odohertynvzand pigsector

7/28/2019 ODohertyNVZand pigsector

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Nitrogen Vulnerable Zones and

the impact on the pig sector

Dr John O DohertySchool of Agriculture, Food Science

and Veterinary Medicine, UCD


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Estimated N excretion values for Irish Farms

N retention: N

intake

N output: N

intake

. .

Weaning to 35 kg 43.6 56.4

Finisher (35 92 kg) 33.6 66.4

Carpenter 2002


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Estimated N excretion values for Irish Farms (kg)

N output % of total N

outputBreeding sow 19.0 17.4

Weaning to 35 kg 20.80 19.1

Finisher (35 92 kg) 69.2 63.5

Total N/sow 109.1

Carpenter 2002


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Strategies to reduce N output Improve efficiency and growth

Feed lower crude protein diets to match

the ideal protein concept

ormu a e ee o ma c nu r onarequirements

Dietary ingredients

Minimise Feed and water waste


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Sensitivity analysis for grower-

finisher pigs (35-92 kg)

Growth rate : 10% : 720 g to 800 g/dFeed efficiency :10% improvement

720 g/day 800 g/dayExcreted kg/finisher 3.15 2.66

Excreted kg/sow 87 78.7


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Percent of requirement using high protein diets

0 50 100

Arginine

Histidine

Isoleucine

Leucine

Methionine

oacids

L sine

Phenylalanine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Valine

Phenylalanine & Tyrosine

Essentialam

i

Methionine

Methionine and cystine


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Percent of requirement using low protein diets0 50 100

Arginine

Histidine

Isoleucine

Leucine

Methionine

oacids

L sine

Phenylalanine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Valine


Essentialam

i

Methionine



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Percent of requirement using low protein diets0 50 100

Arginine

Histidine

Isoleucine

Leucine

Methionine

oacids

L sine

Phenylalanine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Valine


Essentialam

i

Methionine



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Efficiency of N utilisation The balance in which amino acids are supplied in the

diet differs greatly from the balance in which they arerequired

about 25% of the in ested rotein is su lied

"unbalanced" amino acids.

Unbalanced amino acids are degraded, and are used

as an expensive source of energy, and contribute to N

excretion with urine.

Just under half of N excretion can be attributed to the

poor amino acid balance in the pigs diet.


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Dietary Crude protein 21% 17% 15% 12%

Analysis %

Lysine 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15S-amino acids 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65

Threonine 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75

Composition and nutrient analysis of

experimental diets

Tryptophan 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2Ingredients (g/kg)

Synthetic lysine 0 3.7 6.34 9.65

Synthetic methionine 0 0.5 1.3 1.9Synthetic threonine 0 1.45 2.7 4.1

Synthetic tryptophan 0 0 0.31 0.7

Carpenter et al., 2004


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Composition of experimental diets

Crude protein 21% 17% 15% 12%

Composition (g.kg)

Wheat 462 559 628 770

Soya bean (Hi-pro) 235 130 52 0

Peas 100 100 100 0

Pollard 150 150 150 150

Tallow 29 32 34 38

Salt 5 5 5 5

Minerals and Vitamins 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5


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Effect of crude protein on pig performance,

and carcass characteristicsCrude protein % 21% 17% 15% 12%

Daily gain (kg/d) 0.860 0.861 0.945 0.866

Feed conversion ratio 2.47 2.39 2.38 2.59

Feed intake (kg/day) 2.11 2.04 2.22 2.23

Carcass lean % 58.0 58.1 56.6 56.5

Cost (euro/kg) 0.53 0.51 0.55 0.66



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Crude Protein % 21% 17% 15% 12%

N intake (g/day) 71.3 61.5 55.6 49.5Total N excreted (g/day) 36.3 28.5 24.0 22.8

Effect of crude protein on nitrogen intake

and output

. . .

kg N excretion/sow 74.2 65.0 57.3 58.2



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Dietary crude protein and odour

and ammonia emmissions

77.5

88.5

9

Every % decrease in CP,

ammonia reduces by 10-12.5%

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Ou/pig

22% CP 19% CP 16% CP 13% CP

22.5

33.5

44.5

55.5

6.

g/day/pig

22% CP 19% CP 16% CP 13% CP

40% decrease

Hayes et al., 2004


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Low protein diets

Higher acidifying capacity

Low pH

Restricted proliferation ofpathogenic bacteria

Better digestion of protein

Fewer residue in the hindgut


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Colonic Microflora

8.5

9

9.5

U

6

6.5

7

7.5

20% CP 14% CP

logC

F

BifidobacteriaLactobacilli

Lynch unpublished


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Effect of lactose and crude protein content on transition

ADG (kg/day)

0.6

0.7

/d

lactose x Protein P


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Effect of crude protein and slurry volume

(litres/day) and storage capacity (m2/wk)

5.656.5

77.5

8

3.45

4.15 4.35

22.5

33.5

44.5

55.5

13% 15% 18% 21%

Dietary CP

litres/da

0.0250.03

0.031

0.041



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Effect of crude protein and housing

on slurry DM

101112

Crates Slats

87.4

6.2

1.72.4 2.3 1.8

0123456789

21% 18% 15% 13%

Dietary CP

slurryDM%

Leek et al., 2005


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Effect of DM on Nitrogen content

(kg/m3)

7.78.4

9 8.9

7.48

9

10

3

Crates Slats

3.3

5.6

.

