Have fun with writing today! Take your time, use your imagination, be creative. Use adjectives and adverbs and exciting nouns and verbs to make your rap the best. The last words in each line should rhyme. Keep yours a

secret…we are going to share our raps before the test on Friday.

Quotation Marks

What are quotation marks?Quotation marks are used around direct

quotations: someone’s speech or writing repeated exactly, word for word.

DIRECT QUOTATION: Helen asked, “Can I borrow your car?”

Quotation marks are not used around indirect quotations: restatements of what someone said or wrote, not word for word.

INDIRECT QUOTATION: Helen asked to borrow my car.

• When referring to a short work such as a magazine or newspaper article, a chapter in a book, a short story, an essay, a song, or a poem, put quotation marks around the title of the work.

• Usually, the titles of longer works are underlined or italicized.

(See your textbook for more specific rules and examples for using quotation marks.)

1. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks.

A) My sister told me “that I must see this movie.”

B) My sister told me that I must see this movie.

C) My sister told me that I, “Must see this movie.”

D) none of the above

1. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks.

ANSWER:A) My sister told me “that I must see this

movie.”B) My sister told me that I must see this

movie.C) My sister told me that I, “Must see this

movie.”D) none of the above

2. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks.

A) “Sorry, no backpacks allowed,” said the security guard.

B) “Sorry, no backpacks allowed” said the security guard.

C) Sorry, no backpacks allowed said the security guard. D) none of the above

2. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks. ANSWER:A) “Sorry, no backpacks allowed,” said the security

guard. B) “Sorry, no backpacks allowed” said the security

guard. C) Sorry, no backpacks allowed said the security guard. D) none of the above

3. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks.

A) “A little learning wrote Alexander Pope is a dangerous thing.”

B) “A little learning wrote Alexander Pope,” is a dangerous thing.

C) “A little learning,” wrote Alexander Pope, “is a dangerous thing.”

D) none of the above

3. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks. ANSWER:A) “A little learning wrote Alexander Pope is a dangerous

thing.”B) “A little learning wrote Alexander Pope,” is a

dangerous thing. C) “A little learning,” wrote Alexander Pope, “is a

dangerous thing.” D) none of the above

4. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks. A) Lola has been telling me for years that she wants to

leave her job. B) Lola has been telling me “for years that she wants

to leave her job.” C) Lola has been telling me for years, “that she wants

to leave her job.” D) none of the above

4. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks. ANSWER:A) Lola has been telling me for years that she wants to

leave her job. B) Lola has been telling me “for years that she wants to

leave her job.” C) Lola has been telling me for years, “that she wants to

leave her job.” D) none of the above

5. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks. A) “What do you mean by “minor procedure,”

doctor?” asked the patient. B) ‘What do you mean by “minor procedure,”

doctor?’ asked the patient. C) “What do you mean by ‘minor procedure,’

doctor?” asked the patient. D) none of the above

5. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks. ANSWER:A) “What do you mean by “minor procedure,” doctor?” asked the

patient. B) ‘What do you mean by “minor procedure,” doctor?’ asked the

patient. C) “What do you mean by ‘minor procedure,’ doctor?” asked the

patient. D) none of the above

6. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks. A) The film Stand by Me was based on Stephen King’s

short story The Body. B) The film Stand by Me was based on Stephen King’s

short story “The Body.” C) The film Stand by Me was based on Stephen King’s

short story ‘The Body.”D) none of the above

6. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks. ANSWER:A) The film Stand by Me was based on Stephen King’s short story

The Body. B) The film Stand by Me was based on Stephen King’s short story

“The Body.” C) The film Stand by Me was based on Stephen King’s short story

‘The Body.”D) none of the above

7. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks. A) “‘Piano Man’ may be the most annoying song in

history,” said Benita. B) “Piano Man” “may be the most annoying song in

history” said Benita. C) Piano Man may be the most annoying song in

history, said Benita. D) none of the above

7. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks. ANSWER:A) “‘Piano Man’ may be the most annoying song in history,” said

Benita. B) “Piano Man” “may be the most annoying song in history” said

Benita. C) Piano Man may be the most annoying song in history, said

Benita. D) none of the above

8. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks.

A) I have read “the Bible” and “the Koran,” Jonas said.

B) Jonas said that he has read the Bible and the Koran.

