nscet e-learning presentation notes/unit 1/cs8691_ai.pdf · 4 what is ai? - definition •ai is the...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
NSCET
E-LEARNING
PRESENTATIONLISTEN … LEARN… LEAD…
![Page 2: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Mr.P.G.Siva Sharma Karthick M.E.,MBA.,
Assistant Professor
Nadar Saraswathi College of Engineering & Technology,
Vadapudupatti, Annanji (po), Theni – 625531.
CS8691 – ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
IIIrd YEAR / VIth SEMESTER
PHOTO
2Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 3: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
UNIT 01 – INTRODUCTION
![Page 4: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
What is AI? - definition
• AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the
moment people do better.
• AI is the branch of computer science that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behaviour. A I is based upon the principles of
computer science namely data structures used in knowledge
representation, the algorithms needed to apply that knowledge and the
languages and programming techniques used in their implementation.
• Examples: Speech recognition, Smell, Face, Object, Intuition,
Inferencing, Learning new skills, Decision making, Abstract thinking
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 5: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
AI Definitions
What is AI ?
• A broad field which means different things to different people
Concerned with getting computers to do tasks that require
human intelligence
However
There are many tasks which we might reasonably think require intelligence which computers do without even thinking
Complex Arithmetic
There are many tasks that people do without thinking which are extremely difficult to automate
Recognizing a Face 5Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 6: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
What is AI?
2. Thinking humanly 3. Thinking rationally
1. Acting humanly 4. Acting rationally
• The top row is concerned with thought processes and
reasoning
• Second row address behaviorDepartment of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 7: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Do human behavior is rational?
• A system is rational, if it does the right thing, given what it
knows
• We can distinguish human and rational behavior and say,
human are not rational, ie., Irrational (emotionally unstable)
• However, we are not perfect
• Ex: Not everyone gets same grade (A) on the exam
7Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 8: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
AI Definitions
What is AI ?
Definitions organized into four categories
Think like human
The exciting new effort to make
computers think … machines with
minds, in the full and literal sense. [Haugeland 85].
Think Rationally
The study of the computations that
make it possible to perceive, reason,
and act. [Winston, 1992]
Act humanly
The study of how to make
computers do things at which, at
the moment, people are better. [Rich & Knight, 1991]
Act rationally
The branch of computer science that
is concerned with the automation of
intelligent behavior. [Luger and
Stubblefield, 1993]
8Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 9: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
1. Systems that act like humans
• The overall behaviour of the system should be
human like.
• It could be achieved by observation.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 10: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
1. Acting Humanly: The Turing Test
• Alan Turing (1912-1954)
• “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (1950)
Human Interrogator
Human
AI System
Imitation Game
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 11: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Turing Test
?• You enter a room which has a computer terminal.
• You have a fixed period of time to type what you want into the
terminal, and study the replies.
• At the other end of the line is either a human being or a computer
system.
• If it is a computer system, and at the end of the period you cannot
reliably determine whether it is a system or a human, then the
system is deemed to be intelligent. 11Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 12: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Turing Test
computer
person
tester
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 13: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Recognizing AI
• The Turing test is one criterion, but it’s controversial
– It’s an imitation game, in which a human interrogator is isolated in a room, with teletype connections to an unseen human and an unseen computer
– The interrogator asks the same questions of the human and the machine and tries to determine which is which
– If the interrogator can’t tell them apart, the computer is intelligent
• Positive features of the Turing test
– It’s objective and unbiased
– It’s independent of how the machine operates
– There are no agreed upon alternative tests13Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 14: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Recognizing AI
• Negative features of the Turing test
– It overlooks aspects of intelligence such as perception and
mobility
– It overlooks human intelligence
– It can be gimmicky and detract from serious AI research efforts
• What is the amount of knowledge that a machine would need to pass
Turing test ?
14Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 15: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
What sort of Functionality Is Needed?
• To act humanly?
– Natural language processing
– Knowledge Representation
– Automated Reasoning
– Machine Learning
– Computer Vision
– Robotics
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 16: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Act Like Human
Computer would need:
1. Natural Language Processing → Communication.
2. Knowledge Representation→store info before and
during interrogation.
3. Automated Reasoning→ answer questions and draw new
conclusions.
