octofade channel emulation · 2014-01-13 · octofade channel emulation january 2014. ... bell...
TRANSCRIPT
387 Berlin Road, Bolton, MA 01740+1.978.222.3114 ๐ [email protected]
octoFade
Channel Emulation
January 2014
www.octoscope.com
Outline
• What is channel emulation and why is it critical for MIMO
systems?
• Channel modeling standards
• octoFade-WiFi software
• octoFade—3GPP RTL
2
www.octoscope.com
Wireless Channel
• Frequency and time variable wireless
channel
• Multipath creates a sum of multiple
versions of the TX signal at the RX
• Mobility of reflectors and wireless
devices causes Doppler-based fading
• Multiple antenna techniques are used
to optimize transmission in the
presence of multipath and Doppler
fading
3
Ch
an
nel
Qu
ality
MIMO=multiple input multiple output
www.octoscope.com
Multipath and Flat Fading
• In a wireless channel the signal
propagating from TX to RX
experiences
Flat fading
Multipath/Doppler fading
4
Time
+10 dB0 dB Multipath fading component
-15 dB flat fading component
Multipath reflections occur in clusters.
www.octoscope.com
Wireless Channel5
Per path angular spread
Composite angular spread
Composite angular spread
Multipath cluster
model
Multipath and Doppler
fading in the channel
www.octoscope.com
Validating Radio DSP
• A variety of channel
conditions and complex
multiple-antenna algorithms
for adapting to these
conditions make a channel
emulator necessary for
developing and testing
radio DSP
6
TX RX
Controlled
programmable
channel
conditions
Multipath
Doppler
Noise
Channel Emulator
www.octoscope.com
Development and Test of MIMO
• Development and test of MIMO
systems requires a channel emulator
to emulate multipath and Doppler
fading in a variety of wireless
channels.
• Adaptive multiple antenna techniques,
including TX and RX diversity, spatial
multiplexing and beamforming involve
sophisticated open and closed loop
algorithms that must be tested under a
range of controlled (emulated) channel
conditions.
• Traditional channel emulators connect
to DUTs conductively – without
antennas. Antennas and antenna
arrays are part of the channel models.
7
Channel
Emulator
DSP
RF
Fro
nt E
nd
RF
Front E
ndDigital IQ (CPRI/OBSAI)
RF or digital IQ coupling to
DUTs
Multiple RF
modules can
connect for
scalability
www.octoscope.com
SISO Channel Emulator
x
x
x
…
where K is the number of taps in the TDL
h1
h2
hK
+
Input
Output
Tapped Delay Line (TDL), H
TX
RX
Complex time-variable
coefficients, h
Delay 2
Delay 3
Delay K
www.octoscope.com
4x4 MIMO Channel Emulator Logic
9
N3
N4
+
+
+
+
N1
N2
H21
H31
H11
H41
H22
H32
H12
H42
H23
H33
H13
H43
H24
H34
H14
H44
M1
M2
M3
M4
www.octoscope.com
MIMO Channel
Emulation Logic
2 x 4 Example
H1,1
H2,1
H1,2
H2,2
H2,3
H1,3
+
+
+
+H1,4
H2,4N1
N2
M1
M2
M3
M4
[h1,11, h1,1
2, … , h1,1 T]
[h2,41, h2,4
2, … , h2,4 T]
[h2,11, h2,1
2, … , h2,1 T]
[h1,21, h1,2
2, … , h1,2 T]
[h2,21, h2,2
2, … , h2,2 T]
[h1,31, h1,3
2, … , h1,3 T]
[h2,31, h2,3
2, … , h2,3 T]
[h1,41, h1,4
2, … , h1,4 T]
Complex tap
coefficients
Tapped Delay Line, H n,m
www.octoscope.com
Doppler spectrum
1,1k..K
Spatial
correlation
matrix
Polarization
matrix
Tap coefficient factors
1,1 h1,1k..K
Complex Tap Coefficient Generator
Tap coefficient factors
1,2 h1,2k..K
…
Tap coefficient factors
N,M hN,Mk..K
…
Tap coefficient factors
n,m hn,mk..K
… …
where k is the tap number, K is the maximum number of taps and h is the time-variable coefficient
Doppler spectrum
1,2k..K
Doppler spectrum
n,mk..K
Doppler spectrum
N,Mk..K
www.octoscope.com
Doppler Spectrum Block
