northwestern juvenile project
DESCRIPTION
Northwestern Juvenile Project. Faculty Linda A. Teplin, Ph.D. (PI) Karen M. Abram, Ph.D. Leah Welty, Ph.D. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Health Disparities & Public Policy. Former Graduate Students Amy Lansing, Ph.D. Julie Harnisher, Ph.D. Devon King, Ph.D. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Northwestern Juvenile Project
FacultyLinda A. Teplin, Ph.D. (PI)
Karen M. Abram, Ph.D.Leah Welty, Ph.D.
Former Graduate StudentsAmy Lansing, Ph.D.
Julie Harnisher, Ph.D.Devon King, Ph.D.
Katherine Elkington, Ph.D.Jeanne Choe, Ph.DLeah Paskar, Ph.D.Erin Romero, Ph.D.
Naomi Abrams, Ph.D.Kristin Emanuel, Ph.D.
Current Graduate StudentsElena De La Garza Bassett
Nichole OlsonJennifer Hershfield
Anna HarrisonMarquita Stokes
Nicole Azores-GococoLauren Potthoff
Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineHealth Disparities & Public Policy
Delinquency Cases Disposed, 1985-2009
1-Day Count of Juvenile Offenders in Custody, 1991-2006 (in 1,000s)
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100
20
40
60
80
100
120
76 79
91
105 107 10497
9387
71
count(in 1000’s)
Why Study Detained Youth?Disproportionate Minority Confinement
% of African Americans in US population (13%)
Proportion of Poor, Inner-City African American Youth Arrested by Age 18
Participants• Race/Ethnicity*
– African American = 1005– Hispanic: = 524– Non-Hispanic White = 296– Other = 4
• Gender– Male = 1172– Female = 657
• Age (mean = 14.9)
• Legal Status– Adult court = 275– Juvenile court = 1554
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic White African
American
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
age
Methods
• Stratified Random Sample, N=1829
• Sampled from Cook County Detention Center
• Followed up in Community or Correctional Facility
Disorders Assessed Over Time
Internalizing Disorders Any Affective Disorder: Major Depression
Dysthymia
Mania
Hypomania
Any Anxiety Disorder: Generalized Anxiety
Posttraumatic Stress
Panic
Externalizing Disorders Any Behavioral Disorder: Conduct a
Oppositional Defiant a
Antisocial Personality b
Any Substance Use Disorder: Alcohol
Drug
a If < 18 years b If > 18 years
Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders at theBaseline Interview
(N=1,829)
FemalesMales
%
Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Males, Baseline
non-Hispanic whiteHispanicAfrican American
Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Females, Baseline
non-Hispanic whiteHispanicAfrican American
12
Comorbid Types of Disorder Among Males
16.4%
14.6%
3.2%
2.1%
6.9%
1.6%
1.4%
1.2%
1.1%
1.0%
0.7%
6.7%
2.0%
2.1%
4.3%
Affective 17.9%
Substance 49.8%
Anxiety 21.1%
ADHD/ Behavioral 41.7%
None of the Listed Disorders
34.8%
13
Comorbid Types of Disorder Among Females
4.8%
1.2%2.2%
2.3%
2.0%
2.0%
2.9% 6.0%
9.6%
4.9%
3.9%
Substance 44.5%
6.7%
7.6%14.0%
2.6%
Anxiety 31.5%Affective 26.4%
None of the Listed Disorders
27.2%
ADHD/ Behavioral 46.3%
OTHER DRUG(Total = 2.44%)
MARIJUANA(Total = 44.95%)
ALCOHOL(Total = 25.27%)
No Substance Use Disorder (50.09%)
a Percentages do not total to 100% due to rounding
Single and Multiple Substance Use Disorders Among Males (N = 1143) a
23.63%(Marijuana only)
19.42%(Alcohol + Marijuana)
4.59% (Alcohol only)
0.51%(Other only)
0.03%(Alcohol + Other)
1.23%(Alcohol + Marijuana + Other )
0.67%(Marijuana + Other)
OTHER DRUG(Total = 5.47%)
MARIJUANA(Total = 40.51%)
ALCOHOL(Total = 24.73%)
No Substance Use Disorder (55.02%)
a Percentages do not total to 100% due to rounding
