novel technological method for in situ deposition of zinc oxide … · 2020. 1. 23. · textiles,...

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Volume-5, Issue-2, April-2015

International Journal of Engineering and Management Research

Page Number: 636-647

Novel Technological Method for in situ Deposition of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles onto Curtain Fabrics for Superior UV Protection

Manal Kamal El -Bisi1, Mohamed Hashem2, Afaf Farag Shahba3

1,2Textile Division, National Research Centre, El-Behoth St. Dokki, Cairo, EGYPT 3

Department of Spinning, Weaving and Knitting Engineering, Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University, EGYPT

ABSTRACT Novel and simple technique for imparting cellulose-based curtain fabrics superior ultraviolet protective properties by in situ deposition of zinc oxide nanoparticles from zinc acetate onto alkali pre-treated fabrics was developed. The reducing properties of alkaline cellulose was exploited to reduce Zn acetate to zinc oxide nanoparticles at higher temperature. Cotton based curtain fabric used in this study were 100% cotton, cotton/ viscose, cotton/lined, cotton/PES, PES/ viscose and PES/linen blend fabrics. The most appropriate conditions for this novel and simple technique, included type of yarn used in manufacture of the fabrics, concentrations of NaOH and Zn-acetate, curing time and temperature were investigated. The fabrics were monitored for ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), tensile strength, elongation at break as well as scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron diffraction x-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results obtained show that, the UPF of the treated fabrics attained its maximum values when the fabrics

were treated with 3 % NaOH then dried at 85 °C for 5 min. The alkali treated fabrics were then treated with 4 % Zn-acetate, and cured at 110 °C for 5 min. The ultimate UPF of the treated fabrics depends on the fabric type. Treated PES/linen blending fabric shows the maximum UPF (82) whereas the treated 100 % cotton fabric shows the lowest UPF values (55.3). These values of UPF are much higher than those UPF values before treatments (4.1 and 19.1 respectively). XRD of the fabrics after in-situ precipitation of ZnO nanoparticles shows that, the size of the formed ZnO crystals ranging from 0.24-0.44 nm and the particles shape were hexagonal or cubic depending on the fabric type. Keywords--- Cotton, Polyester, Linen, Viscose, Fabrics, Curtain, ZnO, nanoparticles, UV protection, UPF.



I. INTRODUCTION The use of nanotechnology in the textile industry has increased rapidly. This is mainly due to the fact that conventional methods used to impart different properties to fabrics often do not lead to permanent effects, and will lose their functions after laundering or wearing. Nanoparticles can provide high durability for treated fabrics, with respect to conventional materials, because they posses large surface area and high surface energy that ensure better affinity for fabrics and lead to an increase in durability of the textile functions [1]. UV light has wavelengths that range from 200 to 400 nm. Hence, its energy is sufficiently high enough to cause various damages to organic substances. The primary source of UV rays in nature is the sun. Since the stratospheric ozone layer shields most of the UV radiation from the sun, only the UV rays with relatively long wavelengths, i.e., UVB (290-320 nm) and UVA (320-400 nm) radiation, reach the Earth’s surface. Yet, these UVA and UVB rays can still cause adverse effects onto our body and other organic materials around us. For example, UVA and UVB rays are responsible for the development of various pathologies, such as skin cancer, suppression of the immune system, cataracts, premature aging of the skin, Alzheimer’s disease and inflammatory disorders [2, 3]. UV radiation can also cause severe damage in textiles, plastics, paints and timber products in the forms of discoloration, chalking and reduced mechanical properties. This situation is aggravated every year due to the recent ozone depletion caused by the increased generation of man-made free radical catalyst gas molecules, such as nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and organo-halogen compounds. Therefore, the development of effective UV-shielding materials is of great importance to our health, society and environment. The number of other UV blocking applications of textiles, such as hats, awnings, and cover sheeting, has increased drastically in the last decades. Outdoor professionals and outdoor-sports practitioners have increased their awareness toward the importance of UV protection with textiles [4]. However, UV blocking provided by untreated textiles is generally insufficient to protect the skin [5]. This is particularly true for light summer clothing that is worn in the season when UV light is stronger [6]. Moreover, textiles need to protect their own fibers and dyes from harsh UV radiation in addition to the skin and other materials that lie beneath the textiles [7, 8] The UV blocking properties of textiles can be improved by changing the parameters, such as thickness, fabric opening, fiber types and colors [9]. This “self-protection” is of particular importance when the exterior

textiles require good mechanical properties, such as in applications as parachute, tent, awnings, etc. Self-protection of textiles cannot be achieved by altering the fabrication parameters, such as thickness, fabric opening, fiber types and colors. Hence, in order to protect both textiles themselves and the materials under the textiles, it is necessary to provide UV-blocking treatment to the textiles.