C) Jonas said that “he has read the Bible and the Koran.”

D) none of the above

8. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks. ANSWER:A) I have read “the Bible” and “the Koran,” Jonas

said. B) Jonas said that he has read the Bible and the

Koran. C) Jonas said that “he has read the Bible and the

Koran.” D) none of the above

9. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks. A) There’s an essay about The Godfather films in

this week’s New York Times. B) There’s an essay about The Godfather films in

this week’s “New York Times.” C) There’s an essay about “The Godfather films” in

this week’s New York Times.D) none of the above

9. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks. ANSWER:A) There’s an essay about The Godfather films in this week’s New

York Times. B) There’s an essay about The Godfather films in this week’s “New

York Times.” C) There’s an essay about “The Godfather films” in this week’s New

York Times.D) none of the above; the correct revision is There’s an essay about

The Godfather films in this week’s New York Times.

10. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks. A) Mr. Rivera said that he “has read all of the Harry Potter books

except for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.” B) Mr. Rivera said that he “has read all of the Harry Potter books

except for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.”C) Mr. Rivera said that he has read all of the Harry Potter books

except for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. D) none of the above

10. Choose the sentence that has no errors in the use of quotation marks. ANSWER:A) Mr. Rivera said that he “has read all of the Harry Potter books

except for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.” B) Mr. Rivera said that he “has read all of the Harry Potter books

except for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.”C) Mr. Rivera said that he has read all of the Harry Potter books

except for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. D) none of the above

Adjectives and Adverbs

What is an adjective?• Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. They

add information about what kind, which one, or how many. In the following sentence, the adjectives are in bold, and the words they describe are underlined:

Two pretty swans swam in the calm water.

• An adjective clause is a group of words that describes a noun.

I enjoy people who like to laugh.

What is an adverb?• Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other

adverbs. They add information about how, how much, when, where, or why. Adverbs often end with –ly. In the following sentences, the adverbs are in bold, and the words they describe are underlined:

You learn quickly. (Learn is a verb.)You learn very quickly. (Quickly is an adverb.)Really fast cars are expensive. (Fast is an adjective.)

• To compare two persons, places, or things, use the comparative form of adjectives or adverbs. This form often uses than.

You type faster than I do. Robert is more thoughtful than Tyler.

• To compare three or more persons, places, or things, use the superlative form of adjectives or adverbs. (See your textbook for more specific details and advice.)

You type the fastest of anyone I know.Robert is the most thoughtful of all of our friends.

• Good, well, bad, and badly do not follow the regular rules for forming comparatives and superlatives.

Comparative

Superlative

Adjectivegood better best

bad worse worst

Adverb

well better best

badly worse worst

1. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence.

Milo plays the piano ______.

A) beautifulB) beautifullyC) beautyD) none of the above

1. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence.

Milo plays the piano ______.ANSWER:A) beautifulB) beautifullyC) beautyD) none of the above

2. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. The cat’s fur was _____.

A) softnessB) softC) softlyD) none of the above

2. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. The cat’s fur was _____. ANSWER:A) softnessB) softC) softlyD) none of the above

3. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. The ______ stove top burned my hand.

A) hotlyB) heatC) hotD) none of the above

3. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. The ______ stove top burned my hand.ANSWER:A) hotlyB) heatC) hotD) none of the above

4. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. The angry dog barked ______.

A) noiseB) noisilyC) noisyD) none of the above

4. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. The angry dog barked ______. ANSWER:A) noiseB) noisilyC) noisyD) none of the above

5. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence.The student passed the test _____.

A) easilyB) easyC) easiestD) none of the above

5. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence.The student passed the test _____. ANSWER:A) easilyB) easyC) easiestD) none of the above

6. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. The _____ favored team won the game.

A) heavyB) heavilyC) heavinessD) none of the above

6. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. The _____ favored team won the game. ANSWER:A) heavyB) heavilyC) heavinessD) none of the above

7. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence.He ______ opened his birthday present.

A) happierB) happyC) happiestD) none of the above

7. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence.He ______ opened his birthday present. ANSWER:A) happierB) happyC) happiestD) none of the above; happily would be correct.

8. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence.The Nile is _____ than the Mississippi River.

A) longB) longestC) longerD) none of the above

8. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence.The Nile is _____ than the Mississippi River. ANSWER:A) longB) longestC) longerD) none of the above

9. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. Alice sang ______ than the others.

