non stress

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Clinical Medicine Nonstress Testing in a Physician's Office- A Five-Year Experience WASHINGTON C . HILL, MD; MARY ALDERSON, R N , M A , a n d TAHIRA HENDERSON, R N , MNP, Sacramento, California A study w a s undertaken t o evaluate t h e u se o f nonstress testing i n a physician's office in t h e management o f high-risk pregnancies. A total o f 1,485 office nonstress tests were done on 713 high-risk patients between 3 2 and 4 3 weeks' gestation. When indicated t h e contraction stress test w a s done i n hospital. I n all, 4 8 5 patients h a d a nonstress test within a week o f theirdelivery, 9 7% of which were reactive a n d 2% were nonreactive. Those fetuses with a nonreactive test result h ad a significantly increased incidence o f abnormal fetal heart rate patterns duringlabor a n d intrapartum fetal distress leading t o cesarean delivery. With strict adherence t o a protocol, nonstress testing i n t h e physician 's office canbe successful i n caring for fetuses thought t o b e a t risk. (Hill W C , Alderson M , Henderson T : Nonstress testing i n a physician's office-A five-year experi- ence. West J Me d 1985 Nov; 143:633-635) Obstetricians are constantly searching f o r additional methods o f antepartum fetal surveillance to evaluate normal and high-risk pregnancies. T h e tests of antepartum fetal heart rate monitoring a r e t h e contraction stress test a nd t h e nonstress test. T h e nonstress test h a s certain advantages over thecontraction stress test i n that i t requires less time t o d o , i s simpler t o interpret a n d h a s no contraindications. Var- ious authors have shown that when th e nonstress test is done in hospital, it ca n identify a n d high-risk fetus. 12 Out- patient nonstress testing h a s been investigated b y several a u - thors w h o concluded that i t i s appropriate f or office use. 4 Office antepartum fetal heart rate monitoring ha s increased since i t was first introduced i n t h e mid- 1970s. There a r e f e w reports on t h e u s e o f t h e nonstress test i n office practice.4 W e undertook a prospective study i n a privatepractice f o r five years to evaluate t h e u s e o f office nonstress testing i n managing high-risk pregnancies. T h e purpose o f th e study w a s t o test t h e hypothesis that b y strictly adhering t o a pro- tocol, t h e nonstress test c a n b e successful i n physicians' o f- fices in monitoring a n d identifying compromised fetuses. Herein w e report o u r clinical experience with office ante- partum fetal heart rate monitoring. Patients a nd Methods A total o f 71 3 high-risk mothers i n t h e private practice o f o n e o f u s (W.C.H.) underwent 1,485 office nonstress tests f o r th e indications given i n Table 1 . A number o f patients h a d more than on e indication, t h e most frequent o f which was postdate pregnancy. Al l tests were carried o ut i n a n examina- tion room o f th e officeas part o f t h e regular pregnancy evalua- tion. Only nonstress tests were done. When contraction stress tests were indicated, they were done i n hospital. T w o nurses a n d a n electrocardiographic technician trained in antepartum fetal heart rate testing d i d a l l th e nonstress testing. A Corome- trics 11 l A fetal heart rate monitor w as used. A tocodynamo- meter w a s used to record fetal movement a nd uterine activity. T h e fetal heart rate wa s recorded using t h e fetal electrocardio- gram, ultrasonogram o r phonocardiogram. T h e tests weredone a n d interpreted with strict adherence t o t h e method a n d criteria previously described b y other inves- tigators.4 6 When spontaneous fetal activity was n o t observed o r w a s insufficient, abdominal palpation wasused to stimulate t h e fetus a nd induce fetal movement. A reactive nonstress test w as defined a s a t least t w o accelerations o f t h e fetal heart rate during a 10-minute period o f at least 1 5 beats p e r minute lasting f o r 1 5 seconds a n d repeated within a week i n th e physician's office. A t t h e e nd o f 40 minutes o f observation, i f accelerations were insufficient t o meet this definition after palpation, th e test was considered nonreactive. Those tests that remained sinusoidal o r nonreactive f o r 4 0 minutes were repeated within 2 4 hours in th e office following a meal. If still nonreactive, t h e test w a s followed t h e same d a y with a con- traction stress test. T h e average time for doing th e nonstress test w a s 19 + 5 minutes (mean + standard deviation). Estriols were n o t used i n t h e study group. I n all, 485 fetuses were grouped according t o last NOVEMBER 1985 * 1 4 3 * 5 From thePerinatal Center, Sutter Memorial Hospital, Sacramento, California. Submitted, revised, April 26 , 1985. Reprint requests t o Washington C . Hill, MD, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Perinatal Center, Sutter Memorial Hospital, 5275 F Street, Sacramento, C A 95819. 6 3 3

