Oct 27 Bell RingerOct 27 Bell Ringer

• Ok. It is 1789 and you are the chief Ok. It is 1789 and you are the chief executive of the new United States of executive of the new United States of America. What are the first three America. What are the first three things that you will decide to do to things that you will decide to do to make this a strong country? make this a strong country?

Who am I?Who am I?• I was a queen of I was a queen of FranceFrance

• I reportedly said “Let I reportedly said “Let them eat cake”them eat cake”

• I lost my head in the I lost my head in the chaotic times that chaotic times that were inspired by the were inspired by the American revolution.American revolution.

• My husband’s name My husband’s name was Louis. was Louis.

• My country’s My country’s predicament inspired predicament inspired Washington to declare Washington to declare neutrality in the war neutrality in the war between France and between France and England which was a England which was a great disappointment great disappointment to me personallyto me personally

Oct 28 Bell ringer

Oct 29 / 30 Bell Ringer QuizOct 29 / 30 Bell Ringer Quiz

1.1. What was the first test of the USA’s government’s powers?What was the first test of the USA’s government’s powers?2.2. What was one advantage of Hamilton’s plan to create a national What was one advantage of Hamilton’s plan to create a national

banking system?banking system?3.3. What position in Washington’s cabinet did Hamilton hold?What position in Washington’s cabinet did Hamilton hold?4.4. What act established the federal court system in America?What act established the federal court system in America?5.5. Pinckney’s treaty was between which 2 countries? Pinckney’s treaty was between which 2 countries? 6.6. In 1793, what did Great Britain fear so much that they went to In 1793, what did Great Britain fear so much that they went to

war with France?war with France?7.7. What is a bond?What is a bond?8.8. What is impressment?What is impressment?9.9. What is an example of an excise tax in the 1780’s?What is an example of an excise tax in the 1780’s?10.10. Why did George Washington don or put on his uniform again and Why did George Washington don or put on his uniform again and

go to Pennsylvania?go to Pennsylvania?11.11. What treaty was seen by France as pro-British?What treaty was seen by France as pro-British?12.12. What country had a revolution because they admired ours so What country had a revolution because they admired ours so

much? much? 13.13. What does fraternity mean? What does fraternity mean?

October 31 October 31 Bell RingerBell Ringer List three List three

Historical facts Historical facts about Halloween about Halloween

that that you ARE you ARE ABSOLUTELY ABSOLUTELY

POSITIVE ABOUT POSITIVE ABOUT in in order to get a order to get a

treat. You’ll get a treat. You’ll get a trick if you trick if you

don’t!!don’t!!

Nov 3 Bell ringer and TOTDNov 3 Bell ringer and TOTD• Write the three things that George Washington Write the three things that George Washington

said in his Farewell Address.said in his Farewell Address.

•Ticket out the Door is to Write the Ticket out the Door is to Write the word and definition" word and definition" Bisect which Bisect which means to intersect or cross a line means to intersect or cross a line or point”or point” on paper and show to on paper and show to me in order to leave this class. me in order to leave this class. Keep the paper for your next Keep the paper for your next class where you will repeat this class where you will repeat this exercise. exercise.

Nov 4 TOTD and Bell RingerNov 4 TOTD and Bell Ringer

Bell ringer: What does sedition mean Bell ringer: What does sedition mean and what does alien mean?and what does alien mean?

TOTD: Parallel lines---Two different TOTD: Parallel lines---Two different lines in the same plane that do lines in the same plane that do notnot intersect.intersect.

America:America: The New Nation The New Nation

1789-18011789-1801

Hi, I am Miz D and you are going to be very proud of this

country after I tell you my story of our

beginning

SSUSH5 The student will explain specific events and key ideas that brought about the

adoption and implementation of the United States Constitution.

.b. Evaluate the major arguments of the anti-Federalists and Federalists during the debate on ratification of the

Constitution as put forth in The Federalists Papers concerning form of government, factions, checks and

balances, and the power of the executive, including the roles of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.

