mo-steel at 20°C,
515°C in the air environment
Temperature(C)
Strain rate(%)
Elastic strain Plastic strainU£P)
Fatigue lifew
20
02 0.0014 0.0006 39,110
0.3 0.0016 0.0014 11,474
0.4 0.0021 . 0.0018 9,010-
0.5 0.0019 0.0031 586
0.6 0.0014 0.0046 69
515
0.15 0.0010 0.0005 16,400
0.20 0.0011 0.0008 964
0.25 0.0013 0.0012 191
0.30 0.0014 0.0016 141
-117-
300
200
100
jl.ioo
-200
-300
-400
400
20 °C----- 0.2%....... 0.6% /7
/
: / !/• /
t 1__ « l « t >
/ 7
—i--- 1 i i__ i__i__i__-0.0100 -0.0075 -0.0050 -0.0025 0.0000 0.0025 0.0050 0.0075 0.0100
Strain (mm)
nH46 Hysteresis loop in half cycle (20°C)
118
200 -
-0.0100 -0.0075 -0.0050 -0.0025 0.0000 0.0025 0.0050 0.0075 0.0100Strain (mm)
3#|47 Hysteresis loop in half cycle (515°C)
-119-
8ia'
narp
litu±
i
104K?
"t i l i 11 j i i l l i M 11 I i i i ( i i 11 i
1C? irf tf
Mrrtercf reversals, 2^
Hi!48 Total strain vs cycles to failure
104--
t?T--------1—I 1 I I I I J----------1-------1—1 I I I 111----------1-------1—PTTTTTp
t? irf tfNumber of reversals, 2Nf
nU49 Total strain vs cycles to failure (20°C)
-121-
ni!50 Total strain vs cycles to failure (515°C)
-122-
59 Comparison of experimental and calculated values of plastic
strain and energy per cycle at 20 °C
#33 JW(Mpa) 3(17)21 JW(Mpa)
0.2 0.455 0.4416
0.3 1.173 1.1449
0.4 1.502 1.4962
0.5 2.929 2.7988
0.6 4.524 4.3937
510 Comparison of experimental and calculated values of plastic
strain and energy per cycle at 515°C
# #<##(%) #33 JW(Mpa) 3(17)3 /TW(Mpa)
0.15 0.195 0.2037
0.2 0.433 0.4293
0.2 0.382 0.3762
0.25 0.621 0.6042
0.3 0.924 0.8872
-123-
• 2JC
i L
I^(Qdes)
ZLH51 Plastic strain energy per cycle vs. cycles to failure
511 o|# Zj-
TempCC) B b C c
515 0.094 -0.221 0.043 -0.0533
c 10-2-
T—n-rmif102 1Q3 10Number of Reversals, 2N
3iW52 Total strain vs cycles to failure by strain rangepartitioning method (515°CS
-125-
Red
ded
Life
, C^d
es
■ GaffinWkreontVfethod □ Energy rvtihod 0 Sban tongef%rtiticringlV8hod
IVfeasuedLifeQties
Rg 8 IVfeesued Life vs. Redded Life (515°Q
Zl #{53 Measured Life vs. Predicted Life
127
(b) 0.4% strain control fatigue (x 1,000)
zz.il 54 SEM image showing typical fracture surface in isothermal fatigue tests with various strain control
-128-
4 2 4 tM Al#(hold time)# 31^ # Creep-4 5.
9 #9 4^14^^ *# 9 #f44 44# #9*91:#, 34
44499 ## 19 W #39-354 994*1# 4499 9*4# 3,
Creep-4s. #3:49 499 9494 44 hold time# ?M# 444# 4
99 4944 999 9993. #9991:94 599441H 44 134
99 999^4.
1. Coffin-MansonloJI 49 =r#oll*
9 449 4949 4*445 99449 941 4 #114## 449 9
##f, Creep-45. 93499 9994 444 39554 44 4449 3
344 4944 944#:(hold time)9 1, 10, 30935. #44494 444
9 99 4*943# *99 9*4#39, 44# 4#4 SEM9 9^ 44
#9 3##35# 4*9 45499 39944. 9129 Creep-45 4*9
43494 49# 4 993#9 44#4. 444 9(trapezoidal)49 4 94
4 4(hold time)9 44 1, 10, 30935 4#3#, #9 94 4 (strain control)
.9 0.2~0.6%3 9^4. 4 strain rate# 4 9444 # #994 tiM #9
94(0.004-1) 944# 4. 9139 4 995#9 1944* 4444.
