7/23/2019 October 23, 1956

1/5

t h r o u g hw h ic h h e i rp o w e r a nb e a f e ly h a n n e l l e d .

A n d

I t

s h o u l db en o te d h a t h e s r a e l i c t i o n ,n o

ma tte r ow 111-advised, m ay In theo n gu no r c e

ac t lve grea t -power pressure

to

c r e a t e t h e c l r c u m s t a n c e s

w h l c hm ig h t n d u c e h eA r a b s

to

s l td o w nw i t h h e

I s rae l i sa n dnegot la te

a

la s t lng peace .

T l m e 1s c lea r ly on he side

of

peace

If

th is brush- f l r e

w a r a n e t a m p e d u t quickly I n a e a r slm e

t h e e w u p e r - t a n k e r s

a n d

Er l ta1ns spe r lcncewl th

a to m lc p o w e rs t a t i o n sm a y p la c e h e S u e z C a n a l s su e

I n

anent i r e lyn e wperspec t ive .A n d h ee v e n t s

of

t h e

l a s t

six

m o n t h s m a y h a v e c o n v i n c e d h o s e w h o w o u l d

p l a y h e r ol e

of

N a s s e r h a t h e r ea r ee a s i e rw a y s

to

se c u r e u n d s o rA s w a nD a mp r o le c t s h a n

to

s t a g e

t a n t r u m s .

I n h em a n n e r of t h eE g y p t ~ a n e g e n d , p h o e n i x

IS b e m g c o n su m e d in t h e fl a m e s of t h e S i n a l p y r e . T h e

p h o - n i x h a t

S

d y i n g

1s a

s y m b o l of aw o r ld h a t

is

dy:ng,world of pow eroll t lcs,mi l i ta ry

alliances,

g u n - b o a t d ip lo m a c y ,

curt

ul t lma tums, r r e spons lb le

ag

gress lons , a

w o r ld of n a t l o n a l t a t e sd e d i c a t e d o h e

m u t u a l l y d e s t r u c t w e p r o p o s i t i o n h a t

war 1s

t h e p r i m e

ins t rument of na t lona lo l lcy .

A

n e whoenixwi l l

a r i se rom heseashes .

AYS that shook

the WORLD

The counter Revohtion

. y

MARK GAYN

OCTOBER, 1956, m i l i

su r e ly

join

t h a t t h e r ,m o r ea m o u s ,O c t o b e r

In

t h ea n n a l s of c o m m u n i sm . F o r

if

t h ec t o b e re v o l u t m n of

1917

m a r k e d h ebi r th of the i r s tC o m -

m u n l s tta te ,a s tm o n t h sv e n t s

w e r eaphas e of thecounte r - revolu-

t l o n . W h a t t h e w o r l d s a w in t h e t e n

fa te fu ld a y s

in

P o l a n d a n d H u n g a r y

w e r e n o t

c o u p s dct t in

m i n o r

Com-

m u n i s t t a t e s , u t r a g m e n t s

of

a

v a s to u n te r - r e v o lu t i o n a r yo v e -

m e n tw h i c hh a s l r e a d yvi ta l ly a f -

fec ted ovie tn f lu e n c e n d o w e r ,

c h a n g e d h ena tu re of the e la t lon -

s h l p sm t h mh eC o m m u n i s t b l o c ,

andxp os ed a crls1.sf leadership

In Moscow.