ZnO nanoparticles are widely studied material due to their unique photo-catalytic, electrical, optical, dermatological and anti-bacterial properties [10-18]. Zinc oxide is actually one of best biofriendly absorbers of UV radiation that mainly come on earth from the sun through the atmospheric ozone layer [19]. In order to decrease the health risks due to overexposure to UV radiation, the World Health Organization (WHO) has also recommended the use of loose-fitting, full-length clothes with a high protection factor [20].

Curtain fabrics are used to cover glass and ventilator windows to prevent direct sunlight, consequently reduce heat results thereof and protect indoors from the harmful effect of direct sunlight. Curtain fabrics are divided into two types, heavy opaque fabric and light semi-transparent fabric. Cotton, polyester, linen, viscose and their blends are often used in manufacture of curtain fabrics. With the above in mind, the present work is undertaken with a view to develop a novel method for imparting cellulose based fabrics ultraviolet protection properties via in situ formation of ZnO nanoparticles on the fabrics. The innovative approach studied in this work depends on the reduction of Zn acetate using alkaline cellulose as self-mild reducing agents. This is rather addressing the problems associated with the stability and distribution of previously prepared sol-gel techniques recently investigated by several authors [16-20]. More specifically, research is designed to find out the technical feasibility of in situ deposition of ZnO nanoparticles on alkaline cellulose in the presence or absence of reducing agent using simple pad-dry cure technique. To achieve the goal, treatment of the scoured and bleached cotton fabric and their blends with linen, viscose and polyester with NaOH followed by padding in aqueous solution containing zinc acetate. The process was carried out under a variety of parameters in order to establish the most appropriate conditions for this novel simple technique for imparting cellulose-based fabrics ultraviolet protective properties. The fabrics were monitored for ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), the particles size of the formed ZnO nanoparticles, tensile strength, elongation at break as well as SEM and XRD.

II. Experimental 2.1 Fabrics specification Two kind of warp thread used for manufacturing the fabrics, cotton and polyester, whereas, three kind of weft thread are used, namely, cotton, viscose and linen. Hence, six different substrates having different specification are produced. Table I summarizes the specifications of fabrics.



Table I: Fabric specifications Substrate No I II III IV V VI Type of warp yarn Cotton Cotton Cotton Polyester Polyester Polyester Type of weft yarn Cotton Viscose Linen Cotton Viscose Linen Number of warp yarn/cm Number of weft yarn/cm Warp yarn count (Tex) Weft yarn count (Tex) Repeat of warp Reading set Slaying reading (dent/cm)

48 28 14.5 37 36.6 24 2

48 28 14.5 37 36.6 24 2

48 28 14.5 37 36.6 24 2

72 28 17 37 35.5 9 8

72 28 17 37 35.5 9 8

72 28 17 37 35.5 9 8

2.2 Weaving Machine Specification Electronic Jakard weaving machine type Picanol, Model Gama 1995 has been use for fabric manufacturing. The machine operates with 550 picks/min and the numbers of Jakard Shinkels used was 3072. 2.3 Chemicals Used Zinc acetate dihydrate [Zn(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2] and sodium hydroxide were of laboratory grade chemicals. Egyptol (non-ionic wetting agent based on ethylene oxide condensate) and Espycon (anionic wetting agent) were of technical grade. 2.4. Fabric preparation After waving the fabrics were subjected to mild scouring using winch machine and the recipe was as follows: all fabrics were introduced into winch machine, the water was added keeping the liquor ratio (LR) 1:20. NaOH (20 g/L), Egyptol (2 g/L) and Espycon (1 g/L) were added then the temperature rose to 95°C for 30 min. The samples were then washed several times with boiling water and cold water until free from the residual alkali and finely dried at ambient conditions. 2.5 in situ formation of ZnO nano-particles onto cellulose based fabrics Swatches (40 × 40 cm) from scoured fabrics were padded into two dips and two nips in aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (0 -5 %) then squeezed to a wet pick-up of about 100 % using laboratory padding machine. The fabrics were dried at 80°C for 5 min using air-circulating oven. The alkali treated fabrics were padded into an aqueous solution containing zinc acetate dihydrate (0 – 50 %) then dried at 80°C for 5 min and cured at 120°