, . -34569.4 94444 4# 34#99=4 #4* 44#4. 9134 3
95644 l 9’ >194 #9*9 #99*, 9449(hold time)9 *7}9:**
59 #9 99 *7}49#4 #3999 #59* 99 * 9 #4. 3#579
-129-
2# 4^7145444 44 a] 4 0(4-44)4 602(444 #4)4 4444 4
# #^!!4 Ao 4 44^4. 4 3%#4 44 45^4(cyclic
hardening)# 45l4(cyclic softening) 4 4 4 44 4 !Cr0.5Mo44
isothermal 515144 314 4dl 4444 44 14433 44 4^44
7> 444 $44 4544# 444 #44#4 a4 4244. 444 44
4 454=i# 444 ^444 4444 Ao 7} 3)541 27] 44 Ao 4
4 3/4(75%) 4## 44# 4 45^rl(2V, )33 41414.
3158# 4 444441 4# Half cycle44 4 hysteresis loop# 441.
4. 44444 #7}#4=# 4# 44 41# 4# 44444 241444
441444 4# 34] #7>4# 4# # # Si4.
a 159# Coffin-Manson44 44 4 44444 S-N #4# 4444.
X1344 3#44 4-4 #4444 044 6023 4# 4 45#14 343
244 44 44 424434 60244 60023 W4# 42444 37)1
4-4i4l34, 600244 180023 444# 45#44 44 1-244 4#
433 4444. 44# 44433# 454=44 #4444 44 1-244
4 6003: 44-44# 3.45. 24-7} 45S.4-4 44 l 0.5. 44433.
444 6002: 44-44# 45.4 44 Sl4-7> 4# 4#433. a>s.44. #,
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4)44# 424=14 # 44# #4 #4# 433 4444. 3160# 3
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### Nor / No (444 Ncr # #44 244444 1444 44# #4
4.)33 #4 #7]#171444s] 434=1# #44 444. 3144 34
-230-
bb 44 ^-o] total strain range{Aet )7\ 4bb# hold times] 3:47]- 34
hold time0] 4. 4b(30b)44b hold times] Aex s] 4 4"°]-4 31 $14.
°]b hold tinme°l #b 4b 454 s]4 crack4 cavity^>s] interaction0]
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damage(G.B. cavitation)4] S]s>4 b5S)7l 4b°14 4444. °144b
hold time S] 3:4b 434 35] =-45. bb444#44 hold timebbs]
cavitation7]45. 444^4.
2. ££<>114 4 Boll s|ft 4goj|#
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loop44 #44 444s]- 4(17)4 44 44 4444b 4144 44-4$14.
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5b44 44 44=b 444 b4b 455 4444.
-132-
3. 42821 n|A|5jM
?>. #4428 2#(hold time=0) 4&484 5#
12455 4#?] 4^48# 2#84# 43.8 $844 514 442
4 #8(slip)4 44 5.84 intrasion4 extrusion0] 44 4#48 884 4
4 45.515 4#448, 5#84# 51 44 8 44*5 Creep 8 547]
54- 454 45.585 484 45444 84. 55 8855 82 #1#
4 88, 848-58 84, 444 82 8#§-55 5144 8 44# #8
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48 5# 4#7] 8548# 4584. 58(a)# 484 422 51# 44
48 (b)# 145844 242 51# 5884. (c)# 4#48&44 48
4# 8448 45482 striation# 4884. 842 striation# 518 8
48# 4548 824 #455 4848 strip0] 2855 4 24#4 oje]
2 strip 24# 8&2#4 88 884 24.