T h eo u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r yr o -

cesseganven whlle S ta l l nw a s

a i lveo r

I f

h er e a t e dh e e d

worldsw e

know i t

t o d a y ,n d

b o u n d I t t o g c th e r ,

he

a l s o e tm t o

mot ion forces of d l s ln teg ra t lon mhc h

he could ne i the r foresee

n o r

compre -

h e n d T h e d a y h e d i e d , t h e l a s t r n a J o r

obs tac le e forehe ounte r - revolu-

t l o nw 3 s e m o v e d .F o rS t a l ~ na l o n e

could hold t h eRe d bIoc toge the r -

throughlsm m e n serestige ,is

c a p a c r ty t o l n s t l l l f e a r , e v e n t h r o u g h

t h e d o l a t r yh em a d eapart of life

u n d e r c o m m u n i s m . T o h o ld t h e w o r ld

of theO c t o b e rR e v o l u t i o n o g e t h e r ,

he

r e d u c e dh e o m m u n l s tta te ,

M A R E = GAIYAV;,

e t e r n x f o 1 e l g : l ~ or-

respo?zdcT1t ZJ

t h e

a u t h o r

o j

vzntzy

I:ook.r

a ~ d7 tiLlZs O I L hrster11 E u r o p e

A T o v e m L e r 10 1536

~

faith

and oya l t ie s

t o

t h e r r e d u c ib l e

s y m b o l of himself .

I

sha l l no t forge t

t h e Ic y- co ld D e c e m b e r d a y

on

w h i c h

I

Jo ln e dh o u sa n d s of H u n g a r i a n s

q u e u e d p o r look a t h eg l f t s

H u n g a r y

was

p r e s e n t i n g t o t h e b e-

loved fa the r , eacher and eader on

one of 111s lasti r t h d a yn n iv e r -

s a r l e sH u s t l e d l o n g y g e n t s

of

the Sec re t Pol ice , we saw

a

s tagger -

i n g

d s p l a y t h a t r a n g e d f r o m a p ri ce -

le ss se t of h and -cut c rys ta l to a col -

lec t ion of pp e s

for

t h e g r e a t e s t p i p e

smo ker of th em a l l T h e people ex-

a m m e d

i t

all indence ,

for

here ,

c l e a r ly ,w e r en o to r d in a r yb i r t h d a y

glf t s , bu t a tnbute - such as th e peo-

p le of &n once pa id to the Mo ngo l

conquerors . ta l lne e d e do n e

of

t h e se

gifts,

a n dp r o b a b l ys a w h e m

o n ly a s t i l y n h e

muscum

w h e r e

t h e yw e r e~ n s t a l l e d .B u th e

dld

re-

ql l l re

t h ee a r n dh e

symbolism

w h ic h h e y m p l i e d

It

S

n o t c e r t a in t h a t , h a d h e l i v e d ,

S ta l ln hmse l f could have coped w l th

the new counte r - revolu t iona ry forces .

It

1s

c e r t a m t h a t

his

h e m c o ul d n o t.

They nwea s t u t em e na n d c a p a b l e

managers , u th e yacked ta l ln s

poncr. T h u s ,h e yn g a g e d I n a

series

of ac t ions des igned to hold

the

counte r - revolu t ioni th ino u n d s

n h d e t h e y c o n d u c t e d

a

fa te fu l r eap-

pra l sa l .

The

r u n s

i n

sa t e l l l t e E u r o p e

\,el-e loosened s l lgh tly (a nd t he E as t

German

workers

p r o m p t l y o o ka d -

v a n t a g e of

I t

t o r o d u c e h e lr s t

out l ) rcak

of c o u n tc r - r e v o lu t i o n a r y

v lo l e n c e ) .T h eS e c r e tP o l i c e v e r y -

w h e r e w e r e c u r b e d , a n d a n a m n e s ty

se t f r e e a h u n d r e d t h o u sa n d p o l i t i ca l

p r l so n e r s. T h e so - ca l l ed Ma le n k o v

I n t e r lu d e of 1953-54 dangled

be

f o r eE a s t e r nE u r o p e h ep r o m i s e

of

b e t t e rp a y ,m o r ec o n s u m e rg o o d s ,

a

l l t t l em o r e r e e d o m o r the w r i t e r

and a l l t t le le ss r epress ion in the

vil-

l a g e s . S u c h t r a ~ to r s of t h e S t a l i n i s t

e r a sT r a i c h oK o s t o v n dL a sz lo

R a J kw e r ee h a b l l l t a t ed . n d u c h

S t a l i n i s t ss e p l c k a , a k o s in d

C h e r v e n k o v w e r e dismissed. Finally,

t h e o v i e te a d e r sa id s ld eh e i r

pr lde ,n do u r n e y e doe lgrade

wi thpologiesndrofess ions of

l o v e o rMa r sh a l

Tlto.