A) more beautifulB) more beautifullyC) most beautifulD) none of the above

9. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. Alice sang ______ than the others. ANSWER:A) more beautifulB) more beautifullyC) most beautifulD) none of the above

10. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. Whales are the ______ mammals.

A) largestB) more largelyC) most largerD) none of the above

10. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. Whales are the ______ mammals. ANSWER:A) largestB) more largelyC) most largerD) none of the above

11. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. Ted did _____ in school.

A) good B) goodlyC) wellD) none of the above

11. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. Ted did _____ in school. ANSWER:A) good B) goodlyC) wellD) none of the above

12. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. Yesterday, the weather was _____ in San Diego

than it was in Boston.

A) badlyB) wellC) worseD) none of the above

12. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. Yesterday, the weather was _____ in San Diego

than it was in Boston. ANSWER:A) badlyB) wellC) worseD) none of the above

13. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. We had a _____ time at the party.

A) worstB) goodC) wellD) none of the above

13. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. We had a _____ time at the party. ANSWER:A) worstB) goodC) wellD) none of the above

14. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. Jane swims very ______.

A) goodB) wellC) betterD) none of the above

14. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. Jane swims very ______. ANSWER:A) goodB) wellC) betterD) none of the above

15. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. I felt ____ after a nap.

A) bestestB) betterC) worstD) none of the above

15. Choose the correct word to complete this sentence. I felt ____ after a nap. ANSWER:A) bestestB) betterC) worstD) none of the above

With a partner or individually, complete these exercises. Rewrite incorrect sentences with the correct quotations:

Quotation Marks: Practice 2: 593-594Practice 4: 595-596

Paragraph Structure

What is a paragraph?•A paragraph is a short piece of writing that presents a main point and supports it. •A paragraph consists of a topic sentence that states your main point, body sentences that support your main point, and a concluding sentence that reminds readers of your main point and makes an observation.

1. This year, I have tried to reduce my impact on the environment. 2. First, I am recycling more items. 3. For a long time, I have recycled glass, metal, and paper, but now I’m turning in old electronics to recycling programs. 4. Second, I have started a compost pile so that I’m not throwing away kitchen scraps like vegetable peels, coffee grinds, and egg shells. 5. The compost pile has the added benefit of providing rich soil for my garden. 6. This soil keeps my plants healthy so that I don’t have to use pesticides. 7. Third, I have replaced all of the incandescent light bulbs in my house with fluorescent bulbs. 8. The fluorescent bulbs use less energy while providing good lighting. 9. These actions may seem minor, but I believe that even small steps can help our environment, especially if all of us take them.

1. Which is the topic sentence?

A) 5

B) 3

C) 1

2. Which are the body sentences?

A) 1-9

B) 2-8

C) 3-9

3. Which is the concluding sentence?

A) 9

B) 1

C) 8-9

1. This year, I have tried to reduce my impact on the environment. 2. First, I am recycling more items. 3. For a long time, I have recycled glass, metal, and paper, but now I’m turning in old electronics to recycling programs. 4. Second, I have started a compost pile so that I’m not throwing away kitchen scraps like vegetable peels, coffee grinds, and egg shells. 5. The compost pile has the added benefit of providing rich soil for my garden. 6. This soil keeps my plants healthy so that I don’t have to use pesticides. 7. Third, I have replaced all of the incandescent light bulbs in my house with fluorescent bulbs. 8. The fluorescent bulbs use less energy while providing good lighting. 9. These actions may seem minor, but I believe that even small steps can help our environment, especially if all of us take them.

ANSWERS:1. Which is the topic sentence?

A) 5

B) 3

C) 1

2. Which are the body sentences?

A) 1-9

B) 2-8

C) 3-9

3. Which is the concluding sentence?

A) 9

B) 1

C) 8-9

1. For new students, college can be both exciting and challenging. 2. On the one hand, they get exposed to many new ideas, new people, and new opportunities. 3. For example, they may study subjects that are entirely new to them. 4. Also, they meet a variety of students, some of whom may become study partners or even good friends. 5. On the other hand, college can place stress on new students. 6. For instance, students who are working or parenting children (or doing both) may find it difficult to make time to study. 7. Additionally, they may find college courses to be very difficult, especially if they have been out of school for several years. 8. The good news is that with persistence and the right support, many students can overcome these challenges and get everything out of college that they want to.