Doppler filter
Classical Specified for most 3GPP channel models; Classical = Jakes; Classical 3 dB and 6 dB
Bell Specified for 802.11n channel models; variations of this filter include Bell-spike, which is used by
802.11 model F to model a 40 km/hour spike in the spectrum
Static Models LOS on first tap; used in custom channel modeling
Flat Can also be implemented using RF attenuators via an identity matrix (i.e. connecting inputs to
outputs through attenuators)
Rounded Variations of this filter include Rounded 12 dB
Gaussian
Constant phase
Butterworth
Pure Doppler Rician LOS component only, no Reilly
Doppler filter
FIR or IIR
AWGN
Generator
www.octoscope.com
Notes on Doppler Filter Implementation
• AWGN sources are connected to Doppler filters that provide the desired spectral shape of
the fading. The Doppler filter is IIR in the octoFade implementation.
• For 802.11n models, the filter is Bell-shaped for models A through F and Bell-Spike for
model F. The Bell spectrum models fading due to walking-speed motion in the environment
at an average speed of 1.2 km/hr. The spike in the Bell-Spike spectrum adds the effect of a
vehicle moving at an average speed of 40 km/hr.
• For 3GPP models, the Doppler spectrum is Classical.
www.octoscope.com
Tap Coefficient Factors
+ x
𝑃𝑘Fluorescent
light
+
𝐾
1 + 𝐾𝑒𝑗𝜃𝑛,𝑚
1
1 + 𝐾
x
Tap coefficient factors
n,m
hn,mt
where t is the tap number, h is the time-variable complex coefficient, K is Rician K-factor
LOS component NLOS component
PDP weighting
Interpolation
to TDL clock
rate
www.octoscope.com
Notes on Tap Coefficient Factors
• The parameter K (Rician K-factor) determines the relative strength of the LOS and NLOS
components and is set based on the chosen model.
• The 𝐾
1+𝐾term models the LOS component. The
1
1+𝐾term models the NLOS
component.
• The LOS component can only be present on the 1st tap. If the distance between the
transmitter and the receiver is greater than the distance to 1st reflector (typically a wall in the
indoor environment ) then LOS component is not present. The presence of LOS is a
configuration parameter that can be enabled or disabled.
• The first tap’s LOS component isn’t Doppler filtered. Thus, if LOS is present, the power
spectrum on the first tap deviates from the Bell spectrum since it includes both the LOS and
the NLOS components. If LOS is present, the PDF and CDF of the 1st tap are Rician. If
LOS is not present the PDF and CDF on the 1st tap are Rayleigh. On all other taps the PDF
and CDF are always Rayleigh.
• 𝑃 𝑡 represents the Power Delay Profile (PDP) weighting, summed over all the clusters that
contribute power for the tth tap. It reflects how strong the total power is at tap t.
www.octoscope.com
802.11n/ac Correlation Matrix
• The spatial correlation matrix is a function of the angular spread of each cluster, angle of arrival (AoA)
and angle of departure (AoD). 802.11n models assume that RX and TX antenna systems are uniform
linear arrays with equally spaced antenna elements.
• Spatial correlation is implemented using the Kronecker product of the transmit and receive correlation
matrices, Rtx and Rrx, respectively. These matrices are comprised of correlation coefficient terms,ρ, that
depend on the PAS, AoA, AoD, tap powers and distance D between antenna elements. Fox computes
the real and imaginary parts, RXX(D) and RXY(D), respectively, for each ρ. This allows spatial correlation
based on the complex field (i.e., using ρ =RXX(D)+jRXY(D)) or real power (i.e., using ρ =RXX2(D)
+RXY2(D)).
