objective personality tests. examples of uni-dimensional traits surveys n locus of control n need...
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Objective Personality TestsObjective Personality Tests
Examples of uni-dimensional traitsSurveys
Examples of uni-dimensional traitsSurveys
Locus of Control Need for Cognition Tolerance of Ambiguity Type A/B
Locus of ControlLocus of Control
Julian Rotter 1966 Internal vs External Control of reinforcement Internal = own action determines rewards External = rewards determined by luck,
fate, chance
Need for CognitionNeed for Cognition
Cacioppo and Petty 1982 “tendency for an individual to engage in and
enjoy thinking”
Tolerance for AmbiguityTolerance for Ambiguity
MSTAT - Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance
David McLain 1993 “ability to tolerate contradictory and
incalculable information” Trait or state?
Type A/BType A/B
Friedman and Jordan 1950s Type A = ambitious, rigidly organized,
highly status conscious, sensitive, truthful, impatient, try to help others, meet deadlines, multi-task
Type B = apathetic, patient, relaxed, easy-going, no sense of time schedule, poor organizational skills
Examples of uni-dimensional traitsBehavioral
Examples of uni-dimensional traitsBehavioral
Impulsive/Reflective (Kagan - Matching familiar figures)
Field Dependent/Independent (Witkin - embedded figures)
Impulsive/ReflectiveImpulsive/Reflective
Matching Familiar Figures – (MFF) Jerome Kagan – 1965 Based on time to react Slower, more accurate = reflective Faster, less accurate = impulsive
Field Dependent/IndependentField Dependent/Independent
Embedded Figures Test – (EFT)
Herman Witkin – 1950’s
Field DependentField Dependent
– has trouble finding geometric shape embedded in background = very interpersonal, reads social cues well, openly convey own feelings. Women more likely field dependent
Field independentField independent
– readily finds geometric shape regardless of background = has internal frame of reference, imposes own sense of order on situation lacking structure, impersonal and task oriented, separate own self identity from field. Men frequently field independent.
Personality assessmentPersonality assessment
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Isabel Briggs Myers and Katherine Briggs 1940s Based on Jung’s personality dimensions 126 forced choice questions 20-30 minutes
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Heavily used in research lots of validity studies used in academic and counseling settings vocational preferences interpersonal interactions
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (example of MBTI types)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (example of MBTI types)
Measures 4 dimensions of personalityextroversion-introversion (EI)
sensing-intuition (SN)
thinking-feeling (TF)
judgement-perception (JP) combine into 16 personality types e.g. ESTJ
Keirsey Temperament Sorter – IIKTS-II
Keirsey Temperament Sorter – IIKTS-II
Similar to MBTI test profile - high validity – computerized - shorter
4 Scales (E)=Expressive vs. (I)=Attentive (S)=Observant vs. (N)=Introspective (T)=Tough-minded vs. (F)=Friendly (J)=Scheduling vs. (P)=Probing
MBTI/KRT/imagesMBTI/KRT/images Scores???? ESFJ – (MBTI) ISFJ – (KRT) ENTP – ABAB Reliability???? Validity????? Standardization????
Survey dataSurvey data
16 Personality Factors - 16 PF16 Personality Factors - 16 PF Cattell - 1956 - last revised 2000 data reduction by factor analysis Started with 18,000 adjectives describing
personality = 16 factors 185 items (true, ?, false) 30-60 minutes 5th grade reading level (16 years and over) computer or hand score
16 Personality Factors - 16 PF16 Personality Factors - 16 PF
Measures 16 primary personality traits good reliability - test/retest, internal good validity - construct and criterion lots of norms and profiles Heavily used in research Counseling (couples) Career and vocational guidance
16 factor scales16 factor scales 16 bipolar dimensions of personality 5 global factors
Extraversion Anxiety Tough-mindedness Independence Self-control
IM (impression management)
16 factors – additional scales16 factors – additional scales
Vocational themes Validity scales Leadership scores Degree of compatibility
Revised NEO Personality InventoryNEO – PI-R
Revised NEO Personality InventoryNEO – PI-R
Costa & McCrae - 1985/1995 Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness
16 PF and NEO16 PF and NEO
Are they the same dimensions?????
How would we tell?????
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Original development 1940 –Hathaway & McKinley
(MMPI-2 1989) MMPI-2-RF 2008 Over 18 years MMPI -A – 1992 (adolescent) 14 – 18 yrs Clinical populations paper-pencil, computer or audio 35-50 minutes About 338 questions
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI-2-RF)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI-2-RF)
Criterion based (or data reduction)
large pool of questions
select appropriate criterion groups
factor analysis
MMPI – 2-RF scalesMMPI – 2-RF scales
50 scales 8 Validity scales addiction scales supplemental scales
Problems with MMPI-2Problems with MMPI-2
norms inter-item consistency is low high inter correlations between scores validity reading at 6th grade self-report
California Psychological Inventory-260 (CPI)
California Psychological Inventory-260 (CPI)
Developed 1956 -- revised 2005 assess normal adult personality 260 true/false questions (1/2 from MMPI) 30-45 minutes paper-pencil normed on college students
California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
29 socially desirable behavioral tendenciesInterpersonal styles
self acceptance
self control
flexibility more positive than MMPI used for educational, vocational, counseling