Single and Multiple Substance Use Disorders Among Females (N = 631) a
18.45%(Marijuana only)
17.25%(Alcohol + Marijuana)
3.82% (Alcohol only)
0.53%(Other only)
0.13%(Alcohol + Other)
3.53%(Alcohol + Marijuana + Other )
1.28%(Marijuana + Other)
Proportion of Sample by IQ (KBIT)Above Average
Average
Below Average
Well Below Average
Lower Extreme
Comorbid Types of Disorder Among Males
25%
3%
6%
11%
11%
1%
2%
14%2%
11%
8%
1%
4%
5%
Baseline Time 2
Substance 31.2%Internalizing 11.7%
Behavior 24.1%
Substance 53.4%Internalizing 22.2%
Behavior 25.8%1 Percentages have been rounded up.2 Internalizing disorders combine any affective disorder and any anxiety disorder.3 Overall percentages do not match percentages within Venn diagram due to weighting
Comorbid Types of Disorder Among Females
Time 2
6%
7%16%
5%
5%
10%
14%
8%3% 9%
2%
1% 3%
8%
Baseline
Substance 46.8%Internalizing 32.3%
Behavior 34.2%
Substance 17.3%Internalizing 12.7%
Behavior 13.9%1 Percentages have been rounded up.2 Internalizing disorders combine any affective disorder and any anxiety disorder.3 Overall percentages do not match percentages within Venn diagram due to weighting
Comorbid Types of Disorders Among Males at Time 2 by Incarceration Status
Not Incarcerated Past Year Incarcerated in Past Year
Substance 7.0%Internalizing 8.8%
Behavior 9.3%
8% 5%
7%
1%
0%
1%
0.4%
Substance 34.3%Internalizing 11.8%
Behavior 21.1%
16%
5%
2%
6%
11%
5%
1%
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 45000
10
20
30
40
50
Prevalence of Specific Substance Use Disorders in Males
Alcohol Use Disorder
Marijuana Use Disorder
Other Drug Use Disorder
%
Baseline 3 Years 5 Years 6 Years 8 Years 12 Years
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 45000
10
20
30
40
50
Prevalence of Specific Substance Use Disorders in Females
Alcohol Use Disorder
Marijuana Use Disorder
Other Drug Use Disorder
%
Baseline 3 Years 5 Years 6 Years 8 Years 12 Years
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 45000
5
10
15
20
25
30
Other Drug Use Disorders in Males by Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White
Hispanic
African American
%
Baseline 3 Years 5 Years 6 Years 8 Years 12 Years
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 45000
5
10
15
20
25
30
Other Drug Use Disorders in Females by Race/Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic White
African American
%
Baseline 3 Years 5 Years 6 Years 8 Years 12 Years
Trajectories of SUDs
• SUDs are prevalent and persistent
• BUT, not all youth follow the same course of disorder
• Trajectory analyses examine patterns of change within individuals over time
Aggregated Statistics
baseline follow-up
10/50 =20%
10/50 =20%
10/50 =20%
10/50 =20%
Preliminary Data
0.0
0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12years since baseline
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
late desisters (19%)
early desisters (54%)
initial
escalators (
27%)prob
abili
ty
probability of any SUDn = 1382
Trajectories of SUD
Preliminary Data
0.0
0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12years since baseline
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
prob
abili
ty
n = 1382
Trajectories of SUDprobability of comorbid/other SUD
late desisters (19%)
early desisters (54%)
initial escalators
(27%)
Positive Outcome Domains
• Educational attainment• Employment and/or education• Desistance from criminal activity & arrests• Nonviolent personal relationships• Residential stability• Psychological well-being
How Many Participants were Subsequently Incarcerated by the 5 Year Follow-up?