Rec
eive
r
Tran
smit
ter
AoA
AoD
Antenna element spacing, D
Angle of arrival (AoA),
Angle of departure (AoD)
Antenna spacing, D
www.octoscope.com
802.11ac Correlation and Polarization
• MU-MIMO modeled for AoD and AoA
• Polarization matrix added since 802.11ac devices are
expected to have cross-polarized antennas
17
AoA = angle of arrival
AoD = angle of departure
www.octoscope.com
4x4 Uni-directional Fader Block Diagram18
RFIQ
4 Quad
Atten 4
Quad
Atten
IQ
Fader logic
RF I/O RF I/OQuadQuad
Quad
circulator
Quad
circulator
RF
4
RF return path
Digitized
www.octoscope.com
4x4 Bi-directional Fader Block Diagram19
RFIQ
4 Quad
Atten 4
Quad
Atten
IQ
Fader Logic
RF I/O RF I/OQuadQuad
Quad Quad
Quad
circulator
Quad
circulatorFader Logic
RF
Digitized
www.octoscope.com
Outline
• What is channel emulation and why is it critical for MIMO
systems?
• Channel modeling standards
• octoFade-WiFi software
• octoFade-3GPP RTL
20
www.octoscope.com
3GPP and 802.11 Channel Models
21
Parameter Model Name References and Notes
3GPP Models (RTL) LTE: EPA 5Hz; EVA 5Hz; EVA
70Hz; ETU 70Hz; ETU 300Hz;
High speed train; MBSFN
3GPP TS 36.521-1 V10.0.0 (2011-12)
3GPP TS 36.101 V10.5.0 (2011-12)
GSM: RAx; HTx; TUx; EQx; TIx 3GPP TS 45.005 V10.3.0 (2011-11) Annex C
3G: PA3; PB3; VA30; VA120;
High speed train; Birth-Death
propagation; Moving
propagation; MBSFN
3GPP TS 25.101 V11.0.0 (2011-12)
3GPP TS 25.104 V11.0.0 (2011-12)
3GPP TS 36.521-1 V10.0.0 (2011-12)
IEEE 802.11n/ac Models
(software)
A, B, C, D, E, F IEEE 802.11-03/940r4
IEEE 11-09-0569
Channel modelling
building blocks (RTL)
Tap: delay, Doppler, PDP weight
Path: list of taps
System: NxM, correlation matrix
www.octoscope.com
Channel Emulation – Requirements Summary
22
802.11n802.11ac LTE (36-521 Annex
B)80 MHz 160 MHz
RF bandwidth
(no channel
aggregation)
40 MHz 80 MHz 160 MHz 20 MHz
EVM (avg down-
fading is -40 dB)
-28 dBm
(64QAM)
-32 dBm
(256QAM)
-32 dBm
(256QAM)
-22 dBm
(8% 64QAM)
TDL Taps 18 35 69 9
Delay resolution 10 ns 5 ns 2.5 ns 10 ns
www.octoscope.com
Outline
• What is channel emulation and why is it critical for MIMO
systems?
• Channel modeling standards
• octoFade-WiFi software
• octoFade-3GPP RTL
23
www.octoscope.com
octoFade Software
24
802.11n/ac
channel emulator
Impairments: AWGN,
spurious, phase
noise, IQ imbalance,
frequency shift
Sample rate
conversion
Sample rate
conversion
Input file of sampled
IQ streams
Output file of
sampled IQ streams
4 x 4
4 streams 4 streams
Up to 4x4 MIMO configuration
AWGN = average white Gaussian noise
www.octoscope.com
Use octoFade Software with Off-the-shelf Equipment
25
Off the shelf
VSG
DUT
Off the shelf
VSA
octoFade software
Running on a Linux or Windows PC
www.octoscope.com
802.11n Channel Models - Summary
26
Model [1] Distance to 1st
wall (avg)
# taps Delay
spread
(rms)
Max delay # clusters
A* test model 1 0 ns 0 ns
B Residential 5 m 9 15 ns 80 ns 2
C small office 5 m 14 30 ns 200 ns 2
D typical office 10 m 18 50 ns 390 ns 3
E large office 20 m 18 100 ns 730 ns 4
F large space
(indoor or outdoor)
30 m 18 150 ns 1050 ns 6
* Model A is a flat fading model; no delay spread and no multipath
The LOS component is not present if the distance between the transmitter and the receiver
is greater than the distance to 1st wall. The presence of LOS is a configuration parameter
that can be enabled or disabled.
