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BASIC

CHEMISTRY

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ATOMS Basic unit of matter

Two regions Nucleus

Electron cloud

Atomic particles Protons

• Positively charged particles

• Located in the nucleus

Neutrons • Neutral particles

• Located in the nucleus & act as the glue there

Electrons • Negatively charged particles

• Located in the electron cloud

• These are the particles involved in chemical reactions

C6

Carbon

12.011

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ATOMS

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Elements

Elements

Contain all of the same type of atom within the element

Elements of Life

•96% Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N)

•3% P, S, Ca, K, Na, Cl

•1% other trace elements

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Periodic Table of Elements All elements are arranged on the

Periodic Table…

Horizontal ROWS are called periods

Vertical COLUMNS are called groups

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Isotopes

Isotopes

Elements that contain a different number of neutrons

Radioactive isotopes will breakdown at a specific rate and the radiation emitted can be used in many technologies/figuring the age of different things

(i.e. fossils & rocks)

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6 protons6 electrons 6 neutrons

6 protons 6 electrons 7 neutrons

6 protons6 electrons8 neutrons

All of these are carbon because they

have 6 protons. They are just different

forms of carbon.

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Ions

Charged atoms formed when

electrons are gained or lost.

Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)

Transferof electron

Protons +11

Electrons -11

Charge 0

Protons +17

Electrons -17

Charge 0

Protons +11

Electrons -10

Charge +1

Protons +17

Electrons -18

Charge -1

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Compounds

A pure substance formed when two or

more different elements combine

Compounds are always formed from a specific

combination of elements in a fixed ratio.

Compounds cannot be broken down into simpler

compounds or elements by physical means.

Compounds are held together by

chemical bonds which are based upon

the individual elements desire for 8

outer electrons.

In compounds, all atoms are stable

having 8 valence electrons.

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Types of Chemical Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Hydrogen bonds

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Ionic Bonds

Electrical attraction between two

oppositely charged atoms or groups of

atoms (“steals” electrons)

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Covalent Bonds

Chemical bond that

forms when electrons

are shared

A molecule is a

compound in which

the atoms are held

together by covalent

bonds.

Nanoparticles

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Write this in the Summary Section

Nanoparticles are clusters of atoms and are very small- only one billionth of a meter in size.