nuclear chemistry. atomic structure recall: atoms – consist of a positively charged nucleus,...
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Difference between the mass of an atom and the mass of its individual particles amu amu Mass Defect Nuclear ForcesTRANSCRIPT
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
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Atomic StructureRecall:Atoms – consist of a positively charged nucleus, which has protons and neutrons.
Isotope Symbol # protons # neutrons
Atomic Mass
Mo-101H-2C-14U-238Bi-210He-4
H21
C146
U23892
Bi21083
He42
Mo10142 42
1692832
59181461272
101214238210 4
Isotope – atoms of the same chemical element that have a different number of neutrons. Each isotope of a given element is designated by the total number of its protons plus its neutrons.
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• Difference between the mass of an atom and the mass of its individual particles.
4.00260 amu 4.03298 amu
Mass DefectNuclear Forces
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Nuclear Binding Energy• Energy released when a nucleus is
formed from nucleons.• High binding energy = stable nucleus.
E = mc2E: energy (J)m:mass defect (kg)c: speed of light
(3.00×108 m/s)
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Nuclear Binding Energy
Unstable nuclides are radioactive and undergo radioactive decay.
The seven most widely recognized magic numbers as of 2007 are 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126
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He42
Types of Radiation• Alpha particle ()
– helium nucleus paper2+
• Beta particle (-)– electron
e0-1 1-
lead
• Positron (+)– positron e0
1 1+
• Gamma ()– high-energy photon 0 concrete
ChargeShielding
00
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Penetrating Ability of Radiation
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Nuclear Decay
He Th U 42
23490
23892
e Xe I 0-1
13154
13153
e Ar K 01
3818
3819
Pd e Ag 10646
0-1
10647
•Transmutation-One element becomes another.
More than 83 protons means that the nuclei is unstable (radioactive)
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Alpha Emission
He Th U 42
23490
23892
parentnuclide
daughternuclide
alphaparticle
Numbers must balance!!
occurs when the nucleus has too many protons which cause excessive repulsion.
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Beta Emission
e Xe I 0-1
13154
13153
electron
occurs when the neutron to proton ratio is too great.
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Neutron to Proton
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XAZPo210
84
Ex. Polonium-210 undergoes beta decay to produce this daughter nuclide
+
Beta Emission
XAZ = At210
85
e01-
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e Ar K 01
3818
3819
positron
Positron EmissionOccurs when the neutron to proton ratio is too small.
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XAZPo210
84
Ex. Polonium-210 undergoes positron emission to produce this daughter nuclide
+
Positron Emission
XAZ = Bi210
83
e01
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Electron Capture
Pd e Ag 10646
0-1
10647
electron
occurs when the neutron to proton ratio in the nucleus is too small.
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XAZPo210
84
Ex. Polonium-210 captures an electron to produce this daughter nuclide
+
Electron Capture
XAZ = Bi210
83
e01-
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Gamma Emission
– Emission of high energy electromagnetic wave.
occurs when the nucleus is at too high an energy.
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XAZPo210
84
Ex. Polonium-210 undergoes gamma decay to produce this daughter nuclide
+
Gamma Emission
XAZ =
00
Po21084
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Types of RadiationTypes of Radiation
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Nuclear Fission– splitting of heavier nuclei into lighter nuclei.
U23592 n1
0 Ba13756 Xe84
36 n10
energy
+ +15+ +
How much energy? E=mc2
_______= _______ x (_____ _ _____)2 c=3.0x108Energy mass speed of light
E=mc2 explains _____ _____ (total mass of nucleus is less than sum of individual
particles)mass defect
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Nuclear Fusion - Energy released when two light nuclei combine or fuse
•However, a large amount of energy is required to start a fusion reaction:
o Need this energy to overcome ________ forces of protons.o Extremely high temperatures can provide start-up energy.
repulsion
More energy in fusing hydrogen that fission of uranium
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Nuclear Fusion
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A A Decay Decay SeriesSeries
A radioactive nucleus reaches a stable A radioactive nucleus reaches a stable state by a series of stepsstate by a series of steps
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Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Half-life ConceptHalf-life Concept
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Decay KineticsDecay KineticsDecay occurs by first order kinetics (the rate of decay is proportional to the number of nuclides present)
ktNN
0
lnN = number of nuclides remaining at time t
N0 = number of nuclides present initially
k = rate constant
t = elapsed time
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Calculating Half-lifeCalculating Half-life
kkt 693.0)2ln(
2/1
t1/2 = Half-life (units dependent on rate constant, k)
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Sample Half-LivesSample Half-Lives
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Half-lifen
if mm )( 21
mf: final massmi: initial massn: # of half-lives