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Page 1: Non Stress

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C l i n i c a l M e d i c i n e

N o n s t r e s s T e s t i n g i n a P h y s i c i a n ' s O f f i c e -A F i v e - Y e a r E x p e r i e n c eWASHINGTON C . H I L L , M D ; MARY ALDERSON, R N , M A ,

a n d T A H I R A H E N D E R S O N , R N , M N P , S a c r a m e n t o , C a l i f o r n i a

s t u d y was u n d e r t a k e n t o e v a l u a t e t h e u s e o f n o n s t r e s s t e s t i n g i n a p h y s i c i a n ' s o f f i c e i n t h eo f h i g h - r i s k p r e g n a n c i e s . A t o t a l o f 1 , 4 8 5 o f f i c e n o n s t r e s s t e s t s w e r e d o n e o n 7 1 3

p a t i e n t s b e t w e e n 3 2 a n d 4 3 w e e k s ' g e s t a t i o n . When i n d i c a t e d t h e c o n t r a c t i o n s t r e s s t e s tas d o n e i n h o s p i t a l . I n a l l , 4 8 5 p a t i e n t s h a d a n o n s t r e s s t e s t w i t h i n a week o f t h e i r d e l i v e r y , 9 7% o fh i c h w e r e r e a c t i v e a n d 2% w e r e n o n r e a c t i v e . T h o s e f e t u s e s w i t h a n o n r e a c t i v e t e s t r e s u l t h a d a

i n c r e a s e d i n c i d e n c e o f a b n o r m a l f e t a l h e a r t r a t e p a t t e r n s d u r i n g l a b o r a n d i n t r a p a r t u m

d i s t r e s s l e a d i n g t o c e s a r e a n d e l i v e r y . W i t h s t r i c t a d h e r e n c e t o a p r o t o c o l , n o n s t r e s s t e s t i n g i nh e p h y s i c i a n ' s o f f i c e c a n b e s u c c e s s f u l i n c a r i n g f o r f e t u s e s t h o u g h t t o b e a t r i s k .

WC, A l d e r s o n M , H e n d e r s o n T : N o n s t r e s s t e s t i n g i n a p h y s i c i a n ' s o f f i c e - A f i v e - y e a r e x p e r i -W e s t J Me d 1 9 8 5 N o v ; 1 4 3 : 6 3 3 - 6 3 5 )

a r e c o n s t a n t l y s e a r c h i n g f o r a d d i t i o n a lm e t h o d s o f a n t e p a r t u m f e t a l s u r v e i l l a n c e t o e v a l u a t e

r ma l a n d h i g h - r i s k p r e g n a n c i e s . T h e t e s t s o f a n t e p a r t u m

h e a r t r a t e m o n i t o r i n g a r e t h e c o n t r a c t i o n s t r e s s t e s t a n dh e n o n s t r e s s t e s t . T h e n o n s t r e s s t e s t h a s c e r t a i n a d v a n t a g e s

t h e c o n t r a c t i o n s t r e s s t e s t i n t h a t i t r e q u i r e s l e s s t i m e t oo , i s s i m p l e r t o i n t e r p r e t a n d h a s n o c o n t r a i n d i c a t i o n s . V a r -

