Nouns: Beyond the Basics

Appositive Proper Abstract

Concrete Plural Collective

PossessivePredicate

NounGerund

NOUNS: COMMON & PROPER

• Names one person, place, thing or idea• i.e. shoe, fish, bubble, head, girl, trash.

• I threw my shoe in the trash.SINGULAR

• A general name for a person, place, thing, or idea• girl, hand, face, school, car, hospital

Common

Nouns

• Names a specific person, place, thing or idea

• i.e. Michael Jackson was a fabulous dancer.

• Campbell Middle School is where I go to school.

Proper

Nouns

NOUNS : ABSTRACT & CONCRETE

Abstract Nouns are “ideas” such as freedom, peace, devastation or unity. They are also “emotions” such as pain, pleasure, joy, happiness, or anger.

Concrete Nouns are persons, place or things such as desk, shoe, aunt, school, ball, or kids.

NOUNS: POSSESSIVE•Shows ownership or relationship by using an apostrophe

•Example: The man’s car broke down.

• Add an apostrophe and -s

• I bit Jorge’s face.SINGULAR

• Add just an apostrophe after the “-s”.

• The kids’ books are on the floor.

• **EXCEPTION – Proper Names

• Example: Mrs. Jenkins’s desk is big.

PLURAL

ENDING IN -S

• Add an apostrophe and –s

• The children’s book was good.

PLURAL NOT

ENDING IN -S

PREDICATE NOUNAlso called a Predicate Nominative, it is a noun that

renames and defines the subject . It always comes

after a linking verb predicate.

1. The circus is a special place.circus = place

2. Mrs. Jenkins is a teacher.

Mrs. Jenkins = teacher

GERUNDa special kind of noun

•Is a noun that looks like a verb because

it always ends with –ing or -ed. It can be

direct object, subject, predicate nominative,

appositive or indirect object

•Examples

•Eating solid food is hard for babies.

•His favorite sport is running.

APPOSITIVEa special kind of noun

•is a noun that identifies or explains the noun

or pronoun it follows. May use commas to set

off an appositive or appositive phrase

•Examples

•My brother Kevin arrived late.

•My dog, Fido, won a medal.

INFINITIVE Is the base from of the verb preceded by

the word “to”.

An infinitive may be used as a noun, adverb or

adjective. Examples:

NOUN - To know him is to like him.

ADVERB - She came here to study.

ADJECTIVE - That is the movie to see.

Verbs You Need to KnowIntransitive

Verb

Transitive

Verb

Main

Verb

Verb

Phrase

Helping

Verb

Action

Verb

Linking

Verb

A verb is a word used to express an action, a condition or state of being. The two basic kinds of verbs are action verbs and linking

verbs. Both kinds can be accompanied by helping verbs.

ACTION VERBS Action Verbs are words

that tell what the subject does, even when the action cannot be seen. The action may be physical or mental.

The cook picked up the fish.

I believe the fish spit at me.

Linking VerbsA linking verb links the subject of a sentence to a word in the predicate.

The most common linking verbs are forms of the verb “be”

Forms of Be

• be

• is

• am

• are

• was

• were

• been

• being

Express a Condition

• appear

• become

• feel

• grow

• look

• seem

• smell

• sound

• remain

• taste

State of being verbs

• has

• was

• is

• have

• were

HELPING VERBS Helping verbs help the main verb

express action or show time.

Forms of

be

• is

• am

• was

• are

• were

• be

• been

Forms of

do

• do

• does

• did

Forms of have

• has

• have

• had

Others

• may

• might

• can

• should

• could

• would

• shall

• will

VERB PHRASE & MAIN VERB

A main verb can stand by itself as the simple predicate of a sentence.

• Many people lived in the cave. (action)

• They were smart. (linking)

The verb phrase is made up of the main verb and any helping verbs.

• Students should bring supplies to class everyday.

Transitive & Intransitive Verbs

Transitive Verb is an action verb that has a direct object.

i.e. Good drivers avoid accidents.