1. Which is the topic sentence? A) 2B) 1C) 52. Which are the body sentences? A) 1-8B) 2-7C) 2-83. Which is the concluding sentence? A) 5B) 7C) 8D) none of the above

1. For new students, college can be both exciting and challenging. 2. On the one hand, they get exposed to many new ideas, new people, and new opportunities. 3. For example, they may study subjects that are entirely new to them. 4. Also, they meet a variety of students, some of whom may become study partners or even good friends. 5. On the other hand, college can place stress on new students. 6. For instance, students who are working or parenting children (or doing both) may find it difficult to make time to study. 7. Additionally, they may find college courses to be very difficult, especially if they have been out of school for several years. 8. The good news is that with persistence and the right support, many students can overcome these challenges and get everything out of college that they want to. ANSWERS:1. Which is the topic sentence? A) 2B) 1C) 52. Which are the body sentences? A) 1-8B) 2-7C) 2-83. Which is the concluding sentence? A) 5B) 7C) 8

1. “Honesty is the best policy” goes the common saying, but is it really? 2. I always prefer to be honest, but a recent experience suggests that telling the truth can sometimes backfire. 3. Recently, my best friend

asked me what I thought of her new boyfriend. 4. I thought he treated her disrespectfully, and he was also rude to me and her other friends. 5. However, because I didn’t want to hurt my friend’s feelings, I said, “You like him, and that’s enough for me.” 6. She would not accept my response and pushed further, saying, “You’re my best friend, so it’s really important for me to know what you think.” 7. Thus, I was honest—perhaps blunt. 8. I replied, “I think he’s a jerk to you.” 9. Since then, my friend has stopped speaking to me. 10. I think I acted properly given the circumstances; however, I might not be so honest in the future.1. Which is the topic sentence? A) 1B) 2C) 52. Which are the body sentences? A) 2-5B) 1-6C. 3-93) Which is the concluding sentence? A. 4B. 10C. 6

1. “Honesty is the best policy” goes the common saying, but is it really? 2. I always prefer to be honest, but a recent experience suggests that telling the truth can sometimes backfire. 3. Recently, my best friend asked me what I thought of her new boyfriend. 4. I thought he treated her disrespectfully, and he was also rude to me and her other friends. 5. However, because I didn’t want to hurt my friend’s feelings, I said, “You like him, and that’s enough for me.” 6. She would not accept my response and pushed further, saying, “You’re my best friend, so it’s really important for me to know what you think.” 7. Thus, I was honest—perhaps blunt. 8. I replied, “I think he’s a jerk to you.” 9. Since then, my friend has stopped speaking to me. 10. I think I acted properly given the circumstances; however, I might not be so honest in the future.ANSWERS:1. Which is the topic sentence? A) 1B) 2C) 52. Which are the body sentences? A) 2-5B) 1-6C. 3-93) Which is the concluding sentence? A. 4B. 10C. 6

What are unity and coherence?• Unity means that all sentences in a paragraph relate to your topic

sentence, and coherence means that you move readers smoothly from one idea to the next.

• Transitions are words that aid coherence. Some transitions are before/after; first/second; near/far; and one reason/another reason.

1. The fan behavior at the Roxinoids concert was the worst that I have ever seen. 2. Close to the stage, fans were pushing up against each other and throwing bottles and cans at the performers. 3. One guy climbed up onto the stage, but a security officer threw him back into the crowd. 4. Security guards should really be more careful. 5. Farther back in the concert hall, a woman lit a cigarette pack on fire and threw it into the air. 6. Fortunately, it landed on the ground and someone stamped out the flames. 7. By the back doors, a group of fans who came in late almost started a riot because they couldn’t get closer to the stage. 8. Although the fan behavior was scary, the concert is definitely something I won’t forget.