4. #448 844 8# 4884 82
5.863# #4428 8#4 (224)4 #442# 60s3 82# 4 8&4
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4 5424 84 45-4#8 2D1 4 484# Beach Mark?]- 4845
24. (b)# 60&4 hold time55 84 4&# 588 creep#4# 84 5£8
8 cavity7> 88 8448 8# 4# # # 28. (c)4 (d)# hold time 60#
4 #88#8 22 0.3%, 0.4%244 4^48# 5884. as]5 545
84 44 cavity?]- 28 4845 258, 88# 2 #8 1255 o.4%4
488 0.3%8 241 488 225 1418 28 2?H4 84.
-132-
4. -b-44# 4# 4444 ##
^44^*(0.6%)444 4444 Os, 60s, 600s, 1800S4] 4
# ^4^1 $14. -n-4^144 3.4s &44 €444
#7}?M 44 4444 iW ^ cavity4 3.7)7} f7}t}2 caqvity44
M444 #444 4&4^04 #4! 444: 4-^-3. 4^45&4.
-m-
it 12 Input data on creep-fatigue test
TempeartureCO
Strain (%) Strain rate (S"1) Wave shape & hold time(min.)
515 0.2 ~ 0.6 4xi0'dTrapezoidal wave
hold time •' 1, 10, 30 (min.)
513 Creep-fatigue test data on 1Cr0.5Mo steel
Temperature Hold time Total strainPlastic strain
range(4k,)
Fatigue life(t) (sec.) (%) (#*)
0.2 0.00082 10,4990.25 0.00125 4,398
0 0.3 0.00208 2,0420.4 0.00347 1,1250.6 0.00476 7760.2 0.00102 4,698
600.4 0.00307 9930.5 0.00462 459
515 0.6 0.00569 3890.2 0.00132 1,689
6000.3 0.00277 7620.4 0.00298 460
0.6 0.00508 3620.25 0.00165 778
18000.3 0.00206 4250.4 0.00298 3350.6 0.00513 266
-134-
zlH55 Schematic diagram of relationship between stress and strain for strain controlled cycling(a) continuous cycling(triangular wave)(b) creep-fatigue interaction(trapezoidal wave)
-135-
• HoidtirreOs
■ HoldtirrB=€Os
* Hddtirre=€00s♦ hbidtirre=1800s
Fatigue Life, Na
zl^56 Relationship between plastic strain range and fatigue life
-136-
(a)
-137-
(b)
-138-
600
Total 9ran=0.6P/o —UddtinrBOs
* HddfrrB=€0s —a— Hddfms=600s —Hddtirn3=180Qs
(c)
nH57 Variation of the stress range during fatigue for the given test condition (a) hold time=0(triangular) (b) hold time=60(c) Constant total strain(0.6%)
-139-
Strain (%)
(a)
-140-
Stre
ss (I
VFS
)
(b)
-141-
-142- o
Stress (IVRa)±v8 o 8
Stre
ss (M
Ffej)
0.25%
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -02 0.0 02 0.4 0.6 0.8Strain (%)
(d)
nD58 Hysteresis loop in half cycle (a) without hold time (b) 1 min. hold time (c) 10 min. hold time (d) 30 min. hold time
-143-
-144-
MrrtH
of revests; 2N
SbananrplitLdei ^ Ae/2
%
-145-
-146-
9<2
<a
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2
9
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Mrrterofi
essl,
ara'narrplitucfei Ae/2(°/$ %
' ■ I ml ' ' '''''I ' ' ill'll
Njrba" of reversal, 2Nf
(d)
nH59 Total strain vs cycles to failure (515°C) (a) without hold time (b) 1 min. hold time (c) 10 min. hold time (d) 30 min. hold time
-147-
10 15 20 25Hddtim5(rrin.)
ZLH60 The ratio of Ncr / Nc vs. hold time
-148-
514 Comparison of experimental and calculated values of plastic strain and energy per cycle at 515°C
hold time(min.)