www.octoscope.com
802.11ac Channel Models
• 802.11ac channel models are an extension of 802.11n
models [2]
27
System Bandwidth
W
Channel Sampling
Rate Expansion
Factor
Channel Tap
Spacing
W ≤ 40 MHz 1 10 ns
40 MHz < W ≤ 80 MHz 2 5 ns
80 MHz < W ≤ 160 MHz 4 2.5 ns
W > 160 MHz 8 1.25 ns
www.octoscope.com
octoFade channel modeling
library
CLI application +
APIAPI
Model statistics
(Matlab)
octoFade Software Architecture
www.octoscope.com
National Instruments LabVIEW Console
29
National Instruments
LabVIEW application
Graphical
programming
environment
www.octoscope.com
Viewing Input and Output Streams
30
National Instruments
TDMS file view
TDMS = TDM streaming
TDM = technical data management
www.octoscope.com
802.11ac RTL DSP Requirements
33
Parameter Requirement Notes
Number of IQ input paths 1-8 Unused inputs disabled where applicable
IQ input data format 18-bit
Number of IQ output paths 1-8 Unused outputs set to zero where applicable
IQ output data format 18-bit
Input/output sample rate Up to 400 MHz Current capability: 100 MHz
Channel bandwidth Up to 160 MHz Current capability: 40 MHz
Maximum number of total taps FPGA resources-dependent N x M x taps_per_TDL
Number of TDL blocks Up to 64
Number of taps per TDL block FPGA resources-dependent
Tap delay range FPGA resources-dependent Current capability: 30 usec
Minimum tap delay resolution 2.5 ns Current capability: 10 ns
Tap weight range 0 to -50 dB
Tap weight resolution 0.1dB
Doppler shift 2 kHz To support high speed train
SNR setting -10 to +35 dB, average+/- 0.1 dB accuracy
Noise filter bandwidth Up to 160 MHz Equal to preconfigured channel bandwidth
Subject to the availability of FPGA resources, octoScope can customize any of these specifications.
www.octoscope.com
RF Front End Considerations
Parameter Specification Notes
MIMO configuration 8 x 8 To support emerging
802.11ac and LTE
beamforming
configurations
Bidirectionality Important To support beamforming
Bandwidth 160 MHz To support emerging
802.11ac
Dynamic range
(RF dynamic range, converter
and DSP resolution)
Accommodate 52 dB of
output signal dynamic
range with little
distortion
Signal fluctuation:
+9 dB for PAPR
+3 dB for up-fade
-40 dB for down-fade
EVM About 6 dB higher than
EVM required for RF
signal
For example, channel
emulator’s EVM should be
at least 36 dB over the
entire dynamic range to
minimize distortion of a 30
dB EVM 802.11n signal
34
www.octoscope.com
Doppler Spectrum – 802.11n Model F
• Example of Doppler
spectrum plots for IEEE
802.11n model F
Environment velocity is
1.2 km/hour and is
modeled on all taps for
all models
Tap 3 for model F
includes automotive
velocity spike at 40
km/hour
36
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h111
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h112
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h113
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h114
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h115
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h116
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h121
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h122
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h123
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h124
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h125
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h126
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h211
