NutritionANSC 2

Warm Up• Food Labels: Grab a bag of Animal Food from the lab. Please remember where

you got this from!• Answer the following:

– Who is your food made for? How do you know?– What are the top 5 ingredients?– What is the nutritional values in %s? – Write/Copy the description of your food.– What are the feeding directions? Amount per day?– Are there any warnings? If so what are they?– What audience is your product being advertised to and how do you know?– Give a visual/smell/touch description of your food.

Objectives

• Students will be able to:– Identify the purpose behind nutrition– Label Nutrition’s main aspects– Summarize the main nutrient requirements for

small large animals – Analyze Feed labels for animals– Balance a feed ration

Unit Essential Question

Why is nutrition important to animal ownership and production?

Essential Question

• What is Nutrition?

Review

• Nutrition is: • The science or study that deals with food and

nourishment • Food • Required for an organism to live and is used

for growth

Nutrition Activity

• Each type of candy/ cereal represents an important part of nutrition. Each table will have a problem and will need to provide the appropriate type of ration for your group’s scenario .

Build your Own Feed Ration

• Table 1: Build a ration with 2x more fat than carbs

• Table 2: Build a ration with equal parts vitamins and minerals

• Table 3: Build a ration with 4x more carbs than protein

• Marshmallows=- Protein , Carbs= Pop corn, Vitamins= Raisins , M & M= Fat , Minerals= Pretzels, Water = Chez Its

What are Nutrients?

• Provides nourishment for growth or metabolism

• Examples Include:– Carbohydrates– Fat– Protein– Water– Vitamins– Minerals

Carbohydrates• Mainly sugar and starches • Simple

– Monosaccharide

• Complex– Normally derived from plants

• Energy comes from carbohydrates, fats, and some proteins in feed. – Most concentrates have higher energy than do roughages. – Energy is stated as total digestible nutrients (TDN).

Energy Expanded

• Energy is measured in calories. • A calorie is the amount of heat needed to

raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree C.

• Calories in feed or as requirements are stated as kilocalorie (kcal) or megacalorie (Mcal). – A kcal is 1000 calories. – An Mcal is 1000000 calories.

Fat• Forms that fat comes in:• Soluble• Insoluble • Solid• Liquid• Added to feeds to increase

palatability• Also added to reduce dust

– Molasses

Protein• Protein is stated as crude protein on a feed

label and is given as percentage or grams on the feed label.– Protein needs are higher for young, lactating,

and pregnant animals. – The needs of an animal must be matched with its

diet,– Required for structure, function, and regulation

of body cells, tissues, and organs.– Essential components of muscle, skin, and bones

Water

Important in many life functions– Do you know any examples?MOST IMPORTANT NUTRIENT!!!

What might prevent an animal from getting its daily water intake?

What can we do to help fix this problem?

Vitamins

A- Plays roles in; vision, gene transcription, immune function, embryonic development and reproduction, bone metabolism, skin and hair health: Found in dark green vegetablesE- Protects blood cells from free-radicals which break down cell structure, Protects destruction of A and C: Found in soybean, corn and cottonseed D-Promotes absorption of calcium: can be synthesized in the skin when exposed to sunlightK- Needed for proper blood clotting and protein synthesis occurring in plasma, bone and kidneys.

Organic components in food that are needed in small amounts for growth

Minerals

Classified as Macro or Microreflect the amount in the diet not

physical sizeSometimes difficult to digest

How do we fix this problem? CHELATEChelate: formation of bonds between

atomsInorganic nutrients: include sodium, magnesium, and calcium

MACRO-Minerals

Calcium and Phosphorus:– work hand in hand, present in ratios

Calcium works in muscle functionPhosphorus works in metabolic functions Phosphorus can be deficient in legumes in certain

areas, or too high in others ( Delaware has an abundance, Australia has a deficiency)

Sodium and Chloride: help maintain water balance in bodyPotassium: organ function, cellular water balance

What does a Cow Require?  Growing- Gestating  Lactating    

  Finishing Dry Cows  Cows    

  BW BW BW Max. Performance

650 lbs 1,250 lbs 1,200 lbs Tolerable Impacted

Ca, %

 0.31 0.18 0.27 1.8  Growth

P, %

0.27 0.18 0.27 0.3 Growth

Na, %

0.07 0.07 0.10 4.0 Milk Prod.

Cl, %

 �  �  �  4.0  Milk Prod.

Vocabulary!

• Nutrition• Nutrient• Water• Carbohydrate• Mineral• Vitamin• Protein• Fat

Add these to your concept map!