4. Machine learning→ adapt to new circumstances.
5. Computer vision → to perceive objects
6. Robotics → to manipulate objects and move about
16Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 17: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Turing test
• Turing test avoided physical interaction between the
interrogator and the computer
• Turing test involves first four aspects (1-4)
• Total Turing test includes a video signal so that the interrogator
can test the perceptual abilities as well as to pass physical
objects
• Total Turing test involves last two aspects (5 – 6)
17Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 18: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
2. Think Like Human
• To develop a program that think like human, the way the human think
should be known.
• Knowing the precise theory of mind ( how human think?) → expressing
the theory as a computer program.
• GPS (General Problem Solver) [ by Newell & Simon, 1961]
• Concerned with comparing the trace of its reasoning steps to traces of
human subjects solving the same problem rather than correctly solve
problems
The Cognitive Modeling approach
18Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 19: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
2. Thinking Humanly: Cognitive Modelling
• Not content to have a program correctly solving a problem.
• More concerned with comparing its reasoning steps to traces of human solving the same problem.Cognitive science:
• Computer models from AI + Experimental techniques from psychology → Construction of human mind working theories
• Requires testable theories of the workings of the human mind
• Requires experimental investigation of actual humans or animals
• Note: We will not pursue human mind theory here as we have only a computer for experimentation
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 20: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
2. Systems that think like humans
• Most of the time it is a black box where we are not clear about our
thought process.
• One has to know functioning of brain and its mechanism for
possessing information.
• It is an area of cognitive science.
– The stimuli are converted into mental representation.
– Cognitive processes manipulate representation to build new
representations that are used to generate actions.
• Neural network is a computing model for processing information
similar to brain.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 21: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
3. Thinking Rationally: Laws of Thought
• Aristotle was one of the first to attempt to codify
“right thinking”, i.e., irrefutable reasoning processes.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 22: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
3. Think Rationally
The Law of Thought Approach
Aristotle and his syllogism ( right thinking) :
always gave correct conclusions given correct premises
Ex:
• Socrates is a Man. %Fact
• All men are Mortal. % Rule if X is a Man then X is Mortal.
• Therefore Socrates is Mortal. % Inference
These laws of thoughts initiated the field of LOGIC.
Formal logic provides a precise notation and rules for representing and
reasoning with all kinds of things in the world.
22Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 23: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
3. Think Rationally
• Two main obstacles
1. Not easy to translate an informal knowledge into a formal logic.
Ex: when the knowledge is less than 100% certain
2. There is a difference between solving a problem “in principle” and
solving it “in practice”
Ex: It is usually the case that problems with few hundred facts
– Can exhaust the computational power of any computer.
– So, it is required to have some guidance as to which reasoning steps
to try first
23Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 24: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
4. Acting Rationally
The Rational Agent Approach
• Agent
agent is something that acts
• Computer agents
Operate autonomously
perceive their environments
Persist over a prolonged time period
Adapt to change, create and pursue goals
• Rational agent
Acts so as to achieve the best outcome or when there is uncertainty, the
best expected outcome
24Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 25: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
4. Acting Rationally
• Laws of thought approach vs. Act rationally
• Laws of thought approach
o Emphasis on correct inference
o Making correct inferences is part of being rational agent
• Act rationally = reason logically to the conclusion that a
given action will achieve one’s goals
and then act on that conclusion
25Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 26: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
4. Acting Rationally
• Correct inference is not always == rationality
• Ex: even if there is no correct thing to do, something must be done
• Hence, it means that there are also ways of acting rationally that
cannot be said to involve inference
• Ex: reflex actions ( acting rationally without involving inference)
• Fast action is required than careful deliberation26Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 27: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
4. Acting RationallyTwo main advantages of rational agent approaches
1. More general than “the laws of thought” approach ( correct inference is one of
several possible mechanism to achieve rationality)
2. More amenable to scientific development than approaches based on human
behavior/thought.
Rationality vs. human behavior
• The rationality is mathematically well defined, general (many agent design have been
generated to achieve it)
• Human behavior adapted for one specific environment, defined by sum total of all
the things that humans do
27Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 28: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
4. Acting Rationally
• We focus on general principles of rational agents and on components for
constructing them
o perfect rationality
o Always doing the right thing is not feasible in complicated environments
because of high computational demands
o But a good starting point for analysis
o It simplifies the problem
• Limited rationality
o Acting appropriately when there is not enough time to do all the
computations
o Not in the syllabus
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 29: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The foundations of AI
Philosophy Knowledge Rep., Logic, Foundation of AI (is AI
possible?)