Y u g o s l a v i a

was

n o t

a

g r e a tp o w e r ,b u t tw a s

a nd e a ,n d If t h e a p e t w e e n

l l t o s c o m m u n ~ sm a n d K h r u sh c h e v s

could

b eb r ld g e d ,p c r h a p s h e a m e

formula could he used

111

r e a d ju s t r n g

t h c e l a t l o n s h l p sw l t h l n h eS o v i e t

bloc i tse lf befo re he cou nter-re volu -

t l o ne r u p t e d .

T h eo l u t l o nh a t

AIoscow

ap-

p a r e n t ly e a c h e d n

1953-54

w a s to

loosen

s l l g h t ly t h e

od

b o n d s b e t w e e n

Aloscow andt s a t e l l l t e s ,o i v e

t h ea t t e rm e a su r e of a u to n o m y

a n d e t a i n i g h t o n t r o l n l y v e r

fore lgn a f fa i rs , de fense and he over -

a l l e c o n o m ic p l a n n in g Y e t , e v e n t h l s

was

n o t a f a s t n dina l ec ls ion .

A n y r e a d e r

of

t h e S o v i e t a n d s a t e l l ~ t e

p a r t y

organs in

t h ep a s t w oy e a r s

h a s a d

no

t r b u h l c e t e c t i n gh e

f r e q u e n th a n g e s of t o n e ,r o m

3 79

7/23/2019 October 23, 1956

2/5

hard to softyy and back again.

It

was one of such shifts of mood th a t

saw Moscow, just a few mon ths ago,

addressanother of its amous cir-

cular etters

t o

the satelhte central

committee, attacking Tito and reaf-

firming the Sovie t Unlons pnmacy .

It

was another change of mood th at

led Khrushchev to take his celebrated

Titoo lyoheCrimea n n

equallypuzzling vacatlon.

Perhapsanevenmore mportant

demonstration of t he indecislonn

Moscowwas th e incredlblepeech

AnastasMlkoyan ellvered the

CommunistCongress in Peking ast

September The West either gnored

the speech, or did not understand i t .

ButwhatMlkoyanad in effect

told heChlnesewasnot o tray

too ar rom hepath

of

Stalinist

orthodoxy, not o alk oo much of

eachCommunist ountryollowing

its own speciflc road, and not t o pre-

tend hat heChineseCommunists

could averiumphed ad

i t

not

been for he ncreased might of the

SovietUnion.

Mikoyan is perhaps he ubtlest

of the Moscow leaders, and he mixed

his sharpermon tohe Chinese

Communistswithorchlds orMa0

Tse-tungBut herewasnomistak-

inghis heme,and if Khrushchevs

complimentary peech nPeking in

1954 wasnterrupted by applause

no less th an eighty-one imes,

MI-

koyans was received wlth much less

r vacatlonwlthTlto his alland

joy.

I N T H E face of these constant shifts

of emphasis, it was not unreasonable

to assume hat he Great Debate n

Moscow was not over, and that there

wasdisagreementonhow to cope

with the counter-revolutionary forces

thatwereearingparthe old

monolithicunlty of theCommunist

bloc. The champions

of

the soft

approachmlghtaveonceivably

been arguing hat,wlthStalln ong

dead nddlscredited, herewasno

way o reas ser t Moscows total con-

trol over the other Communist states

and artiesThe dvocates

of

the

hard pollcy.n the ther and,

might have been warnlng that If the

remswere loosened anymore,he

horse would unseat heRedhorse-

man.And~t I S not mposslble hat

3

80

right at

this

moment there are

some

among heelevenmenwho rule th e

Soviet Unlon who already know t h a t

the counter-revolut lon and he proc-

ess of dlslntegratmn are too far gone

t o he arrested now.

However essentlal It was for Soviet

domestlc easons,Khrushchevs vio-

lentattack on Stalln astFebruary

becamean mportant actor In th e

October counter-revolution. For wlth

thls avage ndlctment of theways

of governmgand of th e f a i t h itself,

the peoples democracies" nowhad

every reason to seek out new paths.