a u t h o r s h a v e s h o w n t h a t w h e n t h e n o n s t r e s s t e s t i s d o n e i ni t c a n i d e n t i f y a n d e v a l u a t e a h i g h - r i s k f e t u s . 1 2 O u t -

n o n s t r e s s t e s t i n g h a s b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d b y s e v e r a l a u -who c o n c l u d e d t h a t i t i s a p p r o p r i a t e f o r o f f i c e u s e . 4

a n t e p a r t u m f e t a l h e a r t r a t e m o n i t o r i n g h a s i n c r e a s e di t w a s f i r s t i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e m i d - 1 9 7 0 s . T h e r e a r e f e w

o n t h e u s e o f t h e n o n s t r e s s t e s t i n o f f i c e p r a c t i c e . 4We u n d e r t o o k a p r o s p e c t i v e s t u d y i n a p r i v a t e p r a c t i c e f o r

y e a r s t o e v a l u a t e t h e u s e o f o f f i c e n o n s t r e s s t e s t i n g i nh i g h - r i s k p r e g n a n c i e s . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h e s t u d y

a s t o t e s t t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t b y s t r i c t l y a d h e r i n g t o a p r o -t h e n o n s t r e s s t e s t c a n b e s u c c e s s f u l i n p h y s i c i a n s ' o f -

i c e s i n m o n i t o r i n g a n d i d e n t i f y i n g c o m p r o m i s e d f e t u s e s .w e r e p o r t o u r c l i n i c a l e x p e r i e n c e w i t h o f f i c e a n t e -f e t a l h e a r t r a t e m o n i t o r i n g .

a n d M e t h o d s

A t o t a l o f 7 1 3 h i g h - r i s k m o t h e r s i n t h e p r i v a t e p r a c t i c e o f

n e o f u s ( W . C . H . ) u n d e r w e n t 1 , 4 8 5 o f f i c e n o n s t r e s s t e s t s f o rh e i n d i c a t i o n s g i v e n i n T a b l e 1 . A n u m b e r o f p a t i e n t s h a d

t h a n o n e i n d i c a t i o n , t h e m o s t f r e q u e n t o f w h i c h w a s

p o s t d a t e p r e g n a n c y . A l l t e s t s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t i n a n e x a m i n a -

t i o n r o o m o f t h e o f f i c e a s p a r t o f t h e r e g u l a r p r e g n a n c y e v a l u a -t i o n . O n l y n o n s t r e s s t e s t s w e r e d o n e . When c o n t r a c t i o n s t r e s s

t e s t s w e r e i n d i c a t e d , t h e y w e r e d o n e i n h o s p i t a l . Tw o n u r s e sa n d a n e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a p h i c t e c h n i c i a n t r a i n e d i n a n t e p a r t u m

f e t a l h e a r t r a t e t e s t i n g d i d a l l t h e n o n s t r e s s t e s t i n g . A C o r o m e -

t r i c s 1 1 l A f e t a l h e a r t r a t e m o n i t o r w a s u s e d . A t o c o d y n a m o -

m e t e r w a s u s e d t o r e c o r d f e t a l m o v e m e n t a n d u t e r i n e a c t i v i t y .T h e f e t a l h e a r t r a t e w a s r e c o r d e d u s i n g t h e f e t a l e l e c t r o c a r d i o -g r a m , u l t r a s o n o g r a m o r p h o n o c a r d i o g r a m .

T h e t e s t s w e r e d o n e a n d i n t e r p r e t e d w i t h s t r i c t a d h e r e n c e

t o t h e m e t h o d a n d c r i t e r i a p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d b y o t h e r i n v e s -t i g a t o r s . 4 6 When s p o n t a n e o u s f e t a l a c t i v i t y w a s n o t o b s e r v e d

o r w a s i n s u f f i c i e n t , a b d o m i n a l p a l p a t i o n w a s u s e d t o s t i m u l a t et h e f e t u s a n d i n d u c e f e t a l m o v e m e n t . A r e a c t i v e n o n s t r e s s t e s t

w a s d e f i n e d a s a t l e a s t t w o a c c e l e r a t i o n s o f t h e f e t a l h e a r t r a t e