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h212
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h213
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h214
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h215
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h216
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h221
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h222
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h223
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h224
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h225
-40 -20 0 20 40
100
Tap h226
Theoretical
Simulated
The Doppler spread is 3 Hz at 2.4 and 6 Hz at 5.25 GHz for
environment speed of 1.2 km/hour
Frequency, Hz
www.octoscope.com
Doppler Spectrum – 802.11n Model F, Tap 3
37
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 20010
-4
10-2
100
102
Frequency
Dopple
r S
pectr
aTap h
113
FFT-based power
estimation using entire
long realization
length 1024
periodograms with
50% overlap
speed of light Frequency, Hz
www.octoscope.com
Doppler Spectrum – 802.11n Model E, Tap 3
38
-600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600
10-8
10-6
10-4
10-2
100
102
Frequency
Dopple
r S
pectr
a
Tap h113
Fluorescent light effects at 120, 360, and
600 Hz – harmonics of the power line
frequency of 60 Hz
Frequency, Hz
www.octoscope.com
Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF)
• IEEE 802.11n, Model F, CDF for 18 taps
39
-40 -20 0 20-4
-3
-2
-1
0Tx#1 - Rx#1
log
10 C
DF
-40 -20 0 20-4
-3
-2
-1
0Tx#1 - Rx#2
-40 -20 0 20-4
-3
-2
-1
0Tx#2 - Rx#1
log
10 C
DF
20 log10
(h) [dB]
-40 -20 0 20-6
-4
-2
0Tx#2 - Rx#2
20 log10
(h) [dB]
Tap 1 with LOS component
www.octoscope.com
Power Delay Profile (PDP) – Model F
• Power decreases with increasing tap delay.
• Red points are for the normalized PDP under NLOS conditions. Blue points are simulated normalized
PDP under LOS conditions.
40
5 10 15 20-30
-20
-10
0
10Tx#1 - Rx#1
Pow
er
[dB
]
5 10 15 20-30
-20
-10
0
10Tx#1 - Rx#2
5 10 15 20-30
-20
-10
0
10Tx#2 - Rx#1
Pow
er
[dB
]
Tap index
5 10 15 20-30
-20
-10
0
10Tx#2 - Rx#2
Tap index
Tap 18
Tap #, 1-18
www.octoscope.com
Channel Impulse Response
• Impulse response, IEEE 802.11n model F
41
0 1 2 3 4 5 610
-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
time (s)
abs(H
)
www.octoscope.com
Outline
• What is channel emulation and why is it critical for MIMO
systems?
• Channel modeling standards
• octoFade-WiFi software
• octoFade-3GPP RTL
42
www.octoscope.com
octoFade System Architecture
VST = vector signal transceiver
Emulator API
octoFade LabVIEW GUI
LVlib wrapper
GSM
Profile
API
802.11n/ac
Profile API
LTE
Profile
API
WCDMA
Profile
API
Gen
eric
mod
els
SCME
Profile
API
Altera FPGA board
Host instrument
hardware platform
D/A and A/D
RF Front End
FPGA based DSP
43
www.octoscope.com
octoFade Demo Configuration
Emulator API
DLL Library VIs
GSM
Profile
API
WCDMA
Profile
API
LTE
Profile
API
Gen
eric
mod
els
Altera FPGA board
PDP Verification VI Doppler Verification VIoctoFade Demo VI
Emulator HAL (PCIe)
44
www.octoscope.com
Supported Models and Building Blocks
46
Parameter Model Name References and Notes
3GPP Models (RTL) LTE: EPA 5Hz; EVA 5Hz; EVA
70Hz; ETU 70Hz; ETU 300Hz;
High speed train; MBSFN
3GPP TS 36.521-1 V10.0.0 (2011-12) Annex B
3GPP TS 36.101 V10.5.0 (2011-12) Annex B
GSM: RAx; HTx; TUx; EQx; TIx 3GPP TS 45.005 V10.3.0 (2011-11) Annex C