Maths Search, Analysis of search algos, logic
Economics Expert Systems, Decision Theory, Principles of
Rational Behavior
Psychology Behavioristic insights into AI programs
Neuroscience (Brain Science) Learning, Neural Nets
Control theory and
Cybernetics
Information Theory & AI, Entropy, Robotics
Computer Sc. & Engg. Systems for AI
29Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 30: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
The Foundations of AI
1. Philosophy (423 BC - present):
2. Can formal rules be used to draw valid conclusions?
• How does the mind arise from a physical brain?
• Where does knowledge come from?
• How does knowledge lead to action?
- Logic, methods of reasoning.
- Mind as a physical system.
- Foundations of learning, language, and rationality.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 31: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
The Foundations of AI
2. Mathematics (c.800 - present):
• What are the formal rules to draw valid conclusions?
• What can be computed?
• How do we reason with uncertain information?
• Three areas developed– Logic, Computation and Probability
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 32: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
The Foundations of AI
2. Mathematics (c.800 - present):
• A) Formal representation and proof
• Development of Formal logic
– 1) Propositional or Boolean logic
– 2) Development of First-Order logic by extending the Boolean logic to
include objects and relations
• B) Algorithms, computation, decidability, tractability
• First algorithm was developed - Euclid’s algorithm for computing GCD
• C) Probability – Baye’s rule is the underlying approach for uncertain
reasoning in AI systems.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 33: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
The Foundations of AI
3. Economics :
• How should we make decisions so as to maximize payoff?
• How should we do this when others may not go along?
• How should we do this when the pay off may be far in the
future ?
• Decision theory
• Game theory
• Operations Research
• Markov Decision Processes
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 34: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
The Foundations of AI
4. Neuroscience:
• The study of nervous system, particularly the brain
• The exact way in which the brain enables thought is unknown
• However, it does enable thought has the evidence
• “A strong blow to the head can lead to mental incapacitation”
• Neurons – Brain consists of nerve cells or neurons
• There is no theory on how an individual memory is stored
• A collection of simple cells can lead to thought, action,
consciousness that “brains cause minds”
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 35: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
The Foundations of AI
4. Neuroscience:
The parts of a nerve cell or neuron.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 36: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
The Foundations of AI4. Neuroscience:
A comparison of resources available at IBM BLUE GENE
Supercomputer , a PC of 2008 and the human brain
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 37: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
The Foundations of AI5. Psychology (1879 - present):
• How do humans and animals think and act?
- Adaptation.
- Phenomena of perception and motor control.
- Experimental techniques.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 38: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
The Foundations of AI6. Computer Engineering:
• How can we build an efficient computer?
• For artificial intelligence to succeed, we need two things:
• intelligence and an artifact.
• The computer has been the artifact of choice
• Each generation of computer hardware has brought an increase
in speed and capacity and a decrease in price
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 39: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
The Foundations of AI6. Computer Engineering:
• In 2005 power dissipation problems led to multiply the number of CPU
cores rather than the clock speed.
• Current expectations are that future increases in power will come from
massive parallelism
– Convergence with the properties of the brain.
• The software side of computer science has supplied AI with:
– The operating systems, programming languages, and tools needed to
write modem programs
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 40: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
The Foundations of AI
7. Control theory and cybernetics:
• How can artifacts operate under their own control?
– Previous Assumption: Only living things could modify their behavior in
response to changes in the environment
– Machines can modify their behavior in response to the environment
• Ex: Water-flow regulator, steam engine governor, thermostat
• The theory of stable feedback systems (1894)
• Build systems that transition from initial
state to goal state with minimum energy
• In 1950, control theory could only describe
linear systems
• AI largely rose as a response to this shortcomingDepartment of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 41: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
The Foundations of AI
8. Linguistics (1957 - present):
- How does language relate to thought?
• Knowledge representation: the study of how to put knowledge into a form
that a computer can reason with
• Grammar
• Speech demonstrates human intelligence
– Analysis of human language reveals thought taking place in ways not
understood in other settings
• Language and thought are believed to be tightly intertwined
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 42: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Evolution of AI• The gestation of AI (1943 - 1956):
- 1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain.
- 1950: Turing’s “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”.
- 1956: McCarthy’s name “Artificial Intelligence” adopted.
• Why was it necessary for AI to become a separate field ?