.e. Explain the importance of the Presidencies of George

Washington and John Adams, including the Whiskey Rebellion, non-intervention in Europe, and the

development of political parties (Alexander Hamilton)

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions::• What are the major arguments of the anti-Federalists and

Federalists during the debate on ratification of the Constitution?

• How did the Presidencies of George Washington and John Adams establish this country?

• How did the Whiskey Rebellion test this country?• How was the Supreme Court established? • Where did the American early tradition of non-intervention

in Europe begin?• How did political parties develop?• What role did Alexander Hamilton play in establishing this

country? • How did America weather its first conflicts with other

countries?

Vocabulary:Vocabulary:

• Precedent, Judiciary Act of 1789,Precedent, Judiciary Act of 1789,

Alexander Hamilton, Whiskey Alexander Hamilton, Whiskey rebellion, Pinckney's Treaty, XYZ rebellion, Pinckney's Treaty, XYZ Affair, Alien and Sedition Acts, Affair, Alien and Sedition Acts, midnight judges, John Marshall, midnight judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison,Marbury v. Madison,

The New GovernmentThe New Government

• Lack of ExperienceLack of Experience– No federal laws.No federal laws.– No courts.No courts.– No law enforcement.No law enforcement.– No No precedentprecedent- model - model

for future action.for future action.

• 3 problems3 problems1.1. FinancialFinancial

2.2. Relations w/ other Relations w/ other nations.nations.

3.3. Lack of a militaryLack of a military

The CourtsThe Courts• Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789

– Established the basic Established the basic structure of the federal structure of the federal court system.court system.

– Supreme CourtSupreme Court• Chief Justice plus 5 Chief Justice plus 5

Associate Justices.Associate Justices.– 13 District Courts13 District Courts– 3 Circuit Courts3 Circuit Courts– Gave the Supreme Gave the Supreme

Court the power to Court the power to declare state laws that declare state laws that violated the Federal violated the Federal Constitution null and Constitution null and void.void.

• John Jay- 1John Jay- 1stst Supreme Supreme Court Chief JusticeCourt Chief Justice

Executive DepartmentsExecutive Departments• Cabinet- advisors to the Cabinet- advisors to the

PresidentPresident– Secretaries- Heads of the Secretaries- Heads of the

Departments.Departments.– Not specifically stated in Not specifically stated in

the Constitution.the Constitution.• Department of StateDepartment of State

– Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson• Department of TreasuryDepartment of Treasury

– Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton• Department of WarDepartment of War

– Henry KnoxHenry Knox• Attorney GeneralAttorney General

– Edmund RandolphEdmund Randolph– Advise the President on Advise the President on

matters of law.matters of law.

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton

• Congress faced with Congress faced with financial problems.financial problems.

– Raising moneyRaising money– Coining moneyCoining money

• Proposes a solutionProposes a solutionPay off the war debts.Pay off the war debts.– Create a National Create a National

Bank.Bank.– Create a new tariff or Create a new tariff or

tax on trade.tax on trade.– Tax liquor.Tax liquor.

1. Pay Off the War Debts1. Pay Off the War Debts

• 3 ideas3 ideas1.1. Establish nations Establish nations

credit by paying its credit by paying its debts.debts.

2.2. Bonds and paper Bonds and paper money be paid off money be paid off at their original at their original value.value.

3.3. Govt. should Govt. should assume the states assume the states debts.debts.

Revolutionary War DebtsRevolutionary War Debts

• $80 million$80 million– $12 million to France$12 million to France– $44 million to American $44 million to American

militiamenmilitiamen– $25 million owed by the $25 million owed by the

states.states.

• Government Bonds- Government Bonds- certificates issued by certificates issued by the govt. in exchange the govt. in exchange for a loan of moneyfor a loan of money– Govt. used this to pay Govt. used this to pay

for the War.for the War.

Assumption BillAssumption Bill

• Compromise Compromise between:between:

• JeffersonJefferson– National govt. National govt.

should assume should assume state debts.state debts.

• HamiltonHamilton– Vote for a bill to Vote for a bill to

move the new move the new capital along the capital along the banks of the banks of the Potomac River.Potomac River.