3G: PA3; PB3; VA30; VA120;
High speed train; Birth-Death
propagation; Moving
propagation; MBSFN
3GPP TS 25.101 V11.0.0 (2011-12) Annex B
3GPP TS 25.104 V11.0.0 (2011-12) Annex B
IEEE 802.11n/ac Models
(software)
A, B, C, D, E, F IEEE 802.11-03/940r4; IEEE 11-09-0569
Static Models (software
and RTL)
Identity matrix Static bypass
Butler matrix Static, minimum correlation
Channel modelling
building blocks (RTL)
Tap: delay, Doppler, PDP weight
Path: list of taps
System: NxM, correlation matrix
www.octoscope.com
octoFade-3GPP RTL DSP SpecificationsParameter Specification
Digital IQ inputs (N) Up to 8 (16-bit)
Digital IQ outputs (M) Up to 4 (16-bit)
MIMO channels Up to 2 independently configured MIMO channels
Maximum number of TDL paths 16 paths
Maximum number of taps per TDL 18 taps per TDL
Maximum number of taps 144 taps total
Tap specifications
0 to -40dB; 0.1dB resolution
10ns delay resolution
30us max delay range
3GPP channel models
LTE: EPA 5Hz; EVA 5Hz;EVA 70Hz; ETU 70Hz; ETU 300Hz; MBSFN
GSM: RAx; HTx; TUx; EQx; TIx
UMTS: PA3; PB3; VA30; VA120; MBSFN
Moving propagation, birth-death, high-speed train
Custom channel modelsArbitrary fading profiles can be implemented in software and loaded into the FPGA via
register interface.
Distortion Better than -50dBc
AWGNSNR: -10 to +25dB; 0.1dB resolution
Bandwidth: Up to 20MHz, per 3GPP standard requirements
Fading
Types: Rician/Rayleigh
Spectrum: Classical Doppler
Shift: 0.1 – 1000Hz; 1Hz resolution
Control Interface 32-bit register memory map
47
www.octoscope.com
octoFade-module
48
Formfactor PCIe
IQ interface DDR HSMC Ports A and BClock rate: 61.44 MHzBit resolution: 16 bits I, 16 bits Q
FPGA resources*Stratix IV EP4SGX530KH40C2
Logic ALUTs: 97,616 used; 424,960 available (23% used)memory bits: 7,760,493 MB used; Available 21,233,664 (37% used)18-bit DSP Blocks: 296 used; Available 1,024 (29% used)
Board memory DDR3/SSRAM x36*
0 MB used; 512 MB available
PCI Express Interface x4 PCI Express4-lane interface to host PC for configuration and verification
octoFade-module hardware is based on off-the-shelf Altera Stratix-IV FPGA board with
octoFade-3GPP RTL integrated into the on-board FPGA
- Highly efficient implementation with only 1/3rd of the FPGA resource used
www.octoscope.com
FPGA Resource Estimate
49
Altera
Stratix IV EP4Sx360
Xilinx
Virtex 6 XC6VLX195T
Logic
104K ALUTs, 62K Regs
73K ALMs 88K - 173K LUT-6 44-87%
MEMORY 235 256x36 = 9kb blocks 235 18Kb blocks 34%
48 2K x 72= 148kb blocks 192 36 Kb blocks 56%
DSP 296 dual multiply/add blocks 592 DSP slices 93%
www.octoscope.com
3GPP LTE PDP MIMO 4x4 Example
51
2 4 6 8 10-10
-5
0
Tx#1 - Rx#1
Pow
er
[dB
]
2 4 6 8 10-10
-5
0
Tx#1 - Rx#2
2 4 6 8 10-10
-5
0
Tx#1 - Rx#3
2 4 6 8 10-10
-5
0
Tx#1 - Rx#4
theo
sim
2 4 6 8 10-10
-5
0
Tx#2 - Rx#1
Pow
er
[dB
]
2 4 6 8 10-10
-5
0
Tx#2 - Rx#2
2 4 6 8 10-10
-5
0
Tx#2 - Rx#3
2 4 6 8 10-10
-5
0
Tx#2 - Rx#4
2 4 6 8 10-10
-5
0
Tx#3 - Rx#1
Pow
er
[dB
]
2 4 6 8 10-10
-5
0
Tx#3 - Rx#2
2 4 6 8 10-10
-5
0
Tx#3 - Rx#3
2 4 6 8 10-10
-5
0
Tx#3 - Rx#4
2 4 6 8 10-10
-5
0
Tx#4 - Rx#1
Pow
er
[dB
]
Tap index
2 4 6 8 10-10
-5
0
Tx#4 - Rx#2
Tap index
2 4 6 8 10-10
-5
0
Tx#4 - Rx#3
Tap index
2 4 6 8 10-10
-5
0
Tx#4 - Rx#4
Tap index
LTE ETU model
Source: octoFade Verification ReportPDP = power delay profile
www.octoscope.com
3GPP Doppler Spectrum – Matlab Model
52
-0.048 0.048
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
h1,1
Norm. Freq.