441 € JW(Mpa) 4(15)4 JW(Mpa)
0
0.2 0.465 0.427
0.25 0.737 0.643
0.3 1.485 1.139
0.4 2.356 2.010
1
0.2 0.560 0.480
0.4 2.041 1.977
0.5 3.384 3.171
0.6 4.113 3.867
10
0.2 0.757 0.715
0.3 1.840 1.795
0.4 1.971 1.831
30
0.25 1.020 1.010
0.3 1.290 1.170
0.4 2.154 2.041
-149-
it 14 basic equation of calculated data by plastic strain energy per cycle
Hold time (min.) Basic equation
0 AW = 237.54x0V/)-0-692
1 AW = 531.19x(Nfy°-m
10 AW — 37.77X
30 AW= 113.64x(JV»-°-719
-150-
AW
flVR
a)
i 10i
1&110P
i • »" i i 11 i i i i i i i i j i 1 i ““i r“i“'i
1CP 10*
N (cydes)
(a)
105
-151-
(b)
-152-
(c)
-153-
(d)
Hi!61 Plastic strain energy per cycle vs. cycles to failure (a) without hold time (b) 1 min. hold time(c) 10 min. hold time (d) 30 min. hold time
-154-
(a) cracked surface(0.25% X100)
155
(b) intergrannular surface(0.25% X500)
-156-
(c) striation surface(0.6% X500)
3.W62 SEM image showing typical fracture surface in fatigue tests without hold time
157
(a)
-158-
(b)
-159-
(c)
~160~
(d)
zlH63 SEM image showing typical fracture surface in
fatigue tests with various hold time (X500)
(a) without hold time(0.2%) (b) 1 min. hold time(0.2%) (c) 1 min. hold time(0.3%) (d) 1 min. hold time(0.4%)
-161-
(a)
162
(b)
-163-
(c)
164
(d)
0.^64 JLHit!- SEM ##
(a) hold time=0sec (b) hold time=60sec (c) hold time=600sec (d) hold time=1800sec
165
-191-
o
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-170-
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#54 444 4 t#44I44 %## 4444. ITER# 3.31 4t# 44
4 ## ### &# 44 31444°] #444. 3]45;#4# 31444
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5 IFRE# 4444 #4444 42 #» #444.
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454 31## $164 4°1 ##44.
. NG : IOP31 #44# #424 454 4#
. ED (n) : (1- NG)
-171-
. TIME (n) : n€*i) 4# 7]#f 44 (44 : [sec])
. VALU (n) : n44] 43-&
VALU(n)4 444 44 I0P4 s]Sfl $164- #4 4^44.
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2.25CrlMo44
> 0.35%LogiNf) = 1.98523 - 0.5185951 (logger,) + 21.2973(log As}2
+ 84.4861 (log zfe/)3 + 116.402(log Js,)4
Ast < 0.35%
Log(Nf) = 3.48396 - 4.071951 (log As} +16.9435(log A?,)2
+20.2406 (log 3 +10.3622(log As}4
(31)
(32)
12044 ^4
LogiNf) = 2.5972 - 2.293891 C4e()+0.41169(log/fe,)2
- 0.805363(log Je,)3+ 0.683487(log ^4(33)
Asi = Equivalent total strain amplitude
4. 3.4 $44 34i:4
-172-
2.25CrlMo#s]
P= (T+ 273X20 + log tr) x 10 "3 '
ASTM(Mean Value Curve)
P= 23.9331 - 0.590437 c+ 0.0215798c2 - 0.000334999c3
ASTMCMin. Value Curve)
P= 23.87 - 0.717718C+ 0.0315817c2 - 0.000588638c3
NRDVKSCMV4, NT Plate)
P= 23.3444 -0.46001 <r+ 0.0150248c2 - 0.000283298c3 +106679 x 10 " 6c4
1.25Cr0.5MoSi Wrought Steel
P= (T+ 273) (20 + log tr) x 10 "3
NRIM Data
P= 23.0574 — 0.490612 c+ 0.0216079c2 — 0.000458324c3+3.4971 x 10 "V
ASTM(Mean Value Curve)
P= 22.65449331-0.370476c+ 0.010546o2 - 0.000119168c3
ASTM(Min. Value Curve)
P= 22.6183 - 0.475421 c+0.0178203c2 - 0.0002647c3
12Cr Steel
• P=(T+ 273)(20 + log tr) x 10 “3
P= 28.3833 - 0.52574 c+0.0205431c2 - 0.00036337c3
i! o : Creep stress (kg/mm2)
-173-
T : Creep Temperature(°C)
tr : Creep rupture time(Hr)
4. 4S-
4 (31)4 (33)4- 4344) ##3## ^)4444 444 £] 4^7} 3)3.