UPF ratings indicate how much the textile material reduces UV radiation that causes skin reddening.

For example, UPF 50 indicates that the UV rays in the wavelength range of 290 - 380 nm is reduced by 50 times.

C for 3 min. The fabrics were washed with warm water several times until free from the alkali and finally, dried at ambient conditions. 2.6 Testing Analysis 2.6.1 Measurement of UPF Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) was measured using UV Shimadzu 3101 PC-Spectrophotometer. UPF was determined by measuring the Ultraviolet radiation transmittance value of each fabric across the wavelength range 280 - 400 nm. The UPF of the treated samples were obtained used ‘Ultra Violet Transmittance Fabric Analyzer-Lab sphere- USA. The UPF values are calculated automatically, in accordance with Australia/Newzeland standard AS/NZS 4399:1996.

2.6.2 Scanning Electron Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) of the treated fabrics was studied using a scanning electron probe micro-analyzer (type JXA-840A)- Japan. The specimens in the form of fabrics were mounted on the specimen stabs and coated with thin film of gold by the sputtering method. The micrographs were taken at two magnifications, namely 1000 and 2500, using 30 kV accelerating voltage. 2.6.3 X- Ray Diffraction “XRD”: X-ray powder diffraction data were collected at ambient temperature in step scanning mode, using a computer controlled X-ray diffractometer (PANalytical Empyrean) with Cu kα- radiation ( λkα= 1.5406 Å) operated at 30 mA and 45 kV. The powder diffraction patterns were scanned in the 2Ө range of 5 –59°, with scan step 0.026, counting time 20 s/step. 2.6.4 Tensile strength and elongation at break Tensile strength and elongation at break were determined by the strip method according to ASTM, Standard Test Method “Breaking Load and Elongation of Textile Fabric”, D-1682-94 (1994).

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cellulose has reducing power especially in the alkaline medium [21]. Copper number is an expression of the reducing power of celluloses. Oxidation of cellulose can produce ring fission of the glucose residues, resulting in the formation of aldehyde groups at carbon atoms 2 and 3 [22]. The aldehyde groups can reduce Fehling's solution to cuprous oxide. Formation of silver particles by reduction of silver nitrate with cellulose in alkaline medium is well-known test known as Harision test used to identify the degradation of cotton fabrics during pretreatment processes [23 - 26]. In this work, the reducing properties of alkaline cellulose was utilized to form zinc oxide nanoparticles by in situ reduction of zinc acetate. In order to establish the most appropriate conditions for this novel simple technique for imparting cellulose-based fabrics ultraviolet protective properties through deposition of zinc oxide nanoparticles onto cotton containing fabrics; the treatment process was carried out under a variety of parameters. The latter were included concentrations of

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NaOH and Zn-acetate, curing time and curing temperature. The fabrics were monitored for ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), the particles size of the formed ZnO nanoparticles, tensile strength, elongation at break as well as SEM and XRD. Results obtained along with appropriate discussion are detailed below. 3.1 Effect of process parameters: 3.1.1 NaOH and Zn acetate concentrations Figure 1 shows the effect of NaOH concentration on the UPF of 100 % cotton fabrics. It is seen from figure 1 that, by increasing NaOH concentration from zero up to 3 % the UPF increased from 3.5 to 51. Higher NaOH concentration exerts practically no effect on UPF. Obviously, pretreatment of cotton fabrics with 3 % NaOH represent the optimal NaOH concentration. It is also seen from Figure 1 that cotton fabric shows no reducing power

in absence of NaOH and under our experimental conditions used. Figure 2 shows the effect of Zn acetate concentration on the UPF of cotton fabrics pretreated with 3 % NaOH. It is seen from Figure 2 that, by increasing Zn acetate concentration from zero to 40 % , the UPF sharply increased from 5.3 to 53.5. Further increased in Zn acetate concentration exert practically no effect on UPF of the treated cotton fabrics. The enhancement of UPF by increasing the Zn acetate concentration is a direct consequence of this on the amount of formed of ZnO onto and/or into cotton cellulose. It is understandable that ZnO nanoparticles are the main active agents that impart cotton fabrics ultraviolet protection properties.