2. The Bank of the United 2. The Bank of the United StatesStates

• Hamilton’s plan to create Hamilton’s plan to create a national banking a national banking system of one major bank system of one major bank w/ branch banks in w/ branch banks in American cities.American cities.

• 3 advantages3 advantages1.1. Provide a safe place for Provide a safe place for

tax officials to deposit tax officials to deposit collected money.collected money.

2.2. Transfer money by Transfer money by check.check.

3.3. Create a “sound uniform Create a “sound uniform currency.”currency.”– Bank note (paper Bank note (paper

money)money)

• Jefferson opposesJefferson opposes• 3 disadvantages3 disadvantages

1.1. Wealthy people would Wealthy people would control because they control because they would be buying the would be buying the capital stocks that it capital stocks that it operated on.operated on.

2.2. Private banks would falter Private banks would falter because all the money because all the money would be in one national would be in one national bank.bank.

3.3. Unconstitutional- govt. Unconstitutional- govt. does not have the power does not have the power to establish a bank.to establish a bank.

– Washington supports Washington supports Hamilton on this idea.Hamilton on this idea.

3. Raise the Tariff3. Raise the Tariff

• Revenue tariffRevenue tariff– Small tariff on a good Small tariff on a good

in which a foreign in which a foreign manufacturer can still manufacturer can still compete in America.compete in America.

– This is what we had.This is what we had.

• Protective tariff Protective tariff – High tariff on a High tariff on a

foreign-imported foreign-imported good that would good that would protect American protect American manufacturers.manufacturers.

– Hamilton proposes.Hamilton proposes.

4. Tax on Liquor4. Tax on Liquor

• Excise taxExcise tax– Tax on a product Tax on a product

that is produced or that is produced or sold.sold.

– Hamilton proposes Hamilton proposes one be placed on one be placed on liquor.liquor.

Whisky RebellionWhisky Rebellion• Hamilton’s tax on whisky Hamilton’s tax on whisky

hurts frontier farmers who hurts frontier farmers who sold corn for whisky for sold corn for whisky for profit.profit.

• Frontiersmen refuse to pay Frontiersmen refuse to pay the excise tax.the excise tax.

• Federal marshals try to Federal marshals try to enforce, but are chased enforce, but are chased away.away.

• Washington orders the Washington orders the militia to stop the militia to stop the rebellion.rebellion.

• Government wins its first Government wins its first test, farmers lose.test, farmers lose.

Hamilton’s Financial ProgramHamilton’s Financial Program

• 4 ways that it helped America4 ways that it helped America1.1. America proved it could meet its America proved it could meet its

obligations.obligations.

2.2. National Bank provided a sound, National Bank provided a sound, uniform currency.uniform currency.

3.3. It put money into the pockets of the It put money into the pockets of the rich.rich.

4.4. It gave the United States a workable It gave the United States a workable money system and a credit reputation.money system and a credit reputation.

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution• 1789- revolution breaks 1789- revolution breaks

out in France.out in France.– Inspired by American Inspired by American

Revolution.Revolution.• ““liberty, equality, liberty, equality,

fraternity”- French goals.fraternity”- French goals.• King Louis XVI and Queen King Louis XVI and Queen

Marie Antoinette are Marie Antoinette are dethroned and beheaded.dethroned and beheaded.

• Many other nations fear Many other nations fear the spread of revolution to the spread of revolution to their nations.their nations.

• 1793- Great Britain goes to 1793- Great Britain goes to war with France.war with France.

American ReactionAmerican Reaction

• Hamilton sides with Hamilton sides with Great Britain.Great Britain.– Better trading Better trading

partner.partner.

• Jefferson sides with Jefferson sides with France.France.– Loyalty for their Loyalty for their

help in American help in American Revolution.Revolution.

War with Great BritainWar with Great Britain

• Impressment- British Impressment- British would seize American would seize American ships and force the ships and force the sailors to serve in the sailors to serve in the British navy.British navy.– Reaction to American Reaction to American

aid to France.aid to France.

