Nutrients cycle

The cyclic flow of nutrient between the biotic and abiotic components is knows as nutrients cycle or biogeochemical cycles

Nutrients – producers, food chain,consumers and decomposer

Nutrients cycleMajor Nutrients – C, H, O, N are cycled again and again between and abiotic components of the ecosystem.

• Hydrological cycle• Carbon cycle• Nitrogen cycle• Phosphorous cycle

Hydrological cycle

Hydrological cycle

Movement of water in cyclic manner is known as hydrological cycle

Carbon cycle

Carbon cycle• Carbon –basic components – organic

compounds

• Present – biotic components Eg: carbohdrate, protiens, fat, aminoacids.

Carbon cycle

• Carbon present in atmosphere – CO2

• Plant during photosyenthis CO2 used.

• CO2 dead matter returned – microorganisms.

Nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen cycle

• Nitrogen is the most abundant element in our planet’s atmosphere.

• Approximately 78% of the atmosphere is comprised of this important element

Nitrogen cycle

• Nitrogen Fixation • There are two main ways nitrogen is 'fixed': • Fixation by Lightning

The energy from lightning causes nitrogen (N2) and water (H2O) to combine to form ammonia (NH3) and nitrates (NO3). Precipitation carries the ammonia and nitrates to the ground, where they can be assimilated by plants.

Nitrogen cycle

• Biological FixationAbout 90% of nitrogen fixation is done by bacteria. Cyanobacteria convert nitrogen into ammonia and ammonium.

• Ammonia can be used by plants directly. Ammonia and ammonium may be further reacted in the nitrification process.

Nitrogen cycle

Nitrification• 2 NH3 + 3 O2 - > 2 NO2 + 2 H+ + 2 H2O

2 NO2- + O2 -> 2 NO3

-

• Aerobic bacteria use oxygen to convert ammonia and ammonium. Nitrosomonas bacteria convert nitrogen into nitrite (NO2

-) and then nitrobacter convert nitrite to nitrate (NO3

-). Plants utilize the nitrate as a nutrient. Animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants or plant-eating animals.

Nitrogen cycle

Ammonification• When plants and animals die, bacteria convert

nitrogen nutrients back into ammonium salts and ammonia. This conversion process is called ammonification. Anaerobic bacteria can convert ammonia into nitrogen gas through the process of denitrification:

• NO3- + CH2O + H+ -> ½ N2O + CO2 + 1½ H2O

• Denitrification returns nitrogen to the atmosphere, completing the cycle.

Phosphorous cycle

Phosphorous cycle

• The phosphorus cycle is long and slow, but it is an important part of the environment.

• It helps plants grow, and is used by farmers to fertilize them.

• When animals eat the plants, they absorb phosphates.

Phosphorous cycle

• When the animals die, their body decays and the phosphorus is absorbed into the soil, where it re-enters plants.

• What isn’t absorbed by plants ends up in rock, and may stay there for millions of years, slowly being released as the rocks weather.

Phosphorous cycle

• The Phosphorus cycle has no involvement in the atmosphere, because it does not naturally form in gaseous forms.

Phosphorous cycle

• Phosphorous usually enters the hydrosphere by the phosphate salt rocks found on the ocean floor. As the water erodes them away, the phosphorous escapes.

• Marine organisms take some of the phosphorus particles in order to live and grow

Phosphorous cycle

• Phosphorous is presented in the form of rocks and soil.

• Phosphates go down to the bottom of the ocean and forms rocks over million of years.

• Phosphates enters the soil when plant and animal matter decompose, the cycle repeats.

Phosphorous cycle

• Phosphorous is used for organisms to build DNA, RNA, and ATP.

• Phosphate is in plants, which the herbivores eat, which the herbivores are eaten by the carnivores.

• Than phosphorus is released back into the soil by the herbivores and carnivores waste.

Food web

Food web

PYRAMID OF NUMBERS• Shows the number of organisms at each

trophic level per unit area of an ecosystem.

• Represents number of individual organisms present in each tropic levels

• The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food chain

Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of numbers displays the number of individuals

at each level.

1 owl

25 voles

2000grass plants

PYRAMID OF BIOMASS

Represents the total amount of biomass(weight of biological material) present in each tropic levels.

Biomass PyramidsBiomass PyramidsDisplays the biomass at each trophic level.

PYRAMID OF ENERGY

Represents the amount of energy present in each tropic levels.

Rate of energy flow and productivity at each tropic level.

PYRAMID OF ENERGY

Forest ecosystem

Grass land ecosystem

Desert ecosystem

Aquatic ecosystem

ATP - Adinosine Tri PhosphateDNA - Dioxyribo Nucleic AcidRNA - Ribo Nucleic Acid