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-174-
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4. 444 444 #44 4S.
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. a : . 144 4# (44 : [/°C])
4. 444 4 #44 4s ,
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. Cp : Thermal Capacity (44 : [mN mm/kg °C])
4. Si ## 444S
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■. ITYPE : IELTY4 4«fl 444# Si4 ### 4444. Si4
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-177-
4414 44.
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37H4 44 43:5. ##4xt)1# 4444
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7> 44.
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37H4 4-X45-5 ##4X4# 4444.
-178-
Oi 02 03 : 4*4*7]] 4 4144* 44] 4*^14 (X, Y,
Z) 4sa (ICTYP = 044 44 NC14 4*M 44)
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-180-
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-181-
3. BOLPASSJ §! #4 #4
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'.“Steam' Properties FEM . Material. Initial Metal
Temp. •OperatingData
Model t Data
Properties . Shape
Pre-Precessing
Heat Transfer Analysis Temp. Distribution
Thermal Stress Analysis - Magnitude, Location
and Time of Max. Stress
Fatigue Analysis
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Geometry Data
Identificationdata
modelname.cpl (ptcpl.dat)
. Pre - ANSYS
Pre - BOLPAS.
StressFilel5.dat (mpsslS. dat)
StressFilel4.dat(mpssl4.dat)
StressFile23. dat (mpss23.dat)
modelname. dat (ptdss.dat)
medelname. lcf (ptlcf.dat)
modelname. geo (psgeo.dat)
Thermal File23.dat (mpst23. dat)
mcp modelname (mcp mps)
Thermal File34.dat (mpst34.dat)
Stress File34.dat (mpss34.dat)
User Modeling
Stress AnalysisThermal Analysis
User Modeling
ansys.e -j stress (ansys.e -j mpss)
ANSYS PREP7
ansys.e -j thermal (ansys.e -j mpst)
ANSYS PREP7
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msNO CONTENT DATA FORMAT
1 TITLE TITLE (AGO)
2 TEMP.VARIATION
TEMPUP (E14.5)
3 CONTROL DATA . TMAX ITER IFRE (3E15.5)
4 MAIN STEAM TEMP.
IOP NGID(1) TIME(l) VALU(l)
ID(NG) TIME(NG) VALU(NG)
(215)(15. 2E15.5)
(15, 2E15.5)
5 MAIN STEAM PRESS.
' '
6 STEAM FLOW RATE
7 S/H METAL TEMP.
8 ROTOR SPEED
9 LOAD
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5.16
IOP £| D|1 ?#7| 5S. (#91 •• [1C])2 ##7| ## (#91 = [kg/cm2])
3 #715# (#91 = [ton/h])4 S/H SE (#91 : [1C])5 SEj S|S^ (#91 : [rpm])6 m^ (#91 : [MW])
517 tgx;
NO CONTENT DATA FORMAT1 HIS J , (I 5)
4s N1 SLl SU1 (15. 2E15.5)All A12 .. .. A1N2 (5 El5, 5)
Nj SLJ SUJAji Aj2 . . . Ajnj
2 an J CR (15, E15, 5) 'Ni SLi SU2 (15. 2E15. 5)An Al2 . . Aini (5E15, 5)
Nj SLj SUjAji Aj2 .. Ajnj
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NO CONTENT DATA FORMAT1 TITLE TITLE (A60)