ANSC 3 Activity

• Consider small and large animal nutrition. Research a required nutrient for a small or large animal. Explain how the nutrient requirement is met through diet. What would be the implications if this nutrient was not present in the diet?

• Example: Cats require taurine in their diet. Taurine is supplied in Cat food. Without taurine cats suffer from Central Retinal Degeneration

Digestion

ANSC 2

Essential Question

• What are the different types of digestion systems , and give example on how they differ

Objectives

• Define Ruminant. Monogastric, Modified Monogastric

• Explore Monogastric and Ruminant digestive systems

• Explain the four chambers of the Ruminant stomach and their purpose.

Digestion

• The process by which large, complex nutrient molecules are broken down into simpler molecules capable of being used by an organism for food

• Types of Digestive Systems– Mono Gastric– Modified Mono Gastric– Ruminant – Poultry

Monogastric

• Carnivores and omnivores have a “simple stomach”

• System only has one compartment

• Examples of mono gastric systems: swine, rabbits, humans

Monogastric break down

• Small Intestine• Its Job: enzymatic digestion and absorption

– Digests proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

• Small intestine has 3 parts– Duodenum- most digestion occurs here– Jejunum- digestion and absorption– Ileum- mostly absorption Bile is secreted from the liver and helps breakdown

fats

Monogastric Breakdown

• Cecum- nonfunctioning in many monogastrics. Rabbits and horses have an enlarged cecum – Why do you think this is true? ( think about what

rabbits and horses eat)

• Large intestine– Bacterial activity – Water absorption– Waste storage

Rabbits- Modified Monogastric

• Coprophagy - eating of cecotropes resulting in food having a double pass through the digestion system. Without the double pass many of the nutrients in feed would be lost to the animal.

Horses

Ruminant

• Name some Ruminants

• What are differences between the ruminants and nonruminants?

Ruminant

• 4 Chambered Stomach

• Reticulum• Rumen• Omasum• Abomasum

The Process of Digestion

• Step 1. Get the food!! • This process is called retrieving, or grazing. • How do ruminants get their food?

Step 2. Chew and Swallow

• The process of chewing is called mastication. • What directions do you chew?• What direction does a cow chew?

– Why do you think this

Step 3. Rumen

• Largest of 4 compartments• Its Job :FERMENTATION

– Continuous mixing and moving– Anaerobic environment/Diverse bacterial pop.– Breaks down fibrous feed in volatile fatty acids

• Papillae lining• Nonfunctional at birth , shunted off

Calf Stomach Engineering

Step 4. Reticulum

• Feed boluses come from here• Honeycomb appearance• Its Job : REGURGITATION

– Regurgitation from rumen to mouth– Expulsion to omasum– Fermentation gases

Step 5. Rumination

• Regurgitation of ingesta from the reticulum, followed by remastication and reswallowing. – What’s the purpose rechewing and reswallowing?– INCREASE SURFACE AREA!!!!

• Helping out the microbes

Step 6. Omasum

• Many folds• Its Job: REDUCE

– Reduces particle size– Absorb some water, minerals

Why would you reduce particle size?

Step 7. Abomasum• “True Stomach”• Glandular , meaning it secretes

– Does your stomach excrete anything? Why ?

• Its Job: DIGESTION– Begin digestion here– Feed leaves abomasum and enters the small

intestine where further digestion takes place– Feed leaving abomasum is high in water content

• Why do you think this happens?

Ruminant Project

• Title your poster• Diagram your digestive stomach• Tell us:

– What does it do?– Why is it important? – What is happening?

• Don’t forget your names!

Avian Digestion

• Crop- Food storage • Proventriculous – glandular part of the

stomach that stores and starts to digest food before it enters the gizzard

• Gizzard- grinds and processes food. VERY MUSCULAR

Activity: Digestion Role Play!

• Each Student will receive a section of the digestion system

• Students will read the description of their section of the digestion tract.

• PUT IT IN ORDER!!! • Monogastric, Ruminant, and Avian digestion

pieces are included!

Vocabulary

• Ruminant, Monogastric, Modified Monogastric, Corprophagy, mastication, rumination, gizzard, crop, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum

Digestion Review Test!!!

You may use your notes.