Spe
ctr
um
sim
theory
Source: octoFade Verification Report
www.octoscope.com
3GPP Tap Coefficients CDF Example
53
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
Rayleigh
Tx#1 - Rx#1
log
10 C
DF
20 log10
(h) [dB]
CDF – cumulative distribution function
Source: octoFade Verification Report
www.octoscope.com
3GPP Moving Propagation Example
54
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
time (s)
tap i
nde
x
Moving Propagation - Tap 2
Source: octoFade Verification Report
www.octoscope.com
3GPP Birth-Death Example
55
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10000
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000histogram of path 0
tap index
num
ber
of
occurr
ence
s
Source: octoFade Verification Report
www.octoscope.com
References1. IEEE, 802.11-03/940r4: TGn Channel Models; May 10, 2004
2. IEEE, 11-09-0569 , “TGac Channel Model Addendum Supporting Material”, May 2009
3. IEEE, 11-09-0334-08-00ad-channel-models-for-60-ghz-wlan-systems
4. Schumacher et al, "Description of a MATLAB® implementation of the Indoor MIMO WLAN channel model proposed by the IEEE 802.11 TGn Channel Model
Special Committee", May 2004
5. Schumacher et al, "From antenna spacings to theoretical capacities - guidelines for simulating MIMO systems"
6. Schumacher reference software for implementing and verifying 802.11n models -
http://www.info.fundp.ac.be/~lsc/Research/IEEE_80211_HTSG_CMSC/distribution_terms.html
7. TS 25.101, Annex B, “User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception (FDD)”, file: 25101-b00-AnnexB.doc
8. TS 36.101, Annex B, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception”, file: 36101-a50-
AnnexB.doc
9. TS 36.521-1, Annex B, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) conformance specification Radio transmission and
reception Part 1: Conformance Testing”, file: 36521-1-a00_s09-sAnnexB.doc
10. TS 45.005, Annex C, “GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network; Radio transmission and reception”, file: 45005-a30-AnnexC.doc
11. TS 51.010-1, “Mobile Station (MS) conformance specification; Part 1: Conformance specification”, file: 51010-1-980_s00-s11.doc
12. 3GPP TR 25.996, "3rd Generation Partnership Project; technical specification group radio access networks; Spatial channel model for MIMO simulations“
13. IST-WINNER II Deliverable 1.1.2 v.1.2, “WINNER II Channel Models”, IST-WINNER2, Tech. Rep., 2008 (http://projects.celtic-
initiative.org/winner+/deliverables.html)
14. 3GPP TS 34.114: “User Equipment (UE) / Mobile Station (MS) Over The Air (OTA) Antenna Performance Conformance Testing”
15. CTIA, “Test Plan for Mobile Station Over the Air Performance - Method of Measurement for Radiated RF Power and Receiver Performance”, Revision 3.1,
January 2011
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Thank you!
• octoFade web page
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