d u r i n g a 1 0 - m i n u t e p e r i o d o f a t l e a s t 1 5 b e a t s p e r m i n u t e

l a s t i n g f o r 1 5 s e c o n d s a n d r e p e a t e d w i t h i n a w e e k i n t h ep h y s i c i a n ' s o f f i c e . A t t h e e n d o f 4 0 m i n u t e s o f o b s e r v a t i o n , i fa c c e l e r a t i o n s w e r e i n s u f f i c i e n t t o m e e t t h i s d e f i n i t i o n a f t e rp a l p a t i o n , t h e t e s t w a s c o n s i d e r e d n o n r e a c t i v e . T h o s e t e s t s

t h a t r e m a i n e d s i n u s o i d a l o r n o n r e a c t i v e f o r 4 0 m i n u t e s w e r e

r e p e a t e d w i t h i n 2 4 h o u r s i n t h e o f f i c e f o l l o w i n g a m e a l . I f s t i l l

n o n r e a c t i v e , t h e t e s t w a s f o l l o w e d t h e s a m e d a y w i t h a c o n -

t r a c t i o n s t r e s s t e s t . T h e a v e r a g e t i m e f o r d o i n g t h e n o n s t r e s s

t e s t w a s 1 9 + 5 m i n u t e s ( m e a n + s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n ) . E s t r i o l sw e r e n o t u s e d i n t h e s t u d y g r o u p .

I n a l l , 4 8 5 f e t u s e s w e r e g r o u p e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r l a s t

1 9 8 5 * 1 4 3 * 5

F r o m t h e P e r i n a t a l C e n t e r , S u t t e r M e m o r i a l H o s p i t a l , S a c r a m e n t o , C a l i f o r n i a .

S u b m i t t e d , r e v i s e d , A p r i l 2 6 , 1 9 8 5 .

R e p r i n t r e q u e s t s t o W a s h i n g t o n C . H i l l , M D , M a t e r n a l - F e t a l M e d i c i n e , T h e P e r i n a t a l C e n t e r , S u t t e r M e m o r i a l H o s p i t a l , 5 2 7 5 F S t r e e t , S a c r a m e n t o , C A 9 5 8 1 9 .

6 3 3

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NONSTRESS TESTING

i n T a b l e 2 i s w h a t w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d i n a h i g h - r i s kp r a c t i c e . T r a i n e d p e r s o n n e l i n t h e p h y s i c i a n ' s o f f i c e

a n c o r r e c t l y c a r r y o u t a n d i n t e r p r e t t h e n o n s t r e s s t e s t , b u t a l lm u s t b e r e v i e w e d b y t h e p h y s i c i a n . T h e r e s u l t s o f o f f i c e

a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h r e p o r t s f r o m c e n t e r s d o i n g h o s p i -n o n s t r e s s t e s t s . ' N o c h i m s o n a n d c o - w o r k e r s d o i n g

h e t e s t i n t w o m e d i c a l c e n t e r s r e p o r t e d s i m i l a r r e s u l t s . 8 U s i n g

n o n s t r e s s t e s t , t h e y w e r e a l s o a b l e t o i d e n t i f y h i g h - r i s kK e e g a n a n d a s s o c i a t e s s h o w e d t h a t t h e n o n s t r e s s t e s t

a s a p r a c t i c a l a n d a c c u r a t e o u t p a t i e n t t e s t w h e n u s e d i nh i g h - r i s k p a t i e n t s . 3 T h e y s u g g e s t e d t h e o u t p a t i e n t

a p p r o a c h w a s a p p r o p r i a t e f o r n o n s t r e s s t e s t i n g i n ao f f i c e . O u r r e s u l t s c o n f i r m a n d e x p a n d t h e i r f i n d -

