nutrition, physical status, body composition, sarcopenia part 1
DESCRIPTION
Manifestation of Novel Social Challenges of the European Union in the Teaching Material of Medical Biotechnology Master’s Programmes at the University of Pécs and at the University of Debrecen Identification number: TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Manifestation of Novel Social Challenges of the European Unionin the Teaching Material ofMedical Biotechnology Master’s Programmesat the University of Pécs and at the University of DebrecenIdentification number: TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011
NUTRITION,PHYSICAL STATUS,BODY COMPOSITION, SARCOPENIAPART 1
Erika Pétervári and Miklós SzékelyMolecular and Clinical Basics of Gerontology – Lecture 3
Manifestation of Novel Social Challenges of the European Unionin the Teaching Material ofMedical Biotechnology Master’s Programmesat the University of Pécs and at the University of DebrecenIdentification number: TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011
TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011
Body composition – energy storesIn a healthy young human being:• Adipose tissue: circa 15 kg (130–140,000
kcal)• Protein: around 10-12 kg (35–40,000 kcal)• Carbohydrates: circa 0.3 kg (1,100 kcal)• Water: around 42 kg• Minerals: about 4 kg
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LBM FM20-y 60 + 13 = 73 kg70-y 48 + 26 = 74 kgExcess weight (if any) = mainly fat
(NOT only in fat tissue)Age-related obesity:
fat accumulation in parenchymal cells (muscle, liver) LIPOTOXICITY
Lean body mass (LBM) andfat mass (FM)
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All the world's a stage,And all the men and women merely players;They have their exits and their entrances;And one man in his time plays many parts,His acts being seven ages. At first the infant,Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms;Then the whining school-boy, with his satchelAnd shining morning face, creeping like snailUnwittingly to school. And then the lover,Sighing like furnace, with a woeful balladMade to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,Full of strange oaths, and bearded like a pard,Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,Seeking the bubble reputation.Even in the cannon's mouth. And then the justice,In fair round belly with good capon lin'd,With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,Full of wise saws and modern instances;And so he plays his part. The sixth age shiftsInto the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,With spectacles on nose and pouch on side;His youthful hose, well sav'd, a world too wideFor his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,Turning again childish treble, pipesAnd whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,That ends this strange eventful history,Is second childishness and mere oblivion;Sansteeth, sanseyes, sanstaste, Sanseverything.
Shakespeare: As you like it
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Body composition – energy stores
Body Fat Ranges for Standard Adults 1
1 Based on NIH/WHO BMI Guidelines.
Underfat Healthy Overfat Obese
Underfat Healthy Overfat Obese
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Female 20-39Age 40-59
60-79
Male 20-39Age 40-59
60-79
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Changes in body compositionwith ageBody weight increases until 60-65, then it starts to decrease 18-55 years 55-65 years 65-80 years 8-9 kg/decade1-2 kg/decade-1,-2 kg/decadeThe body weight of active athletes does not increase.The fat content of the body increases with age
25 years 75 years 16 – 25 % 28 – 41 % males – females12 – 15 kg 22 – 25 kg
In active athletes the increase is blunted (~young, lean, sedentary). Intensive training decreases abdominal fat. Males have a tendency for visceral fat accumulation, after menopause females too.Fat free mass (FFM) is stable until 40, then it decreases
25 years 75 years 62 – 46 kg - 3.5 kg decrease/decade, (-3 – -4 %/decade)
FFM values and changes are relatively stable with small individual differences. The rate of decrease is similar in athletes.
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Does aging make fat go MAD?(During aging certain cell types degenerate and lipids accumulate in non-adipose tissues.)
Adipogenesis and aging
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Impaired adipogenesis and fat tissue function with aging
cytokines,cellular stress
C/EBP PPAR
LIP CHOP
fatty acid
handling, glucose
metabolism
Fundamental aging processes
(reactive oxygen species, telomeres, other)
Differentiation-Dependent Genes
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Fat distribution with aging
Mesenchymaladipocyte-like
default(MAD)cells
Fat in fatdepotsFat outside fat depotsInsulinsensitivityCytokines(TNFα, IL-6)
Preadipocytes
Osteoblasts
Muscle satellite cells
Macrophages
Other mesenchymal cells AGING
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Peroxisome proliferator-activating receptor (PPAR )
FABPfatty acid binding protein
UCPuncoupling protein
LXRliver-X-receptor-
ABCA1ATP-binding cassette A1
PDK4pyruvat-dehydrogenase kinase, isoenzyme 4
PEPCKphosphoenolpyruvat-carboxykinase
PPAR
insulin sensitizationglucose lowering
triglyceride loweringantiatheroscleroticantihypertensive
Adipose FA storage (FABP)
FA oxidation (UCP3)
Macrophage oxLDL uptake(CD36) CH efflux (LXR and
ABCA1)
Muscle glucose oxidation
(PDK4) FA oxidation (UCP3)
Liver gluconeogenesis
(PEPCK)
FFA
FFA
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Fat metabolism
LEPTINcAMP
activated prot.kinase
ac CoA carboxylase inhibition
FA OXIDATION
FA transferto mitoch.
carnitinpalmitoyl
acyltransfera
seactivation
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Fat massMale Female
18-y 18% 33%85-y 36% 44%
Muscle mass20-40% loss SARCOPENIA
Fat, muscle and aging
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Body weight andadiposity index in rats
Body
Wei
ght o
r Adi
posit
y In
dex
Age (mo)3 12 18 24 30
100
200
300
400
500
600
Adiposity IndexBody Weight
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“Optimal” 4.5 kg rise (<6%) (30-y period)
Reality White male 9.7 kgmean BMI ~30 or
>30Black male 10.1 kg
(n = 16,000)White female12.0 kg
Black female20.8 kg
“Optimal” and real rise of body weight in a 30-y period
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Body Mass Index
Body Weight (kg)
Height (m)2
= 20-25
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AGE at start BW-change
MALE FEMALE
25–45-y + 3.4% + 5.2%
45–65-y no ch. no ch.
65–75-y - 4.1% - 6.3%
Bodyweight change (course of 9y)
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BMI associated with lowest mortality(nadir of curve)
Age group BMI20-29 21.430-39 21.640-49 22.950-59 25.860-69 26.6
U-shaped relationship betweenBMI and mortality ratio
Men
’s m
orta
lity
ratio
(× 1
00)
50
>210190
170150130110
9070
Body Mass Index (kg/m2)151821242730333639
151821242730333639
39
>210190
170150130110
9070501518212427303336
TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011The effect of age on the BMI associated with the lowest mortality
The regression lines were computed separately for men and for women.Note that there is a strong effect of age on the BMI associated with the lowest mortality and that the regression lines for men and women are nearly identical.
26
24
22
20
18 30 40 50 60Age (yrs)
Body
Mas
s Ind
ex (w
t/ht2 )
20 70
28
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BMI associated with the lowest mortality
Age (years) Male Female
20-29 21.4 19.5
30-39 21.6 23.4
40-49 22.9 23.2
50-59 25.8 25.2
60-69 26.6 27.3
Increased proportion of fat (♂ 36%, ♀ 44%)Height ! Normal values may be different (calculations?)