• Why couldn't all the work done in AI have taken place under the name of control theory or operations research or decision theory, which have objectives similar to those of AI?
• Why isn't AI a branch of mathematics?
• The first answer is that AI from the start embraced the idea of duplicating human faculties such as creativity, self-improvement, and language use.
• None of the other fields were addressing these issues.
• The second answer is methodology. AI is the only one of these fields that is clearly a branch of computer science (USING COMPUTER SIMULATIONS)
• AI is the only field to attempt to build machines that will function autonomously in complex, changing environments
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 43: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Evolution of AI
• Early enthusiasm, great expectations (1952 - 1969):
• Early successful AI programs:
– Newell & Simon’s Logic Theorist
– Newell & Simon’s General Problem Solver (GPS) to imitate human problem solving
• Solved puzzles and considered sub goals and possible actions similar to which humans approached the same problems.
• Thus, GPS was probably the first program to embody the "thinking humanly" approach
– Newell & Simon’s Physical symbol system hypothesis: • which states that "a physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action."
• Any system (human or machine) exhibiting intelligence must operate by manipulating data structures composed of symbols.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 44: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Evolution of AI
• Early enthusiasm, great expectations (1952 - 1969):
• Early successful AI programs: – Samuel’s Checkers– Gelernter’s Geometry Theorem Prover– Robinson’s complete algorithm for logical reasoning. – At 1958 in MIT AI Lab McCarthy defined the high-level
language Lisp• which was the dominant AI programming language for the
next 30 years.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 45: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Evolution of AI• A dose of reality (1966 - 1973):
• The first kind of difficulty arose because most early programs knew
nothing of their subject matter
• They succeeded by means of simple syntactic manipulations
• Early machine translation efforts to speed up the translation of Russian
scientific papers in the wake of the Sputnik launch in 1957.
• It was thought initially that simple syntactic transformations based on the
grammars of Russian and English, and word replacement from an
electronic dictionary, would suffice to preserve the exact meanings of
sentences.
• The fact is that accurate translation requires background knowledge in
order to resolve ambiguity and establish the content of the sentence.Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 46: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Evolution of AI
• Knowledge-based systems (1969 - 1979):
• Uses more powerful, domain-specific knowledge
• Allows larger reasoning steps and
• Can more easily handle typical expertise.
• Ex1 :1969: DENDRAL by Buchanan et al.
– generated all possible structures consistent with the formula of the molecule
– The significance of DENDRAL was that it was the first successful knowledge-intensive system:
– its expertise derived from large numbers of special-purpose rules.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 47: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Evolution of AI
• Knowledge-based systems (1969 - 1979):
• Ex2: 1976: MYCIN by Shortliffle• Expert systems in medical diagnosis • With about 450 rules, MYCIN was better than junior doctors.
• Two major differences from DENDRAL. – First, unlike the DENDRAL rules, no general theoretical model existed from which the
MYCIN rules could be deduced.
– They had to be acquired from extensive interviewing of experts, who in turn acquired them from textbooks, other experts, and direct experience of cases.
– Second, the rules had to reflect the uncertainty associated with medical knowledge.
– MYCIN incorporated a calculus of uncertainty called certainty factors which seemed (at the time) to fit well with how doctors assessed the impact of evidence on the diagnosis.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 48: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Evolution of AI
• AI becomes an industry (1980 - present):
- Expert systems industry booms.
1981: Japan’s 10-year Fifth Generation project to build
intelligent computers.
• The return of NNs (1986 - present):
- Mid 80’s: Back-propagation learning algorithm
reinvented.
- 1988: Resurgence of probability.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 49: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Evolution of AI
• AI adopts the scientific method (1987 - present):
• In terms of methodology, AI has finally come firmly under the scientific method.
• To be accepted, hypotheses must be subjected to rigorous empirical experiments
– and the results must be analyzed statistically for their importance
– It is now possible to replicate experiments by using shared repositories of test data and code.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 50: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Evolution of AI
• The emergence of intelligent agents (1995- present)
• One of the most important environments for intelligent agents is the Internet.
• AI systems have become so common in Web-based applications that the "-bot'' suffix has entered everyday language.
• Internet tools, such as search engines, recommender systems, and Web site aggregators use AI technologies
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 51: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Evolution of AI
• The availability of very large data sets( 2001-present)
• In the 60-year history of computer science, the emphasis has been on the algorithm as the main subject of study.