Intransitive Verb is an action verb

that does not have a direct.

i.e. They stay alert.

A SENTENCE MUST HAVE…

Subject

Predicate

Complete Thought

Basic Sentence Parts

Simple Subject

Simple Predicate

Subjects in Unusual

Order

Complete Predicate

SIMPLE SUBJECT The simple subject is the main word or words that the

sentence is about. Words that describe the subject are

not a part of the simple subject.

If a proper name is used as the subject, all parts of the

name make up the simple subject.

EXAMPLES:

Dr. Joe Johnson was mad at me.

Big hairy insects all over the world are fascinating.

SIMPLE PREDICATE The simple predicate, or verb phrase, is

what the subject is doing. Action Verbs tell what the subject does, even when the action cannot be seen. Linking Verbs tell what the subject “is.

EXAMPLES:

Children around the world love folktales.

Alberto will go to the store for Cheetosafter school.

SUBJECTS IN NATURAL ORDER In most sentences, the subject comes before

the verb. This is called NATURAL

ORDER.

The book flew across the room.

SUBJECTS IN UNUSUAL ORDERINVERTED SENTENCE: Often begins with a

prepositional phrase. The subject comes after the

predicate.

Example:

Into the car climbed the boy on the scooter.

Down the street screamed Daniel.

Around the corner came a huge boat with large sails.

Near the satellite model was a large picture of Saturn.

SUBJECTS IN UNUSUAL ORDER

QUESTIONS (interrogative sentences):

the subject comes after the verb or between parts of the verb phrase.

Are you excited?

Have you been to the city?

Was Mom surprised?

Are you searching for the gift shop?

How much do you remember from that poster?

SUBJECTS IN UNUSUAL ORDERCOMMAND (imperative sentence)

The subject of a command is usually “you.” The

subject is NOT in the sentence and we say it

“understood” that the subject is “you.”

Examples:

Study the your notes for the test carefully.

Look at the schedule for the time.

(you) Take a picture of Dad in the space suit.

SUBJECTS IN UNUSUAL ORDER

Here & ThereIn some sentences beginning with the words HERE or

THERE, the subject often follows the verb.

Here is the road to the city.

There are the hotels listed in the book.

Here is the new library in Smyrna.

There is a beautiful flower in my garden.

SUBJECTS IN UNUSUAL ORDER1. COMMAND (imperative sentence): The subject of a

command is usually “you.” The subject is NOT in the sentence and we say it “understood” that the subject is “you”

2. INVERTED SENTENCE: Often begins with a prepositional phrase. The subject comes after the verb.

3. QUESTIONS (interrogative sentences): the subject comes after the verb or between parts of the verb phrase.

4. Here & There. In some sentences beginning with the words HERE or THERE, the subject often follows the verb.

Fragments & Run-On• A part of a sentence written as if

it were a sentence

• missing a subject, predicate or complete thought

Fragment

• Two or more sentences written as if they were a single sentence.

• When you combine two sentences with a conjunctions, use a comma before the conjunction.

Run-On

One Word Prepositionsaboard

about

above

across

after

against

along

alongside

amid

amidst

among

amongst

around

as

aside

astride

at

athwart

atop

barring

before

behind

belowbeneath

beside

besides

between

beyond

but

by

circa

concerning

despite

down

during

except

excluding

failing

following

for

from

given

in

including

inside

into

like

minus

near

next

of

off

on

onto

opposite

out

outside

over

pace

past

per

plus

qua

regarding

round

save

since

than

throughthroughout

till

times

to

toward

towards

under

underneath

unlike

until

up

upon

versus

via

with

within

without

worth

Prepositional Phrases& Object of Preposition

A group of words that starts with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun (called the Object of the Preposition. It may also include the adjectives that describe the noun.

***Knowing the OP will help you avoid many easy mistakes. This is important because if a word is an OP, then it can’t be a subject, predicate, DO, IO, PN, PA and others. The OP is Queen Bee!