InPoland, or nstance, he evolu-

tlonaryermentecamenmlstak-

able astMarchThe tudents, he

wrltersndvenheommunlst

pressegan toemand a greater

freedom of expresslon TheCommu-

nlst radeunlons,whoseonlyduty

was to heparty ndnot o he

worker, ound hemselves

In

trouble

wlth heirmembersTheSecretPo-

lice

put through a serles of reorgani-

zations,eachmoredrastlc han he

onebefore In May, JacobBerman,

the opStallnlstwhosearea of in-

terest anged romculture t o pollce

terror, ound I t advisable o etire.

In une amehe lectrlfymg up-

rising inPoznan, which gaveboth

Warsaw and Moscow notlce th at the

counter-revolution was close to he

surfaceYet, in July,MarshallBul-

ganln vlslted Warsaw to glve a sharp

andpubllc pankingohePohsh

party leadership andpress orget-

ting out of hand.And

as

the Pollsh

leadersebatedhehape of th e

Poznanrlals,WladlslswGomulka

was beginnmg to hatch his plot from

hls modestapartment in a M7arsaw

suburb.

NO

ONE w111 evernowhat

N~krtahrushchevxpectedo

achleve by hls dramatlcllghto

Warsaw on tha t Black ridayf

October 19 Perhapshe houghthe

couldmpressGomulkawlthhe

enormlty ofls deflance . ossibly

he thought Gomulka mlght be fright-

entedby he lght of thegreatest

Polltbureau aggregation ever to lour-

nev abroad on a slngle mlsslon (only

Bulganlnndlalenkovwereeft

a t home) Perhaps he hoped he could,

In a face-to-faceencounter, rlghten

G o m u l k a and hls allles with the

word

of

troopmovements. Or per

haps the fllght to Warsaw was what

Gomulka and E d w a r d Ochabappar-

entlyook

I t

to be-an amazi ng

demonstratlon of t he confuslon, des-

peratlonandnear-panic hat seized

the Sovlet leaders when they learned

of Gomulkasmmlnent oup.But

whatever he reason for helr flight,

the Russlans failed. Even before he

Ten Days were ver,Moscow a-

pltulated.

T H R O U G H the ten days that shook

the Red world, he only people who

knewextoothlngbouthe

counter-revolutlonwereheSoviet

cltlzens

T h e

crms

in

Polandbegan

on September 18, butheoviet

presshadnothingon i t until wo

days ater. On that day,

ravda

ran

a brlef andmlsleadingcommunlque

on the Warsaw talks (conducted in

an atmosphere

of

party and frlendly

candor),anda ongandsingularly

venomous attack on the Pohsh press

and,by mplication,Polish eaders.

Notawordwassaldabout Rokos-

sovskys dismissa l, and only t he most

asslduousSoviet eader ouldearn

of

I t by matchln g he lst of Pohsh

Polltbureauembershoaced

Khrushchevwith

a

subsequent

list

of newPolltbureaumembers

A

full

week hado lapse efore

P ~ a v d r c

finally

publlshed,withnot

a

word

of commentorexplanatlon, hefull

test of anedltorlal In theWarsaw

T r z b u n n

Ludzc and the abridged text

of Gomulkas speech at a mass meet-

ing The two statements were worded

in theusualJargon,and hespaces

betweenhelneswere

so

narrow

th at few Sovlet eaders could have

detected In them he hape of the

Polishcounter-revolution.

Studentsdemonstratlng nBuda-

pest at he outset of the Hungarlan

revoltheeredomulkaslctory

over the Russlans. In Warsaw, thou-

sandshaded

t h e

uprrsmg of the ill-

armedungarlansgalnstoviet

authorlty nd anks.TheRussians

alonen-erenotpermitted oknow

of theupheaval hataffected heir

destlnles so closely Wh at was Mos-

cow afrald of, andwas hlsyetan-

otherdemonstration of th e crlslsof

Sovet zadershlp?

