nw bio sitc poster 2014 v3.4 dw for...

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Ac#vated Autologous Dendri#c Cells injected Intratumorally are Able to Overcome Local and Systemic Immune Suppression Imposed by the Tumor Microenvironment Vivek Subbiah 1 , Ravi Murthy 1 , Robert Prins 2 , David S Hong 1 , Siqing Fu 1 , Aung Naing 1 , Anthony P. Conley 1 , Robert E. Brown 3 , Mary F. McGuire 3 , Chitra S Hosing 1 , Indresh Kaur 1 , Funda MericBernstam 1 , Marnix Leo Bosch 4 1 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; 2 UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; 3 University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 4 Northwest BiotherapeuHcs Inc, Bethesda, MD ABSTRACT Introduc#on Cancer vaccines aiming to induce anHtumor immune responses are generally considered most effecHve in an environment with minimal residual disease, due to the immunosuppressive effects exerted by most cancers. We hypothesized that appropriately acHvated autologous dendriHc cells (DCVax®Direct) may be able to overcome this suppressive environment through the producHon of inflammatory cytokines and through the acHvaHon of signal transducHon pathways that condiHon the dendriHc cells for compleHon of the maturaHon processes even aWer intratumoral injecHon. Methods A Phase I trial that enrolled 36 paHents with diverse solid tumor cancers. Three intratumoral DCVaxDirect injecHons were given at Day 0, 7 and 14, followed by addiHonal injecHons at weeks 8, 16 and 32. PaHents were followed for safety parameters, for tumor response using appropriate imaging, and for pathological evaluaHon of tumor Hssue from serial biopsies. EvaluaHon of circulaHng immune cell populaHons as well as circulaHng cytokines is in progress. Results Recurrent low to moderate fevers were seen in most paHents following DCVax Direct administraHon. SubstanHal increases in tumor size, were observed on CT or PET scans in the majority of paHents. InteresHngly, tumor biopsies of enlarged lesions demonstrated extensive tumor necrosis, as well as large immune cell accumulaHons, containing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and other immune cells. In addiHon, these biopsies oWen showed paucity of tumor cells or, in some cases, no tumor cells were detected in the biopsies. In the one paHent assessed to date for circulaHng immune cells, a normalizaHon of the CD4:CD8 raHo was seen. Analysis of longerterm imaging data to assess tumor response is in progress. Conclusions Intratumoral injecHon of acHvated, autologous dendriHc cells is safe and feasible. The accumulaHon of immune cells in tumor biopsies suggests that these injecHons have the potenHal to successfully change the tumor microenvironment from immunosuppressive to one that is conducive to the inducHon of anHtumor immune responses. NormalizaHon of the CD4:CD8 T cell raHo in circulaHon demonstrates the potenHal for systemic effects of this novel therapeuHc approach. Pa#ent #1 – Dedifferen#ated Liposarcoma Clinical History First diagnosis was in January of 2009. Prior treatments include radical resecHon, radiaHon therapy, and three lines of systemic (chemo)therapy. Admission into DCVax Direct trial in January of 2014, with progressive disease and lung metastases. Imaging Findings First restaging scan at 8 weeks post the first DCVaxDirect injecHon, the primary tumor mass shows