DIRECT OBJECTS A Direct Object is a noun or pronoun

that receives the action of a transitive verb.

Can be more than one in a sentence (Compound DO)

Found by asking "Whom"? or "What" receives the action of the verb. Subject + Predicate + what? = DO

Mother invited Uncle Bill and Aunt Clara to a party. Dad gave them an invitation.

Direct Object in a Question

What did you have for dinner?

To help figure it out, change it to statement:

You have what for dinner.

INDIRECT OBJECTS Nouns or pronouns that come after the action verb and

before a direct object.

PATTERN = Subject + verb + i.o. + d.o.

It names the person or thing to which something is given or for which something is done.

.

An i.o. never follows the preposition to or for in a sentence.

A sentence must have a direct object to have an indirect object.

INDIRECT OBJECTTo find the i.o., find the d.o. first. Then ask the questions: To whom? For whom? To what? For What?

Subject + Predicate + D.O.+ who = I.O._________ + ____________ + ________ who = _______

1. The dog gave me a bone from his dog house.

2. Sally gave Ian a big kiss for his birthday.

3. Michael Vick tossed Don the football.

KINDS OF ADJECTIVES

Proper Adjective

Predicate Adjective

Participle

Article

Describes or modifies a noun or pronoun

Articles are Adjectives

A

An

The

Predicate Adjective

An adjective that follows a linking verb and

describes or modifies the subject.

1. Peanut Butter is sticky.

2. The leaves felt wet after the rain.

3. Peanuts look nasty when boiled.

Proper AdjectiveAn adjective formed from a Proper Noun.

Proper Adjectives are always capitalized.

ChinaChinese

food

MexicoMexican

flag

ParticipleThe Participle looks like a verb but acts like an

adjective as it describes a noun or pronoun.

The rusted bridge fell into the deep gorge.

Running water is a sound some people find relaxing.

CAUTION:

i.e. Listening to music helps my studies.(In this case, "listening" is a gerund because

it acts like a noun and not an adjective

• An adverb describes a verb, adjective or another

adverbIt answers the questions: how, when,

where or to what extent.

• The most commonly used adverbs: Very, really

• Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix –ly to

adjectives. i.e. bright – brightly cozy – cozily

ADVERBS

“Punctuation in Conversation”“The ELA/Reading CRCT is important to pass, “ insisted

Mrs. Jenkins .

“The ELA & Reading are really the same subject area,” Mr. Ward explained, “ and are both important to pass.”

“Oh no!” Mrs. Jenkins cried. “I want you to pass and really want you to exceed standards on the test.”

“Xavier replied, “I am studying for the test so I will score above an 850 on the CRCT this spring.”

NOTE: INDIRECT QUOTES (He said/she said) DO NOT NEED QUOTATION MARKS. i.e. The teacher said she doesn’t like us to fail our CRCT.

FOUR TYPES OF SENTENCES

Simple Compound

ComplexCompound-

Complex

Simple Sentence One independent clause and NO dependent clauses.

A simple sentence may have compound subject or compound predicate.

It has nothing to do with the length of the sentence.

1. Bob went to the store.

2. Bob and Sue went to the store.

3. Bob and Sue went to the store on the corner near the center of town to buy groceries and to get some drinks for the party.

4. Bob went to the store and went to the post office.

Compound Sentence have two or more independent clauses joined with a

coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) or by a semi-colon.

The clauses must be close in thought.

They chose Maxine’s essay as the winner, but the judges said the final choice was hard.

We can go to the party, or we can go to the dance.

Morgan & Ed disagree on some essays; however, they agreed on the quality of Angelica’s writing.

Complex Sentence

an independent clause & one or more dependent clauses.

When I was eight, my family visited

Yosemite.

Compound-Complex

Sentence

Has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

For years, nobody had entered the old house, but

everyone knew the story that the house was

haunted.