Interviewing and Observation322131 Human Computer Interaction

By Yaowaluck Promdee, Sumonta Kasemvilas

Reviews (last session) Requirement Gathering ✘1. One-on-one interviews ✘2. Group interviews ✘3. Facilitated sessions ✘4. Joint application development (JAD) ✘5. Questionnaires ✘6. Prototyping ✘7. Use cases ✘8. Following people around ✘9. Request for proposals (RFPs)✘ 10.Brainstorming

Lean Canvas (last session)

Product | Market

ObservationDefinitions and technique

Observation ob·ser·va·tion Noun1. the act of observing or the state o

f being observed2. a comment or remark3. detailed examination of phenomena prior to analysis, diagnosis, or interpretation: the patient was under observation

Reference: http://dictionary.reference.com/Figure 1. Observation monitor

http://www.nzilbb.canterbury.ac.nz/Scientific observation is “a systematic description of events, behaviors, and artifacts in the social setting chosen for study” (Kawulich 2005) Kawulich, Barbara B. (2005). Participant Observation as a Data

Collection Method .

ObservationsResearch role

✗ A relationship acquired by and ascribed to the researcher in interactive data collection.

✘ There are different roles with regard to observation:

1) Interviewer2) Naturalistic Observer3) Participant Observer4) Participant Researcher5) Inside Observer

Figure2. focus group room is equipped with two wide-angled cameras www.rp.edu.sg

Variations in Approaches to Observation

A single observation of limited Multiple observations; long-termduration (e.g., 30 minutes). duration (e.g., months, even years).

Narrow focus: Only a single Broad focus: Holistic view of the activity orelement or characteristic is observed. characteristic being observed and all of

its elements is sought.

The purpose of the The purpose of the No explanation is False explanations areobservation is fully explained observation is given to any of the given; participants are

to all involved. explained to some of participants. deceived about thethe participants. purpose of the

observation.

Full-participant Partial Onlooker;observation participation observer is an outsider

Participants know Some but not Participants do not knowthat observations are being all of the that observations are beingmade and they know who is participants made or that there is

making them. know the observer. someone observing them.

Role of the Observer

How the Observer Is Portrayed to Others

How the Purpose of the Observation Is Portrayed to Others

Duration of the Observations

Focus of the Observations

Role of the ObserverVariations in Approaches to Observation

Full-participantObservation

OnlookerObserver is an outsider

Partialparticipant

Variations in Approaches to Observation

✘ How the Observer Is Portrayed to Others

Figure3. Overt observations: program staff and participants

know that observations are being made and who the observer is

hechingerreport.org

Figure4. Observer role known by some, not by other

www.ukedchat.com

Figure5. participants do not know that observations are bing made or that there is an

observer travelthayer.wordpress.com

Variations in Approaches to Observation✘How the Purpose of the Observer Is Portrayed to

OthersFull explanation of real purpose toeveryone Partial explanation Covert evaluations

False explanations: deceived staff and/or participants about research purpose

1 2 43

Variations in Approaches to Observation✘Duration of the Observations

Figure7. Long-term, multiple observations (e.g., months,

years) ex. Consumer behavior research

rmsbunkerblog.wordpress.com

Figure6. Single observation, limited duration (e.g., 1 hour) ex business observation by interviewing

http://www.wiccadirectory.com/

Variations in Approaches to Observation✘Focus of the observations

1. Narrow focus: single element or component in the setting observed.

2. Broad focus: holistic view of the entire setting and all of its elements is sought

Narrow focus

Broad focus

Observation > Strengths/ Weaknesses✘ Strengths✘ Allows you to watch what

people do rather than rely on what they say (self-report)

✘ You are more likely to discover unmet user needs as you watch them do their work and can identify areas they struggle

✘ You can truly understand how users get their work done in context

✘ Allows for observing subtleties of work -- you'll see things like post-it note cheat sheets they require to remember how to get through system

✘ Weaknesses✘ Can be a significant time

commitment, particularly if you observe for extended periods of time

✘ Difficult to be "a fly on the wall" and really just observe without interrupting by just being there or asking questions along the way

✘ Relies on observers' interpretation

✘ Can be challenging to know what to pay attention to if a lot is going on

Reference: wiki.fluidproject.org

“You can observe a lot just watching”- Yogi Berra

“Of course, observing people isn’t only one way to begin designing and effective user interface”

- Scott Klemmerwww.hci-class.org

InterviewingDefinitions and technique

Interview in·ter·view Noun1. a formal meeting in which one or 

more persons question, consult, or evaluate another person.

2. a meeting or conversation in which a writer or reporter asks questions of one or more persons from whom materials sought for a newspaper story, television broadcast, etc.

Reference: http://dictionary.reference.com/ Figure 8. behavior interviewinghttp://www.careerealism.com/

The qualitative research interview seeks to describe and the meanings of central themes in the life world of the subjects. The main task ininterviewing is to understand the meaning of what the interviewees say.(Kvale,1996)

Kvale, Steinar. Interviews An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing, Sage Publications, 1996

Types of interviews1. Informal-conversation

Questions emerge from the immediate context

2. Semi-structuredTopics selected in advanceResearcher determines sequence and wording during interview.

3. Standardized open-endedExact wording and sequence of questions predetermined.

Types of topic questions

Feelings questions

Sensory question

Background/demographic questions

Knowledge questions

Experience/

behavior questions

Opinion/Values

question

Interviewing techniques

Figure 9. Face-to-face interviewswww.fdmgroup.com

Figure 10. webcam interviewswww.interview-skills.co.uk

Figure 11. Telephone interviewswww.ambition-in-motion.com

Interviewing techniques

Figure 12. Email interviews Figure 13. Instant message/ Chat interviewhttp://howtowriteabusinessplan.com/

Interviewing technique tips✘ Preparation tips:

1. Learn as much as you can about the person you are interviewing prior to the interview in order to form questions that are specific to the person.2. Plan ahead, and set aside an adequate amount of time that suits the interviewing technique you employ.3. Check your recording equipment in advance to make sure everything is working correctly, and have a backup recorder ready to go in case of technical difficulties.4. Prepare your questions carefully for any type of interview technique by spending the time to write good interview questions.

Interviewing technique tips✘ Interviewing tips:

1. Start the interview with small talk to put your interview subject at ease.2. Respect the person you are interviewing by following their wishes if your subject chooses to not answer a specific question.4. Stay ready to adapt your questions if an answer to one of your questions triggers another question that pertains to your research.5. Keep the interview focused by redirecting the conversation with additional questions when the person you are interviewing strays too far from the focus of your interview questions.

QUESTIONs?

A Case study

Topics✘ Education✘ Environment✘ Public health✘ Technology✘ Others

✘Childs and youth

✘Older✘Worker, Adult ✘Disable✘Others

WORKSHOP AND ASSIGNMENTS