2 MAIN NODE VH MD(1) MD(2) ... MD(MN) (615) -3 MATERIAL (M) E v p a (4E15.5)4 MATERIAL (H) KP Cp (2E15.5)
5 ELEMENTTYPE DEE.
"ELTY" IELTY ITYPE (A4.1X.2I5)
6 NODE DATA "NODE"ND XND YND 2ND
"FNOD"
, (A4) 4(110,3E15.5)
(A4)7 LOCAL COORD. "CSYS" ICSYS ICTYP
if ICTYP = 0 thenNCI NC2 NC3
else if ICTYP = 1 then01 02 03XI X2 X3Y1 Y2 Y3
else if ICTYP = 2 thenTil Tl2 Tl3T21 T22 T23T31 T32 T33
(A4.1X.2I5)
(5X.3I5)|5X,3E15.5|
|5X,3E15.5|
8 ELEMENT TYPE SELECTION
"TYPE" NLTY (A4. IX,15)
9 ELEMENT DATA "ELEM" Ml N2 ... Nn IBFor 20 Node Element 'MORE' N9 N10 ... N16 "MORE" N17 N18 ... N20
(A4,IX.1015) JA4.1X.8I5J
10 TOPOLOGY END "FIN" " ' (A4)11 DISP. B.C NDSP
ID NDS IX IY IZ XD YD ZD IC(15)
(515, 3E15.5.I5)
12 PRESS. B.C NPRSID N1 N2 N3 N4 IB
(6ll|
13 CONVECT. B.C NCVSIDC DIA PER
, (15)(I5.2E15.5)
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psdss 02. datErroe Message
. EE. 91#§iES.LinePrinter#
psdss 08. dat 611^321011 CHETime history
B0LP0ST2| ' Input Bata
pssdss 18.dat Result data. Temp, Strain, LGFI EEE
NISA#(Contour)
pssdss 19.dat Geometry data NISAg x (Geometry)
pssdss 28.dat EE6H^132f°| fiSf LinePrinter#
BOLPOST
psdss 09.dat *23 §21 Strain history , NISAg x (x-y Graph)
psdss 10.dat Temp history
psdss 11.dat ' Stress history '
psdss 12. dat Creep damage rate history
psdss 13.dat ' Total creep damage history
psdss 29. dat EL^mm EBIE SHE321 asf LinePrinter#
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ICHVbVToti8ra'nF^ge:1%
HddTime(l-bu)
zlW68 Relation between No.of cycles to failure and holdtime
for ICrMoV with 2% total strain range
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1Q--M>VTotal Strain Range: 2%
1500-
5! 500-
HU69 Relation between No.of cycles to failure and holdtime for ICrMoV with 2% total strain range
~194~
1Cr0.5IVb steel
515PC o.4%
-•-0.6%
1000-
0.^70 Relation between No. of cycles to failure and hold time
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‘
BoLPAS
YongWeol CSS (1997. 2.11.)20.
0.9000000E+04 90 901 41 .000 20.0002 3540.000 350.0003 7200.000 510.0004 9000.000 510.0002 51 .000 35.0002 2100.000 40.0003 4800.000 52.0004 7200.000 91.0005 9000.000 91.0003 51 3540.000 1.0002 4620.000 10.0003 4980.000 32.0004 5520.000 70.0005 9000.000 92.0004 41 .000 20.0002 3540.000 320.0003 8400.000 460.0004 9000.000 460.0005 31 3540.000 .0002 4620.000 3600.0003 6600.000 3600.0006 41 4800.000 .0002 4800.000 5.0003 5520.000 20.0004 9000.000 35.000
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***********************************************
NODE NO. = 283 : THERMAL LOAD•*»*•#» UU U# •*# eU AAAAAAAA
***** TRANSIENT ANALYSIS *****
*** MAX. THEMAL STRESS ***TIME [sec] TEMP.[C] STRESS [mN/mm2] CREEPD-RAT10 [%/hr] 0.28000E+05 0.31200E+03 0.80342E+05 0.72800E-05
*** MAX. THEMAL CREEPD-RATIO ****TIME [sec] TEMP. [C] STRESS [mN/mm2] CREEPD-RATIO [%/hr]0.74000E+05 0.49220E+03 0.68237E+05 0.33657E-04
*** MAX. THEMAL STRAIN ****TIME [sec] STRESS [mN/mm2] STRAIN LCFI [%]0.32000E+05 0. 52537E+05 0.75998E-03. 0.52030E-01
*** LAST CREEP-RATIO ****TIME [sec] TEMP.[C] STRESS [mN/mm2] CREEPD-RATIO [%/hr]0.90000E+05 0.50298E+03 0.43867E+05 0.38760E-05
*** LAST CREEP-DAMAGE ****TIME [sec] CREEP-DAMAGE [%]0.90000E+05 0.19142E-03
**** LAST STEADY STATE ANALYSIS *****
*** TOTAL CREEP-DAMAGE ****TIME [sec] CREEP-DAMAGE [*]
0.43200E+05 0.28750E+01