Figure 1: Effect of NaOH concentration on UPF of cotton fabrics

Conditions Used: 100 %cotton fabric was treated with sodium hydroxide squeezed to wet pick up of 100 %, dried at 80 °C for 5 min then padded in aqueous solution containing (40 %) Zn acetate, dried at 80 °C then cured at 120 °C for 3 min.



Figure 2: Effect of Zn-acetate concentration on UPF of 100 % cotton fabrics Conditions Used: 100 % cotton fabric was treated with (3 %) sodium hydroxide, squeezed to wet pick up of 100%, dried at

80 °C for 5 min. Then, the fabrics were padded in aqueous solution containing Zn acetate, dried at 80 °C then cured at 120 °C for 3 min.

3.1.2 Effect of curing temperature and curing time Figure 3 shows the effect of curing temperature on the UPF of the cotton fabrics treated with ZnO nano-particles using our novel technique which based on reducing characteristic of alkali cellulose to Zn acetate. Results of figure 3 make it clear that, enhancement of curing temp-erature from 90°C to 120°C is accompanied

by enhancement in UPF from 45 to 55. By increasing the curing temperature beyond 120°C, the UPF of the treated cotton fabrics decreased. It is, therefore, concluded that 120°C can be regarded as the optimal curing temperature for in situ formation of ZnO onto alkali treated cotton fabrics.

Figure 3: Effect of curing temperature on UPF of 100 % cotton fabrics Conditions Used: 100 % cotton fabric was treated with sodium hydroxide (3 %), squeezed to wet pick up of 100 %, dried at

80°C for 5 min then padded in aqueous solution containing (40 %) Zn acetate, squeezed to wet pick up of 100 %, dried at 80°C then cured for 3 min.



Enhancement of UPF of cotton fabrics by rising the curing temperature up to 120°C is a direct consequence of the favorable effect of temperature on reducing properties of alkali treated cellulose and the in situ formation of ZnO nanoparticles from Zn acetate. The decrement of UPF upon increase the curing temperature is a manifestation of the fast rate of formation of ZnO nano-particles, a matter which is accompanied by a very rapid generation of the said active species responsible for ultraviolet protection. At such very

rapid rate of generation, these species (ZnO nanoparticles) would escape into the medium before they deposited on the cotton fabrics. Figure 4 shows the effect of curing time on the UPF of cotton fabric treated of the cotton fabrics treated with ZnO nano-particles. It obviously that, after 3 min the UPF attained it maximum value reached 53. Further prolonged curing time has practically no effect on UPF.

Figure 4: Effect of curing time on UPF of 100 % cotton fabrics

Conditions Used: 100 % cotton fabric was treated with sodium hydroxide (3 %), squeezed to wet pick up of 100 %, dried at 80 °C for 5 min then padded in aqueous solution containing ( 40% ) Zn acetate, squeezed to wet pick up of 100 %, dried at 80°C then cured 120 °C. 3.4 Strength Properties The effect our novel technique which based on in-situ formation of ZnO nano-particles from Zn acetate using reducing characteristic of alkali cellulose onto the ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break were investigated. Results obtained are shown in Figures 5, 6 for the tensile strength and elongation at break respectively. Results obtained with untreated fabrics were also monitored for comparison.

It is seen from Figure 5 that the tensile strength of all treated fabrics practically unchanged. It is also obvious from Figure 6 that, the elongation at break of the treated fabric are comparable to those before treatment. It concluded from the results in Figures 5, 6 that the strength properties of the fabrics are comparable to those before the treatment.