• But recent work in AI suggests that for many problems, it makes more sense to worry about the data
• This is true because of the increasing availability of very large data sources
Examples:
• trillions of words of English, billions of images from the Web, or billions of base pairs of genomic sequences
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 52: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Evolution of AI
• The availability of very large data sets( 2001-present)
• Work like this suggests the "knowledge bottleneck'' in AI
• The problem of how to express all the knowledge that a
system needs may be solved in many applications by
learning methods rather than hand-coded knowledge
engineering
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 53: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
What can AI do today?1. Robotic vehicles:
• A driverless robotic car named STANLEY sped through the rough terrain
of the Mojave dessert at 22 mph, finishing the 132-mile course first to win
the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge.
• STANLEY is fitted with cameras, radar, and laser range finders to sense the
environment and on board software to command the steering braking, and
acceleration (Thrun, 2006).
• The following year CMU's Boss won the Urban Challenge, safely driving
in traffic through the streets of a closed Air Force base, obeying traffic rules
and avoiding pedestrians and other vehicles
53Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 54: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
What can AI do today?
2. Speech recognition:
• A traveler calling United Airlines to book a flight can have the
entire conversation guided by an automated speech recognition
and dialog management system.
3. Autonomous planning and scheduling:
• A hundred million miles from Earth, NASA's Remote Agent
program became the first on-board autonomous planning
program to control the scheduling of operations for a
spacecraft54Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 55: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
What can AI do today?
4. Game playing:
• IBM’s Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997
• Human champions studied Kasparov's loss ,were able to draw
a few matches in subsequent years but the most recent human-
computer matches have been won convincingly by the
computer.
55Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 56: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
What can AI do today?
5. Spam fighting:
• Each day, learning algorithms classify over a billion messages
as spam saving the recipient from having to waste time
deleting , for many users it could comprise 80% or 90% of all
messages, if not classified away by algorithms.
• Because the spammers are continually updating their tactics
it is difficult for a static programmed approach to keep up and
learning algorithms work best
56Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 57: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
What can AI do today?
6. Logistics planning:
• During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics
planning and scheduling program
• that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
• Parameters are starting points, destinations, routes, and
conflict resolution
7. Robotics:
• The iRobot Corporation has sold over two million Roomba
robotic vacuum cleaners for home use. 57Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 58: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
What can AI do today?• 8. Machine Translation:
• A computer program automatically translates from Arabic to English
• The program uses a statistical model built from examples of Arabic-to-
English translations and from examples of English text
• There are two trillion words (Brants et at., 2007).
• None of the computer scientists on the team speak Arabic
• 9. No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego)
• 10. Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans
58Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 59: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Applications of AIFinance
• Banks use artificial intelligence systems to organize operations,
invest in stocks, and manage properties
• Loan investigation, ATM design, safe and fast banking etc. also
uses AI.
• In August 2001, robots beat humans in a simulated financial
trading competition
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni 59
![Page 60: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Hospitals and medicine
• A medical clinic can use artificial intelligence systems to
organize bed schedules, make a staff rotation, and provide
medical information and other important tasks.
• AI has also applications in field of cardiology (CRG),
Neurology (MRI), Embryology (sonography), complex
operations of internal organs etc.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni 60
![Page 61: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Heavy industry
• Huge machines involves risks in manual maintenance and
working .
• Robots are safe and efficient agent for it.
• They are often given jobs that are considered dangerous to
humans.
• Robots have proven effective in jobs that are very repetitive
which may lead to mistakes or accidents due to a lapse in
concentration and other jobs which humans may find
degradingDepartment of CSE, NSCET, Theni 61
![Page 62: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Telecommunications maintenance and Gaming
• Many telecommunications companies make use of heuristic
search in the management of their workforces,
• for example BT Group has deployed heuristic search in a
scheduling application that provides the work schedules of
20,000 engineers.
• AI has also been applied to video games, for example video
game bots, which are designed to stand in as opponents where
humans aren't available or desired
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni 62
![Page 63: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Music
• Scientists are trying to make the computer emulate the
activities of the skillful musician.
• Composition, performance, music theory, sound processing are
some of the major areas on which research in Music and
Artificial Intelligence are focusing.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni 63
![Page 64: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Antiviruses
• AI has played increasingly played important role in Antivirus
detection.
• At present, some principle AI techniques applied in antivirus
detection.