• War viewed as War viewed as “suicidal” because the “suicidal” because the new nation was not new nation was not prepared for a war on prepared for a war on land or sea.land or sea.

Edmund GenetEdmund Genet• April, 1793April, 1793• Minister from France Minister from France

asks for America to asks for America to defend the French defend the French West Indies in its war West Indies in its war w/ Britain.w/ Britain.

• Proclamation of Proclamation of NeutralityNeutrality– President Washington President Washington

forbids American forbids American citizens to give active citizens to give active support on land or sea support on land or sea to any warring to any warring European nations.European nations.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

• John JayJohn Jay– Supreme Court Chief Supreme Court Chief

Justice.Justice.– Settles differences Settles differences

between America and between America and Britain.Britain.

1.1. British could trade w/ British could trade w/ America.America.

2.2. Britain would withdraw Britain would withdraw troops from the troops from the frontier.frontier.

• Impressment issue not Impressment issue not settled. settled.

Pinckney’s TreatyPinckney’s Treaty• Thomas Pinckney Thomas Pinckney

negotiates treaty with negotiates treaty with Spain in 1795.Spain in 1795.

1.1. Settle border dispute Settle border dispute over Florida and over Florida and Georgia.Georgia.

2.2. Spain agrees to curb Spain agrees to curb Indian attacks upon Indian attacks upon Georgia settlers.Georgia settlers.

3.3. Gave America the Gave America the right to navigate the right to navigate the Mississippi River Mississippi River freely.freely.

• Right of deposit.Right of deposit.

Washington’s FarewellWashington’s Farewell• 2 regrets2 regrets

– Arguments between Arguments between Hamilton and JeffersonHamilton and Jefferson

– Relations of the U.S. Relations of the U.S. w/ other countries.w/ other countries.

• Farewell address- Farewell address- warns of 3 things.warns of 3 things.1.1. Creation of political Creation of political

parties.parties.2.2. Avoid “permanent Avoid “permanent

alliances” with foreign alliances” with foreign nations.nations.

3.3. Do not lose the basis Do not lose the basis of the country which is of the country which is on Godon God

Federalist PartyFederalist Party

• Led by Alexander Led by Alexander HamiltonHamilton

• The wealthy “elite” The wealthy “elite” of America.of America.

• Merchants, lawyers, Merchants, lawyers, and church leaders and church leaders tend to belong.tend to belong.

RepublicansRepublicans

• Led by Thomas Led by Thomas Jefferson.Jefferson.

• Farmers and wage Farmers and wage earners tend to earners tend to belong.belong.

BeliefsBeliefs

Federalist PartyFederalist Party• Little faith in the Little faith in the

ability of average ability of average people to govern people to govern themselves.themselves.

• Give power to the Give power to the wealthy w/ a strong wealthy w/ a strong federal govt.federal govt.

• Loose interpretation of Loose interpretation of the Constitution.the Constitution.

• Pro- National Bank.Pro- National Bank.

Republican PartyRepublican Party• Great faith in average Great faith in average

people to govern.people to govern.• Limited federal govt.Limited federal govt.• Strict interpretation of Strict interpretation of

the Constitution.the Constitution.• Anti- National Bank.Anti- National Bank.

Election of 1796Election of 1796• First time a two-party First time a two-party

system had developed.system had developed.• Candidates chosen by Candidates chosen by

Congressional caucuses.Congressional caucuses.– Political leaders nominate Political leaders nominate

the candidates.the candidates.– No direction by the No direction by the

Constitution.Constitution.• Federalist PartyFederalist Party

– John Adams- PresidentJohn Adams- President– Thomas Pinckney- VPThomas Pinckney- VP

• Republican PartyRepublican Party– Thomas Jefferson- Thomas Jefferson-

PresidentPresident– Aaron Burr- VP Aaron Burr- VP

Election of 1796Election of 1796• Voters choose the electors Voters choose the electors

as outlined in the as outlined in the Constitution.Constitution.

• Choosing electorsChoosing electors1.1. Popular votePopular vote2.2. Choice of state legislature.Choice of state legislature.3.3. Combination of bothCombination of both

• Electors then cast ballots Electors then cast ballots for President and Vice-for President and Vice-President.President.