Preliminary Data
%
non-Hispanic white
Hispanic
African American
non-Hispanic white
African American
Hispanic
Youth Achieving Global Positive Outcomes
Doing moderately well(3-4 positive outcomes)
Doing very well(5-6 positive outcomes)
Doing poorly(0-2 positive outcomes)
9%
41%50%
Preliminary Data
33
Disproportionate Burden of HIV/AIDS Among African Americans
44%57%
0%20%40%60%80%
100%
% of New Cases of HIV, General Population% of New Cases of HIV, <age 25 years
% of African Americans in the U.S.
(13%)
What Proportion of Prisoners Have HIV/AIDS?
0
1
2
3
HIV/AIDS 2006
%
FemalesMales
35
What % of Participants Engaged in 10 or More HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviors?
56
66
45
40
0 20 40 60 80 100
3.5 YearFollow-up
Baseline
Preliminary Data
Females Males%
Recent HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviors in Males (%)
Living Situation, Time 2
Community (%) Corrections (%) Multiple partners (> 3 sexual partners) 15.9 0.3
Unprotected sex 78.8 4.2
Unprotected vaginal sex 67.7 2.9
Unprotected oral sex 53.6 1.7
Unprotected anal sexf 7.4 1.3
Shared needles or works for IDU or tattooing 0.2 0.0
Deaths: n=120Age Race/Ethnicity Gender Cause of Death Age Race/Ethnicity Gender Cause of Death15 Hispanic Male Electrocution, believed accidental 22 African American Male Train striking pedestrian16 African American Male Single gunshot wound, possible accident 22 Hispanic Male Gunshot wound and auto accident16 White Male Isobutane overdose 22 White Female Unknown, possible overdose16 African American Male Single gunshot wound 22 Hispanic Female Possible drowning16 African American Female Single gunshot wound 22 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds16 Hispanic Male Single gunshot wound 22 African American Male Unknown16 African American Male Gunshot wound to the back 22 African American Male Semi-tractor striking pedestrian16 Hispanic Male Suicide, Russian roulette 23 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds16 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds 23 African American Male Single gunshot wound16 Hispanic Male Single gunshot wound 23 Hispanic Male Suicide, gunshot wound to the head16 White Male Multiple gunshot wounds 23 Hispanic Female Drug overdose17 Hispanic Male Multiple gunshot wounds 23 African American Female Crushed by mob17 Hispanic Male Single gunshot wound 23 Hispanic Male Single gunshot wound17 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds 23 African American Female Unknown, IDPH prohibits disclosure17 African American Female Single gunshot wound 23 African American Male Gunshot wound to the chest17 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds 24 Hispanic Male Multiple gunshot wounds17 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds 24 Hispanic Male Auto accident17 African American Female Gunshot wound to the neck 24 Hispanic Male Methadone overdose17 African American Male Single gunshot wound 24 Hispanic Male Multiple gunshot wounds18 White Male Suicide, gunshot wound to the head 24 White Male Sarcoidosis and opiate overdose18 Hispanic Male Auto accident 25 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds18 Hispanic Male Multiple gunshot wounds 25 Hispanic Male Multiple gunshot wounds18 Hispanic Male Single gunshot wound 25 African American Male Suicide, hanging18 Hispanic Female Multiple gunshot wounds 25 White Male Head injury from assault18 White Male Heroin overdose 25 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds18 African American Male Gunshot wound to the back 25 White Male Methadone overdose18 African American Female Auto accident, alcohol involved 25 African American Male Gunshot wound to the back18 White Male Motorcycle accident 25 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds18 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds 26 African American Female Auto striking pedestrian18 African American Male Single gunshot wound 26 Hispanic Female Opiate overdose18 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds 26 African American Female Complications from AIDS18 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds 26 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds18 Hispanic Male Single gunshot wound 27 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds18 African American Male Gunshot wound, accidental 27 White Male Auto homicide, run down by car18 Hispanic Male Multiple gunshot wounds 27 Hispanic Male Suicide, gunshot to the head18 Hispanic Male Single gunshot wound 27 African American Female Gunshot wound18 Hispanic Male Multiple gunshot wounds 27 White Male Multiple gunshot