B y s t r i c t l y a d h e r i n g t o a p r o t o c o l , t h e n o n s t r e s s t e s t d o n e

n a p h y s i c i a n ' s o f f i c e c a n s u c c e s s f u l l y m o n i t o r a h i g h - r i s ka n d d e t e c t a n i n f a n t w h o c a n h a v e a n a b n o r m a l f e t a lr a t e p a t t e r n d u r i n g l a b o r . T h e d a t a i n T a b l e 4 s h o w t h a t a

f e t u s w a s i d e n t i f i e d . T h e g r o u p o f f e t u s e s r e p r e -i n T a b l e 4 h a d a h i g h e r i n c i d e n c e o f a b n o r m a l f e t a l

r a t e p a t t e r n s d u r i n g l a b o r a n d o f c e s a r e a n s e c t i o n s f o r

1 . - A p r o t o c o l f o r n o n s t r e s s t e s t i n g i n a p h y s i c i a n ' s o f f i c e .S = l e c i t h i n - s p h i n g o m y e l i n

f e t a l d i s t r e s s . S t r i c t a d h e r e n c e t o a p r o t o c o l i s n e c e s s a r y b e -c a u s e i t w i l l d e c r e a s e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f m i s i n t e r p r e t i n g o r n o ta p p r o p r i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g u p t h e t e s t r e s u l t . F i g u r e 1 p r o v i d e s ap r o t o c o l f o r t h e u s e o f t h e n o n s t r e s s t e s t i n p h y s i c i a n s ' o f f i c e sa n d s h o w s h o w i t a n d t h e c o n t r a c t i o n s t r e s s t e s t c a n b e u s e d

t o g e t h e r i n a c o m p l e m e n t a r y m a n n e r . 9

T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l a d v a n t a g e s t o u s i n g t h i s a p p r o a c h t o

n o n s t r e s s t e s t i n g . T h e n o n s t r e s s t e s t d o n e i n a p h y s i c i a n ' so f f i c e i s p r a c t i c a l a n d m o r e c o n v e n i e n t f o r p a t i e n t s t h a n h o s -p i t a l t e s t i n g b e c a u s e i t c a n b e d o n e a t t h e t i m e o f t h e p a t i e n t ' sr e g u l a r a p p o i n t m e n t . D a t a f r o m o u r 1 9 8 4 s u r v e y o f p h y s i -c i a n s d o i n g t h e s e t e s t s i n t h e i r o f f i c e s s h o w t h a t o f f i c e n o n -

s t r e s s t e s t i n g i s l e s s e x p e n s i v e ( $ 4 0 ) t h a n t e s t i n g d o n e i nh o s p i t a l ( $ 8 0 ) . T h e a p p r o p r i a t e u s e o f o f f i c e n o n s t r e s s t e s t i n gc a n d e c r e a s e t h e n e e d f o r h o s p i t a l - b a s e d t e s t i n g a n d , i n s o m e

i n s t i t u t i o n s , o v e r b u r d e n i n g l a b o r a n d d e l i v e r y u n i t s .P r a c t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f o f f i c e n o n s t r e s s t e s t i n g i n c l u d e

s e l e c t i n g t h e e q u i p m e n t a n d r e i m b u r s e m e n t . N u m e r o u s f e t a lh e a r t r a t e m o n i t o r s f r o m a t l e a s t s i x c o m p a n i e s a r e n o w a v a i l -a b l e f o r p r i v a t e p r a c t i t i o n e r s c o n t e m p l a t i n g o f f i c e m o n i -

t o r i n g . E a c h h a s c e r t a i n a d v a n t a g e s a n d d i s a d v a n t a g e s t h a ts h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d w h e n p u r c h a s i n g a m o n i t o r f o r o f f i c eu s e . When s e l e c t i n g a n o f f i c e m o n i t o r , s o m e o f t h e f e a t u r e st h a t s h o u l d b e c a r e f u l l y e v a l u a t e d a r e c o s t , m e t h o d u s e d t op r o c e s s t h e s i g n a l , t h e p r i n t e r , p a p e r s p e e d , t e c h n i q u e f o rr e c o r d i n g t h e f e t a l h e a r t r a t e a n d c o n t r a c t i o n s a n d s i z e o f t h em o n i t o r . T h i r d - p a r t y c a r r i e r s ( M e d i c a i d , B l u e C r o s s ) r e i m -b u r s e p h y s i c i a n s d i f f e r e n t a m o u n t s f o r d o i n g t h e o f f i c e n o n -

s t r e s s t e s t b u t o n l y f o r s p e c i f i c i n d i c a t i o n s a s i n T a b l e 1 . T h e

a v e r a g e a m o u n t r e i m b u r s e d i s $ 4 0 ( r a n g e $ 3 3 t o $ 4 7 ) b a s e do n o u r r e c e n t s u r v e y .

