North America in North America in 17501750

North America in North America in 17501750

French Empire in French Empire in 17501750

French Empire in French Empire in 17501750

-St. Lawrence River Valley, Quebec, Great Lakes, Louisiana

*Interest in trading not colonizing

*better relationship with Indians

-English colonists want to expand

*Indians resist and ally with French

Old Rivalry B/W England Old Rivalry B/W England and France in 1750and France in 1750Old Rivalry B/W England Old Rivalry B/W England and France in 1750and France in 1750

-Old rivalry

-multiple wars fought between French and English in past centuries

-1754 conflict ignites again as French begin building forts near Virginia border

-Virginia Gov’t sends General Braddock of the British army up the Ohio Valley to battle the French.

George Washington volunteers.

BritisBritishh

FrenchFrench

Fort Necessity Fort Fort Necessity Fort DuquesneDuquesne ** George Washington George Washington ** Delaware & Delaware & ShawneeShawnee IndiansIndians

The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

FrenchFrench

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

FORT DUQUESNE

This compact Vauban style (the original death star!) fort was built

partially of horizontal, squared, oak and chestnut timbers laid in

criblocked walls with tamped earth and rock fill on the land side

and upright stockade walls on the sides abutting the rivers.

EnglishEnglish

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

FORT NECESSITY

Ben Franklin à representatives fromBen Franklin à representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA New England, NY, MD, PA

Albany Congress Albany Congress failed Iroquoisfailed Iroquois broke off relations with broke off relations with Britain & threatened to Britain & threatened to trade with the French. trade with the French.

1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union

1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union

Colonists debateforming a centralgovernment

Gen. Edward Braddock Gen. Edward Braddock evict the evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)(Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)

A Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley,Valley, & Acadia. & Acadia.A Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian by 1500 French and Indian forces.forces.Only Br. Success Only Br. Success expelled expelled

France France from from Louisiana. Louisiana. CAJUNSCAJUNS

1755 1755 Br. Decides Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Presence in No.

Amer.Amer.

1755 1755 Br. Decides Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Presence in No.

Amer.Amer.

Native American tribes Native American tribes exploited both sides! exploited both sides!

Lord Lord LoudouinLoudouin

Marquis Marquis de Montcalmde Montcalm

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

BritishBritish

• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.

• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

A He understood colonial concerns.He understood colonial concerns.

A He offered them a compromise:He offered them a compromise:

-- col. loyalty & mil. col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. cooperation-->Br. would reimburse col. would reimburse col. assemblies forassemblies for their costs. their costs. -- Lord Loudoun would be removed.Lord Loudoun would be removed.

RESULTS?RESULTS? Colonial morale Colonial morale increased by increased by 1758.1758.

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

Minister of EnglandMinister of England

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

Minister of EnglandMinister of England

** By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

** -Victory at Quebec gave the British control

-turning point of the conflict

-Treaty of Paris, 1763

-France lost all lands in America

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

France --> France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River.to lands east of the Mississippi River.

Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands west of the got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England.Florida to England.

England -->England --> got all French lands in Canada, got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance commercial dominance in India.in India.

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

Copy map of next slide

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

1.1. It increased her colonial empire in It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. the Americas.

2.2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.It greatly enlarged England’s debt.

3.3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her major reorganization of her

American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary! was necessary!

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

1.1. It united them against aIt united them against a common enemy for the first common enemy for the first time. time.

2.2. It created a socializingIt created a socializing experience for all the experience for all the colonials who participated. colonials who participated.

3.3. It created bitter feelings It created bitter feelings towards the British that towards the British that would only intensify. would only intensify.

Effects of the War Effects of the War on the American on the American

ColonialsColonials

Effects of the War Effects of the War on the American on the American

ColonialsColonials

-Proclamation of 1763

stated that colonists could not cross the Appalachian Mtns

-Colonists ignored the law and continued to provoke Indians

Effects of the War Effects of the War on the American on the American

ColonialsColonials

Effects of the War Effects of the War on the American on the American

ColonialsColonials

17631763 Pontiac’s Pontiac’s RebellionRebellion

Fort DetroitFort Detroit

British “gifts” of smallpox-British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort infected blankets from Fort

Pitt.Pitt.

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

British British ProclamationProclamation Line of Line of 1763.1763.

Colonials Colonials Paxton Boys Paxton Boys (PA)(PA)

BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!

New British Prime MinisterNew British Prime Minister

George GreenvilleGeorge Greenville

-British heavily in debt b/c of war

-standing British Army in the colonies

-Trading restrictions established to levy duties (taxes) on certain products

-smugglers try to avoid paying taxes

Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire

Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire

Br. Gvt. measures to prevent Br. Gvt. measures to prevent smuggling:smuggling:

James Otis’James Otis’ case case

Protection of a citizen’sProtection of a citizen’s private property must be private property must be held in higher regard held in higher regard than a parliamentary than a parliamentary statute. statute.

A 1761 1761 writs of assistancewrits of assistance

He lost - parliamentary He lost - parliamentary law and custom had equallaw and custom had equalweight.weight.

Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire

Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire

1.1. Sugar Act - 1764 Sugar Act - 1764

2.2. Currency Act - Currency Act - 17641764

4.4. Stamp Act - 1765 Stamp Act - 1765

3.3. Quartering Act - Quartering Act - 17651765

George Grenville’s George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765George Grenville’s George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765

Real WhigsReal Whigs

Q->Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’sWhat was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? authority over the colonies??

Absolute?Absolute? OR OR Limited?Limited?

Q->Q-> How could the colonies give or How could the colonies give or withhold consent for parliamentary withhold consent for parliamentary legislation when they did not have legislation when they did not have representation in that body?? representation in that body??

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentationTheories of Theories of

RepresentationRepresentation

Loyal NineLoyal Nine - 1765- 1765

Sons of LibertySons of Liberty – – began began in NYC:in NYC:Samuel Samuel Adams Adams

Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress – 1765– 1765 ** Stamp Act ResolvesStamp Act Resolves

Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act – – 17661766

Stamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act Crisis

17671767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles William Pitt, P. M. & Charles

Townshend, Secretary of Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. the Exchequer.A Shift from paying taxes for Br. Shift from paying taxes for Br. war war debts & quartering of troops debts & quartering of troops paying col. govt. salaries. paying col. govt. salaries.A He diverted revenue collection He diverted revenue collection from from internal to external trade. internal to external trade.A Tax these imports Tax these imports paper, paper, paint,paint, lead, lead, glass, tea.glass, tea.A Increase custom officials at Increase custom officials at American ports American ports established established a a Board of Customs in Boston. Board of Customs in Boston.

Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770

1.1. John Dickinson John Dickinson 1768 1768 ** Letters from a Farmer inLetters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania..

2.2. 1768 1768 2 2ndnd non- non-importation importation movement: movement: ** “Daughters of “Daughters of Liberty”Liberty” ** spinning beesspinning bees3.3. Riots against customs Riots against customs agents:agents: ** John Hancock’s John Hancock’s ship, the ship, the LibertyLiberty.. ** 4000 British troops 4000 British troops sent sent to Boston. to Boston.

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend Dutiesthe Townshend DutiesColonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend Dutiesthe Townshend Duties