Th e rollback of Sovletnfluence

h x

been so rapld that

I t

is no longer

T h e

NATION

7/23/2019 October 23, 1956

3/5

clearwhichEastEuropeancountry

is a satellite, and which is not. Could

a Poland that

1s

demanding her own

share of German reparat ions alleged-

lywlthheldbyMoscowbe till re-

garded

as

a satellrte? And could any

satellite thrnk-as Hung ary

1s

doing

-of installingCatholicCardinal

as Its prime ministe r?

TO

understand the forces that com-

pelled the Soviet Unron to pull back

In theeventful endays,onemust

look atEasternEurope s it was

In mid-October A t that ime atel-

lite Europeembraced even harply

differmg components-from aback-

wardAlbaniaandagriculturalBul-

garia toheighlymdustrlallzed

CzechoslovakiaYet, oweverhey

differed,

they

all

bore hebrand of

Commun ist unlform lty Impressedon

them yStalm.Thiswasrue of

puppethowsndconomy,

of

brlckla ymg and he ways of govern-

mg.

But

if

the even ountrieswere

made to

look

and thin k alike, Stal m

made ure hatnon e of the mhad

any close contact with the other

SIX.

It was easler for a Hungarian t o

go

to Italy than to Albania, and a Bul-

garian could spend a lifetime waiting

for

a

vlsa to cross theborder nto

brotherlyumanla.heatell~te

governments exchanged careful cour-

tesies; they remembered each others

annlversarlesand radedart shows,

bu t of phys~cal contact between he

neighboring peoples therewas al-

most none.

Onecanonlyguess hat he ea-

son or his rlgid compart mentall za-

tlonwasStallns ear hat heEast

Europeanountrlesmlghteto-

gether In som e anti-Soviet move But

he pparentlydldnot reallze th at

b y keepinghe even ountrles so

rlgldly apart, he was also helplnx to

keepallve thesp mt of nationalism

within each. From personal observa-

tlon,

I

can testify hat heseCom-

munlst-controlledountrlesated

and uspectedheirRed eighbors

only a llttle less than they hated the

SovietUnlon.Some of the atellite

countries,ndspeciallyRumania,

HungaryndEastGerman>-.

h a d

partlcularlybitternlernor~es of

So-

wetllberation.hese inen1ories

werenever allowed

to

dle,

for

the

N o v e m b e r

10

1956

Russiansmanagedomakeheir

subsequentatronagendnend-

shlp offensive

nloscows ommandmento

In-

dustrialize,mdustrlallzendgain

~ndustrlahze

as

applied to Easter n

Europewithoutlscrlmlnatlonr

economlc ense

All

the esources

of

each smallountrywererought

close toexhaus tion In theconstruc-

tlon of avastheavy ndustryBut

the Soviet planners apparently never

consldered

If

the ountrysmineral

resourczs,rmanpowerrnow-

howJustifledsuchan ndustry.The

villages weredrained of the irman-

poweruntil herewasashortage of

farmhands,nstead of grai n,he

farmersnow aised ndustrialcrops,

such

as

flax nd otton; ndhe

draconlc ollectlvlzatlon eniedhe

tiller

any

incentive oworkharder.

Th e results became apparent three

yearsbeforeStalinsdeath.Yet,he

perslsted, and I recall, back n 1950,

standin g in a ueueor oursor

a mallpat

of

butter n he ame

HungarynhlchoncewasEuropes

chief provider of fats, or trymg n

v a n

to uy read in aBulgarian

v~llageSince1950, scarcit y has been

away of life all alongEastern

E u -

rope-pxrt of theprice his egion

as

pa y~ ng or ts ndustrlahzatlon

and Stalms folly.