• Candidate w/ the largest # Candidate w/ the largest # of votes becomes Presidentof votes becomes President

• Second largest # of votes Second largest # of votes becomes Vice-President.becomes Vice-President.

Election of 1796Election of 1796

Election of 1796Election of 1796

• PresidentPresident– John Adams (Federalist)John Adams (Federalist)

• Vice-PresidentVice-President– Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson

(Republican)(Republican)

• After Election of 1796, After Election of 1796, it is customary for the it is customary for the electors to vote for electors to vote for both nominated both nominated candidates on the candidates on the samesame ticket. ticket.

Flag of 1795

Issues with FranceIssues with France

• Resentment of Resentment of America’s refusal America’s refusal to aid France as to aid France as obliged in Treaty of obliged in Treaty of 1778.1778.

• Resentment of Resentment of Jay’s Treaty as Jay’s Treaty as being pro-British.being pro-British.

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair• President Adams sends 3 President Adams sends 3

American officials to Paris to American officials to Paris to visit w/ French officials to visit w/ French officials to request compensation for request compensation for French seizure of ships in French seizure of ships in the Caribbean in response to the Caribbean in response to Jay’s Treaty.Jay’s Treaty.

– Charles Pinckney, John Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge GerryMarshall, and Elbridge Gerry

• They meet with Prime They meet with Prime Minister Talleyrand and his Minister Talleyrand and his “fund raisers.”“fund raisers.”

– X, Y, and Z- nickname given X, Y, and Z- nickname given by Adams to protect by Adams to protect identities.identities.

• French demand 3 things.French demand 3 things.1.1. America must publicly America must publicly

apologize to France for apologize to France for remarks Adams made.remarks Adams made.

2.2. U.S. must grant $22 million U.S. must grant $22 million in loans to France.in loans to France.

3.3. American envoys must pay American envoys must pay a bribe of $50,000 to a bribe of $50,000 to Talleyrand.Talleyrand.

– America refusesAmerica refuses

American ResponseAmerican Response• Talleyrand tells American envoys Talleyrand tells American envoys

that refusal to aid France could that refusal to aid France could lead to war.lead to war.

• Charles Pinckney, “Millions for Charles Pinckney, “Millions for defense, but not one cent for defense, but not one cent for tribute.”tribute.”

• Major General Alexander Major General Alexander Hamilton encourages Adams to Hamilton encourages Adams to prepare for war.prepare for war.

• Army Department createdArmy Department created– Hamilton put in charge.Hamilton put in charge.

• Navy Department createdNavy Department created– Ordered to build warships, fortify Ordered to build warships, fortify

harbors, and strengthen the Armyharbors, and strengthen the Army– Prepare for war w/ France.Prepare for war w/ France.

• Nothing develops!Nothing develops!

NapoleonNapoleon• Overthrows French Overthrows French

monarch and becomes monarch and becomes Emperor.Emperor.

• Wants to rule free of Wants to rule free of conflicts w/ foreign conflicts w/ foreign nations.nations.

• Adams sends another Adams sends another group of envoys to group of envoys to France to make an France to make an agreement.agreement.– Abandons Treaty of Abandons Treaty of

1778.1778.– U.S. drops claims of U.S. drops claims of

France illegally seizing France illegally seizing American ships trading American ships trading with Britain.with Britain.

– Impressment in the Impressment in the Caribbean continues, Caribbean continues, but war is avoided.but war is avoided.

Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts• 1789 laws made by the 1789 laws made by the

Federalist majority in Federalist majority in Congress.Congress.– Designed to unite the Designed to unite the

country against France.country against France.– Designed to weaken the Designed to weaken the

Republican Party.Republican Party.• Naturalization ActNaturalization Act

– Aliens must reside in the Aliens must reside in the U.S. for 14 years before U.S. for 14 years before they could become a they could become a citizen.citizen.

• Alien ActAlien Act– President could expel President could expel

aliens he judged aliens he judged dangerous to U.S. peace.dangerous to U.S. peace.