NOT YOUR NEIGHBOR

CHEATING = 0

Library Project Today! No EQ

• On you own:– Based on what we learned today about nutrition

and food movement through the digestive system Pick an animal ( other then a cow) and complete the following on your own sheet of paper:

• Name the Animal• Why type of stomach does it have?• Give a step by step breakdown from beginning to end,

following food movement within the animal’s digestive system . Be sure to include what is happening to the food at each section of digestion

Reading and Analyzing a Feed Label

ANSC 2

Essential Question

• What are the four main steps in balancing a ration?

Objectives

• Review food label basics• Summarize the basic importance of nutrition• Explore minor small and large animal nutrition

requirements and their effects• Define ration • Outline the steps in balancing a ration

Why is Nutrition important?

• Diets should be based on the needs of the animal being fed and the nutrient content of the feed available.

• What are you feeding for?– Maintenance ?– Performance?

• Lactating• Showing/ exhibition • Reproductive• Growth

Reading a Food Label

• Feed is analyzed for production animals and some companion animals

• The two nutrients found in the greatest amounts in most rations are protein and energy.

• Ingredients are listed in order from most to least according to amount present.

Food Label Examples

Small Animal Nutrition

• Birds– Cuttlebone, Calcium, and Grit

• Dogs– Protein and Carbs

• Cats – Taurine: Helps digest fat-soluble vitamins

• Guinea Pigs– Vitamin C: general health aide

Large Animal Nutrition Ruminant

– Roughage and fiber, Vitamins A and E required – Sheep- must have a 2:1 ratio of Calcium to Phosphorus

• Also required for lactation and growth in cattle

Non Ruminant- Humans: What type of nutrition do we require?

Animals who feed mostly on grass:– Need magnesium Any examples you may know?

Ration• A ration is the total amount of feed an animal

consumes in a 24-hour period. • A ration needs to provide the right amount

and proportion of nutrients needed by the animal during its particular life cycle stage

• A good ration should be balanced, have variety, be succulent, be palatable, bulky, economical, and suitable.

Rations Contin…

• Nutritional information about feeds is used to formulate rations.

• The amount of each nutrient is figured into the ration.

• This is based on the nutrient requirements of the animal.

• The information tells how much roughage, concentrate, and supplement are needed.

Goals of Rations• A balanced ration will increase gain, decrease

expense, and increase profits.• Gain weight• More lustrous coat• Specifications to accommodate for:

– Illness– Muscle mass– Lactation– Old age

Balancing a Ration

• There are four basic steps that should be followed when developing a balanced ration.– 1. Identify the needs of the animal– 2. Identify available feed stuffs.– 3. Calculate how much of each feed stuff is

required– 4. Check ration against the nutrient needs of the

animal.

1. Identify the needs of the animal

• Find out: Age, Kind, Weight, and Function of the animal

• Nutrient need requirements are called Feed Standards – Feeding standards are based on average

requirements and may not meet the needs under specific feeding conditions i.e. illness, breeding or pregnancy

2. Identify available feedstuffs

• A feedstuff is an ingredient used in making feed for animals.

• The producer must then choose which feedstuffs to include in the ration based on nutrient value of the feedstuff and availability

• Nutrient content of an item may be found by consulting a feed composition table.

Availability

• Availability of the feedstuff is determined by the location of the producer developing the ration. – For example, a producer in the Midwest is more

likely to use soybean meal as a source of protein while a producer in the southern United States would be more likely to use cottonseed meal as a protein source in livestock feed.

• What would producers in Delaware most likely use? Corn or Soybean?

3. Calculate the amount of each feedstuff to use in the ration.

• Several methods• Commercial feed company would most likely

use a computer program to develop the ration.

• Producers developing their own rations can use a simpler method known as the Pearson Square to manufacture a balanced ration on their own farm or ranch.

4. Check ration against nutrient needs of the animal.

• Ration developed needs meets all of the requirements of the animal for minerals and vitamins.

• Deficiencies require recalculations.

Balancing Rations

• Balanced rations are normally shown in the form of a ratio.

• Ratio Practice Activity – Hand in at the end of class in the Vet Tech In Bin

Words you should know!

• Ruminant• Non Ruminant• Ration

• (Animal at) Maintenance • Balanced (ration)• Essential (if something is essential what does

that mean for the animal?)

Think Further

• Choose any animal. Write a 1 page paper double spaced ( SKIP LINES) about how you will provide your animal’s nutritional needs.

• You will be graded on spelling and sentence structure

Answer the Following Q’s in your page

– What is required for the animal at maintenance?• Balanced ration? High in Carbs? Does it need extra

vitamins?

– What would cause the animal’s nutritional needs to change?

• Remember when animals are under “work” they require more energy, vitamins, and nutrients.