• It improves the performance of antivirus detection systems and
promotes the production of new AI algorithms and application
in antivirus detection to integrate antivirus detection with AI.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni 64
![Page 65: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
INTELLIGENT AGENTS
• An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its
environment through sensors andacting upon that environment
through actuators.
• Different types of agents
• 1. A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs for sensors
and hands, legs, mouth, and other body parts for actuators.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni 65
![Page 66: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
INTELLIGENT AGENTS
• 2. A robotic agent might have cameras and infrared range
finders for sensors and various motors for actuators.
• 3. A software agent receives keystrokes, file contents, and
network packets as sensory inputs and acts on the environment
by displaying on the screen, writing files, and sending network
packets.
• 4. Generic agent – A general structure of an agent who
interacts with the environment.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni 66
![Page 67: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
INTELLIGENT AGENTS
• The term percept is to refer to the agent's perceptual inputs at
any given instant.
• PERCEPT SEQUENCE: Agent's percept sequence is the
complete history of everything the agent has ever perceived.
• An agent's behavior is described by the agent function that
maps any given percept sequence to an action.
• AGENT PROGRAM : The agent function for an artificial
agent will be implemented by an agent program.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni 67
![Page 68: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
• Definition: An Intelligent Agent perceives it environment via sensors and
acts rationally upon that environment with its effectors.
• Hence, an agent gets percepts one at a time, and maps this percept sequence
to actions.
• Properties
– Autonomous
– Interacts with other agents
plus the environment
– Reactive to the environment
– Pro-active (goal- directed) future problems
Intelligent Agents
68Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 69: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
sensors/percepts and effectors/actions
• Humans
– Sensors: Eyes (vision), ears (hearing), skin (touch), tongue (gustation), nose (olfaction).
– Percepts:
• At the lowest level – electrical signals from these sensors
• After preprocessing – objects in the visual field (location, textures, colors, …), auditory streams (pitch, loudness, direction), …
– Effectors: limbs, digits, eyes, tongue, …
– Actions: lift a finger, turn left, walk, run, carry an object, …
• The Point: percepts and actions need to be carefully defined, possibly at different levels of abstraction
69Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 70: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
A more specific example:
Automated taxi driving system
• Percepts: Video, sonar, speedometer, odometer, engine
sensors, keyboard input, microphone, GPS, …
• Actions: Steer, accelerate, brake, horn, speak/display, …
• Goals: Maintain safety, reach destination, maximize profits
(fuel, tire wear), obey laws, provide passenger comfort, …
• Environment: U.S. urban streets, freeways, traffic,
pedestrians, weather, customers, …
• Different aspects of driving may require different types of
agent programs! 70Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 71: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Rationality
• An ideal rational agent should, for each possible percept
sequence, do whatever actions that will maximize its
performance measure based on
(1) the percept sequence, and
(2) its built-in and acquired knowledge.
• Hence it includes information gathering, not "rational
ignorance."
• Rationality => Need a performance measure to say how well a
task has been achieved.
71Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 72: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Autonomy
• A system is autonomous to the extent that its own behavior is
determined by its own experience and knowledge.
• Therefore, a system is not autonomous if it is guided by its
designer according to a priori decisions.
• To survive agents must have:
– Enough built- in knowledge to survive.
– Ability to learn.
72Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 73: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Examples of Agent Types and their
Descriptions
73Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 74: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Some Agent Types
• Table-driven agents
– use a percept sequence/ action table in memory to find the
next action. They are implemented by a (large) lookup table.
• Simple reflex agents
– are based on condition-action rules and implemented with an
appropriate production (rule-based) system. They are stateless
devices which do not have memory of past world states.
• Agents with memory
– have internal state which is used to keep track of past states of
the world.74Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 75: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Some Agent Types
• Agents with goals
– are agents which in addition to state information have a
kind of goal information which describes desirable
situations. Agents of this kind take future events into
consideration.
• Utility-based agents
– base their decision on classic axiomatic utility-theory in
order to act rationally.