interval increase in size, with increased bleeding and necrosis , suggesHng an anH tumor effect of the dendriHc cell vaccine. Subsequent scan at 16 weeks shows extensive intratumoral necrosis and a decrease in tumor size . Next scan at 20 weeks shows a small increase in size and further intratumoral necrosis Post contrast Axial T1 MRI of the proximal arm. Mul#ple scaYered areas of low signal intensity (red arrowheads) suggest intratumor necrosis interspersed within high signal intensity (green star) of residual tumor These findings in response to treatment prompted further invesHgaHons into the mechanism of acHon of DCVaxDirect. Tumor Biopsy Findings Tumor biopsies at week 8 showed extensive necrosis of the tumor Hssue, accumulaHon of immune cells, and moderate levels of infiltraHng T cells, approximately evenly divided between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Pa#ent #1 – Dedifferen#ated Liposarcoma (cont.) Morphoproteomic Analysis The use of bright field microscopy and immunohistochemistry directed against various protein analytes can beger define the biology of a tumor process and the pathogeneHc occurrences that might be responsible for its development, chemoradioresistance, and propensity to recur. To that end, we applied immunohistochemical probes against several protein analytes in secHons of the paHent's week 8 staging biopsy. One finding of interest was expression of T cell Intracellular AnHgen 1 (TIA1), a protein involved in nucleolyHc acHvity against cytotoxic lymphocyte target cells. This expression appears to be largely associated with cells of the innate immune system (e.g. macrophages) and also with cells of the adapHve immune response (CD8+ T cells). T Cell Receptor Sequencing Comparison of shared TCRβ sequences between the tumor and peripheral blood at day 0 (Le^) and week 8 post DCVaxDirect (Right). Note the increase in shared TCRβ sequences at Week 8(>2x increase), sugges#ng that this pa#ent diversified the systemic an#tumor T cell response following DC vaccina#on Cytokine Analyses Preliminary results from sequenHal cytokine analyses show increases in interleukin7 and 8, tumor necrosis factor alpha and type I and type II interferons, and decreases in macrophage derived chemokine as well as in macrophage inflammatory protein alpha. CollecHvely these changes suggest inducHon of a Th1 type immune response. Circula#ng T cells Immunofluorescence of circulaHng T cells shows normalizaHon of the CD4:CD8 raHo over Hme, following DCVaxDirect injecHons. Pa#ent #2 – Ovarian Cancer Clinical History IniHal diagnosis in 2002. Prior treatments include surgery and systemic treatment with anastrozole and with an experimental plaHnum compound. PaHent is admiged to the DCVaxDirect trial in July of 2014 with advanced, metastaHc ovarian cancer. Imaging Findings Restaging scan at 16 weeks post the first DCVaxDirect injecHon when compared to the week 8 images showed apparent mixed response to therapy, including reducHon in size of leW inguinal adenopathy, reducHon in size of subcutaneous lesions in the right anterior abdominal wall and an apparent new lesion in the leW lower anterior abdominal wall. PreDCVaxDirect PostDCVaxDirect Tumor biopsy findings Tumor biopsies from week 8 showed infiltraHon of predominantly CD4+ cells as well as CD8+ cells in the lesion that had received 3 DCVaxDirect injecHons. CD4

