Nuclear Nuclear ChemistryChemistry

By: Giovanni NunezBy: Giovanni NunezDaniel NemariamDaniel Nemariam

Andrew WangAndrew WangNjweng YangniNjweng YangniZainil KadiwalZainil Kadiwal

Introduction

Nuclear Medicine is the used of using radiation to fight and cure diseases.

Nuclear medicine has made many advancement in nuclear energy. The main one is the ability to fight cancer really well.

Daniel Nemariam

Nuclear MedicineNuclear Medicine

Nuclear Medicine is the branch of Nuclear Medicine is the branch of medicine that uses nuclear medicine that uses nuclear properties for diagnosis and therapy. properties for diagnosis and therapy. In other words take images of the In other words take images of the body and treat disease.body and treat disease.

Giovanni NuñezGiovanni Nuñez

Timeline of events that lead to Timeline of events that lead to modern Nuclear Medicinemodern Nuclear Medicine

Henri BecquerelHenri Becquerel(1852-1908)(1852-1908) French Physicist discovered French Physicist discovered radioactivity in 1896\radioactivity in 1896\

Wilhelm RöentgenWilhelm Röentgen(1845-1923)(1845-1923) German physicist who German physicist who discovered X-rays in 1895.discovered X-rays in 1895.

Pierre CuriePierre Curie(1859-1906)(1859-1906)French physicist who, along French physicist who, along with his wife Marie Sklodowska Curie, with his wife Marie Sklodowska Curie, isolated polonium and radium in 1898.isolated polonium and radium in 1898.

Giovanni NuñezGiovanni Nuñez

Time line continuedTime line continued RevigoratorRevigorator

After its discovery by Marie and Pierre Curie After its discovery by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898, radium was considered a "cure-in 1898, radium was considered a "cure-all" until the early 1920sall" until the early 1920s

Marshall BrucerMarshall Brucer(1913-1994) (1913-1994) A "Father of Nuclear A "Father of Nuclear Medicine" and first president of the Medicine" and first president of the Society of Nuclear MedicineSociety of Nuclear Medicine

Hal Anger Hal Anger American inventor of the American inventor of the scintillation scanning camera in 1958scintillation scanning camera in 1958

Giovanni NuñezGiovanni Nuñez

History of the X-RayHistory of the X-Ray In 1895, Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen a professor In 1895, Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen a professor

of Physics, of Physics,

He discovered mysterious ray when he put a He discovered mysterious ray when he put a vacuum tube near a photographic plate.vacuum tube near a photographic plate.

Theses ray went through skin and muscle but Theses ray went through skin and muscle but were absorb by bone.were absorb by bone.

The rays would bounce off a metallic target and The rays would bounce off a metallic target and the rays could be focus on photographic film.the rays could be focus on photographic film.

Giovanni NuñezGiovanni Nuñez

Future of Nuclear MedicineFuture of Nuclear Medicine

The Future of Nuclear MedicineThe Future of Nuclear Medicine In the near future development of In the near future development of

radiopharmaceuticals, or nuclear radiopharmaceuticals, or nuclear medicine, will be used to detect medicine, will be used to detect cancer and create genetically cancer and create genetically engineered antibodies to fight of engineered antibodies to fight of cancer.cancer.

Giovanni NuñezGiovanni Nuñez

History of Nuclear Medicine The beginning of Nuclear Medicine in

1902 by Pierre Curie Pierre Curie and his wife Marie Sklodowska Curie.Marie Sklodowska Curie.

They discovered a substance that gave off more radio activity than others.

This substance was made of 2 elements radium and polonium.

                        

       

Daniel Nemariam

History

When the curies discovered radium it was said that is was the beginning of the nuclear age

Irene Joliot-Curie the daughter of Pierre and Marie create artificial radiation

Daniel Nemariam

History

Back then the curie didn’t now the effect of too much radiation.

Too much handling of radiation caused scaring on Marie curie hands.

The effect of radiation brought the cancerous disease leukemia and Maria and Irene died before the age of 70

http://gtm-media.discoveryeducation.com/videos/11876/chp898113_700k.asf

Daniel Nemariam

Radiology

Is the field of diagnosing and treating disease and injury by using medical imaging techniques.

Some of the equipment used are x-rays, computed topography, magnetic

Andrew Andrew WangWang

Radiology

a person who studies this field is called a radiologist

you must first go though 4 years of medical education in radiation

safety/protection, radiation effects on the

human body, appropriate performance

and interpretation of duality radiological

medical imaging examinations

1 to 2 years of specialized training in a particular subspecialty of radiology is beneficial

Andrew Andrew WangWang

What is radiation therapy? What is radiation

therapy? -treats cancer kill cancer cells , shrink

tumors 2 types  *External beam radiation-

regular X-rays

Internal radiation or Brach therapy- radioactive substances placed within the tumor beside (carcinogens) to kill the cancer cells   

*patients usually stay in the hospital for about a day   

* permanent or temporary   

Njweng Yangni

Radiation therapy

Advantage Advantage

Kills cancer cells

The amount of radiation that a patient gets is determine by the doctor.

DisadvantageDisadvantage

Hair loss Rash Vomiting Nausea diarrhea

Andrew Andrew WangWang

what is chemotherapy? -use of drugs to kill

cancer cells How does chemotherapy

work?              the drugs interfere with

the cancer cells ability to divide

 What is the difference between radiation and chemo? 

 chemo: chemical agents;medical oncologist    

-radiation:; radiation oncologist

Njweng Yangni

Chemicals

Some of the Chemical used are

alkalizing/cross-linking agents, antibiotics, ant

metabolites/inhibitors, hormones, cytokines

Andrew Andrew WangWang

How do X-rays work?

Goes through nonmetallic materials  Smash of concentrated beam of electrons and a

metal plate. The result: x-rays X-rays secondary plate to prevent the scattering

of electrons- shows parts that contain metals ,growths, bone and mineral deposits-foreign objects 

contrast agents shows veins and arteries 

Njweng Yangni

MRI

MRI stands for Magnetic resonance imaging

MR imaging uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves and a computer to produce detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all other internal body structures.

Zainil Zainil KadiwalKadiwal

CAT

Stands for Computed Tomography CT imaging uses special x-ray equipment

to produce multiple images or pictures of the inside of the body

The CT scanner is typically a large machine with a hole, or tunnel, in the center

A major advantage of CT is that it is able to image bone, soft tissue and blood vessels all at the same time.

Zainil Zainil KadiwalKadiwal

PET

Stands for Positron Emission Tomography

PET scans are used most often to detect cancer and to examine the effects of cancer therapy.

The radioactive may expose radiation to the fetus in patients who are pregnant.

Zainil Zainil KadiwalKadiwal

Difference between PET and CAT scan

CT scans of internal organs, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels provide greater clarity than conventional x-ray exams.

PET scans are used most often to detect cancer

Zainil Zainil KadiwalKadiwal

Summary

Nuclear medicine has made many advances in curing or fighting diseases like cancer.

If technology in the medical field keeps grow soon they will be able to find a cure for cancer.

Daniel Nemariam