2

3

4

56

21% 18% 15% 13%

Dietary CP

kgN/m


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Effect of sampling depth on N

content (kg/m3)

3500

4000

Surface Base

0

500

1000

1500

2000

25003000

Kjeldahl N

KjeldahlN

3.00 kg N 10.0 kg N1% DM

3.2% DM


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Feeding Lyons Pigs

What is it?

The Reduction in Dietary Lysine:DE as the

pig matures20

22

24

d) 1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4DietaryL

10

12

14

16

18

0 30 50 70 90Bod Wei ht k

DailyLysine

Requirement(

g/

0.4

0.50.6

0.7

0.8

0.91

s

ineConcentra

tion

(%)


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Precise Nutrition

Need to know/measure actual protein

deposition rates at various stages of growth

Need to know/measure actual growth rate of

your pigs at various stages at minimum Need to know/measure feed intake

Formulate diets to match requirements


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Figure 1. Protein growth curve for pigs at lyons.

100

110

120

130

140

150

160170

180

40 50 60 70 80 90

Live weight (kg)

L

eangain(g/day

Protein growth Overall protein growth

Lean Growth Rate =Lean Growth Rate =

Carcass Lean at EndCarcass Lean at End -- Carcass Lean at StartCarcass Lean at Start

Days on TestDays on Test

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

1.3

1.1

1

0.80.66


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100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

0 20 40 60 80 100

1.3

1.3 est

17% of ADG

Closer to 16%

Protein deposition/Time


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Lysine requirement for Lyons Pigs

(35 to 95 kg)

Growth rate 890 g/d (800 to 920)Protein deposition 146 g/d (132 to 152)

Lysine requirement 21.2 g/d (18.7 to 22.2)Feed intake 2.2 kg/d (1.8 to 2.6)

Lysine concentration 0.95 % lysineProtein concentration 14-15%


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Experimental treatments1. 1.1 % lysine

2. 0.95% lysine

3. 1.05% lysine for 28 days and 0.85% for 28 days

4. 1.1% lysine for 14 days, 1.0% lysine for 14 days,

. .

40 kg to 95 kg live weight

Group fed on single space feeders

(12 pigs/feeder)


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Effect of treatment on overall ADG

0.90.912 0.921

0.875

0.750.8

0.850.9

0.951

/day

0.50.55

0.6

0.650.7

1.1% lys 0.95% lys 1.05-0.85% lys 1.1-1.0-0.9-0.8% lys

Dietary regime

K

Garry et al., 2005


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Effect of treatment on FCR

2.31

2.392.43 2.48

2.32.35

2.42.45

2.5

2.552.6

/kg

22.05

2.12.15

2.22.25

1.1% lys 0.95% lys 1.05-0.85% lys 1.1-1.0-0.9-0.8% lys

Dietary regime

K

No effect on cost


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Effect of treatment on N output

2.56

2.142.32.42.52.62.72.8

2.93

2.03.

1.51.61.71.81.9

22.1

.

1.1% lys 0.95% lys 1.05-0.85% lys 1.1-1.0-0.9-0.8%lys

Dietary regimes

76.9 kg/sow

67.5 kg/sow 69.5 kg/sow 68.8 kg/sow

Garry et al., 2005


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Effect of treatment on overall ADG

0.7920.774

0.878 0.92 0.92

0.8480.838 0.8490.81

0.7870.8

0.85

0.90.95

1

0.701 0.713

0.50.55

0.6

0.65

0.70.75

1.25-1.05% lys 1.05% lys .85-1.05% lys .85% lys

Reynolds et al., 2005


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Effect of treatment on N excretion (kg)

2.59 2.55

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.14

1.9

1.71.8

1.9

2

2.1

2.2

2.3

1.25-1.05% lys 1.05% lys .85-1.05% lys .85% lys

10098

82

73

Reynolds et al., 2005

Dietary lysine concentrations needed to optimise efficiency of feed utilisation in


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Dietary lysine concentrations needed to optimise efficiency of feed utilisation in

pigs with a low or high level immune system (IS) activation. Stahly (1998).


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Experimental treatments1. 1.1 % lysine

2. 1.1 % lysine and 3.5% Natupro

3. 0.85% lysine and 3.5% Natupro

Finisher pigs

Metabolism Crates


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Effect of Natupro on N utilisation

55

5353.7

45

50

55

60

27

23.125.9

27.930

27.8

2025

30

35

40

1.1% lys 1.1% lys + Natupro 0.85% lys + Natupro

Casserly et al., 2005


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Reducing N content of manure (% reduction)

N

Synthetic AA 30

-

Closer to requirements 20-25

Digestible raw materials 10-15


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Acknowledgements

Denis Carpenter, Aidan Leek, Enda Hayes,Ronan Casserly, Aidan Reynolds and Karina

,

Jim Callan and Bernie Flynn

Devenish Nutrition

Kiernan Milling Ltd


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