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Chapter
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Chapter
Module 1A Computer & Information Literacy
Module 1B A History of Computer Technology
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Why study Computer & Information Literacy What is a Computer Introducing Personal Computers Understanding What Computers do Type of Computers The World of Computer Software Introducing Information Systems
Computer & Information Computer & Information LiteracyLiteracy
Module
A
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Think about what you’ve done today, and see how many activities you can name that involve a computer in one way or another.
Why Study ComputerWhy Study Computer & Information Literacy & Information Literacy
Computer & Information Literacy
Module
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Computer LiteracyComputer Literacy
Computer & Information Literacy
Module
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An information-literate person
Knows how to gather information, evaluate this information, and
make an informed decision
Knowledge of computer and Internet use
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Information LiteracyInformation Literacy
Computer & Information Literacy
Module
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Businesses have gone far beyond the stage of putting computers on
everyone’s desk. They are now building
advanced computer information systems.
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Computer & Information Literacy
Module
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Individual responsibility has increasedpension plan decisionsdoctors let patients decidemanaged health care decisions
Information LiteracyInformation Literacy
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The Need for Critical ThinkingThe Need for Critical Thinking
Information literacy requires critical
thinking, the capacity to evaluate the quality of the information you’re
getting.
Computer & Information Literacy
Module
A
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What Is a Computer?What Is a Computer?
Computer & Information Literacy
Module
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electronic devices that, under a program’s direction and control, perform four basic operations:
Input
Processing
Output
Storage
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Computer ProgramComputer Program
Computer & Information Literacy
Module
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A list of instructions, written in a programming language, that tells the computer what to do.
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Computer SystemComputer System
Hardware: The physical components of the computer.
Software: The programs that run on the computer.
Computer & Information Literacy
Module
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Personal ComputersPersonal ComputersComputer & Information Literacy
Components of a typical microcomputer system
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Understanding What Understanding What Computers DoComputers Do
Computer & Information Literacy
IPOS cycle:
input, processing, output, and storage
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ConnectivityConnectivity
Computer & Information Literacy
Much of what’s happened in computing during the last decade can be summed up with this one word, connectivity. The World Wide Web (WWW) has millions of Web sites.
Module
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Types of Computers
Computer & Information Literacy
Module
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Computers for individuals:Professional workstations
Desktop computers
Network computers (NCs)
Notebook computers
Subnotebooks
Personal digital assistants (PDA) or handheld computer
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Types of Computers
Computer & Information Literacy
Module
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Computers for Organizations:
supercomputer
mainframe
minicomputer
server
Server
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The World of Computer The World of Computer SoftwareSoftware
System Software: all the programs that help the computer functionoperating system (OS)
Application Software: all the programs you can use to perform a taskproductivity softwarespecial-purpose programs
Computer & Information Literacy
Module
A
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Computer SystemComputer System
Hardware: The physical components of the computer.
Software: The programs that run on the computer.
Computer & Information Literacy
Module
A
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Introducing Information Introducing Information SystemsSystems
Information Systemscustomized hardware and
softwaredata central to company’s
missiontrained usersprocedures
Computer & Information Literacy
Module
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These managers are reviewing the information system at the Memphis FedEx facility
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Information SystemsInformation Systems
IssuesMaking it happen The challengeGiving customers needed informationPushing order entry out of the enterpriseEnsuring quality serviceUnderstanding technology and marketing
Computer & Information Literacy
Module
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The First Computers Foundations of Modern Computing The First Generation The Second Generation The Third Generation The Fourth Generation A Fifth Generation Lessons Learned
A History of Computer A History of Computer TechnologyTechnology
Module
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The First ComputersThe First Computers
Module
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A Historical Perspective
The abacus, known to have existed in ancient Babylonia and Egypt,
remained in widespread use in the Far East until
recently.
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The First ComputersThe First Computers
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
Jacquard’s Loom: programmed a loom
“Babbage’s Folly”: first fully modern computer designDifference EngineAnalytical Engine
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The First ComputersThe First Computers
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
Augusta Ada Byron, the world’s first computer
programmer, played a key role in formulating the
notion of programming the Analytical Engine.