I n s u m m a r y , a n t e p a r t u m f e t a l h e a r t r a t e m o n i t o r i n g h a s

b e c o m e a u s e f u l o f f i c e p r o c e d u r e f o r e f f i c i e n t f e t a l s u r v e i l -l a n c e b y p r i v a t e p r a c t i t i o n e r s .REFERENCES

1 . F l y n n AM . K e l l y J : E v a l u a t i o n o f f e t a l w e l l b e i n g b y a n t e p a r t u m f e t a l h e a r t r a t em o n i t o r i n g . B r Me d J 1 9 7 7 ; 1 : 9 3 6 - 9 3 9

2 . L e e C , D i L o r e t o P C , L o g r a n d R : F e t a l a c t i v i t y a c c e l e r a t i o n d e t e r m i n a t i o n f o rt h e e v a l u a t i o n o f f e t a l r e s e r v e . O b s t e t G y n e c o l 1 9 7 6 ; 4 8 : 1 9 - 2 6

3 . K e e g a n KA J r . P a u l R H , B r o u s s a r d P M , e t a l : A n t e p a r t u m f e t a l h e a r t r a t e

t e s t i n g : V . T h e n o n s t r e s s t e s t - A n o u t p a t i e n t a p p r o a c h . Am J O b s t e t G y n e c o l 1 9 8 0 ;1 3 6 : 8 1 - 8 3

4 . S c h i f r i n B S , F o y e G , A m a t o J , e t a l : R o u t i n e f e t a l h e a r t r a t e m o n i t o r i n g i n t h ea n t e p a r t u m p e r i o d . O b s t e t G y n e c o l 1 9 7 9 ; 5 4 : 2 1 - 2 5

5 . E v e r t s o n L R , G a u t h i e r R J , S c h i f r i n B S , e t a l : A n t e p a r t u m f e t a l h e a r t r a t e t e s t i n g :1 . E v o l u t i o n o f t h e n o n s t r e s s t e s t . Am J O b s t e t G y n e c o l 1 9 7 9 ; 1 3 3 : 2 9 - 3 3

6 . M a r t i n CB J r . S c h i f r i n B S : P r e n a t a l f e t a l m o n i t o r i n g , I n A l a d j e m S . B r o w n AK

( E d s ) : P e r i n a t a l I n t e n s i v e C a r e , I s t E d . S t . L o u i s , C V M o s b y , 1 9 7 7 , p p 1 5 5 - 1 7 3

7 . K e e g a n KAJ r ,

P a u l R H : A n t e p a r t u m f e t a l h e a r t r a t e t e s t i n g : I V . T h e n o n s t r e s s

t e s t a s a p r i m a r y a p p r o a c h . Am J O b s t e t G y n e c o l 1 9 8 0 ; 1 3 6 : 7 5 - 8 0

8 . N o c h i m s o n D J , T u r b e v i l l e J S , T e r r y J E , e t a l : T h e n o n s t r e s s t e s t . O b s t e t G y n e c o l1 9 7 8 ; 5 1 : 4 1 9 - 4 2 1

9 . D r u z i n M L , G r a t a c o s J , K e e g a n K A , e t a l : A n t e p a r t u m f e t a l h e a r t r a t e t e s t i n g :V I I . T h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f f e t a l b r a d y c a r d i a . Am J O b s t e t G y n e c o l 1 9 8 1 ; 1 3 9 : 1 9 4 - 1 9 8

NOVEMBER 1 9 8 5 * 1 4 3 * 5 6 3 5