wounds19 Hispanic Female Heroin overdose 27 African American Female Acute lymphoma and leukemia19 African American Male Single gunshot wound 27 African American Female Multiple stab wounds19 Hispanic Male Multiple gunshot wounds 28 Hispanic Male Stab Wound to the Abdomen20 White Male Single gunshot wound 28 White Male Multiple gunshot wounds20 African American Male Single gunshot wound 28 White Male Opiate and Cocaine Overdose20 Hispanic Female Gunshot wound, possible suicide 28 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds20 Hispanic Male Single gunshot wound 28 African American Male Gunshot wound to the abdomen20 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds 28 Hispanic Male Cocaine, opiate, alcohol overdose20 White Male Suicide, gunshot wound to the head 29 African American Male Gunshot wound to the abdomen20 Hispanic Male Gunshot wound to the head 29 African American Female Cardiac arrhythmia20 African American Male Single gunshot wound 29 African American Female Multiple gunshot wounds20 African American Female Multiple stab wounds 29 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds20 African American Female Stab Wound to the Neck 29 African American Male Multiple Stab Wounds20 Hispanic Male Multiple gunshot wounds 30 African American Male Gunshot wound to the chest21 White Female PMA overdose 30 African American Female Suicide by hanging21 Hispanic Male Multiple gunshot wounds 31 White Male Motor Vehicle Accident21 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds 31 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds21 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds 31 African American Female Complications from childbirth21 Hispanic Male Gunshot wound to the face 32 African American Male Multiple gunshot wounds* African American Male Heart Condition & Asthma * White Male Shovelling Snow* African American Female Hit & Run * Hispanic Male Suicide* African American Female Cancer * African American Female Complications from Childbirth* White Male Cancer * Hispanic Male Cancer
*Unconfirmed
NJP Males NJP Females0%
50%
100%
Homicide: Firearm; 84%
Homicide: Firearm; 28%
Homicide: Other; 6%
Homicide: Other; 20%
Other; 5%
Other; 24%
Drug Overdose; 18%
Motor Vehicle; 10%
NJP Sample: Cause of Death, Ages 15-29 by Gender*
*Standardized on Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center population
Motor Vehicle, 1%Drug Overdose, 1%Suicide, 2%}
Preliminary data
Delinquent Males General Population Males0%
50%
100%
Homicide: Firearm; 85%
Homicide: Firearm; 49%
Homicide: Other; 5%
Homicide: Other; 4%
Other; 5%
Other; 25%
Suicide; 4%Drug Overdose; 5%
Motor Vehicle; 13%
Cause of Death: Males Ages 15-29*
*Standardized on Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center population*Standardized on Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center population*Standardized on Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center population
Motor Vehicle, 1%Drug Overdose, 1%Suicide, 2%}
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Series1
MalesMortality Among Males Ages 15-29:
Delinquent Sample vs. General Popula-tion*
Risk Ratios and Associated 95% CIs
African American
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic White
*Standardized on Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center population
0 1 2 4 6 8
Homicide: Firearm, 30%
Homicide: Firearm, 11%
Homicide: Other, 14%
Homicide: Other, 8%
Suicide, 5%
Suicide, 6%
Drug Overdose, 16%
Drug Overdose, 5%
Motor Vehicle, 9%
Motor Vehicle, 10%
Other, 26%
Other, 60%
0%
50%
100%
Delinquent Females General Population Females
Cause of Death: Females Ages 15-29*
*Standardized on Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center population*Standardized on Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center population*Standardized on Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center population*Standardized on Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center population
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Series1
FemalesMortality Among Females Ages 15-29:Delinquent Sample vs. General Popula-
tion*Risk Ratios and Associated 95% CIs
African American
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic White
*Standardized on Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center population
0 1 5 10 20 30
(Unable to estimate)
Survivalby Drug Dealing at Year 3
0.9
00
.95
1.0
0
Prob
abili
ty o
f Sur
viva
l
1 5 2 0 2 5
Age
Yes
No
Preliminary data
Survivalby Alcohol Use Disorder at Year 30
.90
0.9
51
.00
Prob
abili
ty o
f Sur
viva
l
1 5 2 0 2 5
Age
Yes
No
Preliminary data
p<.05