Figure 5: Tensile strength of the fabrics before and after treatment with ZnO nanoparticles Conditions Used: The fabrics were padded in aqueous solution containing 3 %) sodium hydroxide, squeezed to a wet pick-up of 100 % then dried at 80P

0P C for 5 min. The fabrics were then padded in aqueous solution containing (40 %) Zn

acetate, dried at 80 °C for 5 min, then cured at 120 °C for 3 min.

Figure 6: Elongation at break of the fabrics before and after treatment with ZnO nanoparticles

Conditions Used: The fabrics were padded in aqueous solution containing 3 %, sodium hydroxide, squeezed to a wet pick-up of 100 % then dried at 80P

0P C for 5 min. The fabrics were then padded in aqueous solution containing (40 %) Zn acetate,

dried at 80 °C for 5 min, then cured at 120 °C for 3 min.



3.5 UPF of the treated fabric in comparison with the untreated fabrics Figure 7 shows UPF of cotton and polyester fabric as well as their blends with viscose and linen before and after treatments with ZnO nanoparticles using in-situ technique. Figure 7 depict the following:

a) The UPF of the fabrics before treatment vary depending on the kind of blending yarn. 100 % Polyester shows the highest UPF before treatments (19.5) whereas 100% cotton fabrics shows the lowest values (4.1). UPF of the blended fabrics with viscose or linen shows intermediate values. These results are in accordance with results obtained elsewhere [26, 27].

Figure 7: UPF of cotton and polyester fabric as well as their blends with viscose and linen before and after treatments with ZnO nanoparticles using in-situ technique

Condition used: The fabrics were padded in aqueous solution containing 3 % sodium hydroxide, squeezed to a wet pick-up of 100 % then dried at 80 C for 5 min. The fabrics were then padded in aqueous solution containing (4 0%) Zn acetate, dried at 80 °C for 5 min, then cured at 120 °C for 3 min. b) The UPF of the fabric is greatly increased after treatment with ZnO nano-particles using our novel technique that based on reducing characteristic of alkali cellulose to Zn acetate. For example, UPF of 100 % cotton fabrics increased from 4.1 to 55.4 and the value recorded for 100 % PET increased from 19.5 to 82.1 after treatment with ZnO nanoparticles. Also, UPF of all other blended fabric greatly

increased and the ultimate UPF values were much higher than that obtained with the untreated one. However, the final UPF of the treated fabric still depend on the yarn kind in the blended fabrics but with certainty that, the higher increased in the UPF compared with the untreated one is attributed to the concerned treatment.

The results of figure 7 represent a breakthrough in functional finishing of cotton and cotton/ polyester blend

fabric to impart them high ultraviolet protection properties using simple and adaptable pad-dry cure technique.

3.2 SEM/ EDX and XRD (X- Ray Diffraction) analysis EDX is a good characterization technique for analyzing the presence of specific elements on a sample. Once the appearance of specific nanoparticles is detected via SEM micrograph analysis, EDX can be easily used to identify that specific element.

The SEM image of cotton fabrics treated with ZnO is shown in Figure 8A, which reveals the spherical-shaped nanoparticles. From the EDX analysis, the formation of ZnO nanoparticles (Figure 8 B) and presence of ZnO nanoparticles peaks are shown. The results of the EDX analysis of the cotton fabrics treated with ZnO nanoparticles (Figure 8 C) showed that the main percentage was carbon and oxygen atoms. Carbon and

oxygen are the main elements in cotton cellulose. Results of Figure 8 (A, B, C) make it clear that, the detected particles from the SEM micrograph are ZnO element. XRD was used to characterize the ZnO crystals formed in situ on the fabrics with different specification treated with sodium hydroxide (3 %) then with zinc acetate (40 %). Figure 9 shows the characteristic peaks of all fabrics used in our study after treatment with ZnO nanoparticles. Figure 9 (A, B, C) show XRD of cotton and cotton blend fabric with viscose and linen respectively. Figures 9 (A, B, C) show intensive peaks at 2 Ө =23° and less intensive peak at 2 Ө = 15° which attributed to cellulose [28]. The peak at 2 Ө from 31° to 36° are attributed to the presence of Zno crystallite on the



fabrics [29]. Similarly, Figures 9 (D, E, F) shows XRD of polyester blend fabrics with cotton, viscose and linen respectively. Peaks at 2 Ө = 5 ° is attributed to the

polyester whereas those at 2 Ө =23 ° and 15° are attributed to cellulose. The peak at 2 Ө from 31 ° to 36° are attributed to the presence of Zno crystallite.

