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NURSE-UP DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AKA G.I. SYSTEM

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Page 1: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

NURSE-UPD I G E S T I V E S Y S T E M A K A G . I . S Y S T E M

Page 2: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Introduction The digestive system is used for breaking down food into nutrients which then pass into the circulatory system and are taken to where they are needed in the body.

Page 3: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Introduction There are four stages to food processing:

1. Ingestion: taking in food2. Digestion: breaking down 

food into nutrients3. Absorption: taking in 

nutrients by cells4. Egestion (Defecation): 

removing any leftover wastes

Page 4: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Digestion Types

Mechanical (physical) Chew Tear Grind Mash Mix

Chemical Enzymatic reactions to improve digestion of 

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

Page 5: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Digestive System Organization Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract

Tube within a tube Direct link/path between organs Structures

Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large Intestine Rectum

Page 6: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Accessory Organs Not part of the path of food, but play a critical role.

Include:  salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas

Page 7: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Mouth Begins when food enters the mouth.

It is physically broken down by the teeth.

It is begun to be chemically broken down by amylase, an enzyme in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates.

Page 8: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Salivary Glands (Accessory Organ) Small intrinsic glands found under mucous membrane of mouth, lips, cheeks and tongue ‐ secrete saliva at constant rate

3 pairs extrinsic glands connected to oral cavity by ducts

parotid, submandibular and sublingual

Page 9: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Saliva Functions of saliva moisten, begin starch and fat digestion, cleanse teeth, inhibit bacteria, bind food together into bolus

Hypotonic solution of 99.5% water and solutes salivary amylase, begins starch digestion lingual lipase, digests fat activated by stomach acid mucus, aids in swallowing lysozyme,  enzyme kills bacteria immunoglobulin A,  inhibits bacterial growth

pH of 6.8 to 7.0 (relatively neutral) Produce 1‐1.5 L per day

Page 10: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Tongue & Pharynx The tongue moves the food around until it forms a ball called a bolus.

The bolus is passed to the pharynx (throat) and the epiglottis makes sure the bolus passes into the esophagus and not down the windpipe!

Page 11: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Esophagus ~ 10” long Secretes mucus. The bolus passes down the esophagus by peristalsis.

Peristalsis is a wave of muscular contractions that push the bolus down towards the stomach.

Page 12: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Cardiac Sphincter To enter the stomach, the bolus must pass through the lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter), a tight muscle that keeps stomach acid out of the esophagus.

Page 13: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Stomach The stomach has folds called rugae and is a big muscular pouch which churns the bolus (Physical Digestion) and mixes it with gastric juice, a mixture of stomach acid, mucus and enzymes.

Page 14: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Stomach The acid kills off any invading bacteria or viruses and triggers the release of pepsin.

The enzymes help break down proteins and lipids. (Chemical Digestion).

The mucus protects the lining of the stomach from being eaten away by the acid.

Page 15: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Stomach The stomach does do some absorption too. Some medicines (i.e. aspirin)

water  alcohol  

The digested bolus is now called chyme and it leaves the stomach by passing through the pyloric sphincter.

Page 16: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Small Intestine ~7 meters long Secretes digestive enzymes The majority of absorption occurs here.

The liver and pancreas help the small intestine to maximize absorption.

Page 17: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Small Intestine Most nutrients from the food pass into the bloodstream through the small intestine walls.  

Lipids pass into the lymphatic system via lacteals.

Absorbs: 80% ingested water Vitamins Minerals Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

The small intestine is broken down into three parts:

Page 18: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Duodenum (Small Intestine)1. Duodenum Bile, produced in the 

liver but stored in the gall bladder, enters through the bile duct. It breaks down fats.

The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice to reduce the acidity of the chyme. 

Page 19: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Liver (Accessory Organ) Directly affects digestion by producing bile• Bile helps emulsify fat

Filters out toxins and waste including drugs and alcohol

Page 20: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Gall Bladder (Accessory Organ) Stores bile from the liver, releases it into the small intestine.

Page 21: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Pancreas (Accessory Organ) Endocrine and Exocrine Gland

Secretes insulin and glucagon into the blood Secretes pancreatic juice into duodenum

Water, enzymes, zymogens, and sodium bicarbonate

Zymogens become enzymes once activated in the small intestine.

Page 22: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Jejunum (Small Intestine)2. Jejunum The jejunum is where 

the majority of absorption takes place.

It has tiny fingerlike projections called villilining it, which increase the surface area for absorbing nutrients.

Page 23: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Jejunum (Small Intestine) Each villi itself has tiny fingerlike projections called 

microvilli, which further increase the surface area for absorption.

Page 24: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Ileum (Small Intestine)3. Ileum The last portion of the 

small intestine is the ileum, which has fewer villi and basically compacts the leftovers to pass through ileocecal valve into the caecum of the large intestine.

Page 25: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Large Intestine The large intestine (or colon) is used to absorb water from the waste material leftover and to produce vitamin K and some B vitamins using the helpful bacteria that live here.

Page 26: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Large Intestine All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum.

When full, the anal sphincter loosens and the waste, called feces, passes out of the body through the anus.

Page 27: NURSE-UP · All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum. When full, the anal sphincterloosens and the waste, called feces, passes

Complied by: D. Leonard – Learning Specialist

The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State Collegehttp://www.daytonastate.edu/asc/ascsciencehandouts.html

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