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Page 1: NW Bio SITC Poster 2014 v3.4 DW for print...Ac#vated)Autologous)Dendri#c)Cells)injected)Intratumorally)are)Able)to)Overcome)) Local)and)Systemic)Immune)Suppression)Imposed)by)the)Tumor)Microenvironment

Ac#vated  Autologous  Dendri#c  Cells  injected  Intratumorally  are  Able  to  Overcome    Local  and  Systemic  Immune  Suppression  Imposed  by  the  Tumor  Microenvironment    

Vivek  Subbiah1,  Ravi  Murthy1,  Robert  Prins2,  David  S  Hong1,  Siqing  Fu1,  Aung  Naing1, Anthony  P.  Conley1, Robert  E.  Brown3,                                                                Mary  F.  McGuire3,  Chitra  S  Hosing1,  Indresh  Kaur1,  Funda  Meric-­‐Bernstam1,  Marnix  Leo  Bosch4    

1The  University  of  Texas  MD  Anderson  Cancer  Center,  Houston,  TX;  2UCLA,  Los  Angeles,  CA;  3University  of  Texas  Medical  School  at  Houston,  4Northwest  BiotherapeuHcs  Inc,  Bethesda,  MD  

ABSTRACT  Introduc#on      Cancer  vaccines  aiming  to  induce  anH-­‐tumor  immune  responses  are  generally  considered  most  effecHve  in  an  environment  with  minimal  residual  disease,  due  to  the  immunosuppressive  effects  exerted  by  most  cancers.  We  hypothesized  that  appropriately  acHvated  autologous  dendriHc  cells  (DCVax®-­‐Direct)  may  be  able  to  overcome  this  suppressive  environment  through  the  producHon  of  inflammatory  cytokines  and  through  the  acHvaHon  of  signal  transducHon  pathways  that  condiHon  the  dendriHc  cells  for  compleHon  of  the  maturaHon  processes  even  aWer  intratumoral  injecHon.      Methods  A  Phase  I  trial  that  enrolled  36  paHents  with  diverse  solid  tumor  cancers.  Three  intratumoral  DCVax-­‐Direct  injecHons  were  given  at  Day  0,  7  and  14,  followed  by  addiHonal  injecHons  at  weeks  8,  16  and  32.  PaHents  were  followed  for  safety  parameters,  for  tumor  response  using  appropriate  imaging,  and  for  pathological  evaluaHon  of  tumor  Hssue  from  serial  biopsies.  EvaluaHon  of  circulaHng  immune  cell  populaHons  as  well  as  circulaHng  cytokines  is  in  progress.  Results  Recurrent  low  to  moderate  fevers  were  seen  in  most  paHents  following  DCVax-­‐Direct  administraHon.    SubstanHal  increases  in  tumor  size,    were  observed  on  CT    or  PET  scans  in  the  majority  of  paHents.    InteresHngly,  tumor  biopsies  of  enlarged  lesions  demonstrated  extensive  tumor  necrosis,  as  well  as  large  immune  cell  accumulaHons,  containing  CD4+  and  CD8+  T  cells  and  other  immune  cells.  In  addiHon,  these  biopsies  oWen  showed  paucity  of  tumor  cells  or,  in  some  cases,  no  tumor  cells  were  detected  in  the  biopsies.  In  the  one  paHent  assessed  to  date  for  circulaHng  immune  cells,  a  normalizaHon  of  the  CD4:CD8  raHo  was  seen.  Analysis  of  longer-­‐term  imaging  data  to  assess  tumor  response  is  in  progress.  Conclusions  Intra-­‐tumoral  injecHon  of  acHvated,  autologous  dendriHc  cells  is  safe  and  feasible.  The  accumulaHon  of  immune  cells  in  tumor  biopsies  suggests  that  these  injecHons  have  the  potenHal  to  successfully  change  the  tumor  microenvironment  from  immunosuppressive  to  one  that  is  conducive  to  the  inducHon  of  anH-­‐tumor  immune  responses.  NormalizaHon  of  the  CD4:CD8  T  cell  raHo  in  circulaHon  demonstrates  the  potenHal  for  systemic  effects  of  this  novel  therapeuHc  approach.  

Pa#ent  #1  –  Dedifferen#ated  Liposarcoma    

Clinical  History      First  diagnosis    was  in  January  of  2009.  Prior  treatments  include  radical  resecHon,  radiaHon  therapy,  and  three  lines  of  systemic  (chemo-­‐)therapy.  Admission  into  DCVax-­‐Direct  trial  in  January  of  2014,  with  progressive  disease  and  lung  metastases.        Imaging  Findings    -­‐  First  re-­‐staging  scan  at  8  weeks  post  the  first  DCVax-­‐Direct  

injecHon,  the  primary  tumor  mass  shows  interval  increase  in  size,  with  increased  bleeding  and  necrosis,  suggesHng  an  anH-­‐tumor  effect  of  the  dendriHc  cell  vaccine.    

-­‐  Subsequent  scan  at  16  weeks  shows  extensive  intratumoral  necrosis  and  a  decrease  in  tumor  size.    

-­‐  Next  scan  at  20  weeks  shows  a  small  increase  in  size  and  further  intratumoral  necrosis  

             

 Post  contrast  Axial  T1  MRI  of  the  proximal  arm.  Mul#ple  scaYered  areas  of  low  signal  intensity  (red  arrowheads)  suggest  intratumor  necrosis  interspersed  within  high  signal  intensity  (green  star)  of  residual  tumor  

 These  findings  in  response  to  treatment  prompted  further  invesHgaHons  into  the  mechanism  of  acHon  of  DCVax-­‐Direct.    