BUT

EVEN

the new industry, built

a t

such a cost,

was

ill-considered and

Ill-balar7ced Hungary, Czechoslo-

v a h a

andPolandare tuddedwlth

Stallnswhite1ephantsenor-

mous plants for which no raw mate-

nalsere av;u able nea rby ,nd

whose steelormachin es could com-

pete~n he world mark etonlyby

exploiting the worker more and more

and pay lng hlm less and less

T h e prcatSztalinvaros teelom-

hlne in Hungar y had no coking coal

a n d

no hgh-grade

I r on

ore, ndt

had to import both from abroad. ( I t

lvay

orlglnally Iald close to t he Y ugo -

slav border, but. when Tlto was pro-

claimed

a

traitor,helantwas

moved, hrlck by brick, to a Danube

s n a m p

fartheran.ay rom hebor-

der Some of

t h e

great

C7ech

plants

v . c r e htlrr-ledly

closed

d o wn

after

Stal1r~s

death, for there

\cas

never

al ly

economic cxcu5e

for

them.And

thegiantnewste el mllls of

Poland

hungered

for

theoalwhich

the

countrywas equired o xport o

theSovietUnionat educed prices.

TO

his burden n

1951

was added

th e weight of a new, vast and enor-

mously wasteful munltlons ndustry.

By 1953, theseplantsbrought

Po-

land, or nstance, o hebrmk

of

bankruptcy, ut

I t

was nly

th is

fa l l

th at Polish fficials fou nd he

courage to admit

i t .

And, inevitably,

apace wlth this unbalanced economy

therehad ppearedunemployment.

In 1953-54, special labor exchanges

had to be set up in Hungary to deal

wlth the Jobless thousands. And only

a few monthsgo,Warsawsti-

matedolandsnemployment at

500,000 and hidden unemployment

(peo ple in economically useless

jobs

a t 2,000,000 out

of

the ota l

work

force of

6,000,000.

THESE

W E R E all a egacy

of

the

Stalmlst

era-fervent nationalism,

andhat red of all thmgsSoviet; n-

eptplanning hat esulted n

food

shortages,carcity

of

consumer

goods, unemploymentand ndustrial

whlteelephants;and, inally, po-

lice repression in forms so primltively

cruelonehad ogo to theMlddle

Ages or heMlddleEast orany-

thing

tomatchhem.And if th e

testlmony of thecountlessnameless

victimswasotegardedson-

vincmg, ne nly ado ummon

Janos Kador ,

today heFirst Sec-

retary of the Hungarlan Communist

Party,ndsk h m to raise

his

handsorheealousmen

who

arrested lm omeive ears ago,

pulledhis nailsoff,oneby one, t o

make his mind function wlth greater

clanty.

Moscows intelligencenEastern

Europe 1s superb,ndhe oviet

leaders re apable of a ober p-

pralsal.

Yet,

suchashe

self

dcceptlon,ronfidence,

or

even

contemptorheatelllte eoples

that no Russian ever sensed he m-

mense power of the resentments bub-

hlmg up ust under he red surface.

SinceheOctoberounter-revolu-

tlonbrokeout

In

WarsawonOcto-

ber

19,

NIoscow has been frantically

offering

concessions. Buthese re

conctssions of d~s ma y, and he roll-

Lack

contmutls.

This,

then,

is a

t ime

of reap

381

7/23/2019 October 23, 1956

4/5

pra i s31orveryone .

Moscow has

n o w o u n d h a t ts t o u g h policy

h a s a c k f lr e d In Hu n g a ry , n d

Its

so f tpo l lcyhas adedd lsmal ly n

P o l a n d t sm o s t urgent t a s k , h e r e -

fore, is

to

t x k ea r e s h look a t h e

c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t ~ o no w sweeping

m u c h of E a s t e rn E u ro p e , t r y

to

lore-

te l l t s ou rse , nd ec lde ow th e

S o v l e t

Union

c a n i v e i d eb y l d e

wlth I t . As I write these mes ,

M O S -

COW

h a s

offered al l I ts satel l l tes , past

and p resen t , to withdraw I t s roops ,

rev l se the harsh ly one-s lded economic

a g re e m e n t s a n d , i n genera l , o r rec t

th e c lownrlgh t r ro rs of thep a s t .

B u t h eS o v l e t e a d e r sare t i l l not

of o n em i n d nh e c o p e of t h e

concessions n e e d e d ;h e re r e

d l -

c a t l o n s , o r n s t a n c e , h a t h e R u s -

s a n s are

r e i n f o r a n ga t h e rh a n

w i t h d r a w m g h e l r r o o p s f r o m H u n -

g a ry .