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The First ComputersThe First Computers
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
In 1991, the London Science Museum built the Difference Engine using Babbage's plans,
as shown in this woodcut. It worked
perfectly.
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The First ComputersThe First Computers
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
Hollerith’s punched-card tabulating machines are the
predecessors of today’s business machines.
Hollerith & the Automated Census Bureauinvented an electronic
punching devicefounded Tabulating
Machine Co. which became IBM
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Foundations of Modern Foundations of Modern ComputingComputing
Module
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A Historical Perspective
ENIAC, created by Dr. John Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert, for use in the war but was not completed in time. It was
mainly used to solve math problems
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The Stored Program The Stored Program ConceptConcept
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
The computer program, as well as the data, is stored in the
computer’s memory.
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The First GenerationThe First Generation1950s1950s
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes. Vacuum tubes failed frequently so first generation
computers did not work most of the time.
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Module
B
A Historical Perspective
Eckert and Mauchly delivered the first UNIVAC to the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951. UNIVAC gained fame when it predicted Eisenhower as the winner of the
1952 U.S. presidential election.
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The First GenerationThe First Generation
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
Features of UNIVACeasier to use (than ENIAC)fewer vacuum tubes (more reliable)stored programgeneral-purposeused machine language
IBM 701 IBM 650
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The Second GenerationThe Second GenerationEarly1960sEarly1960s
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
The transistor heralded the
second generation of computers
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The Second GenerationThe Second Generation
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
Features and Advancements still use punch cardsused printers, tape storage, & disk storageused high-level programming languagesCOBOL & FORTRAN introduced
IBM 1401
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The Second GenerationThe Second Generation
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
Electronic Recording Machine -- Accounting (ERMA)
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
IBM System/360line of compatible computersinstruction set enabled to be used for both business
and science
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The Third GenerationThe Third Generation(Mid 1960s to Mid 1970s)(Mid 1960s to Mid 1970s)
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
Advancements and Milestonesused timesharingaccessed remotely by terminalsused integrated circuits (small, medium, to large-scale
integration) resulting in lower cost
Integrated chips
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The Third GenerationThe Third Generation
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
More Advancements and MilestonesDEC’s minicomputer, the PDP-8many different programming languagesIBM “unbundled” its systems
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Module
B
A Historical Perspective
Still More Advancements and MilestonesWide-area networks (WAN) developedARPANET implemented Internet protocols (TCPIP)Local area networks (LAN) developedMainframes (proprietary)/minicomputers (open architecture)
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The Fourth GenerationThe Fourth Generation(1975-1991)(1975-1991)
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
Advancements and Milestonesemployed very-large-scale integration (VLSI)developed Intel 4004, first microprocessorApple Computer founded IBM introduced the Personal Computer (PC)IBM compatibles or clones introduced
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The Fourth GenerationThe Fourth Generation
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
The first IBM PC was released in
1981. Intel provided the
microprocessor chip and Microsoft
Corporation provided the
operating system
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The Fourth GenerationThe Fourth Generation
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
InterfacesIntelMotorola
Macintosh PCThe first GUI was developed at Xerox Corporation’s Palo Alto
Research Center (PARC)
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Module
B
A Historical Perspective
Macintosh was the first commercial personal
computer to offer a user interface
Microsoft’s Windows 98 is a popular GUI designed for IBM-
compatible microcomputers
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A Fifth Generation?A Fifth Generation?
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
Experts have forecast that the hallmark of the fifth generation will be artificial intelligence
(AI), in which computers exhibit characteristics of human intelligence. AI
has been slow in coming.
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A Fifth Generation?A Fifth Generation?
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
Technologically, we’re still in the fourth generation, in which engineers are pushing to see how many transistors they can pack
on chip. This effort alone will bring some of the trappings of AI.
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Lessons LearnedLessons Learned
Module
B
A Historical Perspective
Purposes served by technologies cannot be foreseen by designers
Developing faster hardware is easier than developing good software
A company is wise to create products that conform to published, non-proprietary standards