Tumor  Biopsy  Findings    Tumor  biopsies  at  week  8  showed  extensive  necrosis  of  the  tumor  Hssue,  accumulaHon  of  immune  cells,  and  moderate  levels  of  infiltraHng  T  cells,  approximately  evenly  divided  between  CD4+  and  CD8+  T  cells.                                            

Pa#ent  #1  –  Dedifferen#ated  Liposarcoma  (cont.)    

Morphoproteomic  Analysis  The  use  of  bright  field  microscopy  and  immunohistochemistry  directed  against  various  protein  analytes  can  beger  define  the  biology  of  a  tumor  process  and  the  pathogeneHc  occurrences  that  might  be  responsible  for  its  development,  chemoradioresistance,  and  propensity  to  recur.  To  that  end,  we  applied  immunohisto-­‐chemical  probes  against  several  protein  analytes  in  secHons  of  the  paHent's  week  8  staging  biopsy.                          One  finding  of  interest  was  expression  of  T  cell  Intracellular  AnHgen  1  (TIA-­‐1),  a  protein  involved  in  nucleolyHc  acHvity  against  cytotoxic  lymphocyte  target  cells.  This  expression  appears  to  be  largely  associated  with  cells  of  the  innate  immune  system  (e.g.  macrophages)  and  also  with  cells  of  the  adapHve  immune  response  (CD8+  T  cells).      T  Cell  Receptor  Sequencing                        Comparison  of  shared  TCRβ  sequences  between  the  tumor  and  peripheral  blood  at  day  0  (Le^)  and  week  8  post  DCVax-­‐Direct  (Right).    Note  the  increase  in  shared  TCRβ  sequences  at  Week  8(>2x  increase),  sugges#ng  that  this  pa#ent  diversified  the  systemic  an#-­‐tumor  T  cell  response  following  DC  vaccina#on  

 Cytokine  Analyses  Preliminary  results  from  sequenHal  cytokine  analyses  show  increases  in  interleukin-­‐7  and  -­‐8,  tumor  necrosis  factor  alpha  and  type  I  and  type  II  interferons,  and  decreases  in  macrophage  derived  chemokine  as  well  as  in  macrophage  inflammatory  protein  alpha.  CollecHvely  these  changes  suggest  inducHon  of  a  Th-­‐1  type  immune  response.    Circula#ng  T  cells  Immunofluorescence  of  circulaHng  T  cells  shows  normalizaHon  of  the  CD4:CD8  raHo  over  Hme,  following  DCVax-­‐Direct  injecHons.    

Pa#ent  #2  –  Ovarian  Cancer  Clinical  History    IniHal  diagnosis  in  2002.  Prior  treatments  include  surgery  and  systemic  treatment  with  anastrozole  and  with  an  experimental  plaHnum  compound.  PaHent  is  admiged  to  the  DCVax-­‐Direct  trial  in  July  of  2014  with  advanced,  metastaHc  ovarian  cancer.    Imaging  Findings  -­‐  Restaging  scan  at  16  weeks  post  the  first  DCVax-­‐Direct  injecHon  when  compared  to  the  week  8  images  showed  apparent  mixed  response  to  therapy,  including  reducHon  in  size  of  leW  inguinal  adenopathy,  reducHon  in  size  of  subcutaneous  lesions  in  the  right  anterior  abdominal  wall  and  an  apparent  new  lesion  in  the  leW  lower  anterior  abdominal  wall.                                                      Pre-­‐DCVax-­‐Direct                                          Post-­‐DCVax-­‐Direct    Tumor  biopsy  findings  Tumor  biopsies  from  week  8  showed  infiltraHon  of  predominantly  CD4+  cells  as  well  as  CD8+  cells  in  the  lesion  that  had  received  3  DCVax-­‐Direct  injecHons.      

         CD4