(A)

(B)

Element Weight% Atomic%

C K 47.88 56.07 O K 49.21 43.27 Ca K 0.26 0.09 Zn K 2.65 0.57

Totals 100.00

( C )

Figure 8: (A) SEM image of 100 % cotton fabrics after in situ precipitation of ZnO nanoparticles – (B) and

(C ) EDX of 100% cotton fabric after in situ precipitation ZnO nanoparticles

Table II summarize the change of size and shape of ZnO nanoparticles onto the fabrics with the change in the fabric blending materials. It is seen from Table II that, the crystal size of ZnO nanoparicles formed in situ from Zn-acetate onto 100 % cotton, cotton/viscose and cotton linen blend fabrics were 32 AP

oP, 24 AP

oP and 30 AP

oP respectively.

Whereas, the crystal shape of ZnO nano particle formed onto the fabrics were hexagonal with cotton and cotton/viscose fabrics and cubic with cotton/linen blend fabrics.

Table II shows also that, the size of ZnO nano-crystal formed onto polyester/cotton, polyester/viscose and polyester/linen blend fabrics were 42 AP

oP, 40 AP

oP and 46 AP

o

Prespectively and the shape of the ZnO nanoparticles with the three fabrics were cubic. The change in the size and shape of nano-ZnO particle as the type of fabric change was attributed to the reducing power of alkali cellulose in cotton, viscose and linen component in the blended fabrics.



Table II: Size and the shape of ZnO nanoparticles formed in-situ onto the fabrics Substrate No

I II III IV V VI Warp yarn Cotton Cotton Cotton PES PES PES Weft yarn Cotton Viscose Linen Cotton Viscose Linen Size of crystals 32 Ao 24 A° 30 Ao 42 Ao 46 Ao 44 Ao Shape of crystals Hexagonal Hexagonal Cubic Cubic Cubic Cubic

Conditions used: The fabric was treated with sodium hydroxide (3 %), squeezed to wet pick up of 100 %, dried at 80°C for 5 min then padded in aqueous solution containing (40 g/L ) Zn acetate, squeezed to wet pick up of 100 %, dried at 80°C then cured 120°C.

A (100 % cotton fabrics) B (Cotton viscose blended fabrics)

C (Cotton/linen blended fabric) D (PES/cotton blended fabric)

E (PES/viscose blended fabric) F (PES/linen blended fabric)

Figure 9: XRD of the fabrics after in-situ precipitation of ZnO nanoparticles: (See follow Table II).

Conditions used: The fabrics were padded in aqueous solution containing 3 % NaOH, squeezed to a wet pick-up of 100 % then dried at 80 °C for 5 min. The fabrics were then padded in aqueous solution containing (40 %) Zn-acetate, dried at 80 °C for 5 min, then cured at 120 °C for 3 min.



IV. CONCLUSION

Development of ultraviolet protective curtain fabrics by in situ deposition of zinc oxide nanoparticles from zinc acetate was achieved. The alkaline cellulose has a reducing properties and capable of reduce Zn acetate to zinc oxide nanoparticles at higher temperature. Cotton based curtain fabric used in this study were 100% cotton, cotton/viscose, cotton/lined, cotton/PES, PES/viscose and PES/linen blend fabrics. The optimum treatment conditions were realized when the fabrics were treated with 3 % NaOH then dried at 85 °C for 5 min. The alkali treated fabrics were then treated with 4% Zn-acetate, and cured at 110 °C for 5 min. The ultimate UPF of the treated fabrics depends on the fabric

type. Treated PES/linen blend fabric shows the maximum UPF (82) whereas the treated 100 % cotton fabric shows the lowest UPF values (55.3). These values of UPF are much higher than those UPF values before treatments (4.1 and 19.1 respectively). XRD of the fabrics after in-situ precipitation of ZnO nanoparticles shows that, the size of the formed ZnO crystals ranging from 0.24-0.44 nm and the particles shape were hexagonal or cubic depending on the fabric type.

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novel technological method for in situ deposition of zinc oxide … · 2020. 1. 23. · textiles,...

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