• Alien Enemies ActAlien Enemies Act– President, in time of war, President, in time of war,

could imprison any could imprison any foreigners he considered foreigners he considered dangerous to public dangerous to public security.security.

• Sedition ActSedition Act– Fines or imprisonment to Fines or imprisonment to

anyone who wrote, said, anyone who wrote, said, or printed anything false or printed anything false or malicious against the or malicious against the govt.govt.

Republican ReactionRepublican Reaction

• Hurts the Republican Party because Hurts the Republican Party because most of their members were most of their members were immigrants from other countries.immigrants from other countries.

• Federalists violated Free Speech Federalists violated Free Speech rights by using the Acts to silence rights by using the Acts to silence the Republicans.the Republicans.

State’s Rights TheoryState’s Rights Theory• Madison and Jefferson Madison and Jefferson

attempt to voice opinions attempt to voice opinions about the Acts.about the Acts.

– Virginia ResolutionVirginia Resolution– Kentucky ResolutionKentucky Resolution

1.1. The federal govt. had been The federal govt. had been created by the states.created by the states.

2.2. The federal govt. was The federal govt. was merely an agent for the merely an agent for the states.states.

3.3. The federal govt. could be The federal govt. could be criticized by its creators, criticized by its creators, the states.the states.

• Therefore, the Acts are null Therefore, the Acts are null and void (unlawful)and void (unlawful)

• Could cause some states to Could cause some states to secede from the Union.secede from the Union.

• Most state legislatures react Most state legislatures react negatively to the negatively to the ResolutionsResolutions

– Federalist controlled.Federalist controlled.

Election of 1800Election of 1800

• FederalistsFederalists– John Adams- John Adams-

PresidentPresident– Charles Pinckney- Charles Pinckney-

VPVP

• RepublicansRepublicans– Thomas Jefferson- Thomas Jefferson-

PresidentPresident– Aaron Burr- VPAaron Burr- VP

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

• Jefferson and Burr tie for Jefferson and Burr tie for electoral votes.electoral votes.

• House of House of Representatives break Representatives break the tie.the tie.

• Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton supports Jeffersonsupports Jefferson– Distrusts BurrDistrusts Burr

• 1804- 121804- 12thth Amendment Amendment– Electors must vote on Electors must vote on

separate ballots for separate ballots for President and Vice-President and Vice-President.President.

The Midnight JudgesThe Midnight Judges

• Judiciary Act of Judiciary Act of 18011801– Increased # of Increased # of

judges in the judges in the federal courts by federal courts by 16.16.

• March, 1801- March, 1801- Adams appoint Adams appoint Federalist judges Federalist judges on his last night on his last night before leaving before leaving office.office.

John MarshallJohn Marshall• Chief Justice of the Chief Justice of the

Supreme Court Supreme Court appointed by Adams.appointed by Adams.

• 3 principles3 principles1.1. The Supreme Court had The Supreme Court had

the power to determine the power to determine when a law of Congress when a law of Congress was unconstitutional.was unconstitutional.– Judicial reviewJudicial review

2.2. Supreme Court could set Supreme Court could set aside laws of the states aside laws of the states that violated the that violated the Constitution.Constitution.

3.3. Supreme Court had the Supreme Court had the power to reverse a power to reverse a decision of a state court.decision of a state court.

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison• First test of Marshall’s First test of Marshall’s

principles.principles.• Marbury one of Adams’ Marbury one of Adams’

“midnight judges.”“midnight judges.”• Jefferson refuses to seat him Jefferson refuses to seat him

on Supreme Court.on Supreme Court.– James Madison- Secretary of James Madison- Secretary of

State takes to Supreme Court State takes to Supreme Court for Jefferson.for Jefferson.

• Supreme Court declared that Supreme Court declared that it is the duty of the judicial it is the duty of the judicial dept. to say what the law is. dept. to say what the law is. (Judicial review)(Judicial review)– Republicans angered- say Republicans angered- say

that this would allow the that this would allow the judiciary to “twist” the judiciary to “twist” the Constitution.Constitution.