*** LAST STEADY CREEPD-RATIO ****TIME [sec] TEMP. [C] STRESS [mN/mm2] CREEPD-RATIO [%/hr]0.90000E+05 0.50298E+03 0.37454E+05 0.21030E-05
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NODE NO. = 283 : THERMAL LOAD
***** TRANSIENT ANALYSIS *****
*** MAX. THEMAL STRESS $**TIME [sec] TEMP.[C] STRESS [mN/mm2] CREEPD-RATIO [%/hr]0.28000E+05 0.31200E+03 0.80342E+05 0.72800E-05
*** MAX. THEMAL CREEPD-RATIO *** ****TIME [sec] TEMP.[C] STRESS [mN/mm2] CREEPD-RATIO [%/hr]0.74000E+05 0.49220E+03 0.68237E+05 0.33657E-04
*** MAX. THEMAL STRAIN' ****TIME [sec] STRESS [mN/mm2] STRAIN LCFI [%]0.32000E+05 0.52537E+05 . 0.75998E-03 0.56088E-01
*** LAST CREEP-RATIO ****TIME [sec] TEMP.[C] STRESS [mN/mm2] CREEPD-RATIO [%/hr] 0.90000E+05 0.50298E+03 0.43867E+05 0.38760E-05
*** LAST CREEP-DAMAGE ****TIME [sec] CREEP-DAMAGE [%]0.90000E+05 0.19142E-03
***** LAST STEADY STATE ANALYSIS *****
*** TOTAL CREEP-DAMAGE ****TIME [sec] CREEP-DAMAGE [%]
0.43200E+05 0.28750E+01
*** LAST STEADY CREEPD-RATIO ****TIME [sec] TEMP. [C] STRESS [mN/mm2] CREEPD-RATIO [%/hr]0.90000E+05 0.50298E+03 0.37454E+05 0.21030E-05
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05413•141997 • ##, 15
OKeyword1. Creep-Fatigue Interaction 6. Hysteresis Loop
2. Plastic Energy Method 7. Low Cycle Fatigue
3. Strain Range Partitioning Method
4. I,arson-Miller Parameter
5. Boiler Life Assessment
015714: jOt-71114:1995. 2. 17 - 1997. 2. 16 148,680 44
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= Jung-Seob Hyun■§•711: O til§-7ll:
o¥5flR360103
OMl-8-A^In .this Study, the syntlietic technology including life assessment, damage mechanism and mechanical
effects of boiler equipment under creep-fatigue interaction was established. Cracking and propagation analysis was summed by the creep and fatigue, but this phenomenon is mixed by creep-fatigueinteraction in real boiler condition.
The specimen of creep-fatigue interaction test was obtained in the boiler header which had been used 180,000hr youngyeol power plant The test results was analysed by life prediction equation such as plastic energy method, strain range partitioning method. The creep-fatigue life of 515C, lCrO.SMo steel was estimated. When tension hold time was applied, the global fatigue life with hold time was smaller than those without hold time. It was decresed to GOQsec hold time, but over 600sec the fatigue life was interestingly less decrese than those without hold time. It was caused that fatigue life was dominated by creep cavitation damage. Also we developed rcreep-fatigue doctor verl.Oj DB program using VISUAL BASIC and MS-ACCESS.
From the result it is possible to highly improve the damage structural analysis and life expansion technology in boiler equipment
OiULAltgA Study on the interactive effect of creep-fatigue in boiler
0*1 51 : Power Generation Research Lab.(PGRL)Soo-Gon Baekl Gee-Wook Song; Jung-Seob Hyun
TR.95YS01.97.36OslM^l-r
220• -yo|
1997 • Korean & EnglishOKcyword
1. Creep-Fatigue Interaction
2. Plastic Energy Method
3. Strain Range Partitioning Method
4. Larson-Miller Parameter
5. Boiler Life Assessment
6. Hysteresis Loop
7. Low Cycle Fatigue
0-9^7] 7j:1995. 2. 17 - 1997. 2. 16
0#7H^u|:148.680,000 won
oiM(4im7i#
-213-