Perhaps the on ly conso la t ion

Mos-

c o w c a n h a v e a t t h e m o m e n t i s t h a t

t h eg o v e rn m e n t i n W a rs a w e m a i n s

C o r n m u n l s t , a n d ( a t t h e t l m e of t h l s

wr l t l n g )h e o m m u n l s t st i l le -

t a m a v o l c e~ nB u d a p e s t

But

Go-

mulka s ebe l l ious ,a n dNa g y

I S

all

i

b a t h o s t i l e ,n d

R OSCOW

c a n n o t

w a t c hw l t he q u a n i m i t y h e r e m e n -

d o u sm p a c th e l rc t m t l e sm u s t

h a v e n h e t h e rE a s tE u r o p e a n

s ta tes , o tab lyC z e c h o s o v a k l a

and

E a s t G e r m a n y

R u t I f t h l s I S a t lm e of reapp raisal

fo r iLloscow, I t 1s also so f o r t h e W e s t .

It i s n o w a b u n d a n t l y c l e a r h a t h e

W e s t

111

g e n e r a l ,n d a s h l n g t o n

espec ia l ly , never had

a

genu lne po l icy

t o w a r d s E a s t e r n E u r o p e W h a t

I t

dld

h a v e

111

t h egu lse of a pol lcy w a s

s u c hlogans

as

L l b e ra t t o n n d

a n t l -C o m m u n l s tro p a g a n d a ,f t e n

of

a

d u b l o u sq u a l i t y .

Now

t h a t h e

c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t l o na se g u n ,h e

W e s tc a nn o o n g e ra f f o r d oc o a s t

a longwl thou t o l lcy Wlll

I t

b e

far -s lgh tednough

to

e x t e n de n -

erous

help, wlth no

s t r l n g s a t t a c h e d ,

t o h e o r m e rs a t e l l l t e sn o wh e a d e d

by w h a to n e

might-

ca l l m a rg i n a l

C o m m u n l s t s ? Wlll

I t

use ts nflu-

ence

to

Instal l np o we r t h e e m i g re s

wh o fo r t h e p a s t s e v e n o r e l g h t y e a r s

have been gen t lemen-farmers near

W a s h m g t o n , n dwh o r e e s p i s e d

In t h e l r n a t l v e l a n d s ? Wlll

I t

b e a b l e

to

r e c o g n l z e t h e e m e rg e n c e

of

a pow-

\

e r fu l a n d g ro wi n g b l o c

of

Ron-Soviet

na t ions , wh lch will bepoll t lcal ly n-

d e p e n d e n t ,b o u n d

to

M o s c o w only

b y t e n x o u s l e s , a n d s t a u n c h l y a n t i -

T h I s , f m a i l y , is

a

t lm e of reap-

p ra l sa l o r t h e Tlestern llberalwh o ,

fc r h i s lnab l l l ty t o b u ~ l d h is wn

s p m t u a l h o m e ,

has

s o u g h t

I t

I n w h a t

h e h o u g h t was

a

Soclal ls tparad lse

inh eE a s t o r

a

g e n e ra t l o n n d

m o re , h e r e m m n e d

loyal

n o t

to

w h a t

was t r u eb u t ow h n th e m a g i n e d

t ob e r u e ,a n d o u g h t

a

re fuge

In

rat1onnI1zat1ona c h t l m e h l s t o ry

s h o w e dh l m h a t h eh o m eh eh a d

c h o s e nwas o l ace o r lbera l .