1. Which words (or word groups) are transitions that improve coherence?

A) worst; really; almost

B) Close to the stage; One guy; should really

C) Close to the stage; Farther back; By the back doors

2. What sentence should be deleted because it does not relate to the topic sentence (sentence 1)?

A) 3

B) 6

C) 4

1. The fan behavior at the Roxinoids concert was the worst that I have ever seen. 2. Close to the stage, fans were pushing up against each other and throwing bottles and cans at the performers. 3. One guy climbed up onto the stage, but a security officer threw him back into the crowd. 4. Security guards should really be more careful. 5. Farther back in the concert hall, a woman lit a cigarette pack on fire and threw it into the air. 6. Fortunately, it landed on the ground and someone stamped out the flames. 7. By the back doors, a group of fans who came in late almost started a riot because they couldn’t get closer to the stage. 8. Although the fan behavior was scary, the concert is definitely something I won’t forget.

ANSWERS:

1. Which words (or word groups) are transitions that improve coherence?

A) worst; really; almost

B) Close to the stage; One guy; should really

C) Close to the stage; Farther back; By the back doors

2. What sentence should be deleted because it does not relate to the topic sentence (sentence 1)?

A) 3

B) 6

C) 4

1. Our two-year-old son Dante has a strict bedtime routine, and any break in it will lead to a sleepless night for everyone in the house. 2. First, he gets a bath, and we wash him and shampoo his hair. 3. Dante is unusually handsome for a two-year-old. 4. We let him play with his rubber duck so that he doesn’t fuss in the tub. 5. When the bath is over, we dry Dante with a large towel and carry him to his room. 6. Next, we put a fresh diaper on him. 7. Then, we read him a bedtime story while gently rocking him in a rocking chair. 8. Finally, we lay him down in his crib and leave the room quietly with our fingers crossed, hoping he will fall asleep for the night.

1. Which words are transitions that improve coherence?

A) gets; shampoo; play

B) First; Next; Then; Finally

C) First; Next; leave

2. Which sentence should be deleted because it does not relate to the topic sentence (sentence 1)?

A) 4

B) 5

C) 3

1. Our two-year-old son Dante has a strict bedtime routine, and any break in it will lead to a sleepless night for everyone in the house. 2. First, he gets a bath, and we wash him and shampoo his hair. 3. Dante is unusually handsome for a two-year-old. 4. We let him play with his rubber duck so that he doesn’t fuss in the tub. 5. When the bath is over, we dry Dante with a large towel and carry him to his room. 6. Next, we put a fresh diaper on him. 7. Then, we read him a bedtime story while gently rocking him in a rocking chair. 8. Finally, we lay him down in his crib and leave the room quietly with our fingers crossed, hoping he will fall asleep for the night.

ANSWERS:

1. Which words are transitions that improve coherence?

A) gets; shampoo; play

B) First; Next; Then; Finally

C) First; Next; leave

2. Which sentence should be deleted because it does not relate to the topic sentence (sentence 1)?

A) 4

B) 5

C) 3

1. I want to move to New York City because of its excitement and its culture. 2. The first quality that I love about New York is its busy street life. 3. I’ve seen street performers entertaining crowds at two in the morning! 4. New York was called “New Amsterdam” by Dutch colonists in the seventeenth century. 5. Even more attractive to me are the museums, bookstores, galleries, and theaters that make New York a center for the arts. 6. However, to me, the city’s most important quality is the variety of people—from artists to businesspeople to struggling actors. 7. I love to just sit at a café and watch the human parade pass by. 8. I long to be a part of that parade.

1. Which words (or word groups) are transitions that improve coherence?

A) The first quality; Even more attractive; the city’s most important quality

B) I’ve seen; Even more; the city’s most

C) The first quality; Even more; the city’s most

2. Which sentence should be deleted because it does not relate to the topic sentence (sentence 1)?

A) 2

B) 3

C) 4

1. I want to move to New York City because of its excitement and its culture. 2. The first quality that I love about New York is its busy street life. 3. I’ve seen street performers entertaining crowds at two in the morning! 4. New York was called “New Amsterdam” by Dutch colonists in the seventeenth century. 5. Even more attractive to me are the museums, bookstores, galleries, and theaters that make New York a center for the arts. 6. However, to me, the city’s most important quality is the variety of people—from artists to businesspeople to struggling actors. 7. I love to just sit at a café and watch the human parade pass by. 8. I long to be a part of that parade.

ANSWERS:

1. Which words (or word groups) are transitions that improve coherence?

A) The first quality; Even more attractive; the city’s most important quality

B) I’ve seen; Even more; the city’s most

C) The first quality; Even more; the city’s most

2. Which sentence should be deleted because it does not relate to the topic sentence (sentence 1)?

A) 2

B) 3

C) 4