– What special instructions should you as an owner of this animal consider when providing a balanced diet?

Pearson Square MethodANSC 2

Essential Question

• What is the Pearson Square Method and What is it used for?

Objectives

• Successfully balance a ration for various content using the Pearson Square Method

Pearson Square

• The Pearson square method is a simple way to calculate a ration for a specific animal.

• It can also be used to calculate ingredients for batches of feed.

• Follow along as we practice !!

Pearson Square Step By Step

• Step 1. Draw a 1- to 2-inch square. • Place diagonal lines across the square.• Step 2. Write the percentage of crude

protein needed by the animal in the center of the square where the diagonal lines cross.

Pearson Square Step by Step

• Step 3. Write the feeds to be used at each left corner.

• Place the percent of crude protein in the feeds after the name of feed.

Pearson Square Step by Step

• Step 4. Subtract the smaller of the numbers from the larger numbers.

• (This involves crude protein needed by the animal and that provided by the feed.)

• Write the difference at opposite corners.

Pearson Square Step by Step

• Step 5. The numbers at the two right corners are parts of the two feed ingredients that are needed.

• (Parts can be measured as weight or volume just so the proportion remains as was calculated.)

Pearson Square Step by Step Almost there!!

• Step 6. The percentage of each feed needed in the ration can be found by dividing the number of parts by the total parts.

Pearson Square Finished Product!

• Step 7. The amount of each feed ingredient for a large batch of feed is determined by multiplying the percentage of each by the total amount of feed desired.

Class Practice

Formulate a supplement to contain 0.8% calcium. Use corn (0.2% Ca) and limestone (35% Ca). How many pounds of each feed is in 100 pounds of the supplement?

Practice! Turn into Bin

Formulate a supplement to contain 0.8% calcium. Use corn (0.2% Ca) and limestone (35% Ca). How many pounds of each feed is in 100 pounds of the supplement?

Vocabulary

• Pearson Square Method – Be sure to include what it is , and what purpose it

serves

Assignments to Date • 4 Essential Questions:

– 1. Why do owners need to know what nutrition they are giving their animals?• Are these reasons different for Producers of livestock vs. companion animal owners?

– 2. What are the different types of digestion systems , and give example on how they differ– 3. What are the four main steps in balancing a ration?– 4. What is the Pearson Square Method and what is it used for?

• Digestion Project (Follow the Food) 3/16• Pearson Square Problems 3/16• Meeting the Nutritional Requirements 3/23• VOCAB DUE Monday Completed!!!! • TEST 3/24

Feed Analysis Middletown High School

Vet Tech 1

Objectives

• Identify the purpose of Feed analysis

Essential Question

• Why do we analyze feed?

Feed Analysis

• Feed analysis is the process of determining the nutrients in a feedstuff or prepared mixed feed and is most often done in a laboratory.

• The information gained through this process is important in selecting the diets of animals to assure a balanced ration.

• An analysis provides information in several areas.

Areas of Feed Analysis

• Dry matter - Dry matter is the weight of feed materials after moisture has been driven out.– Feed quality is based on the proportion of water

in the feed.

• Crude protein - Crude protein is the nitrogen content of feed multiplied by 6.25 (a constant factor). – Feedstuffs with higher crude protein are typically

more nutritious.

Areas of Feed Analysis• Fat - Fat content is determined by using an ether

extract process. – The ether dissolves the fat. – The remaining feed material is weighed and a

percentage of fat is calculated.

• Crude fiber - Crude fiber is determined by boiling the feed material in an acid and using laboratory procedures to dry the feed. – The weight before and after drying is measured and

used to calculate percent.

Food Label Example

Nutrition and Poor Health

• Example: Vitamin D Deficiency • What happens to humans

– Rickets in Children, soft bones

• What happens to small animals– Dogs can experience higher cancer rates

• What happens to large animals– Cattle experience decreased fertility

Vocabulary Sheet Terms You Should Know

• Ruminant• Non Ruminant• Ration• Maintenance • Balanced• Essential• Nutrition• Nutrient• Water

• Mineral• Vitamin• Grass Tetany• Protein• Fat• Ration• Pearson Square• Balanced Ration• Crude Protein

• Rickets• Feed Analysis• Feedstuff• Calorie• Duodenum• Jejunum • Ileum

References

• Animal-world.com/encyclo/birds/information/birdcage.htm#foods

• Felinefuture.com/nutrition/taurine.php– The Merck Veterinary Manual 8th Edition

• Ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/articles/basics.html