F o r If h eru lyearched i s on -

science h ew o u l d a v e o u n dh a t

t h e re was n oJus t l f l ca t ion o r J a n o s

Ka d a r s o rn -o u tn a l l sa n d h e y s -

t e m

of

h o r ro r t h e y r e p re s e n t e d . W h a t

n l l l

t h e l b e r a lw h oh a d e d h e on-

g lna lOc t o b e rRevo lu t lon a y o w

of

t h e m e n

w h o

r e v o l t e d a g a l n s t t h a t

revolution? W h a t will h e o if a

c ler rca l -Fasc l s t y s tem r l ses n he

rulns of Stal lnr sm?A n dwo u l d

he

now be ab le to bulld

a

refuge of

hls

own, on hls own ldeologlcal grounds?

c a p l t n l l s t ~

ARABIA vs. ISRAEL

Background to

War

y

WALDO

FRANK

[ W a l d o F r a n k n o t e d

a u t h o r

lec-

turer 2nd critic is B i r t h of a

W o r l d . B o l i v a r i n T e rm s of His Peo-

ple

w a s a n o u t s t a n d i n g

contrzbutron

t o b i o g r a p h y - r e c e n t l y r e t u r n e d f r o m

a visit t o I n -a c l H e zs now wrtttng

T h eL a d d e ra n d h eT h l g h :an o n -

Z i o n i s tP o r t r a l t

of

I s r a e l , scheduled

or p u b l i c a t z o n e x t e a r T ~ Pol-

loulzng art icle e x t r a c t e dr o m

a

c h a p t e r of t h e b o o k p r o v i d e s t i l

b a c k g r o u n dneces sary f o r n n n d e r -

standzny

of t oday sheadl ines .

F o r t o p i c a l o m m e n t on l l f i d d e

Eas tdPr Ie lopment s ee d i tor za l

o n

page 337.-ED ]

FOR T H E problem of Is rael , here

i s n op m a c e a .T h i sp e r h a p s is t h e

c l e a r p p ro a c ho i t . T h e r o b l r m

conslsts of complex,confl lct lng, l w -

3 52

zng e l e m e n t sw h i c h n l y i m e

and

i n t e r n a l h a n g e a nn t e g r a t en t o

a

l lv inga lance .h e s el e m e n t s

m u s t e d m i t t e d , o t b l i t e r a t e d ,

to

becom e o rgan lc ens ions .

W h a t r e o m e of t h e s ewa r r i n g

e l e m e n t s , wh l c h m u s t b e m o d u l a t e d ,

as n u c l e a r e n e rg y m a y b e , from de-

s t r u c t l o n o

construction?

1 T h eW e s t e r np o we r s ,p r i n c i p a l -

l yG r e a tB r l t a i n n d r a n c e ,

sus -

t a i n e d t h e i r Or l e n t a l e m p l r e s t h ro u g h

t h e a c c e s sn d t h ew e a l t h of t h e

M i d d l eE a s t ; n d h r s s s u m e d h e

submlss lon

of

t h eM l d d l eE a s t s

111

h a b l t a n t s ,h er a b sr a b l c 011

wh i c h u rn s most of th e w heels f

E u r o p e ,

I S

merely a flnal ,ruc la l

f o r m

of

t h ed e p e n d e n c e

of

E u r o p e ,

h lnged , in I t s resen t e t -up , upon

t h ed e p c n d e n c e

of

t h eA r a b s .

W i t h

the dec l ine o f theW e s t e r np o we r s ,

t h e i r own posi t ion has givenpower

t o t h e A r a b s . T h e y a r e b e i n g a r o u s e d

in na t iona l l s t and pan-Is lamic move-

m e n t s

2. T h e i r e g i t i m a t e h i r s t for free-

d o m , s in c e h e v h a v e n o d e m o c ra t i c

t rad l t lons , i s l a rqe lyxp lo i ted by

old-fashioned rhezkhs

o r y e m a -

gogueswh ouse the power o f the i r

c w n t r l e s w e a l t h a n d h e f a n a t ~ c i s m

of thc l re o p l e

t o

b l a c k m a dh e

W e s t e rnp o we r s .T h ee s s e n c e

of

t h e

I d d l e Eas t swealth , In

a

world

s t r l le s p e ra t e l yl m g i n gom e -

teen th cen tu rv po l l t i ca l economic

fo rm s ,s o t

011,

b u t e o g ra p h i c a l

pos i tmn

3 T h ex p a n d i n gre s s u re s

of

Communist Russ ia ,heir of i ts Cz ar-

ist

pas t , eek

a

place in th isp o we r

The N A T I O N

7/23/2019 October 23, 1956

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