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni 75
![Page 76: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Simple Reflex Agent
• Table lookup of percept- action pairs defining all possible
condition- action rules necessary to interact in an environment
• Problems
– Too big to generate and to store (Chess has about 10^120
states, for example)
– Not adaptive to changes in the environment; requires entire
table to be updated if changes occur
• Use condition-action rules to summarize portions of the table
If Car-in-front –is –braking then initiate-braking
76Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 77: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
A Simple Reflex Agent: Schema En
vir
on
me
nt
Agent
What the world is like now
What action I should do now
Condition-action rules
Sensors
Effectors
77Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 78: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Reflex Agent with Internal State
• Encode "internal state" of the world to remember the past as
contained in earlier percepts
• Needed because sensors do not usually give the entire state of the
world at each input, so perception of the environment is captured
over time. "State" used to encode different "world states" that
generate the same immediate percept.
• Requires ability to represent change in the world; one possibility
is to represent just the latest state, but then can't reason about
hypothetical courses of action78Department of CSE, NSCET,
Theni
![Page 79: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Agents that Keep Track of the World
79Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 80: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Goal- Based Agent
• Choose actions so as to achieve a (given or computed) goal.
• A goal is a description of a desirable situation
• Keeping track of the current state is often not enough -- need
to add goals to decide which situations are good
• May have to consider long sequences of possible actions
before deciding if goal is achieved -- involves consideration of
the future, “what will happen if I do...?”
80Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 81: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Agents with Explicit Goals
81Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 82: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Utility- Based Agent
• When there are multiple possible alternatives, how to decide which one is
best?
• A goal specifies a crude distinction between a happy and unhappy state, but
often need a more general performance measure that describes "degree of
happiness"
• Utility function U: States --> Reals indicating a measure of success or
happiness when at a given state
• Allows decisions comparing choice between conflicting goals, and choice
between likelihood of success and importance of goal (if achievement is
uncertain)82Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 83: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
A Complete Utility- Based Agent
En
vir
on
me
nt
Sensors
Effectors
What the world is like now
What it will be like if I do
action A
Utility
State
How the world evolves
What my actions do
What action I should do now
How happy I will be in such a state
83Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 84: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Properties of Environments• Accessible/ Inaccessible.
– If an agent's sensors give it access to the complete state of the environment needed
to choose an action, the environment is accessible.
– Such environments are convenient, since the agent is freed from the task of keeping
track of the changes in the environment.
• Deterministic/ Non-deterministic.
– An environment is deterministic if the next state of the environment is completely
determined by the current state of the environment and the action of the agent.
– In an accessible and deterministic environment the agent need not deal with
uncertainty.
• Episodic/ Nonepisodic.
– An episodic environment means that subsequent episodes do not depend on what
actions occurred in previous episodes.
– Such environments do not require the agent to plan ahead.
84Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 85: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Properties of Environments• Static/ Dynamic.
– A static environment does not change while the agent is thinking.
– In a static environment the agent need not worry about the passage of
time while he is thinking, nor does he have to observe the world while
he is thinking.
– In static environments the time it takes to compute a good strategy does
not matter.
• Discrete/ Continuous.
– If the number of distinct percepts and actions is limited the environment
is discrete, otherwise it is continuous.
85Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 86: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Characteristics of environments
Accessible Deterministic Episodic Static Discrete
Solitaire No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Backgammon Yes No No Yes Yes
Taxi driving No No No No No
Internet shopping No No No No No
Medical diagnosis No No No No No
86Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 87: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
87Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 88: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
88
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 89: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Giurgiu
UrziceniHirsova
Eforie
Neamt
Oradea
Zerind
Arad
Timisoara
Lugoj
Mehadia
Dobreta
Craiova
Sibiu Fagaras
Pitesti
Vaslui
Iasi
Rimnicu Vilcea
Bucharest
89Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 90: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
90
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 91: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
91
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 92: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
92Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 93: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
93Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 94: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Start State Goal State
2
45
6
7
8
1 2 3
8 4
7 6 5
1
23
45
6
7
8
5 4
6 1 8
7 3 2
94
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 95: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Start State Goal State
2
45
6
7
8
1 2 3
8 4
7 6 5
1
23
45
6
7
8
5 4
6 1 8
7 3 2
95Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 96: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
R
L
S S
S S
R
L
R
L
R
L
S
SS
S
L
L
LL R
R
R
R
96Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 97: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
R
L
S S
S S
R
L
R
L
R
L
S
SS
S
L
L
LL R
R
R
R
97
Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni
![Page 98: NSCET E-LEARNING PRESENTATION NOTES/unit 1/CS8691_AI.pdf · 4 What is AI? - definition •AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042803/5f4e469d5767e455e152a763/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
R
RRP
R R
98Department of CSE, NSCET, Theni